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Aboelfetoh EF, Aboubaraka AE, Ebeid EZM. Binary coagulation system (graphene oxide/chitosan) for polluted surface water treatment. J Environ Manage 2021; 288:112481. [PMID: 33827021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) is used as a natural coagulant aid alongside graphene oxide (GO) to remove turbidity and numerous pollutants from raw and artificially contaminated surface water. The coagulation capability of the system (GO/CS) was assessed with respect to a water sample's turbidity, pH, coagulant dose, settling velocity, and temperature. The presence of CS enhanced the coagulation capacity of GO at varied pH levels and no GO residue was detected in the water after the treatment. The proposed system achieved high turbidity removal efficiency (≥98.3%) for all turbidity levels. A mixture of GO (8 mg/L) and CS (2 mg/L) was ideal to remove algae (99.5%) and bacteria (≥95.0%). Furthermore, it demonstrated a high coagulation capacity to remove dyes, direct brown-2 (DB-2), methylene blue (MB), and Pb(II) ions from artificially contaminated surface water. Interestingly, the sludge exhibited an extraordinary adsorption capacity for DB-2, MB, and Pb(II) ions. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and was consistent with the Langmuir model, with an adsorption capacity of up to 667.8, 400.7, and 459.1 mg/g for DB-2, MB, and Pb(II) ions, respectively. Therefore, the presented binary coagulation system is of great potential economic value for the treatment of raw surface water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Aboelfetoh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Abdelmeguid E Aboubaraka
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; Central Lab of El-Gharbia Water and Wastewater Company, Tanta, Egypt
| | - El-Zeiny M Ebeid
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
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Kim HC, Timmes TC, Ryu H, Yang HS, Yoon H, Kim S. Algal softening followed by ozonation: The fate of persistent micropollutants and natural organic matter in groundwater. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123480. [PMID: 32712358 PMCID: PMC7879959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept study evaluates the performance of a novel strategy using photosynthetic microorganisms to soften groundwater instead of using caustic chemicals. The microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda was used to increase the pH of the groundwater via natural photosynthesis. This work applied softening as a pretreatment to ozonation of hard groundwater and mainly focused on investigating the multiple effects of algal softening on the degradation of persistent micropollutants upon subsequent ozonation. The algae-induced alkaline conditions (pH > 10) were favorable to catalyze the formation of OH radicals directly from O3 molecules. Moreover, algal softening removed the strong radical-scavenging carbonate species (HCO3- and CO32-) to a much greater extent than that achieved by chemical softening, which was attributed to the combination of mineral carbonation and metabolic CO2 reduction. The fate of the natural organic matter (NOM) was characterized with spectroscopy, chromatography, and bioassay, which indicates that algal treatment decomposed the NOM to be less susceptible to attack by OH radicals. Consequently, the ozonation of alkaline groundwater achieved a better removal of the micropollutant residues in groundwater. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were used as model chemicals of persistent groundwater contaminants and were almost completely removed with an addition of 1.25 mg O3 L-1 (0.63 mg-O3 mg-C-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chul Kim
- Research Institute for Advanced Industrial Technology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thomas C Timmes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA.
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Hee Sung Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyojik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Duarte B, Feijão E, Cruz de Carvalho R, Duarte IA, Silva M, Matos AR, Cabrita MT, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Marques JC, Caçador I, Reis-Santos P, Fonseca VF. Effects of Propranolol on Growth, Lipids and Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress Response of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9120478. [PMID: 33353054 PMCID: PMC7766914 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the past two decades, increasing attention has been directed to investigate the incidence and consequences of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker used in large quantities worldwide to treat cardiovascular conditions. Diatoms (model organism) exposed to this compound showed evident signs of oxidative stress, a significant reduction of the autotrophic O2 production and an increase in the heterotrophic mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, diatoms exposed to propranolol showed a consumption of its storage lipids. In ecological terms this will have cascading impacts in the marine trophic webs, where these organisms are key elements, through a reduction of the water column oxygenation and essential fatty acid availability to the heterotrophic organisms that depend on these primary producers. In ecotoxicological terms, diatoms photochemical and fatty acid traits showed to be potential good biomarkers for toxicity assessment of diatoms exposed to this widespread pharmaceutical compound. Abstract Present demographic trends suggest a rise in the contributions of human pharmaceuticals into coastal ecosystems, underpinning an increasing demand to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects and implications of drug residues in marine risk assessments. Propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, is used worldwide to treat high blood pressure conditions and other related cardiovascular conditions. Although diatoms lack β-adrenoceptors, this microalgal group presents receptor-like kinases and proteins with a functional analogy to the animal receptors and that can be targeted by propranolol. In the present work, the authors evaluated the effect of this non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker in diatom cells using P. tricornutum as a model organism, to evaluate the potential effect of this compound in cell physiology (growth, lipids and energy metabolism and oxidative stress) and its potential relevance for marine ecosystems. Propranolol exposure leads to a significant reduction in diatom cell growth, more evident in the highest concentrations tested. This is likely due to the observed impairment of the main primary photochemistry processes and the enhancement of the mitochondrial respiratory activity. More specifically, propranolol decreased the energy transduction from photosystem II (PSII) to the electron transport chain, leading to an increase in oxidative stress levels. Cells exposed to propranolol also exhibited high-dissipated energy flux, indicating that this excessive energy is efficiently diverted, to some extent, from the photosystems, acting to prevent irreversible photoinhibition. As energy production is impaired at the PSII donor side, preventing energy production through the electron transport chain, diatoms appear to be consuming storage lipids as an energy backup system, to maintain essential cellular functions. This consumption will be attained by an increase in respiratory activity. Considering the primary oxygen production and consumption pathways, propranolol showed a significant reduction of the autotrophic O2 production and an increase in the heterotrophic mitochondrial respiration. Both mechanisms can have negative effects on marine trophic webs, due to a decrease in the energetic input from marine primary producers and a simultaneous oxygen production decrease for heterotrophic species. In ecotoxicological terms, bio-optical and fatty acid data appear as highly efficient tools for ecotoxicity assessment, with an overall high degree of classification when these traits are used to build a toxicological profile, instead of individually assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Duarte
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Feijão
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Irina A. Duarte
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Marisa Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos Geográficos (CEG), Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Sara C. Novais
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (S.C.N.); (M.F.L.L.)
| | - João Carlos Marques
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Aldeide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vanessa F. Fonseca
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.C.d.C.); (I.A.D.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (P.R.-S.); (V.F.F.)
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Chen Y, Ling Y, Li X, Hu J, Cao C, He D. Size-dependent cellular internalization and effects of polystyrene microplastics in microalgae P. helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and S. quadricauda. J Hazard Mater 2020; 399:123092. [PMID: 32531675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are persistent contaminants in aquatic environments. Microalgae, as the main phytoplankton and primary producers, usually co-exist with MPs. Despite previous studies that have proved the interaction of MPs and microalgae, it is largely unknown whether MPs can be uptake into cells of microalgae. In this study, both marine P. helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and freshwater microalgae S. quadricauda were respectively exposed to 10 mg/L polystyrene microbeads with five diameter sizes: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 μm. Confocal laser scanning and 3D image analysis showed that mean 24.0 % or 11.3 % cells of P. helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis contained 1.0 μm or 2.0 μm MPs after 72 h exposure. While mean 43.3 % or 15.3 % of S. quadricauda individuals engulfed 1.0 μm or 2.0 μm MPs within cells. But, none of 3.0-5.0 μm MPs were observed within algal cells. These results demonstrate the size-dependent cellular internalization of MPs in microalgae. Exposure to 1.0-2.0 μm PS MPs caused a significant reduction in the density of microalgae and influenced photosynthesis, which suggests cellular internalization of MPs can influence algal fertility and growth. This discovery first confirms cellular internalization of MPs in phytoplankton, of significance for the fate and eco-toxicity of MPs in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yun Ling
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiani Hu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chengjin Cao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Chang H, Hu R, Zou Y, Quan X, Zhong N, Zhao S, Sun Y. Highly efficient reverse osmosis concentrate remediation by microalgae for biolipid production assisted with electrooxidation. Water Res 2020; 174:115642. [PMID: 32114019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) with microalgae can simultaneously achieve multi-functions of ROC treatment, CO2 mitigation and microalgae biolipid production. But the performances are usually inhibited by high free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) concentration and chromaticity of ROC. To offset these negative effects, an integrated technique including electrooxidation pretreatment and Chlorella vulgaris remediation was proposed, in which the ROC was first pretreated with electrooxidation to decrease FAN and chromaticity, and then the oxidized ROC was remediated with microalgae to reclaim nutrients and produce biolipid. Results showed that FAN was sharply reduced from 53.0 mg N/L to 13.9 mg N/L and chromaticity was decreased from 1600 to 100 Pt-Co via electrooxidation. Possible reaction mechanism of nutrients removal was discussed via electron mass balance. Explanation on chromaticity decrease was revealed by analyzing humic acid conversion path with fluorescence characteristics. During microalgae remediation process, nutrients removal rate, microalgae biomass concentration and lipid yield were effectively enhanced in electrooxidized ROC. Energy balance analysis indicated that microalge lipid energy under current density of 3.25 mA/cm2 basically compensated total input energy despite ROC sterilization. This work provided a promising strategy for large-scale ROC treatment and microalgae biolipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
| | - Rui Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Yajun Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Xuejun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Modern Photoelectric Detection Technology and Instrument, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
| | - Sha Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yahui Sun
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210000, China
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Pradhan S, Fan L, Roddick FA, Shahsavari E, Ball AS, Zhang X. A comparative study of biological activated carbon based treatments on two different types of municipal reverse osmosis concentrates. Chemosphere 2020; 240:124925. [PMID: 31563715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to understand the impact of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) characteristics on the efficacy of biological activated carbon (BAC) based treatments for removing organics and nutrients from two ROC streams (ROCa derived from municipal waste input with high salinity, and ROCb derived from domestic waste plus industrial trade waste with markedly lower salinity). Fluorescence excitation and emission matrix spectra and molecular weight analysis demonstrated that ROCa and ROCb had a significantly different composition of organic compounds due to the petrochemical processing and abattoir waste compounds in ROCb. Although the sequence of coagulation, UV/H2O2 and BAC gave the highest organic removal from the two ROCs (67% DOC for ROCa and 62% for ROCb), UV/H2O2 followed by BAC achieved satisfactory removal (>55%) for both ROC types. Sequential treatment involving coagulation gave better phosphorus removal (>90%) than any single treatment (<65%). Total nitrogen (TN) removal was fairly low (<50%) for all the treatment options and the salinity level had insignificant impact on nitrogen removal. Analysis of bacterial communities suggested that higher phosphorus removal and lower total nitrogen and nitrate removal from ROCb than ROCa was related to the presence of various denitrifying or phosphorus accumulating bacteria in the BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia
| | | | | | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Australia
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Fan J, Cao L, Gao C, Chen Y, Zhang TC. Characteristics of wastewater treatment by Chlorella sorokiniana and comparison with activated sludge. Water Sci Technol 2019; 80:892-901. [PMID: 31746796 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of Chlorella sorokiniana treating wastewater with consideration of HRT (6 d, 16 h, 8 h), hydraulic conditions, light or dark culture were evaluated and compared with activated sludge. Results showed that optimal HRT was 8 h; if longer, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4 +-N in the dark began to rebound. Mixing was beneficial to COD removal of algae, while aeration was suitable for nutrient removal. Growth of C. sorokiniana in the light was mixotrophic growth and 1.3-1.7 times more than that of dark heterotrophic growth. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax), productivity, and biomass yields on COD (YCOD), N (YNH4), P (YP) of algae were higher in the light than that in the dark. COD assimilation capacity of algae was similar to activated sludge but with different dynamics. N and P assimilation capacity of algae was 1.4, 1.2-2.5 times more than activated sludge; N and P removal efficiency of algae was 5%-10%, 10%-55% respectively higher than activated sludge. This study confirmed the advantage of algae over activated sludge and reveal why algae could assist the activated sludge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China E-mail:
| | - Liang Cao
- College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China E-mail:
| | - Cheng Gao
- College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China E-mail:
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China E-mail:
| | - Tian C Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
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Woo H, Yang HS, Timmes TC, Han C, Nam JY, Byun S, Kim S, Ryu H, Kim HC. Treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate using an algal-based MBR combined with ozone pretreatment. Water Res 2019; 159:164-175. [PMID: 31091481 PMCID: PMC6743077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Algal treatment was combined with ozone pretreatment for treatment of synthetic reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) prior to microfiltration. The research mainly focused on minimizing the fouling of polyvinylidene-fluoride membranes and maximizing the restoration of membrane permeability. The algal treatment alone was only moderately effective for the mitigation of fouling in microfiltration, while a markedly improved performance was achieved when the algal treatment followed ozonation. The combination of ozonation and algal treatment reduced membrane permeability decline and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the reversibility of fouling after hydraulic washing. A longitudinal evaluation was also performed with a goal of achieving a robust removal of contaminants. Ozonation followed by algal treatment was very effective in attenuating both caffeine and carbamazepine, as well as removing organic matter and inorganic nutrients from ROC in a single bioreactor. In this study, an alkaline condition (∼pH 12), produced by microalgae in the light without supplemental aeration was applied for in-situ cleaning of fouled membranes. The result showed that the algal-induced cleaning successfully restored the permeability of organic-fouled membranes during the filtration of both raw and algal-treated ROC. This in-situ strategy offers a novel option for periodic cleaning of fouled membranes while maintaining operational simplicity, especially for existing submerged membrane filtration facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungmin Woo
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Hee Sung Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thomas C Timmes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA.
| | - Changseok Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-do 63357, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokjong Byun
- Department of Research and Development, Jeollanamdo Environmental Industries Promotion Institute, Jeollanam-do 59205, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Research Institute for Advanced Industrial Technology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Khan W, Nam JY, Woo H, Ryu H, Kim S, Maeng SK, Kim HC. A proof of concept study for wastewater reuse using bioelectrochemical processes combined with complementary post-treatment technologies. Environ Sci (Camb) 2019; 5:1489-1498. [PMID: 32607247 PMCID: PMC7326288 DOI: 10.1039/c9ew00358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a proof-of-concept study designed for the reuse of wastewater using microbial electrochemical cells (MECs) combined with complementary post-treatment technologies. This study mainly focused on how the integrated approach works effectively for wastewater reuse. In this study, microalgae and ultraviolet C (UVC) light were used for advanced wastewater treatment to achieve site-specific treatment goals such as agricultural reuse and aquifer recharge. The bio-electrosynthesis of H2O2 in MECs was carried out based on a novel concept to integrate with UVC, especially for roust removal of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) resistant to biodegradation, and the algal treatment was configured for nutrient removal from MEC effluent. UVC irradiation has also proven to be an effective disinfectant for bacteria, protozoa, and viruses in water. The average energy consumption rate for MECs fed acetate-based synthetic wastewater was 0.28±0.01 kWh per kg of H2O2, which was significantly more efficient than are conventional electrochemical processes. MECs achieved 89±2% removal of carbonaceous organic matter (measured as chemical oxygen demand) in the wastewater (anolyte) and concurrent production of H2O2 up to 222±11 mg L-1 in the tapwater (catholyte). The nutrients (N and P) remaining after MECs were successfully removed by subsequent phycoremediation with microalgae when aerated (5% CO2, v/v) in the light. This complied with discharge permits that limit N to 20 mg L-1 and P to 0.5 mg L-1 in the effluent. H2O2 produced on site was used to mediate photolytic oxidation with UVC light for degradation of recalcitrant TOrCs in the algal-treated wastewater. Carbamazepine was used as a model compound and was almost completely removed with an added 10 mg L-1 of H2O2 at a UVC dose of 1000 mJ cm-2. These results should not be generalized, but critically discussed, because of the limitations of using synthetic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waris Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-do 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungmin Woo
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Hodon Ryu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Research Institute for Advanced Industrial Technology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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10
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Duarte B, Prata D, Matos AR, Cabrita MT, Caçador I, Marques JC, Cabral HN, Reis-Santos P, Fonseca VF. Ecotoxicity of the lipid-lowering drug bezafibrate on the bioenergetics and lipid metabolism of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:2085-2094. [PMID: 30290350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues impose a new and emerging threat to the marine environment and its biota. In most countries, ecotoxicity tests are not required for all pharmaceutical residues classes and, even when mandatory, these tests are not performed using marine primary producers such as diatoms. These microalgae are among the most abundant class of primary producers in the marine realm and key players in the marine trophic web. Blood-lipid-lowering agents such as bezafibrate and its derivatives are among the most prescribed drugs and most frequently found human pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. The present study aims to investigate the bezafibrate ecotoxicity and its effects on primary productivity and lipid metabolism, at environmentally relevant concentrations, using the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Under controlled conditions, diatom cultures were exposed to bezafibrate at 0, 3, 6, 30 and 60 μg L-1, representing concentrations that can be found in the vicinity of discharges of wastewater treatment plants. High bezafibrate concentrations increased cell density and are suggested to promote a shift from autotrophic to mixotrophic metabolism, with diatoms using light energy generated redox potential to breakdown bezafibrate as carbon source. This was supported by an evident increase in cell density coupled with an impairment of the thylakoid electron transport and consequent photosynthetic activity reduction. In agreement, the concentrations of plastidial marker fatty acids showed negative correlations and Canonical Analysis of Principal coordinates of the relative abundances of fatty acid and photochemical data allowed the separation of controls and cells exposed to bezafibrate with high classification efficiency, namely for photochemical traits, suggesting their validity as suitable biomarkers of bezafibrate exposure. Further evaluations of the occurrence of a metabolic shift in diatoms due to exposure to bezafibrate is paramount, as ultimately it may reduce O2 generation and CO2 fixation in aquatic ecosystems with ensuing consequences for neighboring heterotrophic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Prata
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cabrita
- Instituto do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Algés, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Marques
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, c/o Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique N Cabral
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Irstea, UR EABX (Ecosystèmes Aquatiques et Changements Globaux), 50 avenue de Verdun, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Abstract
The reduced natural waters and the large amount of wastewater produced by textile industry necessitate an effective water reuse treatment. In this study, a combined two-stage water reuse treatment was established to enhance the quality and recovery rate of reused water. The primary treatment incorporated a flocculation and sedimentation system, two sand filtration units, an ozonation unit, an ultrafiltration (UF) system, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system. The second treatment included an ozonation unit, a sand filtration unit, and UF and RO systems. The color removal rate increased with the increasing ozone dosage, and the relational expression between the ozone dosage and color removal rate was fitted. Ozonation greatly reduced the color by 92.59 and 97.27 times during the primary and second ozonation stages, respectively. RO had the highest removal rate. The combined processes showed good performance in water reuse treatment. The treated, reused water satisfied the reuse standard and surpassed the drinking water standard rates for chemical oxygen consumption (CODcr), color, NH3-N, hardness, Cl−, SO42−, turbidity, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The operating cost of reuse water treatment was approximately 0.44 USD·m−3.
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12
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Nam JY, Hwang KS, Kim HC, Jeong H, Kim H, Jwa E, Yang S, Choi J, Kim CS, Han JH, Jeong N. Assessing the behavior of the feed-water constituents of a pilot-scale 1000-cell-pair reverse electrodialysis with seawater and municipal wastewater effluent. Water Res 2019; 148:261-271. [PMID: 30388527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) has vast potential as a clean, nonpolluting, and sustainable renewable energy source; however, pilot-scale RED studies employing real waters remain rare. This study reports the largest RED (1000 cell pairs, 250 m2) with municipal wastewater effluent (1.3-5.7 mS/cm) and seawater (52.9-53.8 mS/cm) as feed solutions. The RED stack was operated at a velocity of 1.5 cm/s and the pilot plant produced 95.8 W of power (0.38 W/m2total membrane or 0.76 W/m2cell pair). During operation of the RED, the inlet design of the stack, comprising thin spacers, and the water dissociation reaction at the cathode were revealed as vulnerabilities of the stack. Specifically, pressure drops at the fluid inlet parts had the most detrimental effects on power output due to clogged spacers around the inlet parts. In addition, precipitates resulting in inorganic fouling were inevitable during the water dissociation reaction due to significant potential generated by the stack in the cathode chamber. Na+ and Cl- accounted for the majority of ions transferred from seawater to wastewater effluent through ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Moreover, some divalent cations in seawater, Mg2+ and Ca2+, were also transferred to the wastewater effluent. Some organics with relatively low molecular weights in the wastewater effluent passed through the IEMs, and their hydrophobic properties elevated the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) level in the seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Kyo-Sik Hwang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Water Resources Research Institute, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Haejun Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea.
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