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Luningham JM, Akpan IN, Alkhatib S, Taskin T, Desai P, Vishwanatha JK, Thompson EL. COVID-19 clinical trial participation and awareness in Texas. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2340692. [PMID: 38658140 PMCID: PMC11057562 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2340692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic required the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, necessitating quick yet representative clinical trial enrollment to evaluate these preventive measures. However, misinformation around the COVID-19 pandemic and general concerns about clinical trial participation in the U.S. hindered clinical trial enrollment. This study assessed awareness of, willingness to participate in, and enrollment in COVID-19 vaccine and treatment clinical trials in Texas. A quota sample of 1,089 Texas residents was collected online from June - July 2022. Respondents were asked if they were aware of, willing to participate in, and had enrolled in clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines or treatments. Overall, 45.8% of respondents reported being aware of clinical trials for COVID-19 treatments or vaccines, but only 21.7% knew how to enroll and only 13.2% had enrolled in a COVID-19 clinical trial. Respondents with bachelor's or graduate degrees were more likely to be aware of clinical trials, more likely to have enrolled in trials, and more willing to participate in treatment trials. Women were less willing to participate and less likely to have enrolled in COVID-19 clinical trials than men. Respondents aged 55 years and older were more willing to participate, but less likely to have enrolled in COVID-19 clinical trials than 18-to-24-year-olds. Common reasons given for not participating in clinical trials included concerns that COVID-19 treatments may not be safe, government distrust, and uncertainty about what clinical trial participation would entail. Substantial progress is needed to build community awareness and increase enrollment in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Luningham
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Idara N. Akpan
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Alkhatib
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Tanjila Taskin
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Palak Desai
- Institute for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Institute for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Erika L. Thompson
- Department of Population & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Institute for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Paetkau T. Ladders and stairs: how the intervention ladder focuses blame on individuals and obscures systemic failings and interventions. J Med Ethics 2024:jme-2023-109563. [PMID: 38408850 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Introduced in 2007 by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, the intervention ladder has become an influential tool in bioethics and public health policy for weighing the justification for interventions and for weighing considerations of intrusiveness and proportionality. However, while such considerations are critical, in its focus on these factors, the ladder overemphasises the role of personal responsibility and the importance of individual behaviour change in public health interventions. Through a study of vaccine hesitancy and vaccine mandates among healthcare workers, this paper investigates how the ladder obscures systemic factors such as the social determinants of health. In overlooking these factors, potentially effective interventions are left off the table and the intervention ladder serves to divert attention away from key issues in public health. This paper, therefore, proposes a replacement for the intervention ladder-the intervention stairway. By broadening the intervention ladder to include systemic factors, the stairway ensures relevant interventions are not neglected merely due to the framing of the issue. Moreover, it more accurately captures factors influencing individual health as well as allocations of responsibility for improving these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Paetkau
- Philosophy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebe, Canada
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3
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Serwanga J, Ankunda V, Katende JS, Baine C, Oluka GK, Odoch G, Nantambi H, Mugaba S, Namuyanja A, Ssali I, Ejou P, Kato L, Musenero M, Kaleebu P. Sustained S-IgG and S-IgA antibodies to Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine in a Sub-Saharan African cohort suggests need for booster timing reconsiderations. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348905. [PMID: 38357547 PMCID: PMC10864610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study sought to elucidate the long-term antibody responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine within a Ugandan cohort, aiming to contribute to the sparse data on m-RNA vaccine immunogenicity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We tracked the development and persistence of the elicited antibodies in 19 participants aged 18 to 67, who received two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against the spike (S) and nucleoproteins (N). The study's temporal scope extended from the baseline to one year, capturing immediate and long-term immune responses. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon test to evaluate changes in antibody levels across predetermined intervals with the Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. Results Our results showed a significant initial rise in spike-directed IgG (S-IgG) and spike-directed IgA (S-IgA) levels, which remained elevated for the duration of the study. The S-IgG concentrations peaked 14 days afterboosting, while spike-directed IgM (S-IgM) levels were transient, aligning with their early response role. Notably, post-booster antibody concentrations did not significantly change. Prior S-IgG status influenced the post-priming S-IgA dynamics, with baseline S-IgG positive individuals maintaining higher S-IgA responses, a difference that did not reach statistical difference post-boost. Three instances of breakthrough infections: two among participants who exhibited baseline seropositivity for S-IgG, and one in a participant initially seronegative for S-IgG. Discussion In conclusion, the mRNA-1273 vaccine elicited robust and persistent S-IgG and S-IgA antibody responses, particularly after the first dose, indicating potential for long-term immunity. Prior viral exposure enhances post-vaccination S-IgA responses compared to naive individuals, which aligned with the prior-naïve, post-boost. The stable antibody levels observed post-booster dose, remaining high over an extended period, with no significant secondary rise, and no difference by baseline exposure, suggest that initial vaccination may sufficiently prime the immune system for prolonged protection in this population, allowing for potential to delay booster schedules as antibody responses remained high at the time of boosting. This finding calls for a reassessment of the booster dose scheduling in this demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Serwanga
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Violet Ankunda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ssebwana Katende
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Claire Baine
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gerald Kevin Oluka
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Odoch
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Hellen Nantambi
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Mugaba
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angella Namuyanja
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ivan Ssali
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Peter Ejou
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Laban Kato
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Monica Musenero
- Science, Technology, and Innovation Secretariat, Office of the President, Government of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Hulscher N, Hodkinson R, Makis W, McCullough PA. Autopsy findings in cases of fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis. ESC Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38221509 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to myocarditis, which, in some circumstances, can be fatal. This systematic review aims to investigate potential causal links between COVID-19 vaccines and death from myocarditis using post-mortem analysis. We performed a systematic review of all published autopsy reports involving COVID-19 vaccination-induced myocarditis through 3 July 2023. All autopsy studies that include COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis as a possible cause of death were included. Causality in each case was assessed by three independent physicians with cardiac pathology experience and expertise. We initially identified 1691 studies and, after screening for our inclusion criteria, included 14 papers that contained 28 autopsy cases. The cardiovascular system was the only organ system affected in 26 cases. In two cases, myocarditis was characterized as a consequence from multisystem inflammatory syndrome. The mean age of death was 44.4 years old. The mean and median number of days from last COVID-19 vaccination until death were 6.2 and 3 days, respectively. We established that all 28 deaths were most likely causally linked to COVID-19 vaccination by independent review of the clinical information presented in each paper. The temporal relationship, internal and external consistency seen among cases in this review with known COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis, its pathobiological mechanisms, and related excess death, complemented with autopsy confirmation, independent adjudication, and application of the Bradford Hill criteria to the overall epidemiology of vaccine myocarditis, suggests that there is a high likelihood of a causal link between COVID-19 vaccines and death from myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hulscher
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - William Makis
- The Wellness Company, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter A McCullough
- The Wellness Company, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Truth for Health Foundation, Tucson, AZ, USA
- McCullough Foundation, Dallas, TX, USA
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Larit F, León F. Therapeutics to Treat Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Promising Perspective from Algerian Traditional Medicine. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3860. [PMID: 38005756 PMCID: PMC10674704 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ancient people sought out drugs in nature to prevent, cure, and treat their diseases, including mental illnesses. Plants were their primary source for meeting their healthcare needs. In Algeria, folk medicine remains a fundamental part of the local intangible knowledge. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and the different plant formulations traditionally used in Algeria for the treatment of pain, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. It also intends to improve the current knowledge of Algerian folk medicine. Several scientific databases were used to accomplish this work. Based on this investigation, we identified 82 plant species belonging to 69 genera and spanning 38 distinct botanical families used as remedies to treat various psychological and neurological conditions. Their traditional uses and methods of preparation, along with their phytochemical composition, main bioactive constituents, and toxicity were noted. Therefore, this review provides a new resource of information on Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of neurological and psychological diseases, which can be useful not only for the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge, but also for conducting future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Larit
- Laboratoire d’Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Université Frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Mao W, Zimmerman A, Urli Hodges E, Ortiz E, Dods G, Taylor A, Udayakumar K. Comparing research and development, launch, and scale up timelines of 18 vaccines: lessons learnt from COVID-19 and implications for other infectious diseases. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012855. [PMID: 37696544 PMCID: PMC10496705 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the next decade, millions of deaths could be prevented by increasing access to vaccines in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the research and development (R&D), launch and scale up timelines of vaccines can be drastically shortened. This study compares such timelines for eighteen vaccines and identifies lessons and implications for accelerating the R&D, launch and scale up process for other vaccine candidates. To replicate the rapid R&D process of the COVID-19 vaccines, future vaccine R&D should capitalise on public-private knowledge sharing partnerships to promote technology innovation, establish regional clinical trial centres and data sharing networks to optimise clinical trial efficiency, and create a funding mechanism to support research into novel vaccine platforms that may prove valuable to quickly developing vaccine candidates in future global health emergencies. To accelerate the launch timeline, future efforts to bring safe and efficacious vaccines to market should include LMICs in the decision-making processes of global procurement and delivery alliances to optimise launch in these countries, strengthen the WHO prequalification and Emergency Use Listing programs to ensure LMICs have a robust and transparent regulatory system to rely on, and invest in LMIC regulatory and manufacturing capacity to ensure these countries are vaccine self-sufficient. Lastly, efforts to accelerate scale up of vaccines should include the creation of regional pooled procurement mechanisms between LMICs to increase purchasing power among these countries and an open line of clear communication with the public regarding pertinent vaccine information to combat misinformation and vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Mao
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Innovations in Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Armand Zimmerman
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elina Urli Hodges
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Innovations in Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Innovations in Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Galen Dods
- Science and Society, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Taylor
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Innovations in Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krishna Udayakumar
- Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Innovations in Healthcare, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Parameswaran L, Jaysing A, Ding H, Wilkenfeld M, Dean R, Wilson KK, Frank O, Duerr R, Mulligan MJ. Vaccine Equity: Lessons Learned Exploring Facilitators and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination in Urban Black Communities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01680-9. [PMID: 37391605 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed at unparalleled speed, but racial disparities persist in vaccine uptake. This is a cross-sectional survey that was conducted in mid-2021 in ambulatory clinics across Brooklyn, New York. The objectives of the study were to assess: knowledge of COVID-19, healthcare communication and access, attitudes including trust in the process of vaccine development and mistrust due to racial discrimination, and to determine the relationship of the above to vaccine receipt. 58 respondents self-identified as Black non-Hispanic and completed the survey: the majority were women (79%), <50 years old (65%), employed (66%), and had annual household income <$75,000 (59%). The majority reported having some health insurance (97%) and a regular place of healthcare (95%). 60% of respondents reported COVID-19 vaccination receipt. A significant percentage of the vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group scored higher on knowledge questions (91% vs. 65%; p = 0.018), felt it was important that others in the community get vaccinated (89% vs. 65%, p = 0.04), and trusted vaccine safety (86% vs. 35%; p < 0.0001) and effectiveness (88% vs. 48%; p < 0.001). The unvaccinated group reported a lower annual household income of <$75,000 (72% vs. 50%; p = 0.0002) and also differed by employment status (p = 0.04). Majority in both groups agreed that racial discrimination interferes with healthcare (78%). In summary, unvaccinated Black non-Hispanic respondents report significant concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy and have greater mistrust in the vaccine development process. The relationship between racial discrimination, mistrust, and vaccine hesitancy needs further study in order to improve vaccine uptake in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Parameswaran
- New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anna Jaysing
- NYU Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Ding
- NYU Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Wilkenfeld
- Division of Occupational/Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ranekka Dean
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kesi K Wilson
- New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Frank
- New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Zimmerman A, Diab MM, Schäferhoff M, McDade KK, Yamey G, Ogbuoji O. Investing in a global pooled-funding mechanism for late-stage clinical trials of poverty-related and neglected diseases: an economic evaluation. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011842. [PMID: 37247874 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poverty-related and neglected diseases (PRNDs) cause over three million deaths annually. Despite this burden, there is a large gap between actual funding for PRND research and development (R&D) and the funding needed to launch PRND products from the R&D pipeline. This study provides an economic evaluation of a theoretical global pooled-funding mechanism to finance late-stage clinical trials of PRND products. METHODS We modelled three pooled-funding design options, each based on a different level of coverage of candidate products for WHO's list of PRNDs: (1) vaccines covering 4 PRNDs, (2) vaccines and therapeutics covering 9 PRNDs and (3) vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics covering 30 PRNDs. For each option, we constructed a discrete event simulation of the 2019 PRND R&D pipeline to estimate required funding for phase III trials and expected product launches through 2035. For each launch, we estimated global PRND treatment costs averted, deaths averted and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. For each design option, we calculated the cost per death averted, cost per DALY averted, the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS Option 1 averts 18.4 million deaths and 516 million DALYs, has a cost per DALY averted of US$84 and yields a BCR of 5.53. Option 2 averts 22.9 million deaths and 674 million DALYs, has a cost per DALY averted of US$75, an ICER over option 1 of US$49 and yields a BCR of 3.88. Option 3 averts 26.9 million deaths and 1 billion DALYs, has a cost per DALY averted of US$114, an ICER over option 2 of US$186 and yields a BCR of 2.52. CONCLUSIONS All 3 options for a pooled-funding mechanism-vaccines for 4 PRNDs, vaccines and therapeutics for 9 PRNDs, and vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics for 30 PRNDs-would generate a large return on investment, avert a substantial proportion of the global burden of morbidity and mortality for diseases of poverty and be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Zimmerman
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mohamed Mustafa Diab
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kaci Kennedy McDade
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Yamey
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Osondu Ogbuoji
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Messan KS, Sulima PP, Ghosh D, Nye J. The research foundation for COVID-19 vaccine development. Front Res Metr Anal 2023; 8:1078971. [PMID: 37034419 PMCID: PMC10080055 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2023.1078971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines in <1 year to combat the spread of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an example of particularly rapid progress in biomedicine. However, this was only made possible by decades of investment in scientific research. Many important research commentaries and reviews have been provided to describe the various contributions and scientific breakthroughs that led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines. In this work, we sought to complement those efforts by adding a systematic and quantitative study of the research foundations that led to these vaccines. Here, we analyzed citations from COVID-19 vaccine research articles to determine which scientific areas of study contributed the most to this research. Our findings revealed that coronavirus research was cited most often, and by a large margin. However, significant contributions were also seen from a diverse set of fields such as cancer, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. In addition, we examined the publication history of the most prolific authors of COVID-19 vaccine research to determine their research expertise prior to the pandemic. Interestingly, although COVID-19 vaccine research relied most heavily on previous coronavirus work, we find that the most prolific authors on these publications most often had expertise in other areas including influenza, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Finally, we used machine learning to identify and group together publications based on their major topic areas. This allowed us to elucidate the differences in citations between research areas. These findings highlight and quantify the relevance of prior research from a variety of scientific fields to the rapid development of a COVID-19 vaccine. This study also illustrates the importance of funding and sustaining a diverse research enterprise to facilitate a rapid response to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi S. Messan
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Pawel P. Sulima
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Dolan Ghosh
- National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, NIH Office of Extramural Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Nye
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan Nye
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Sapienza A, Falcone R. The Role of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Considerations from a Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:665. [PMID: 36612982 PMCID: PMC9819668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to provide an overview of the role of trust in determining COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Trust proved to be a key issue in all the strategic phases of the pandemic, a decisive element for the success of the worldwide vaccination campaign. By introducing a comprehensive systematic review of the state-of-the-art (N = 43), we intend to shed light on the various forms of trust that have been considered and how these relate to citizens’ vaccine acceptance. The analysis shows that trust has been used extensively, with particular reference to the COVID-19 vaccine, governments, manufacturers, healthcare systems, and science. A more in-depth analysis has also allowed us to evaluate the role that these factors have had and the social phenomena in which they have been decisive. Most notably, we proved that, in the different contributions, trust in the COVID-19 vaccine has a strong correlation with vaccine acceptance (R = 0.78, p < 0.01). Overall, vaccine acceptance emerges as a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood through the strictly interlaced relations of trust in the various factors coming into play. Besides clarifying what happened in previous years, the considerations included in this work also represent an important and useful interpretative framework to help public institutions and the healthcare system in the future.
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Lee MT, Choi W, You SH, Park S, Kim JY, Nam DR, Lee JW, Jung SY. Safety Profiles of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Using World Health Organization Global Scale Database (VigiBase): A Latent Class Analysis. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 12:443-458. [PMID: 36520333 PMCID: PMC9753856 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have been developed and widely utilized to mitigate the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, it is essential to describe the adverse events (AEs) following immunization. This study aimed to identify the patterns associated with serious AE reports after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in the World Health Organization (WHO)'s global scale database (VigiBase). METHODS This study performed a latent class analysis (LCA) of reports of serious AEs following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination from VigiBase between December 28, 2020 , and February 28, 2022 (N = 312878). The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) System Organ Class (SOC) terms were selected for LCA. The reporting characteristics in accordance with the cluster were described. We used a multinomial logistic regression model to estimate the association between potential factors and each cluster. RESULTS Five clusters of AE reports were distinguished through LCA: infection AEs (cluster 1), cardiac AEs (cluster 2), respiratory/thrombotic AEs (cluster 3), systemic AEs (cluster 4), and nervous system AEs (cluster 5). Compared to cluster 4, cluster 2 had a higher proportion of males (OR 2.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.87-3.09), and cluster 1 had a longer time to onset than other AEs (≥ 14 days) (OR 16.2; 95% CI 15.5-16.9). CONCLUSION Using LCA, we found five clusters of serious AEs following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Each cluster was distinguished by potential factors such as age, gender, region, and time to onset. We suggest that monitoring should carefully consider the patterns of young males with cardiac AEs and elderly individuals with thrombosis after respiratory AEs. Our findings could contribute to enhancing understanding of safety profiles and establishing management strategies for serious AEs of special interest following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Taek Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun You
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Ri Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Apio C, Han K, Heo G, Park T. A statistical look at the COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccine policies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1048062. [PMID: 36544793 PMCID: PMC9760853 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1048062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus elicited immense global interest in the development and distribution of safe COVID-19 vaccines by various governments and researchers, capable of stopping the spread of COVID-19 disease. After COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, several vaccines have been developed for emergency use authorization. The accelerated development of the vaccines was attributed to many factors but mainly by capitalizing on years of research and technology development. Although several countries tried to develop COVID-19 vaccines only a few countries succeeded. Therefore, we applied statistical methods to find factors that have contributed to the fast development of COVID-19 vaccines. All 11 countries that developed vaccines were considered and chose other 24 countries for comparison purposes according to different criteria of their R&D. Fourteen R&D indicator variables that are a measure of the R&D for all countries [World Development Indicators (WDI)] were obtained from the World Bank DataBank and data on the COVID-19 vaccine R&D were obtained from The Knowledge Portal of the Graduate Institute Geneva and Global Health Center. The World Bank records WDI yearly, and 2019 was chosen because of a few missing values. Also, different vaccine policies were adopted by different countries during the COVID-19 vaccination period, producing different impacts of vaccinations on the population. So, we applied the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach to find policies that contributed greatly to decreasing the spread of COVID-19 using data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) and age-specific vaccination data from the European Center for Disease and Prevention and Control. Logistic regression, two-sample t-test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test found scientific and technical journals, liability, and COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Funding (investment in pharmaceutical industry US$) are significantly associated with fast COVID-19 vaccine development. Vaccine prioritization and government vaccine financial support were significantly associated with COVID-19 daily cases. The impact of vaccination on lowering the rate of new cases is greatly observed among the mid-aged populations (25-64 years) and lower or non-significant among the younger (<25 years) and (>65 years) older populations. Therefore, these age-groups especially > 79 can be prioritized during vaccine roll-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Apio
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyulhee Han
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyujin Heo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Taesung Park
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13
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Al-Dossary RN, AlMahmoud S, Banakhar MA, Alamri M, Albaqawi H, Al Hosis K, Aljohani MS, Alrasheadi B, Falatah R, Almadani N, Aljohani K, Alharbi J, Almazan JU. The relationship between nurses' risk assessment and management, fear perception, and mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:992466. [PMID: 36438216 PMCID: PMC9685659 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.992466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During this pandemic, it is crucial to implement early interventions to help nurses manage their mental wellbeing by providing them with information regarding coping skills, preventive risk assessment approaches (such as hospital preparedness and rapid risk assessment), and the ability to respond. This study evaluated the effect of fear and risk assessment management on nurses' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. A total of 507 nurses who worked in tertiary public hospitals were asked to take a descriptive design survey. Three survey scales were used to assess the survey: the Risk Assessment Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Independent t-tests and a one-way ANOVA were used to examine the association between fear of COVID-19 and nurses' demographic characteristics on their mental wellbeing. A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the predictors associated with mental wellbeing. Findings revealed that almost half of the participants showed moderate positive mental wellbeing, 49.7%, while only 14% had low levels of fear on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well being Scale. Most of the respondents had low levels of fear on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, 45%, while only 15% had high levels of fear on the scale. Then, some demographic variables, such as "age," "nationality," "total years of experience in the current hospital," and "region you work at" had statistically significant differences with p < 0.5. Meanwhile, risk assessment is also associated with mental wellbeing scores. All items on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale showed no significant difference with a P > 0.05. In conclusion, most nurses providing direct patient care to a patient with COVID-19 emphasized the importance of wearing PPE and performing hand hygiene before and after any clean or aseptic procedure. Meanwhile, although almost all nurses were vaccinated, they were still afraid of a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the results reported that the older the nurses are, the better their mental wellbeing scores. Non-Saudi nurses had higher perceived mental wellbeing scores than Saudi nurses, and different working environments corresponded to different mental wellbeing scores. Finally, nurses' risk assessment was associated with mental wellbeing scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem N. Al-Dossary
- Nursing Education Department, Nursing College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana AlMahmoud
- Nursing Education Department, Nursing College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Ahmed Banakhar
- Public Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alamri
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khaled Al Hosis
- Department of Nursing Education, Nursing College, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aljohani
- Medical and Surgical Department, Nursing College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alrasheadi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaih Falatah
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Almadani
- Community Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Aljohani
- Community Health Nursing Department, Nursing College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalal Alharbi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Albatin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph U. Almazan
- Medicine Department, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan,*Correspondence: Joseph U. Almazan ;
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14
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Jentzsch A, Geier AK, Bleckwenn M, Schrimpf A. Differences in Demographics of Vaccinees, Access to, and Satisfaction with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Procedures between German General Practices and Mass Vaccination Centers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1823. [PMID: 36366332 PMCID: PMC9696883 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the European Union, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines became available in December 2020. The vaccination campaign in Germany was initially implemented through mass vaccination centers and later joined by general practitioners (GPs) in spring 2021. This study compared population characteristics, perceived access barriers, and satisfaction with the vaccination procedure between vaccination centers and GP practices. A paper-based survey was distributed (07/2021-10/2021) among newly vaccinated individuals in ten GP practices (n = 364) and two vaccine centers (n = 474). Participants in vaccine centers were younger compared to participants in GP practices. GP preference was higher in older participants and those with pre-existing illnesses. Wait time at vaccination site was longer in GP practices, whereas travel distance to site was longer for participants in vaccine centers. However, satisfaction with patient education and recommendation of site were more likely with increasing comprehensibility of the vaccination procedure and physicians' information as well as perceived sufficiency of patient education duration, factors that can be easily modified by all vaccination sites. Our results demonstrate that both types of vaccination sites complement each other in terms of accessibility and target population and that satisfaction with the vaccination procedure can be promoted at all sites by an easy-to-understand process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jentzsch
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Toure AA, Traore FA, Camara G, Magassouba AS, Barry I, Kourouma ML, Sylla Y, Conte NY, Cisse D, Dioubaté N, Sidibe S, Beavogui AH, Delamou A. Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers and the general population in Guinea. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:752. [PMID: 36167578 PMCID: PMC9514191 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The advent of the effective COVID-19 vaccine was the most eagerly expected worldwide. However, this hope quickly became hesitation and denial in many countries, including Guinea. Understanding the reasons for low vaccine coverage is essential to achieving herd immunity leading to disease control. This study aimed to comprehend the facilitators and barriers to the acceptance COVID-19 vaccine in Guinea. Methods The survey focused on healthcare workers (HCWs) and the general population (GP) in 4 natural regions in Guinea from 23 March 2021 to 25 August 2021. We used the Fishbein integration model to study the behaviours of HWCs and GP regarding vaccination. A mixed cross-sectional study collected knowledge, attitudes, norms, and perceptions. Regression and thematic content analysis identified the main facilitators and barriers to vaccination. Results We surveyed 3547 HCWs and 3663 GP. The proportion of people vaccinated was 65% among HCWs and 31% among the GP. For HCWs: the main factors associated with vaccination against COVID-19 were as follows: absence of pregnancy AOR = 4.65 [3.23–6.78], being supportive of vaccination AOR = 1.94 [1.66–2.27] and being an adult AOR = 1.64 [1.26–2.16]. Regarding the GP, the following factors increased the odds of vaccination: absence of pregnancy AOR = 1.93 [CI 1.01–3.91], being favourable for vaccination AOR = 3.48 [CI 2.91–4.17], being an adult AOR = 1.72 [CI 1.38–2.14] and being able to get the vaccine AOR = 4.67 [CI 3.76–5.84]. Semi-interviews revealed fear, lack of trust, and hesitant perception of the government as potential barriers to vaccination. Conclusion This study suggests that beliefs and negative perceptions are potential barriers to vaccination against COVID-19 among HCWs and the GP. Policies should emphasise practical strategies to mitigate these barriers among young people and pregnant women. Lastly, there is a need to improve access to vaccines in the GP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07742-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almamy Amara Toure
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea. .,Department of Public Health, Kofi Annan University of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.
| | - Fodé Amara Traore
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Conakry, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea.,Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Gnoume Camara
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Aboubacar Sidiki Magassouba
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Ibrahima Barry
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea
| | | | - Younoussa Sylla
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Naby Yaya Conte
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea.,Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Diao Cisse
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Nafissatou Dioubaté
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Sidikiba Sidibe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea.,African Centre of Excellence in the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdoul Habib Beavogui
- National Centre of Training and Recherche in Rural Health of Mafèrinyah, BP 2649, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sciences and Health Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Guinea.,African Centre of Excellence in the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT), Conakry, Guinea
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16
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Candido KL, Eich CR, de Fariña LO, Kadowaki MK, da Conceição Silva JL, Maller A, Simão RDCG. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants: a brief review and practical implications. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1133-1157. [PMID: 35397075 PMCID: PMC8994061 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has been alarmed by the possible immunological evasion, higher infectivity, and severity of disease caused by the newest variants of SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein has an important role in the cellular invasion of viruses and is the target of several vaccines and therapeutic resources, such as monoclonal antibodies. In addition, some of the most relevant mutations in the different variants are on the spike (S) protein gene sequence that leads to structural alterations in the predicted protein, thus causing concern about the protection mediated by vaccines against these new strains. The present review highlights the most recent knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccines, emphasizing the different spike protein structures of SARS-CoV-2 and updating the reader about the emerging viral variants and their classifications, the more common viral mutations described and their distribution in Brazil. It also compiles a table with the most recent knowledge about all of the Omicron spike mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattlyn Laryssa Candido
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - Caio Ricardo Eich
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira de Fariña
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - Marina Kimiko Kadowaki
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - José Luis da Conceição Silva
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - Alexandre Maller
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Garcia Simão
- Present Address: Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol), Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Unioeste, Cascavel, PR Brazil
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Chudzik M, Babicki M, Kapusta J, Kałuzińska-kołat Ż, Kołat D, Jankowski P, Mastalerz-migas A. Long-COVID Clinical Features and Risk Factors: A Retrospective Analysis of Patients from the STOP-COVID Registry of the PoLoCOV Study. Viruses 2022; 14:1755. [PMID: 36016376 PMCID: PMC9415629 DOI: 10.3390/v14081755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recovering from the acute phase of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), many patients report continuing symptoms that most commonly include fatigue, cough, neurologic problems, hair loss, headache, and musculoskeletal pain, a condition termed long-COVID syndrome. Neither its etiopathogenesis, nor its clinical presentation or risk factors are fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the most common symptoms of long-COVID among patients from the STOP COVID registry of the PoLoCOV study, and to search for risk factors for development of the syndrome. The registry includes patients who presented to the medical center for persistent clinical symptoms following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The analysis included data from initial presentation and at three-month follow-up. Of the 2218 patients, 1569 (70.7%) reported having at least one symptom classified as long-COVID syndrome three months after recovery from the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms included chronic fatigue (35.6%\), cough (23.0%), and a set of neurological symptoms referred to as brain fog (12.1%). Risk factors for developing long-COVID syndrome included female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [1.19–1.84]), severe COVID-19 (OR: 1.56, CI: 1.00–2.42), dyspnea (OR: 1.31, CI: 1.02–1.69), and chest pain (OR: 1.48, CI: 1.14–1.92). Long-COVID syndrome represents a significant clinical and social problem. The most common clinical manifestations are chronic fatigue, cough, and brain fog. Given the still-limited knowledge of long-COVID syndrome, further research and observation are needed to better understand the mechanisms and risk factors of the disease.
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Pickard C, Pasqualino R. Long-Term Strategies for the Compatibility of the Aviation Industry with Climate Targets: An Industrial Survey and Agenda for Systems Thinkers. Systems 2022; 10:90. [DOI: 10.3390/systems10040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aviation is responsible for nearly 2.5% of the world’s anthropogenic carbon emissions. Despite a commitment to reduce these emissions, it is a challenging industry to decarbonise. Very little is known about the attitudes of those working in aviation towards climate change and whether they are motivated to support decarbonisation initiatives. This uncertainty highlights several threats to the industry, with cascading impact on the economy and inequality. To deal with these challenges, this study explores long-term strategies to support compatibility between the evolution of the aviation industry and climate constraints. Using surveys, in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis, this research investigates the views of professionals towards climate change, and the role that they perceive aviation plays. The results of the interviews allow the development of a system map composed of ten self-reinforcing and three balancing loops, highlighting ten leverage points to inform strategies for the industry to respond to threats. This research concludes that the aviation industry should encourage a new generation of sustainability-aware innovators to decarbonise aviation. It also concludes that collaboration both internationally and within the industry is essential, as is the need to encourage an open-minded approach to solution development. It also presents the modelling results in terms of the multilevel perspective technological transition framework and suggests ways forward for modelling using the risk–opportunity analysis.
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19
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Seyran M. Artificial intelligence and clinical data suggest the T cell-mediated SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein intranasal vaccines for global COVID-19 immunity. Vaccine 2022; 40:4296-4300. [PMID: 35778279 PMCID: PMC9226295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced computational methodologies suggested SARS-CoV-2, nonstructural proteins ORF1AB, ORF3a, as the source of immunodominant peptides for T cell presentation. T cell immunity is long-lasting and compatible with COVID-19 pathology. Based on the supporting clinical data, nonstructural SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines could provide global immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seyran
- The University of Vienna, Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), Währinger Straße, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Sato R. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Trust in Government in Nigeria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1008. [PMID: 35891171 PMCID: PMC9317906 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 has been impacting our lives globally, including in Nigeria. While the COVID-19 vaccine is available free of charge, vaccination coverage remains low. This study evaluates the relationship between trust in government and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Methods: We used an Afrobarometer survey for data on trust in government and the COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey (NLPS) for data on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, merged by strata (states and urban/rural). The simple correlation was evaluated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Results: Distrust in government was strongly associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy as well as with perceptions that the vaccine was not safe, and concerns about side effects were given as reasons for vaccine refusal. Discussion/Conclusion: Distrust of government is an important predictor of vaccine hesitancy in Nigeria. This result is consistent with findings in the literature, especially in developed countries. Vaccine refusers, who distrust the government, refuse vaccines because they think that vaccines do them harm. Policy makers should be cautious when it comes to strategizing for COVID-19 vaccine distribution, especially in places where trust in government is weak.
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Li K, Zhou F. Influence of Information Sources on Chinese Parents Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination for Children: An Online Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:7037. [PMID: 35742283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(1) Aims: This study explored the mechanism by which exposure to different information sources on social media influences Chinese parents' intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. (2) Methods: We developed a research framework based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory to illustrate how exposure to information sources on social media increases vaccine confidence and, as a result, parents' intentions regarding pediatric vaccination. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to test the data collected through an online survey (687 valid samples). (3) Results: The government approval of vaccines fuels vaccination confidence and acts as a mediator between (a) mass media, government new media, and key opinion leaders, and (b) perceived effectiveness and side effects (safety) of vaccines. (4) Conclusions: The mass media, government new media, and key opinion leaders are crucial sources for encouraging parents to vaccinate their children since they boost the vaccination trust. The focus of COVID-19 vaccination promotion should be to strengthen parents' trust in the government, combined with publicizing the effectiveness and side effects (safety) of vaccines.
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22
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Negrini D, Danese E, Henry BM, Lippi G, Montagnana M. Artificial intelligence at the time of COVID-19: who does the lion's share? Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1881-1886. [PMID: 35470639 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies, especially machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have been considerably fostered during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several models and algorithms have been developed and applied for both identifying COVID-19 cases and for assessing and predicting the risk of developing unfavourable outcomes. Our aim was to summarize how AI is being currently applied to COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a PubMed search using as query MeSH major terms "Artificial Intelligence" AND "COVID-19", searching for articles published until December 31, 2021, which explored the possible role of AI in COVID-19. The dataset origin (internal dataset or public datasets available online) and data used for training and testing the proposed ML/DL model(s) were retrieved. RESULTS Our analysis finally identified 292 articles in PubMed. These studies displayed large heterogeneity in terms of imaging test, laboratory parameters and clinical-demographic data included. Most models were based on imaging data, in particular CT scans or chest X-rays images. C-Reactive protein, leukocyte count, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, lymphocytes and platelets counts were found to be the laboratory biomarkers most frequently included in COVID-19 related AI models. CONCLUSIONS The lion's share of AI applied to COVID-19 seems to be played by diagnostic imaging. However, AI in laboratory medicine is also gaining momentum, especially with digital tools characterized by low cost and widespread applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Negrini
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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23
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Chi L, Zhao G, Chen N, Shen G, Huang K, Xia X, Chen Y, Liu J, Xu R, Chen Y, Dong W, Zheng J. Comparison of Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention Between Healthcare Workers and Non-Healthcare Workers in China. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 14:3597-3606. [PMID: 35002249 PMCID: PMC8722697 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s341326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination is an effective strategy to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to compare predictors of vaccination intention between healthcare workers (HCWs) and non-healthcare workers (non-HCWs) in China. Methods A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCWs and non-HCWs. Several bivariate analysis techniques, eg, crosstab with Chi-square, independent t-test and single factor ANOVA, were performed to analyze the correlation. After that, a series of multivariate binary regressions were employed to determine predictors of vaccination intention. Results Intention was closely and significantly related with gender, perceived vaccination knowledge, perceived importance and effectiveness of vaccine to prevent COVID-19. HCWs and non-HCWs were heterogeneous, since vaccination intention, perceived knowledge, and attitudes (eg, importance, severity, risk) toward COVID-19 or vaccine had statistically significant difference between the two groups. With comparison of predictors of vaccination intention, for HCWs, demographic factors were the major predictors of COVID-19 vaccination intention. Female HCWs and HCWs with a Master’s or higher degree were more hesitant about vaccination (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), while HCWs had greater vaccination intention as their age increased (P = 0.02). For non-HCWs, perceived vaccination knowledge was the major predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intention (P < 0.001). Additionally, perceived importance and effectiveness of vaccine were predictors for both HCWs and non-HCWs. Conclusion Vaccination intention of HCWs was greater than that of non-HCWs in China. Measures should be taken to improve the vaccination rate based on the predictors of vaccination intention identified in this study. For HCWs, especially those with a high level of education or who were females, the safety and effectiveness of vaccines in use may reinforce their vaccination intention. For non-HCWs, popularization of general medical knowledge, including of vaccine-preventable diseases, may increase their vaccination intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Zhao
- Institute of China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiche Chen
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Natural Science, Affiliated School of Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhan Chen
- School of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Dong
- The 1th School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexia Zheng
- Department of Student Affairs, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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24
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Scheiber CJ, Simmons LM, Neading RD, Becker CF, Scarborough TR, Lenn DG, Moreno P, Brown DS, Griffiths DM, Pearson JA, Hamm AR, Tucker AA, Monson MJE. Combating the Current Pandemic and Preparing for the Next: Lessons Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic From the Perspective of Deployed Special Operations Forces. Mil Med 2022; 187:130-135. [PMID: 35021221 PMCID: PMC9383156 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a threat to global health, including the health of deployed armed forces. Servicemembers had to adjust to the “new normal” while maintaining the interests of the nation’s security as well as that of our host nation partners. This commentary examines how Special Operations Forces operating within four different regions worldwide leveraged the challenges presented by the onset of this pandemic in maintaining stability, sustaining a ready force, and operating forward deployed. Deployed forces face constant difficulties with logistical support, varied medical resources access and a medical system predominantly focused on trauma care. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic there was little guidance specific to these circumstances which required an improvised adaptation of the recommendations set by national and Department of Defense medical authorities. Plans were constantly revised to match the ever changing medical and operational environment. Strategies such as the “Bubble Philosophy” and tiered force protection measures helped our units to maintain a rigorous training cycle. New methods of communication and training with our host nation partners such as the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) platforms to survey host nation training became standard. Through these measures all of our forces were able to maintain operational capacity, protect the force, and maintain rapport with the host nations. We hope these experiences will provide a rough framework for future forces faced with a similar struggle. We also want to stress that challenges vary depending on the area of operations and the pathogen responsible for the pandemic. Any feedback and collaboration that may come from this work is appreciated and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scheiber
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Lemar M Simmons
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Richard D Neading
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Casey F Becker
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Tyler R Scarborough
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - David G Lenn
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Peter Moreno
- 3d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Dixon S Brown
- 1st Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Dylan M Griffiths
- 1st Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pearson
- 2d Marine Raider Battalion, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Andrew R Hamm
- Marine Raider Regiment, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Anthony A Tucker
- Force Surgeon, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
| | - Michael J E Monson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune, Camp Lejeune, NC 28547, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- MD, PhD, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Oana Ometa
- PhD, Department of Journalism and Digital Media, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Thomas R Broker
- PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0024, USA
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26
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Zare H, Rezapour H, Mahmoodzadeh S, Fereidouni M. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines (Sputnik V, AZD-1222, and Covaxin) side effects among healthcare workers in Birjand city, Iran. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108351. [PMID: 34801416 PMCID: PMC8577998 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of vaccine side effects plays an important role in public perception about vaccination programs. This study was designed to investigate the side effects of the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine; Sputnik-V, AZD-1222, and Covaxin. Methods A study was performed to evaluate the side effects of these vaccine among 503 health care workers in Birjand (Iran). Our study used the questionnaire consisted of 4 main categories including demographic data, previous COVID-19 infection, vaccine information, and local and systemic side effects of vaccines. Results 81.9%, 88.8%, and 92.9% of people who have been vaccinated with Sputnik-V, AZD1222, and Covaxin vaccines, respectively, have reported at least one side effect. The prevalence of systemic side effects in AZD-1222 vaccine was higher than Sputnik V and Covaxin vaccines. Injection site pain (62.1%), fatigue (43.9%), muscle pain (42.5%), and fever (40.6%) were the most common side effects in all three vaccines. Side effect frequency was higher in the female group (90.6%) than the male group (79.5%). The prevalence of side effects with Sputnik V and Covaxin vaccines was reduced in the elderly. Moreover, the prevalence of side effects was higher in the case of convalescent patients (92.4 %) than in the group with no history of infection. The prevalence of side effects was higher in person with a BMI above 25 in the AZD-1222 and Covaxin vaccines. Conclusions The most common side effects of the Sputnik-V, AZD-1222, and Covaxin vaccine among Birjand (Iran) healthcare workers were injection site pain, muscle pain, fatigue, fever, and headache. Age and gender were the most important variables in the prevalence of vaccine side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zare
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Hadis Rezapour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sara Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fereidouni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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27
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Yamamoto N, Takahashi Y, Hayashi S. Legal and regulatory processes for Japan's COVID-19 immunization program. Vaccine 2021; 39:6449-50. [PMID: 34535315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Flanagan KL, MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB, Nelson MR. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Where Are We Now? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9:3535-3543. [PMID: 34400116 PMCID: PMC8363243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The best and safest way to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is by using vaccination to generate widespread immunity. The urgent need to develop safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines was met with unprecedented speed and action from the global community. There are now 289 vaccines in the development pipeline. More remarkably, there are 20 publicly available vaccines, and more than 3.3 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered across 180 countries. This is just the beginning of our fight against the pandemic. Even at the current vaccination rate, it could take years to vaccinate the world's population; many high-income countries are focusing on their needs, whereas the poorer nations are waiting for vaccines. There is still much that we do not understand about immunity to this new disease, and we will have to contend with the emerging variants. In this commentary, we describe the current status of COVID-19 vaccine development and provide insights into how the development and approvals happened so quickly. We discuss the clinical trial data that led to rapid emergency use authorization and the many challenges of global rollout. We also comment on some of the key unanswered questions and future directions for COVID-19 vaccine development and deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tas, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Nelson
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
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