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Lyytinen G, Melnikov G, Brynedal A, Anesäter E, Antoniewicz L, Blomberg A, Wallén H, Bosson JA, Hedman L, Tehrani S, Lundbäck M. Use of heated tobacco products (IQOS) causes an acute increase in arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis 2024; 390:117335. [PMID: 37872010 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are novel alternative tobacco products being promoted as an alternative to cigarettes. To evaluate the impact of HTP use on vascular function, we investigated the effects of a brief HTP usage on arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation in healthy volunteers. METHODS In a randomised crossover study, twenty-four healthy young adults with occasional tobacco use smoked the HTP IQOS 3 Multi (Phillip Morris Int.) and "no-exposure" was used as a control, with a wash-out period of at least one week in-between. Arterial stiffness was assessed through pulse wave velocity and pulse wave analysis. Blood samples, collected at baseline and 5 min following exposure, were analysed with the Total-Thrombus-formation analysis system evaluating platelet and fibrin-rich thrombus formation tendency. RESULTS HTP exposure caused immediate heightened pulse wave velocity (+0.365 m/s, 95% CI: +0.188 to 0.543; p = 0.004) and enhanced augmentation index corrected to heart rate (+6.22%, 95% CI: +2.33 to 10.11; p = 0.003) compared to the no-exposure occasion. Similarly, blood pressure and heart rate transiently increased immediately following HTP inhalation. Platelet thrombus formation significantly increased following HTP exposure (area under the curve +59.5, 95% CI: +25.6 to 93.4; p < 0.001) compared to no-exposure. No effect was seen on fibrin-rich thrombus formation following HTP-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Brief HTP use in healthy young adults had immediate adverse effects on vascular function resulting in increased arterial stiffness and platelet thrombus formation, known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Further research is needed to address long term health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lyytinen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Georgy Melnikov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Brynedal
- Dept. of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Anesäter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukasz Antoniewicz
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept. of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wallén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Dept. of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linnea Hedman
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, The OLIN Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Ning Y, Mai J, Hu BB, Lin ZL, Chen Y, Jiang YL, Wei MY, Zhu MJ. Study on the effect of enzymatic treatment of tobacco on HnB cigarettes and microbial succession during fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12577-2. [PMID: 37209161 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Starch and cellulose are the fundamental components of tobacco, while their excessive content will affect the quality of tobacco. Enzymatic treatment with different enzymes is a promising method to modulate the chemical composition and improve the sensory quality of tobacco leaves. In this study, enzymatic treatments, such as amylase, cellulase, and their mixed enzymes, were used to improve tobacco quality, which could alter the content of total sugar, reducing sugar, starch, and cellulose in tobacco leaves. The amylase treatment changed surface structure of tobacco leaves, increased the content of neophytadiene in tobacco by 16.48%, and improved the total smoking score of heat-not-burn (HnB) cigarette products by 5.0 points compared with the control. The Bacillus, Rubrobacter, Brevundimonas, Methylobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudosagedia-chlorotica, and Sclerophora-peronella were found to be significant biomarkers in the fermentation process by LEfSe analysis. The Basidiomycota and Agaricomycetes were significantly correlated with aroma and flavor, taste, and total score of HnB. The results showed that microbial community succession occurred due to amylase treatment, which promoted the formation of aroma compounds, and regulated the chemical composition of tobacco, and improved tobacco quality during tobacco fermentation. This study provides a method for enzymatic treatment to upgrade the quality of tobacco raw materials, thereby improving the quality of HnB cigarettes, and the potential mechanism is also revealed by chemical composition and microbial community analysis. KEY POINTS: Enzymatic treatment can change the chemical composition of tobacco leaves. The microbial community was significantly affected by enzymatic treatment. The quality of HnB cigarettes was significantly improved by amylase treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ning
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Mai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Hu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Long Lin
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Wei
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ming-Jun Zhu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The Key Laboratory of Ecology and Biological Resources in Yarkand Oasis at Colleges & Universities Under the Department of Education of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi University, Kashi, 844006, People's Republic of China.
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Lim DH, Ahmadi Y, Kim YH, Kim KH. The extent of harmful volatile organic compounds released when smoking after breaking the flavor capsules of heat-not-burn (HNB) cigarette products. Environ Res 2023; 216:114501. [PMID: 36220443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of flavored capsule heat-not-burn (FC-HNB) tobacco products such as IQOS, Lil, and Glo have been introduced as a new generation of cigarettes. As they can release various types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is important to assess the harmfulness associated with their use. Thus, the composition of VOCs in HNB cigarette vapor was evaluated to investigate the interactive roles of key variables controlling the relationships between VOC composition and capsule breaking, particularly the compositional changes induced by capsule breaking and release of flavor from FC-HNB cigarettes relative to regular products. As the capsules of FC-HNB cigarettes were broken, the total VOC concentrations increased by as high as eight times from 60.3 ± 0.48 to 488 ± 21.8 μg cig-1. The key VOC components released after breaking the flavored capsules were identified as ethyl butyrate (157 ± 13.6 μg cig-1; Lil), isoamyl acetate (76.9 ± 1.98 μg cig-1; Lil), and limonene (52.3 ± 3.29 μg cig-1; Glo). If the primary health risks of FC-HNB cigarette vapor are assessed using National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) guidelines, 2,3-butanedinone exceeds the maximum daily intake limit (i.e., 0.05 mg day-1). Our study is expected to offer valuable insights into the harmful effects of direct and indirect exposure to various VOCs in FC-HNB products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Younes Ahmadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, 1001, Afghanistan
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Yu SJ, Kwon MK, Choi W, Son YS. Preliminary study on the effect of using heat-not-burn tobacco products on indoor air quality. Environ Res 2022; 212:113217. [PMID: 35381261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the use of heat-not-burn (HnB) products on indoor air quality (IAQ) was evaluated. To do this, the concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), and vegetable glycerin (VG) directly emitted when using HnB products were analyzed and compared to those from conventional cigarettes. Furthermore, the levels of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle, and particulate matter (PM) detected when subjects used HnB products in the exposure chamber were evaluated the effect on IAQ. As a result, the range of nicotine levels transferred by HnB products (0.8-1.2 mg cigarette-1) is lower than that by conventional cigarettes (2.4-3.6 mg cigarette-1). On the other hand, the range of VG levels emitted from HnB products (3.1-5.9 mg cigarette-1) were higher than that emitted from conventional cigarettes (0.6-3.0 mg cigarette-1). In addition, although the amount generated from HnB products was small compared to those from conventional cigarettes, various kinds of VOCs, aldehydes, nanoparticle and PM were produced, and these were confirmed to affect IAQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ji Yu
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Min-Ku Kwon
- Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Choi
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Tamada Y, Takeuchi K, Okawa S, Tabuchi T. Secondhand Aerosol Exposure From Heated Tobacco Products and Its Socioeconomic Inequalities in Japan: The JASTIS Study 2017-2020. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1430-1438. [PMID: 35312015 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The growing use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) has raised concerns about secondhand aerosol (SHA) from HTPs, but few studies have been reported on it. This study aimed to investigate the trends in SHA exposure and their socioeconomic inequalities in Japan. METHODS The prevalence of SHA exposure from 2017 to 2020 was estimated using longitudinal internet survey data of 5221 participants, aged 20-69 years in 2017 (baseline), with adjustments using inverse probability weighting for "being a participant in an internet survey". Multivariable modified Poisson regression models were applied to examine the association between socioeconomic status (ie, educational attainment and equivalent income) at baseline and SHA exposure in 2020 with adjustments for sex and age. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of SHA exposure has consistently increased from 4.5% in 2017 to 10.8% in 2020. Lower educational attainment was associated with a higher risk of SHA exposure (p for trend = 0.010). The covariate-adjusted risks of SHA exposure in participants with a low-education and middle-education level were 1.57 and 1.34 times higher, respectively, than in those with a high-education level. However, significant differences in risks of SHA exposure between participants with low-, middle-, and high-income levels were not observed. Meanwhile, participants with a low-education and middle-education level also had 1.87 and 1.61 times higher risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure from combustible cigarettes than those with a high-education level, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a rapid increase in SHA exposure and the existence of educational inequalities in both SHA and SHS exposure. IMPLICATIONS Using longitudinal internet cohort survey data, we found that the prevalence of exposure to secondhand aerosol (SHA) from heated tobacco products (HTPs) rapidly increased to 10.8% in 2020 in Japan. Furthermore, people with lower educational attainment were at higher risk of SHA exposure, suggesting that extensive educational interventions may be necessary to inform the public that although emissions from HTPs contain significantly lesser amounts of harmful and potentially harmful constituents and these compounds than cigarette smoke, they are not harmless and still entail risks, and its long-term effects are unknown. Therefore, future extensive monitoring of SHA exposure is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Tamada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
- Division for Regional Community Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Okawa
- Institute for Global Health Policy Research, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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El-Kaassamani M, Yen M, Talih S, El-Hellani A. Analysis of mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and the environmental impact of IQOS waste: a systematic review on IQOS that accounts for data source. Tob Control 2022; 33:tobaccocontrol-2021-056986. [PMID: 35568394 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the general features of IQOS literature focusing on the chemical analysis of IQOS emissions. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched on 8 November 2021 using the terms 'heated tobacco product', 'heat-not-burn', 'IQOS' and 'tobacco heating system' with time restriction (2010-2021). The search yielded 5480 records. STUDY SELECTION Relevant publications on topics related to IQOS assessment were retrieved (n=341). Two reviewers worked separately and reached agreement by consensus. DATA EXTRACTION Data on author affiliation and funding, article type and date of publication were extracted. Publications were categorised depending on their focus and outcomes. Data on IQOS emissions from the chemical analysis category were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the included publications, 25% were published by Philip Morris International (PMI) affiliates or PMI-funded studies. PMI-sponsored publications on emissions, toxicology assessments and health effects were comparable in number to those reported by independent research, in contrast to publications on IQOS use, market trends and regulation. Data on nicotine yield, carbonyl emissions, other mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and IQOS waste were compared between data sources to highlight agreement or disagreement between PMI-sponsored and independent research. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed agreement between the data sources on nicotine yield from IQOS under the same puffing conditions. Also, both sources agreed that IQOS emits significantly reduced levels of some emissions compared with combustible cigarettes. However, independent studies and examination of PMI's data showed significant increases in other emissions from and beyond the Food and Drug Administration's harmful and potentially harmful constituents list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El-Kaassamani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miaoshan Yen
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Soha Talih
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Amorós-Pérez A, Cano-Casanova L, Román-Martínez MDC, Lillo-Ródenas MÁ. Solid matter and soluble compounds collected from cigarette smoke and heated tobacco product aerosol using a laboratory designed puffing setup. Environ Res 2022; 206:112619. [PMID: 34971599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory setup recently designed has been used to perform puffing experiments in conditions similar to those of Health Canada Intense regime with the purpose of collecting and studying any particulate and/or soluble matter generated as a result of cigarette smoking or Heets use in an IQOS device. Smoke or aerosol can leave deposited matter in several parts of the setup, roughly resembling the interaction with the human body. Samples have been collected from different parts of the setup. For cigarettes, the extracted solutions were yellowish, whereas they remained colourless for Heets. This indicates that the content of both the deposited particulate matter and the amount of soluble compounds were much higher in cigarettes smoke than in Heets aerosol. Not only quantitative differences have been found. Thus, the solid matter collected from cigarettes smoke contains some insoluble fractions mainly composed by C and O, but also by traces of S, K, Ca, Fe, As, Na, Al, Si, and Ba, while the analogous samples from Heets are mainly composed of C and O and are soluble in isopropanol. In addition, in Heets aerosol a relatively low fraction of the detected compounds corresponds to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compared to the percentage of PAHs present in the cigarette smoke. When cigarettes were smoked under a continuous smoking regime (continuous air flow) solid matter was found to be deposited on a part of the setup. This collected solid matter was composed mainly of C and O (being mostly insoluble in water and partially soluble in isopropanol) and contained traces of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amorós-Pérez
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Cano-Casanova
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Román-Martínez
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Lillo-Ródenas
- MCMA Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Institute (IUMA). Faculty of Sciences. University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Enomoto Y, Imai R, Nanjo K, Fukai Y, Ishikawa K, Kotaki M. Comparison of the effects of three types of heating tobacco system and conventional cigarettes on indoor air quality. SN Appl Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from conventional cigarettes is reported to affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in various real indoor environments. Recently, Japan Tobacco Inc. introduced three types of tobacco product that are heated rather than combusted. These comprise one direct heating tobacco system and two in-direct heating tobacco systems. In this study, the impact of using these products on IAQ was evaluated in an environmentally controlled chamber. Two environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces, were examined. Under the same conditions, cigarette smoking and the presence of people only were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The indoor air concentrations of 48 constituents (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, total volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic amines, mercury, metals, ETS markers, propylene glycol, glycerol, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, suspended particle matter, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides) were measured. Compared with the presence of people, the concentrations of some constituents were actually increased when using heating tobacco products under both environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces. However, the constituent concentrations were lower than those obtained by cigarette smoking, except for propylene glycol and glycerol, and below the exposure limits for constituents in air, as defined by air quality guidelines or regulations. Based on these data, the use of heating tobacco systems in appropriate indoor environments has less impacts compared to conventional cigarettes.
Article Highlights
We measured the indoor air concentrations of chemical constituents generated when using three heating tobacco systems with different heating mechanisms in two environment conditions simulating restaurant and residential spaces (positive control: when smoking cigarettes, negative control: the presence of people only).
In the measurement and analysis method used this study, it was possible to find not only that the air concentration generated when using the heating tobacco systems in this study were considerably lower than that when smoking cigarettes, but also the differences of the concentrations between heating tobacco systems with different heating mechanisms.
We showed some constituents which actually increased the air concentrations when using heating tobacco systems compared with the presence of people only.
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Lu F, Yu M, Chen C, Liu L, Zhao P, Shen B, Sun R. The Emission of VOCs and CO from Heated Tobacco Products, Electronic Cigarettes, and Conventional Cigarettes, and Their Health Risk. Toxics 2021; 10:toxics10010008. [PMID: 35051050 PMCID: PMC8781168 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The differences in aerosol composition between new tobacco types (heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes) and conventional cigarettes have not been systematically studied. In this study, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, and tar from heated tobacco products (HTPs), electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and conventional cigarettes were compared, and their health risks were evaluated by applying the same smoking regime and a loss mechanism of smoking. Twenty VOCs were identified in aerosols from HTPs, 18 VOCs were identified in aerosols from e-cigarettes, and 97 VOCs were identified in aerosols from cigarettes by GC–MS and HPLC analysis. The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) emitted by the three types of tobacco products decreased as follows: e-cigarettes (795.4 mg/100 puffs) > cigarettes (83.29 mg/100 puffs) > HTPs (15.65 mg/100 puffs). The nicotine content was 24.63 ± 2.25 mg/100 puffs for e-cigarettes, 22.94 ± 0.03 mg/100 puffs for cigarettes, and 8.817 ± 0.500 mg/100 puffs for HTPs. When using cigarettes of the same brand, the mass concentrations of VOCs, tar, and CO emitted by HTPs were approximately 81.2%, 95.9%, and 97.5%, respectively, lower than the amounts emitted by cigarettes. The health risk results demonstrated that the noncarcinogenic risk of the three types of tobacco products decreased as follows: cigarettes (3609.05) > HTPs (2449.70) > acceptable level (1) > e-cigarettes (0.91). The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) decreased as follows: cigarettes (2.99 × 10−4) > HTPs (9.92 × 10−5) > e-cigarettes (4.80 × 10−5) > acceptable level (10−6). In general, HTPs and e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes when the emission of VOCs and CO was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Miao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Chaoxian Chen
- Research & Development Department, Shenzhen YouMe Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Lijun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Boxiong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ran Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
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Nishino K, Tamai K, Orita K, Hashimoto Y, Nakamura H. Heated Tobacco Products Impair Cell Viability, Osteoblastic Differentiation, and Bone Fracture-Healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:2024-2031. [PMID: 34730563 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impact of cigarette smoking on bone union has been well documented. However, the impact of heated tobacco product (HTP) use on bone fracture-healing remains unclear. The present study investigated the effect of HTPs on preosteoblast viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and fracture-healing and compared the effects with those of conventional combustible cigarettes. METHODS Cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) were generated from combustible cigarettes (cCSE) and HTPs (hCSE). CSE concentrations were standardized by assessing optical density. Preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells were incubated with normal medium, cCSE, or hCSE. The cell viability was assessed via MTT assay. After osteoblastic differentiation of CSE-exposed cells, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed. To assess the in vivo effects of CSEs, a femoral midshaft osteotomy was performed in a rat model; thereafter, saline solution, cCSE, or hCSE was injected intraperitoneally, and bone union was assessed on the basis of micro-computed tomography (μCT) and biomechanical analysis 4 weeks later. RESULTS MC3T3-E1 cell viability was reduced in a time and concentration-dependent manner when treated with either cCSE or hCSE. ALP activity after osteoblastic differentiation of cCSE-treated cells was significantly lower than that of both untreated and hCSE-treated cells (mean and standard deviation, 452.4 ± 48.8 [untreated], 326.2 ± 26.2 [cCSE-treated], and 389.9 ± 26.6 [hCSE-treated] mol/L/min; p = 0.002). Moreover, the levels of osteoblastic differentiation in untreated and hCSE-treated cells differed significantly (p < 0.05). In vivo assessment of the femoral midshaft cortical region revealed that both cCSE and hCSE administration significantly decreased bone mineral content 4 weeks after surgery compared with levels observed in untreated animals (107.0 ± 11.9 [untreated], 94.5 ± 13.0 [cCSE-treated], and 89.0 ± 10.1 mg/cm3 [hCSE-treated]; p = 0.049). Additionally, cCSE and hCSE-exposed femora had significantly lower bone volumes than unexposed femora. Biomechanical analyses showed that both cCSE and hCSE administration significantly decreased femoral maximum load and elastic modulus (p = 0.015 and 0.019). CONCLUSIONS HTP use impairs cell viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone fracture-healing at levels comparable with those associated with combustible cigarette use. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HTP use negatively affects bone fracture-healing to a degree similar to that of combustible cigarettes. Orthopaedic surgeons should recommend HTP smoking cessation to improve bone union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Gallart-mateu D, Dhaouadi Z, de la Guardia M. Exposure of heat-not-burn tobacco effect on the quality of air and expiratory plume. Microchem J 2021; 170:106733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Mitova MI, Cluse C, Correia D, Goujon-ginglinger CG, Kleinhans S, Poget L, Sendyk SS. Comprehensive Air Quality Assessment of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 under Simulated Indoor Environments. Atmosphere 2021; 12:989. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of heated tobacco products, there are few comprehensive studies on their environmental aerosols. Therefore, the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated on the basis of a comprehensive list of 31 airborne constituents along with targeted screening of the gas–vapor and particulate phases of the environmental aerosol. The assessments were conducted at three ventilation rates. Indoor use of THS 2.2 increased the levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and (if mentholated products were used) menthol relative to background levels, with a corresponding increase in total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) values. Moreover, a temporary increase in ultrafine particles was observed when two or more tobacco sticks were used simultaneously or with a short time lapse between usages, but the concentrations returned to close to background levels almost immediately. This is because THS 2.2 generates an aerosol of liquid droplets, which evaporate quickly. Nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and TVOC levels were measured in the low μg/m3 range and were below the existing guideline limits. A comparison of airborne constituent levels during indoor THS 2.2 use with emissions from combustion products and common everyday activities revealed a substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 on the indoor environment.
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14
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Znyk M, Jurewicz J, Kaleta D. Exposure to Heated Tobacco Products and Adverse Health Effects, a Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6651. [PMID: 34205612 PMCID: PMC8296358 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTP) are a form of nicotine delivery intended to be an alternative to traditional cigarettes. HTP tobacco products are sold to consumers as a less harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes, both for users and bystanders. The actual impact of HTP on the health of users and its overall impact on public health is still not fully known. A systematic search of the literature was carried out to identify relevant studies published in English from 2015 to February 2021. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier and ClinicalKey. 25 studies (independent and sponsored by the tobacco industry) were considered. The analysis of exposure biomarkers and cardiovascular and respiratory biomarkers showed differences between smokers and people using heated tobacco products. Improvements in clinically relevant risk markers, especially cholesterol, sICAM-1, 8-epi-PGF2α, 11-DTX-B2, HDL and FEV1, were observed compared to persistent cigarette smokers. On the other hand, exposure to IQOS has been reported to alter mitochondrial function, which may further exaggerate airway inflammation, airway remodeling and lung cancer. These products have the potential to increase oxidative stress and increase respiratory tract infections by increasing microbial adherence to the respiratory tract. Our review suggests that HTP products may be products with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer compared to traditional smoking, although in the case of non-smokers so far, they may pose a risk of their occurrence. Research seems to be necessary to assess the frequency of HTP use and its potential negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Znyk
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (D.K.)
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15
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Queloz S, Etter JF. A survey of users of the IQOS tobacco vaporizer: perceived dependence and perceived effects on cigarette withdrawal symptoms. J Addict Dis 2020; 39:208-214. [PMID: 33336625 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1847994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco vaporizers are devices that heat tobacco without burning it. There is currently a scarcity of studies about the addictiveness of tobacco vaporizers or their effects on cigarette withdrawal symptoms. GOALS To assess the perceived dependence of users of tobacco vaporizers and the perceived effects of these products on cigarette withdrawal symptoms. METHODS Enrollment of participants through the internet from 2016 to 2018. Participants were self-selected visitors to an anti-addiction website, current and past users of tobacco vaporizers aged ≥18. RESULTS We included 139 users of IQOS tobacco vaporizers. All participants were current (49.6%) or former cigarette smokers at the time when they began to use the tobacco vaporizer. Among the 135 current users, the median dependence on vaporizers was 80 on a scale from 0-100 (25th and 75th percentiles: 50 and 90), and 63.6% reported being somewhat to totally afraid of becoming dependent on the vaporizer. Half (51%) reported that they were less dependent on vaporizers than on combustible cigarettes, 43.8% were equally dependent on both products and 5.2% were more dependent on vaporizers than on cigarettes. Only one cigarette withdrawal symptom was reported by participants, "craving" for combustible cigarettes, and among respondents who experienced craving, 83.9% found that the IQOS vaporizer relieved it "a lot" to "totally". CONCLUSIONS In this self-selected online sample of IQOS users, the perceived dependence on this tobacco vaporizer was relatively high and almost two thirds of respondents were afraid of becoming dependent on IQOS. Most participants perceived that IQOS relieved the craving to smoke combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Queloz
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Etter
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Hirano T, Shobayashi T, Takei T, Wakao F. Exposure Assessment of Environmental Tobacco Aerosol from Heated Tobacco Products: Nicotine and PM Exposures under Two Limited Conditions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17228536. [PMID: 33217889 PMCID: PMC7698763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is too early to provide a clear answer on the impact of exposure to the second-hand aerosol of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in the planning of policy for smoke-free indoors legislation. Here, we conducted a preliminary study to evaluate indoor air quality with the use of HTPs. We first measured the concentration of nicotine and particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air following 50 puffs in the use of HTPs or cigarettes in a small shower cubicle. We then measured these concentrations in comparison with the use equivalent of smoking 5.4 cigarettes per hour in a 25 m3 room, as a typical indoor environment test condition. In the shower cubicle test, nicotine concentrations in indoor air using three types of HTP, namely IQOS, glo, and ploomTECH, were 25.9–257 μg/m3. These values all exceed the upper bound of the range of tolerable concentration without health concerns, namely 3 µg/m3. In particular, the indoor PM2.5 concentration of about 300 to 500 μg/m3 using IQOS or glo in the shower cubicle is hazardous. In the 25 m3 room test, in contrast, nicotine concentrations in indoor air with the three types of HTP did not exceed 3 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentrations were below the standard value of 15 μg/m3 per year for IQOS and ploomTECH, but were slightly high for glo, with some measurements exceeding 100 μg/m3. These results do not negate the inclusion of HTPs within a regulatory framework for indoor tolerable use from exposure to HTP aerosol, unlike cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Hirano
- Health Service Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Government of Japan, Tokyo 100-8916, Japan; (T.S.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tokuaki Shobayashi
- Health Service Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Government of Japan, Tokyo 100-8916, Japan; (T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Teiji Takei
- Health Service Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Government of Japan, Tokyo 100-8916, Japan; (T.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Fumihiko Wakao
- Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
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Hirano T, Takei T. Estimating the Carcinogenic Potency of Second-Hand Smoke and Aerosol from Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8319. [PMID: 33182793 PMCID: PMC7697552 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The revised Promotion Act, enforced in April 2020, allows the establishment of dedicated smoking rooms for heated tobacco products (HTPs). Since carcinogenicity assessment is unable to determine the safe level of secondhand smoke, we estimated excess lifetime cancer risk using previously reported risk factors. Assuming that nicotine inhalation is proportional to cancer potency, the lifetime cancer risk for HTP IQOS is expected to be below 10-5 (1/100,000), which is three orders of magnitude lower than that for cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Hirano
- Division of Tobacco Policy Research, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
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Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Bean EJ, Barber M, Hall PJ, Coburn S, McAughey J, Murphy J. Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05012. [PMID: 32995648 PMCID: PMC7511806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Anya Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma-Jayne Bean
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Barber
- Borgwaldt KC GmbH Schnackenburgallee 15, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hall
- Intertek Clinical Research Services, Hooton, Cheshire, CH66 7NZ, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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Savdie J, Canha N, Buitrago N, Almeida SM. Passive Exposure to Pollutants from a New Generation of Cigarettes in Real Life Scenarios. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E3455. [PMID: 32429196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heat-not-burn tobacco (HNBT), as popular nicotine delivery systems (NDS), has increased among adult demographics. This study aims to assess the effects on indoor air quality of traditional tobacco cigarettes (TCs) and new smoking alternatives, to determine the differences between their potential impacts on human health. Measurements of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), black carbon, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were performed in two real life scenarios, in the home and in the car. The results indicated that the particle emissions from the different NDS devices were significantly different. In the home and car, the use of TCs resulted in higher PM10 and ultrafine particle concentrations than when e-cigarettes were smoked, while the lowest concentrations were associated with HNBT. As black carbon and CO are released by combustion processes, the concentrations of these two pollutants were significantly lower for e-cigarettes and HNBT because no combustion occurs when they are smoked. CO2 showed no increase directly associated with the NDS but a trend linked to a higher respiration rate connected with smoking. The results showed that although the levels of pollutants emitted by e-cigarettes and HNBT are substantially lower compared to those from TCs, the new smoking devices are still a source of indoor air pollutants.
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Koutela N, Fernández E, Saru ML, Psillakis E. A comprehensive study on the leaching of metals from heated tobacco sticks and cigarettes in water and natural waters. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136700. [PMID: 32028551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The leaching behavior of Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Hg and Pb in water from two types of heat-not-burn tobacco sticks is presented here, and compared to that from conventional cigarettes. The total concentration of each metal in solid tobacco products was initially determined. Concentrations in used and unused tobacco sticks were similar and generally, lower than those in unused conventional cigarettes. Studies on the contribution of paper, filter and tobacco revealed that tobacco was the major source of metal contamination. Smoking conventional cigarettes reduced the total metal concentrations since a substantial amount of metals was retained in the ash; a post-consumption waste that is difficult to collect. Batch leaching tests were performed to determine dissolved concentrations as a function of time. With the exceptions of As and (in most cases) Hg that were not detected, metals were released at varying rates. At 24 h of soaking the percentage of metals leached ranged from 0.2-43%. The contribution of paper, filter and tobacco to the dissolved concentrations at 24 h of leaching was investigated and in almost all cases tobacco was the major source of metal contamination. The dissolved concentrations from ash were low as metals were strongly bound. Varying the pH, ionic strength and humic acids content at environmentally relevant values did not affect leaching of metals at 24 h of soaking. The use of river water, rain water and seawater as leachants was also not found to alter dissolved concentrations at 24 h compared to ultrapure water. The results presented here suggest that the consequences of improper disposal of tobacco products in the environment are two-sided and that next to the generation of plastic litter, discarded tobacco products can also act as point sources of metal contamination. Public education campaigns focusing on the environmental impact and best disposal practices are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Koutela
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
| | - Elena Fernández
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
| | - Maria-Liliana Saru
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece.
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Mitova MI, Cluse C, Goujon-Ginglinger CG, Kleinhans S, Rotach M, Tharin M. Human chemical signature: Investigation on the influence of human presence and selected activities on concentrations of airborne constituents. Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113518. [PMID: 31753636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the very presence of human beings in an enclosed environment can impact air quality by affecting the concentrations of certain airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC). This influence increases considerably when humans perform different activities, such as using toiletries, or simply eating and drinking. To understand the influence of these parameters on the concentrations of selected airborne constituents, a study was performed under simulated residential conditions in an environmentally-controlled exposure room. The human subjects either simply remained for a certain time in the exposure room, or performed pre-defined activities in the room (drinking wine, doing sport, using toiletries, and preparation of a meal containing melted cheese). The impact of each activity was assessed separately using our analytical platform and exposure room under controlled environmental conditions. The results showed that prolonged human presence leads to increased levels of isoprene, TVOCs, formaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, acetaldehyde. These outcomes were further supported by results of meta-analyses of data acquired during several internal studies performed over two years. Furthermore, it was seen that the indoor concentrations of several of the selected constituents rose when the recreational and daily living activities were performed. Indeed, an increase in acetaldehyde was observed for all tested conditions, and these higher indoor levels were especially notable during wine-drinking as well as cheese meal preparation. Formaldehyde increased during the sessions involving sport, using toiletries, and cheese meal preparation. Like acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and particulate matter levels rose significantly during the cheese meal preparation session. In conclusion, prolonged human residence indoors and some recreational and daily living activities caused substantial emissions of several airborne pollutants under ventilation typical for residential environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya I Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Camille Cluse
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Samuel Kleinhans
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rotach
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Tharin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Mallock N, Pieper E, Hutzler C, Henkler-Stephani F, Luch A. Heated Tobacco Products: A Review of Current Knowledge and Initial Assessments. Front Public Health 2019; 7:287. [PMID: 31649912 PMCID: PMC6795920 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health risks of tobacco smoking have been documented in numerous studies and smoking rates have declined in developed countries over the last 50 years. Today, we know that cigarette smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths due to tobacco smoke induced diseases. As a consequence of an increased awareness of smoking-related health risks, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are marketed as reduced toxicant alternatives to conventional tobacco products. Manufacturers claim that levels of toxicants and hazardous compounds are significantly reduced, implying that inhalation of the modified aerosol is less harmful compared to conventional cigarettes. In this manuscript, previous assessments of HTPs are briefly summarized, including a short discussion on challenges with the adaption of standard analytical methods used for tobacco smoke. The reliability of analytical data is important for risk assessment approaches that are based on reduced toxicant exposure. In order to assess a putative reduction of health risks, an integrated study design is required that should include clinical studies and epidemiology data. One manufacturer applied for a classification as a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) in the United States, based on extensive toxicological studies that have also been published. However, data are not yet sufficient for a reliable assessment or recognition of putatively reduced health risks. Challenges regarding a classification in Europe are also discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review peer-reviewed evidence on heat-not-burn tobacco products (HnB), their secondhand emissions and use by humans; to identify differences between independent and industry-funded studies. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched up to 6 November 2017 for studies on HnB published after December 2009; reference lists were screened and other researchers contacted, yielding 637 records. STUDY SELECTION Thirty-one publications on HnB secondhand emissions (n=16) or use by humans (n=15) were selected by two reviewers with excellent agreement (k=0.75). DATA EXTRACTION Data on authors' affiliations, HnB products, secondhand emissions and human exposure were extracted by one reviewer. Two reviewers assessed the quality of experimental HnB studies using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty out of 31 studies were affiliated with tobacco industry. Studies on secondhand emissions varied by methodology, products and comparators. Compared with cigarettes, HnB delivered up to 83% of nicotine and reduced levels of harmful and potentially harmful toxicants by at least 62% and particulate matter by at least 75%. Experimental HnB use studies were limited to one product, reductions of human exposure to toxicants varied between 42% and 96%. HnB use suppressed urges to smoke, but participants rated HnB less satisfying than cigarettes. While limited by methodological heterogeneity, findings were largely similar for independent and industry-funded studies. CONCLUSIONS Studies on HnB secondhand emissions and human use were heterogeneous and largely affiliated with the manufacturers. HnB exposed users and bystanders to toxicants, although at substantially lower levels than cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erikas Simonavicius
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leonie S Brose
- Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
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Cancelada L, Sleiman M, Tang X, Russell ML, Montesinos VN, Litter MI, Gundel LA, Destaillats H. Heated Tobacco Products: Volatile Emissions and Their Predicted Impact on Indoor Air Quality. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:7866-7876. [PMID: 31150216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized emissions from IQOS, a heated tobacco product promoted as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes. Consumable tobacco plugs were analyzed by headspace GC/MS to assess the influence of heating temperature on the emission profile. Yields of major chemical constituents increased from 4.1 mg per unit at 180 °C to 6.2 mg at 200 °C, and 10.5 mg at 220 °C. The Health Canada Intense smoking regime was used to operate IQOS in an environmental chamber, quantifying 33 volatile organic compounds in mainstream and sidestream emissions. Aldehydes, nitrogenated species, and aromatic species were found, along with other harmful and potentially harmful compounds. Compared with combustion cigarettes, IQOS yields were in most cases 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. However, yields were closer to, and sometimes higher than electronic cigarettes. Predicted users' daily average intake of benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were 39 μg, 32 μg, 2.2 mg and 71 μg, respectively. Indoor air concentrations were estimated for commonly encountered scenarios, with acrolein levels of concern (over 0.35 μg m-3) derived from IQOS used in homes and public spaces. Heated tobacco products are a weaker indoor pollution source than conventional cigarettes, but their impacts are neither negligible nor yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cancelada
- Indoor Environment Group , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental , CNEA-CONICET , Avenida Gral. Paz 1499 , 1650 San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mohamad Sleiman
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont , Institut de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand (ICCF) , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - V Nahuel Montesinos
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental , CNEA-CONICET , Avenida Gral. Paz 1499 , 1650 San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Centro Tecnologías Químicas , FRBA-UTN , Medrano 951 , 1179 CABA , Argentina
| | - Marta I Litter
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental , CNEA-CONICET , Avenida Gral. Paz 1499 , 1650 San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental , Universidad de General San Martín , Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia , 1650 San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Queloz S, Etter JF. An online survey of users of tobacco vaporizers, reasons and modes of utilization, perceived advantages and perceived risks. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:642. [PMID: 31133009 PMCID: PMC6537171 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco vaporizers heat tobacco without burning it, to produce an inhalable aerosol. Various models have recently appeared on the market, mostly manufactured by the tobacco industry, but few of the studies published on tobacco vaporizers are independent from the manufacturers. The goals of this study were to explore who uses tobacco vaporizers, how these products are used, reasons for utilization, perceived advantages and risks. METHODS Online questionnaire collected from October 2016 to January 2018 in self-selected visitors aged > 18 to an anti-addiction website. RESULTS We obtained 170 valid responses, of whom 104 were using tobacco vaporizers. For homogeneity, we included only the 102 users of the Brand 1 tobacco vaporizer in our analysis, as there were only two users of other vaporizers. Among these 102 vaporizer users, about half were current cigarette smokers (57%), the rest were former cigarette smokers. The median age was 41, and the median duration of utilization was 9 months. Most (88%) used the vaporizer daily, 8% were occasional users and 4% were past users. Among current smokers, 80% were currently trying to reduce their cigarette consumption and 29% were trying to quit. The vaporizer was used mainly to replace cigarettes (94%), because it was perceived to be less toxic than cigarettes (89%), to help stop smoking or to avoid starting smoking again (72%), or to reduce cigarette consumption (71%). Current smokers who were daily or occasional vaporizer users reported smoking a median of 8.0 cigarettes per day, compared with 20.0 per day before they started to use the vaporizer (p < .0001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). CONCLUSIONS In this online sample of early adopters, Brand 1 was by far the most frequently used tobacco vaporizer. It was used by current or former smokers only, mainly to replace cigarettes, and satisfaction ratings were good. Users considered the tobacco vaporizer to be less toxic than cigarette smoke and perceived it to be helpful for reducing or stopping smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Queloz
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Etter
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Meišutovič-Akhtarieva M, Prasauskas T, Čiužas D, Krugly E, Keraitytė K, Martuzevičius D, Kaunelienė V. Impacts of exhaled aerosol from the usage of the tobacco heating system to indoor air quality: A chamber study. Chemosphere 2019; 223:474-482. [PMID: 30784754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particle, carbonyl, and nicotine concentrations were analysed as pollutants affecting indoor air quality during the usage of electrically-heated tobacco product - the Tobacco Heating System (THS). Quantitative experimental variables included THS use intensity as number of parallel users (1, 3, or 5), distance to the bystander (0.5, 1, or 2 m), as well as environmental conditions in a chamber: ventilation intensity as air changes per hour (0.2, 0.5, or 1 h-1), and relative humidity (RH, 30, 50 or 70%). The real-time particle number (PNC), CO and CO2 concentration, as well as off-line acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, nicotine, and 3-ethenylpyridine concentration was measured during and after the active usage. Use of THS resulted in a statistically significant increase of several analytes including nicotine, acetaldehyde, PM2.5, and PNC as compared to the background. The obtained levels were significantly lower (approximately 16, 8, 8 and 28 times for nicotine, acetaldehyde, PNC and PM2.5, respectively) compared to the levels resulting from conventional cigarette (CC) smoking under identical conditions. The maximum 30 min concentration of PNC (4.8 × 105 #/cm3), as well as maximum concentration of PNC (9.3 × 106 #/cm3) suggest that the intensive use of THS in a confined space with limited ventilation might cause substantially elevated aerosol concentrations, although these particles appeared as highly volatile ones and evaporated within seconds. Generally, the usage intensity (number of simultaneous users) prevailed as the most important factor positively affecting pollutant variations; another important factor was the distance to bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Meišutovič-Akhtarieva
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Prasauskas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Darius Čiužas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Krugly
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Keraitytė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevičius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Kaunelienė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry (TI) reports that heated tobacco reduces risk of tobacco use and will replace cigarettes. An analysis of the scientific literature was conducted in order to enlighten professionals and decision-makers. METHOD After a Medline query in February 2018, a systematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Of the 100 papers published in 2008-2018, 75 have authors affiliated or linked to TI. Emissions contain gases, droplets and solid particles, so are smokes. The main products are: THS2.2 (Iqos®) which heats mini-cigarettes at 340°C, the THP1.0 (Glo®) which heats at 240°C sticks delivering about half as much nicotine, Ploom® which uses reconstituted tobacco microcapsules heated at 180°C. Under the experimental conditions, there is a reduction of toxic emissions and biological effects, but the expected risk reduction is not demonstrated. Symptoms related to passive smoking are described. The 4 epidemiological articles report that heated tobacco is used in 10 to 45% of cases by non-smokers and demonstrate the effectiveness of TI promotion campaigns. Thus, the THS2.2 is more a gateway to smoking (20%) than an exit door (11%); moreover, it is not expected risk reduction among the 69% who are mixed users. CONCLUSIONS While reducing emissions is documented, reducing the risk to the smoker who switches to heated-tobacco remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the worsening of the global tobacco risk related to the promotion of the products by the TI is anticipated, justifying that the authorities take the appropriate measures to control the promotion of heated tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dautzenberg
- Service de pharmacologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Consultation de médecine, hôpital Marmottan, 75017 Paris, France; Consultation de tabacologie, institut Arthur-Vernes, 75006 Paris, France; Paris sans tabac, 14, avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.
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Gómez Lueso M, Mitova MI, Mottier N, Schaller M, Rotach M, Goujon-Ginglinger CG. Development and validation of a method for quantification of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines in indoor air. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:90-99. [PMID: 30391037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate method for the quantification of 1'-Demethyl-1'-nitrosonicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in indoor air was developed and validated. To this aim, a novel approach for the collection of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines, using silica sorbent cartridges followed by simplified sample preparation and isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, was applied. This procedure led to a substantial improvement in terms of sensitivity and sample throughput as compared with methods using conventional trapping. For the validation, a matrix-based approach using an accuracy profile procedure was selected. The evaluated matrices were background air samples, environmental aerosols of a heat-not-burn tobacco product (Tobacco Heating System [THS] 2.2, commercialized under the brand IQOS®), a rechargeable electronic cigarette (Solaris®), and the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of a conventional cigarette (Marlboro Gold®). The method showed excellent recoveries, sensitivity, and precision. The limits of detection of the method for NNN and NNK were 0.0108 ng/m3 and 0.0136 ng/m3, respectively. The calibration range of the instrument spanned 0.2-60 ng/mL. The calculated lower working range limit (LWRL) of the method for NNN was 0.126 ng/m3, and the LWRL for NNK was 0.195 ng/m3. The method was applied to evaluate surrogate environmental aerosols generated using smoking machines. This model is reliable but gives a large overestimation of the possible impact of THS 2.2 and e-cigarettes on indoor air, because the retention of NNN and NNK in the body of the consumers is not taken into account. As a consequence, the values reported do not reflect a real-life setting. The contents of the two target compounds in the surrogate environmental aerosols were 0.0830 ± 0.0153 ng/m3 of NNN and 0.0653 ± 0.0138 ng/m3 of NNK for THS 2.2, 0.0561 ± 0.0296 ng/m3 of NNN for e-cigarettes, and 0.816 ± 0.109 ng/m3 of NNN and 4.13 ± 1.04 ng/m3 NNK for cigarettes. These values correspond to 10% of the measured ETS concentration for NNN in environmental aerosols of THS 2.2 and 7% for those of e-cigarettes. For NNK, the value for the environmental aerosol of THS 2.2 was 2% of the ETS value.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez Lueso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maya I Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Mottier
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Schaller
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rotach
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Pieper E, Mallock N, Henkler-Stephani F, Luch A. ["Heat not burn" tobacco devices as new tobacco industry products: health risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:1422-1428. [PMID: 30284624 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased tobacco control measures in recent years have directed the tobacco industry to develop alternative tobacco products, such as "heat not burn" (HnB) tobacco devices that are implied to be less hazardous than conventional cigarettes. There are extensive studies from manufacturers available, which show that the emissions of HnB tobacco devices have significantly lower levels of harmful substances compared to conventional cigarettes. In addition, manufacturers have published studies to investigate whether switching from a conventional tobacco cigarette to the HnB product reduces possible health risks.The purpose of this report is to review current studies by manufacturers and independent institutions as well as to discuss possible reduced health hazards.The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has carried out its own studies of selected analytes in the emissions of one HnB product confirming the lower levels of harmful substances in the emissions. The results are consistent with data from other independent studies. The nicotine content in the emissions is in the same range as the nicotine emissions of conventional cigarettes, which suggests a comparable addictiveness and dependence potential. Manufacturers have reported mutagenic effects of emissions by HnB tobacco devices that, however, are considerably weaker compared to conventional cigarettes. Nevertheless, the use of the HnB tobacco product remains associated with health risks.Switching from conventional cigarettes to tobacco heaters can significantly reduce the consumer's exposure to harmful substances. However, this article also illustrates that it is still unclear to what extent the reduced levels lead to lowered health risks. Therefore more independent studies, but also long-term studies, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Pieper
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Nadja Mallock
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
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Pacitto A, Stabile L, Scungio M, Rizza V, Buonanno G. Characterization of airborne particles emitted by an electrically heated tobacco smoking system. Environ Pollut 2018; 240:248-254. [PMID: 29747109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Smoking activities were recognized as a main risk factor for population. Indeed, mainstream smoke aerosol is directly inhaled by smokers then delivering harmful compounds in the deepest regions of the lung. In order to reduce the potential risk of smoking, different nicotine delivery products have been recently developed. The latest device released is an electrically heated tobacco system (iQOS®, Philip Morris) which is able to warm the tobacco with no combustion. In the present paper a dimensional and volatility characterization of iQOS-generated particles was performed through particle number concentration and distribution measurements in the mainstream aerosol. The experimental analysis was carried out through a condensation particle counter, a fast mobility particle sizer and a thermo-dilution sampling system allowing aerosol samplings at different temperatures. Estimates of the particle surface area dose received by smokers were also carried out on the basis of measured data and typical smoking patterns. The particle number concentrations in the mainstream aerosols resulted lower than 1 × 108 part. cm-3 with particle number distribution modes of about 100 nm. Nonetheless, the volatility analysis showed the high amount of volatile fraction of iQOS-generated particles, indeed, samplings performed at 300 °C confirmed a significant particle shrinking phenomena (modes of about 20 nm). Anyway, the particle number concentration does not statistically decrease at higher sampling temperatures, then showing that a non-volatile fraction is always presents in the emitted particles. The dose received by smokers in terms of non-volatile amount of particle surface area was equal to 1-2 mm2 per puff, i.e. up to 4-fold larger than that received by electronic cigarette vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy.
| | - M Scungio
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - V Rizza
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy; Department of Engineering, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Kaunelienė V, Meišutovič-Akhtarieva M, Martuzevičius D. A review of the impacts of tobacco heating system on indoor air quality versus conventional pollution sources. Chemosphere 2018; 206:568-578. [PMID: 29778082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of novel and potentially less polluting nicotine containing products to the market, the impacts of their usage to indoor air quality as opposed to conventional pollution sources must be reviewed and considered. This review study aimed to comparatively analyse changes in indoor air quality as the consequence of tobacco heating system (THS) generated pollution against general indoor air quality in various micro-environments, especially with combustion-based pollution sources present. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, nicotine and PM2.5 were reviewed and compared; concentrations of other harmful and potentially harmful substances (HPHCs) were discussed. Generally, the usage of THS has been associated with lower or comparable indoor air pollutant concentrations compared against other conventional indoor sources or environments, in most cases distinguishable above background, thus potentially being associated with health effects at prolonged exposures as any other artificial air pollution source. In the controlled environment the use of THS (as well as an electronic cigarette) resulted in the lowest concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, PM2.5, among majority researched pollution sources (conventional cigarettes, waterpipe, incense, mosquito coils). The exposure to significantly higher pollution levels of benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde occurred in public environments, especially transport micro-environments. Such low levels of conventionally-assessed indoor pollutants resulting from the use of new nicotine containing products raise challenges for epidemiological studies of second-hand exposure to THS aerosol in real-life environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Kaunelienė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania.
| | - Marija Meišutovič-Akhtarieva
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevičius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
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St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control 2018; 27:s30-s36. [PMID: 30158205 PMCID: PMC6252487 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New electronic heated tobacco products are being introduced in the global market and are gaining popularity. In 2016, Philip Morris International, Inc. (PMI) submitted a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market IQOS in the USA with claims of reduced exposure and reduced risk. METHODS We examined PMI's MRTP application, specifically sections on aerosol chemistry and human exposure assessment, to assess the validity of PMI's claims of reduced exposure and risk. FINDINGS PMI reported levels for only 40 of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) on FDA's HPHC list in IQOS mainstream aerosol. All substances in PMI's list of 58 constituents (PMI-58) were lower in IQOS emissions compared with mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. However, levels of 56 other constituents, which are not included in the PMI-58 list or FDA's list of HPHCs, were higher in IQOS emissions; 22 were >200% higher and seven were >1000% higher than in 3R4F reference cigarette smoke. PMI's studies also show significantly lower systemic exposure to some HPHCs from use of IQOS compared with smoking combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSION PMI's data appear to support PMI's claim that IQOS reduces exposure to HPHCs. However, PMI's data also show significantly higher levels of several substances that are not recognised as HPHCs by the FDA in IQOS emissions compared with combustible cigarette smoke. The impact of these substances on the overall toxicity or harm of IQOS is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kaur G, Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products. Toxicol Lett 2018; 288:143-155. [PMID: 29481849 PMCID: PMC6549714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products containing flavorings, such as electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) or e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, waterpipes, and heat-not-burn devices (iQOS) are continuously evolving. In addition to increasing the exposure of teenagers and adults to nicotine containing flavoring products and flavoring enhancers, chances of nicotine addiction through chronic use and abuse also increase. These flavorings are believed to be safe for ingestion, but little information is available about their effects on the lungs. In this review, we have discussed the in vitro and in vivo data on toxicity of flavoring chemicals in lung cells. We have further discussed the common flavoring agents, such as diacetyl and menthol, currently available detection methods, and the toxicological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and DNA damage in cells, mice, and humans. Finally, we present potential biomarkers that could be utilized for future risk assessment. This review provides crucial parameters important for evaluation of risk associated with flavoring agents and flavoring enhancers used in tobacco products and ENDS. Future studies can be designed to address the potential toxicity of inhaled flavorings and their biomarkers in users as well as in chronic exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot Kaur
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Murphy J, Liu C, Mcadam K, Gaҫa M, Prasad K, Camacho O, Mcaughey J, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 9: The placement of a range of next-generation products on an emissions continuum relative to cigarettes via pre-clinical assessment studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 93:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ichitsubo H, Kotaki M. Indoor air quality (IAQ) evaluation of a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:278-294. [PMID: 29277437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of using a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product on indoor air quality (IAQ) was simulated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. Three environmental simulations were examined; two non-smoking areas (conference room and dining room) and one ventilated smoking area (smoking lounge). IAQ was evaluated by (i) measuring constituents in the mainstream NTV product emissions, (ii) and by determining classical environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and representative air quality markers. Analysis of the mainstream emissions revealed that vapor from the NTV product is chemically simpler than cigarette smoke. ETS markers (RSP, UVPM, FPM, solanesol, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine), volatile organic compound (toluene), carbon monoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol, and triacetin were below the limit of detection or the limit of quantification in both the non-smoking and smoking environments after using the NTV product. The concentrations of ammonia, carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), and total volatile organic compounds were the same levels found in the chamber without NTV use. There was no significant increase in the levels of formaldehyde, acetone or ammonia in exhaled breath following NTV use. In summary, under the simulations tested, the NTV product had no measurable effect on the IAQ, in either non-smoking or smoking areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ichitsubo
- Tobacco Science Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Misato Kotaki
- Corporate, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Div., Tobacco Business Headquarters, Japan Tobacco Inc., JT Bldg. 2-2-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8422, Japan
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Abstract
Because of the health effects of secondhand smoke, the Japanese government is trying to establish an effective law for total avoidance of secondhand smoke in indoor environments for tobacco-free Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic games 2020, as requested by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Meanwhile, Philip Morris International has begun selling a new heat-not-burn tobacco, iQOS, which it claims is designed not to produce secondhand smoke. There is little scientific data, however, of the hazards and toxicity of iQOS. In this study, we evaluated several harmful compounds (nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide (CO) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)) in the mainstream smoke and fillers of iQOS, and compared their concentrations with those from conventional combustion cigarettes. The concentrations of nicotine in tobacco fillers and the mainstream smoke of iQOS were almost the same as those of conventional combustion cigarettes, while the concentration of TSNAs was one fifth and CO was one hundredth of those of conventional combustion cigarettes. These toxic compounds are not completely removed from the mainstream smoke of iQOS, making it necessary to consider the health effects and regulation of iQOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Bekki
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
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Savareear B, Lizak R, Brokl M, Wright C, Liu C, Focant JF. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of aerosol from tobacco heating product. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1520:135-142. [PMID: 28911941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A method involving headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was developed and optimised to elucidate the volatile composition of the particulate phase fraction of aerosol produced by tobacco heating products (THPs). Three SPME fiber types were studied in terms of extraction capacity and precision measurements. Divinylbenzene polydimethylsiloxane appeared as the most efficient coating for these measurements. A central composite design of experiment was utilised for the optimization of the extraction conditions. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the headspace above THP aerosol condensate was carried out using optimised extraction conditions. Semi-quantitative analyses of detected constituents were performed by assuming that their relative response factors to the closest internal standard (itR) were equal to 1. Using deconvoluted mass spectral data (library similarity and reverse match >750) and linear retention indices (match window of ±15 index units), 205 peaks were assigned to individual compounds, 82 of which (including 43 substances previously reported to be present in tobacco) have not been reported previously in tobacco aerosol. The major volatile fraction of the headspace contained ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, alicyclic hydrocarbons alkenes, and alkanes. The method was further applied to compare the volatiles from the particulate phase of aerosol composition of THP with that of reference cigarette smoke and showed that the THP produced a less complex chemical mixture. This new method showed good efficiency and precision for the peak areas and peak numbers from the volatile fraction of aerosol particulate phase for both THP and reference cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Savareear
- Centre for Analytical Research and Technologies (CART), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Radoslaw Lizak
- Centre for Analytical Research and Technologies (CART), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Michał Brokl
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Chris Wright
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Focant
- Centre for Analytical Research and Technologies (CART), University of Liege, Belgium.
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Forster M, McAughey J, Prasad K, Mavropoulou E, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:34-51. [PMID: 28989082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco heating product THP1.0, which heats but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco product assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 heats the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO2, NO, NO2, nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test products. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Li Y, Li WH, Yuan CS, Hung CH, Shen H. Photoeletrocatalytic degradation of gaseous acetone using electrical glassfiber filter coated with nano-sized TiO 2 photoelectrocatalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Smith MR, Clark B, Lüdicke F, Schaller J, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:S17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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