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Podmolíková L, Mukanyangezi MF, Dahlqvist AJ, Naluai ÅT, Ny L, Giglio D. Radiation of the urinary bladder attenuates the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106334. [PMID: 32179244 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we assessed how ionizing radiation affects TLR4-stimulated immune activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cystitis. LPS or saline was administered intravesically to female rats followed by urinary bladder irradiation (20 Gy) 24 h later or sham treatment. Presence in the urinary bladder of inflammatory cells (mast cells, CD3+, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)+, CD68+, CD40+, CD80+, CD11c + and CD206 + cells) and expression of oxidative stress (8-OHdG), hypoxia (HIF1α) and anti-oxidative responses (NRF2, HO-1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase) were assessed 14 days later with western blot, qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry. LPS stimulation resulted in a decrease of Iba-1 + cells in the urothelium, an increase in mast cells in the submucosa and a decrease in the bladder protein expression of HO-1, while no changes in the bladder expression of 8-OHdG, NRF2, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and HIF1α were observed. Bladder irradiation inhibited the LPS-driven increase in mast cells and the decrease in Iba1 + cells. Combining LPS and radiation increased the expression of 8-OHdG and number of CD3-positive cells in the urothelium and led to a decrease in NRF2α gene expression in the urinary bladder. In conclusion, irradiation may attenuate LPS-induced immune responses in the urinary bladder but potentiates LPS-induced oxidative stress, which as a consequence may have an impact on the urinary bladder immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Podmolíková
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Annika Janina Dahlqvist
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Ny
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Several congenital disorders can cause end stage bladder disease and possibly renal damage in children. The current gold standard therapy is enterocystoplasty, a bladder augmentation using an intestinal segment. However, the use of bowel tissue is associated with numerous complications such as metabolic disturbance, stone formation, urine leakage, chronic infections, and malignancy. Urinary diversions using engineered bladder tissue would obviate the need for bowel for bladder reconstruction. Despite impressive progress in the field of bladder tissue engineering over the past decades, the successful transfer of the approach into clinical routine still represents a major challenge. In this review, we discuss major achievements and challenges in bladder tissue regeneration with a focus on different strategies to overcome the obstacles and to meet the need for living functional tissue replacements with a good growth potential and a long life span matching the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Horst
- Laboratory for Urologic Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children‘s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children‘s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Gobet
- Laboratory for Urologic Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Souzan Salemi
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children‘s Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yeh J, Lu M, Alvarez-Lugo L, Chai TC. Bladder urothelial BK channel activity is a critical mediator for innate immune response in urinary tract infection pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F617-F623. [PMID: 30648906 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00554.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The open probability of calcium-activated voltage-gated potassium channel (BK channel) on bladder umbrella urothelial cells is increased by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It is hypothesized that this channel's activity is important in the urothelial innate immune response during urinary tract infection (UTI). We performed in vivo studies using female C57BL/6 mice whose bladders were inoculated with LPS (150 μl of 1 mg/ml) or uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC, UTI89), without and with intravesical BK inhibitor iberiotoxin (IBTX, 1 μM). Inflammatory biomarkers (chemokines and cytokines) were measured in urine specimens collected 2 h after inoculation using a 32-multiplex ELISA. Of these 32 biomarkers, 19 and 15 were significantly elevated 2 h after LPS and UPEC exposure, respectively. IBTX significantly abrogated the elevations of 15 out of 19 biomarkers after LPS inoculation and 12 out of 15 biomarkers after UPEC inoculation. In a separate experiment, qPCR for IL-6, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (CXCL2) in urothelium paralleled the changes measured in urine of these same biomarkers, supporting that urinary changes in biomarker levels reflected urothelial expression changes. These in vivo data demonstrated that BK channel activity is crucial in the urothelial host innate immune response, as measured by changes in urinary biomarkers, in UTI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lery Alvarez-Lugo
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Acevedo-Alvarez M, Yeh J, Alvarez-Lugo L, Lu M, Sukumar N, Hill WG, Chai TC. Mouse urothelial genes associated with voiding behavior changes after ovariectomy and bladder lipopolysaccharide exposure. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:2398-2405. [PMID: 29682797 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Symptoms from overactive bladder (OAB) and cystitis secondary to urinary tract infection (UTI) can be similar in post-menopausal women. Effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on voiding behavior after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intravesical exposure (surrogate for cystitis) in mice were measured. Urothelial genes associated with micturition changes were identified. METHODS Female C57BL6/J mice underwent OVX or sham surgeries (n = 10 for each). Voiding spot assays (VSA) were performed prior to surgery, 4 weeks post-surgery, and each time after 3 consecutive days of transurethral instillation of LPS. In another experiment, mice underwent either sham (n = 9) or OVX (n = 9) surgeries. Urothelial RNAs were collected 4 weeks post-surgery, day 1 and day 3 after LPS instillation. Mouse Gene 2.0 ST Arrays (entire 34 K transcripts) were used for microarray hybridization. A set of criteria was utilized to identify gene expression changes that mimicked voiding behavior changes. RESULTS Three days after LPS exposure, OVX mice persisted with overactive whereas sham mice normalized voiding behavior. Nine urothelial paralleling voiding behavior changes were identified: IL6 (interleukin 6), IL6rα (Interleukin 6 receptor α), Ptgs2 (Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 or COX-2), Ereg (epiregulin), Dusp6 (dual specificity phosphatase 6), Zfp948 (zinc finger protein 948), Zfp52 (Zinc finger protein 52), Gch1 (GTP cyclohydrolase 1), and Amd (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase). Three other genes, coding unknown proteins, were also identified: GM12840, GM23134, and GM26809. CONCLUSIONS OVX mice persisted with increased voiding frequency after LPS. Urothelial genes that could mediate this voiding behavior include IL6, COX-2, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Acevedo-Alvarez
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Judy Yeh
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lery Alvarez-Lugo
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nitin Sukumar
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Warren G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Toby C Chai
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Lu M, Li JR, Alvarez-Lugo L, Li Y, Yu S, Li X, Shi B, Chai TC. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates BK channel activity in bladder umbrella cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C643-C653. [PMID: 29466671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder urothelium plays an active role in response to bacterial infection. There is little known about the electrophysiological activity in urothelial cells in this process. We used a nonenzymatic method to isolate bladder urothelial tissue and to patch clamp umbrella cells in situ. A 200 pS conductance potassium (K+) channel was detected from female C57BL6 mice. Of 58 total patches, 17.2% patches displayed the 200 pS K+ conductance channel. This K+ conductance channel showed Ca2+ sensitivity and voltage dependence. Specific big-conductance potassium channel (BK) inhibitors (paxilline, iberiotoxin) blocked the 200 pS K+ conductance channel activity. RT-PCR and immunoblot confirmed BK channel pore-forming α-subunit (BK-α) mRNA and protein in urothelium. Immunohistochemistry also showed the BK-α located in urothelium. The above data provided evidence that the 200 pS K+ conductance channel was a BK channel. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, was used to investigate the role of BK channel in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. BK channel activity as NPo increased threefold within 30 min of exposure to LPS. mRNAs for LPS receptors (TLR4, CD14, MD-2) were expressed in the urothelium but not in lamina propria or detrusor. Blockade of the receptors by an antagonist (polymyxin B) abrogated LPS's effect on BK channel. The involvement of protein kinase A (PKA) on BK channel activity was demonstrated by applying PKA blockers (H89 and PKI). Both PKA inhibitors abolished the BK channel activity induced by LPS. In conclusion, BK channel was identified in bladder umbrella cells, and its activity was significantly increased by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lery Alvarez-Lugo
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - XuanHao Li
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Hodges SJ, Atala A. Bladder Tissue Engineering for Pediatric Urology. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep 2015; 10:241-244. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-015-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Congenital abnormalities and acquired disorders can lead to organ damage or loss of tissue within the genitourinary tract. For reconstructive purposes, tissue-engineering efforts are currently underway for virtually every type of tissue and organ within the urinary tract. Tissue engineering incorporates the fields of cell transplantation, materials science and engineering for the purpose of creating functional replacement tissue. This article reviews some of the principles of tissue engineering and some of the applications of these principles to the genitourinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Vykhovanets EV, MacLennan GT, Vykhovanets OV, Cherullo EE, Ponsky LE, Gupta S. Molecular imaging of nuclear factor-κB in bladder as a primary regulator of inflammatory response. J Urol 2012; 187:330-7. [PMID: 22099998 PMCID: PMC3714865 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor-κB activation is implicated in chronic inflammatory disorders and it is a key regulator of genes involved in the response to infection, inflammation and stress. Interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome are common inflammatory disorders of the bladder characterized by frequent urination and bladder pain. The role of nuclear factor-κB activation in bladder inflammation is not well defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female transgenic nuclear factor-κB-luciferase Tag mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine) were used to perform serial, noninvasive in vivo and ex vivo molecular imaging of nuclear factor-κB activation in the whole body after administering arsenic trioxide (5 mg/kg), lipopolysaccharide (2 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (Sigma®) (200 mg/kg) to initiate acute transient bladder inflammation. Pretreatment with dexamethasone (Sigma) (10 mg/kg) was used to modulate cyclophosphamide induced nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence in vivo. RESULTS Treatment of nuclear factor-κB-luciferase Tag mice with chemicals increased luminescence in a time and organ specific manner in vivo and ex vivo. The highest levels of bladder nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence were observed 4 hours after cyclophosphamide administration. Pretreatment with dexamethasone 1 hour before cyclophosphamide injection significantly down-regulated cyclophosphamide induced bladder nuclear factor-κB dependent luminescence, ameliorated the grossly evident pathological features of acute inflammation and decreased cellular immunostaining for nuclear factor-κB in the bladder. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear factor-κB activity may have an important role in the pathophysiology of bladder inflammation. Nuclear factor-κB-luciferase mice can serve as a useful model in which to screen potential candidate drugs for cystitis associated with aberrant nuclear factor-κB activity. Such screening may significantly aid the development of therapeutic strategies to manage inflammatory bladder disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Gregory T. MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Olena V. Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Edward E Cherullo
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Lee E Ponsky
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio-44106
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9
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Abstract
Congenital disorders, cancer, trauma, or other conditions of the genitourinary tract can lead to significant organ damage or loss of function, necessitating eventual reconstruction or replacement of the damaged structures. However, current reconstructive techniques are limited by issues of tissue availability and compatibility. Physicians and scientists have begun to explore tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for repair and reconstruction of the genitourinary tract. Tissue engineering allows the development of biological substitutes which could potentially restore normal function. Tissue engineering efforts designed to treat or replace most organs are currently being undertaken. Most of these efforts have occurred within the past decade. However, before these engineering techniques can be applied to humans, further studies are needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of these new materials. Recent progress suggests that engineered urologic tissues and cell therapy may soon have clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish N Patel
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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10
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Abstract
Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder, has a direct effect on bladder function. Interstitial cystitis is a syndrome characterized by urinary bladder pain and irritative symptoms of more than 6 months duration. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged women with no known cause and in fact represents a diagnosis of exclusion. Many factors have been suggested, including chronic or subclinical infection, autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility, which could be responsible for initiating the inflammatory response. However, a central role of inflammation has been confirmed in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis. Patients with interstitial cystitis are usually managed with multimodal therapy to break the vicious cycle of chronic inflammation at every step. Patients who develop irreversible pathologies such as fibrosis are managed surgically, which is usually reserved for refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Grover
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
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11
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Yoo JJ, Olson J, Atala A, Kim B. Regenerative medicine strategies for treating neurogenic bladder. Int Neurourol J 2011; 15:109-19. [PMID: 22087419 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2011.15.3.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic bladder is a general term encompassing various neurologic dysfunctions of the bladder and the external urethral sphincter. These can be caused by damage or disease. Therapeutic management options can be conservative, minimally invasive, or surgical. The current standard for surgical management is bladder augmentation using intestinal segments. However, because intestinal tissue possesses different functional characteristics than bladder tissue, numerous complications can ensue, including excess mucus production, urinary stone formation, and malignancy. As a result, investigators have sought after alternative solutions. Tissue engineering is a scientific field that uses combinations of cells and biomaterials to encourage regeneration of new, healthy tissue and offers an alternative approach for the replacement of lost or deficient organs, including the bladder. Promising results using tissue-engineered bladder have already been obtained in children with neurogenic bladder caused by myelomeningocele. Human clinical trials, governed by the Food and Drug Administration, are ongoing in the United States in both children and adults to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technology. This review will introduce the principles of tissue engineering and discuss how it can be used to treat refractory cases of neurogenic bladder.
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Abstract
There are a number of conditions of the bladder that can lead to loss of function. Many of these require reconstructive procedures. However, current techniques may lead to a number of complications. Replacement of bladder tissues with functionally equivalent ones created in the laboratory could improve the outcome of reconstructive surgery. A review of the literature was conducted using PubMed to identify studies that provide evidence that tissue engineering techniques may be useful in the development of alternatives to current methods of bladder reconstruction. A number of animal studies and several clinical experiences show that it is possible to reconstruct the bladder using tissues and neo-organs produced in the laboratory. Materials that could be used to create functionally equivalent urologic tissues in the laboratory, especially non-autologous cells that have the potential to reject have many technical limitations. Current research suggests that the use of biomaterial-based, bladder-shaped scaffolds seeded with autologous urothelial and smooth muscle cells is currently the best option for bladder tissue engineering. Further research to develop novel biomaterials and cell sources, as well as information gained from developmental biology, signal transduction studies and studies of the wound healing response would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Patients suffering from diseased and injured organs may be treated with transplanted organs; however, there is a severe shortage of donor organs that is worsening yearly, given the ageing population. In the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, scientists apply the principles of cell transplantation, materials science and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. Therapeutic cloning, where the nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte in order to extract pluripotent embryonic stem cells, offers a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. The stem cell field is also advancing rapidly, opening new options for therapy, including the use of amniotic and placental fetal stem cells. This review covers recent advances that have occurred in regenerative medicine and describes applications of these technologies using chemical compounds that may offer novel therapies for patients with end-stage organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Sant GR, Kempuraj D, Marchand JE, Theoharides TC. The Mast Cell in Interstitial Cystitis: Role in Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis. Urology 2007; 69:34-40. [PMID: 17462477 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.08.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence from clinical and laboratory studies confirms that mast cells play a central role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis (IC). In this article, we focus on the role of the mast cell in IC and examine the ways in which mast cells and other pathophysiologic mechanisms are interrelated in this disease. Identifying the patients with IC who have mast cell proliferation and activation will enable us to address this aspect of disease pathophysiology in these individuals with targeted pharmacotherapy to inhibit mast cell activation and mediator release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grannum R Sant
- Department of Urology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Organ damage or loss can occur from congenital disorders, cancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, iatrogenic injuries or other conditions and often necessitates reconstruction or replacement. Replacement may take the form of organ transplant. At present, there is a severe shortage of donor organs that is worsening with the aging of the population. Tissue engineering follows the principles of cell transplantation, materials science and engineering towards the development of biological substitutes that can restore and maintain normal tissue function. Therapeutic cloning involves the introduction of a nucleus from a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte to generate embryonic stem cell lines whose genetic material is identical to that of its source. These autologous stem cells have the potential to become almost any type of cell in the adult body, and thus would be useful in tissue and organ replacement applications. This paper reviews recent advances in stem cell research and regenerative medicine, and describes the clinical applications of these technologies as novel therapies for tissue or organ loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Furrie E, Macfarlane S, Thomson G, Macfarlane GT. Toll-like receptors-2, -3 and -4 expression patterns on human colon and their regulation by mucosal-associated bacteria. Immunology 2005; 115:565-74. [PMID: 16011525 PMCID: PMC1782176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic epithelium provides an interface between the host and micro-organisms colonising the gastrointestinal tract. Molecular recognition of bacteria is facilitated through Toll-like receptors (TLR). The colonic epithelium expresses relatively high levels of mRNA for TLR3 and less for TLR2 and -4. Little is known of the expression patterns and mode of induction of expression for these pattern recognition receptors in human colon. The aim of this study was to investigate their localization in the gut and induction of expression in epithelial cell lines by mucosal bacteria. TLR2 and -4 were expressed only in crypt epithelial cells, expression was lost as the cells matured and moved towards the gut lumen. In contrast, TLR3 was only produced in mature epithelial cells. HT29 and CACO-2 had different levels of expression for TLR1-4. Co-culture of HT29 cells with different mucosal isolates showed that they were highly responsive to bacterial challenge, with up-regulation of mRNA for TLR1-4. In contrast, CACO-2 cells were refractive to bacterial challenge, showing little difference in mRNA levels. TLR3 was induced in HT29 only by Gram-positive commensals with up-regulation of both mRNA and protein and an enhancement of the antiviral immune response. This pattern of expression allows induction of responsiveness to bacteria only by the crypt epithelium so that tolerance to commensal organisms can be maintained. In contrast, mature columnar epithelium is able to respond to viral pathogens, which are not part of the normal gut commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Furrie
- Ninewells Hospital Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Hipp J, Atala A. Tissue engineering, stem cells, cloning, and parthenogenesis: new paradigms for therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1:3. [PMID: 15588286 PMCID: PMC539246 DOI: 10.1186/1743-1050-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from diseased and injured organs may be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs which is worsening yearly due to the aging population. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, materials science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. Both therapeutic cloning (nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte), and parthenogenesis (oocyte is activated and stimulated to divide), permit extraction of pluripotent embryonic stem cells, and offer a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. The stem cell field is also advancing rapidly, opening new options for therapy. The present article reviews recent progress in tissue engineering and describes applications of these new technologies that may offer novel therapies for patients with end-stage organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hipp
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina USA
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine Medical Center Blvd. Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157 USA
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Liou LS, Sadhukhan PC, Bandyopadhyay SK, Rackley RR. Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin modulates nuclear factor kappa beta in two urothelial carcinoma cell lines. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 539:599-621. [PMID: 15176315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8889-8_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Liou
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Department of Urology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Acquired and congenital abnormalities may lead to genitourinary organ damage or loss, requiring eventual reconstruction. Tissue engineering follows the principles of cell transplantation, materials science, and engineering toward the development of biological substitutes that would restore and maintain normal function. Tissue engineering may involve matrices alone, wherein the body's natural ability to regenerate is used to orient or direct new tissue growth, or the use of matrices with cells. Both synthetic and natural biodegradable materials have been used, either alone or as cell delivery vehicles. Tissue engineering has been applied experimentally for the reconstitution of several urologic tissues and organs, including bladder, ureter, urethra, kidney, testis, and genitalia. Fetal applications have also been explored. Recently, several tissue engineering technologies have been used clinically including the use of cells as bulking agents for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux and incontinence and urethral replacement. Recent progress suggests that engineered genitourinary tissues may have clinical applicability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Urology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue engineering efforts are currently being undertaken for every type of tissue and organ within the urinary system. Most of the effort expended to engineer genitourinary tissues has occurred within the last decade. Tissue engineering techniques require a cell culture facility designed for human application. Personnel who have mastered the techniques of cell harvest, culture, and expansion as well as polymer design are essential for the successful application of this technology. Various engineered genitourinary tissues are at different stages of development, with some already being used clinically, a few in preclinical trials, and some in the discovery stage. Recent progress suggests that engineered urologic tissues may have an expanded clinical applicability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Melmed G, Thomas LS, Lee N, Tesfay SY, Lukasek K, Michelsen KS, Zhou Y, Hu B, Arditi M, Abreu MT. Human intestinal epithelial cells are broadly unresponsive to Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial ligands: implications for host-microbial interactions in the gut. J Immunol 2003; 170:1406-15. [PMID: 12538701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) interact with a high density of Gram-positive bacteria and are active participants in mucosal immune responses. Recognition of Gram-positive organisms by Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 induces proinflammatory gene expression by diverse cells. We hypothesized that IEC are unresponsive to Gram-positive pathogen-associated molecular patterns and sought to characterize the functional responses of IEC to TLR2-specific ligands. Human colonic epithelial cells isolated by laser capture microscopy and IEC lines (Caco-2, T84, HT-29) were analyzed for expression of TLR2, TLR6, TLR1, and Toll inhibitory protein (Tollip) mRNA by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Response to Gram-positive bacterial ligands was measured by NF-kappa B reporter gene activation and IL-8 secretion. TLR2 protein expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Colonic epithelial cells and lamina propria cells from both uninflamed and inflamed tissue demonstrate low expression of TLR2 mRNA compared with THP-1 monocytes. IECs were unresponsive to TLR2 ligands including the staphylococcal-derived Ags phenol soluble modulin, peptidoglycan, and lipotechoic acid and the mycobacterial-derived Ag soluble tuberculosis factor. Transgenic expression of TLR2 and TLR6 restored responsiveness to phenol soluble modulin and peptidoglycan in IEC. In addition to low levels of TLR2 protein expression, IEC also express high levels of the inhibitory molecule Tollip. We conclude that IEC are broadly unresponsive to TLR2 ligands secondary to deficient expression of TLR2 and TLR6. The relative absence of TLR2 protein expression by IEC and high level of Tollip expression may be important in preventing chronic proinflammatory cytokine secretion in response to commensal Gram-positive bacteria in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Melmed
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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24
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Batler RA, Sengupta S, Forrestal SG, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Mast Cell Activation Triggers a Urothelial Inflammatory Response Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-?? J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200208000-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Batler RA, Sengupta S, Forrestal SG, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Mast Cell Activation Triggers a Urothelial Inflammatory Response Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Batler
- From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shomit Sengupta
- From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah G. Forrestal
- From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony J. Schaeffer
- From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J. Klumpp
- From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
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Sadhukhan PC, Tchetgen MB, Rackley RR, Vasavada SP, Liou L, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sodium Pentosan Polysulfate Reduces Urothelial Responses to Inflammatory Stimuli Via an Indirect Mechanism. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Provash C. Sadhukhan
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marie-Blanche Tchetgen
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Raymond R. Rackley
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sandip P. Vasavada
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Louis Liou
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sudip K. Bandyopadhyay
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Sadhukhan PC, Tchetgen M, Rackley RR, Vasavada SP, Liou L, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sodium Pentosan Polysulfate Reduces Urothelial Responses to Inflammatory Stimuli Via an Indirect Mechanism: . J Urol. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200207000-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bjorling DE, Jacobsen HE, Blum JR, Shih A, Beckman M, Wang ZY, Uehling DT. Intravesical Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide stimulates an increase in bladder nerve growth factor. BJU Int 2002; 87:697-702. [PMID: 11350415 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the intravesical instillation of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on nerve growth factor (NGF, which may mediate the pain associated with inflammation) protein and mRNA in the bladders of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS E. coli LPS was instilled into the bladders of female mice; the whole-bladder NGF content was then determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the NGF mRNA content of the bladder determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Bladder NGF was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry in some of the mice. RESULTS LPS stimulated a significant increase in bladder NGF 90 min after instillation, but bladder NGF content was significantly less than that in bladders of control mice 3 and 7 h after LPS instillation. Twenty-four hours after the intravesical infusion of saline or LPS, there was no difference in NGF content in bladders from saline or LPS-infused mice. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of increased NGF in the mucosa of detrusor from bladders 90 min after LPS instillation. Bladder NGF mRNA increased more slowly in response to LPS, and 7 and 24 h after LPS instillation the relative abundance of NGF mRNA was 1.5 and 2.0 times greater in LPS-infused bladders, respectively. CONCLUSIONS E. coli LPS can stimulate increased NGF message and protein in the bladder. The increase in NGF protein preceded the increase in mRNA, suggesting that this increase was not the result of gene transcription. It is possible that NGF participates in the pathogenesis of pain associated with bacterial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Velasco C, Angelico P, Guarneri L, Leonardi A, Clarke DE, Testa R. EFFECTS OF THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-??B INHIBITORS 2-HYDROXY-4-TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZOIC ACID AND ASPIRIN ON MICTURITION IN RATS WITH NORMAL AND INFLAMED BLADDER. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200111000-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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VELASCO C, ANGELICO P, GUARNERI L, LEONARDI A, CLARKE D, TESTA R. EFFECTS OF THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-κB INHIBITORS 2-HYDROXY-4-TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZOIC ACID AND ASPIRIN ON MICTURITION IN RATS WITH NORMAL AND INFLAMED BLADDER. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. VELASCO
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
| | - P. ANGELICO
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
| | - L. GUARNERI
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
| | - A. LEONARDI
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
| | - D.E. CLARKE
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
| | - R. TESTA
- From the Pharmaceutical Research and Development Division, Recordati S. p. A., Milano, Italy, and Royston, United Kingdom
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31
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Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Arditi M. Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2001; 167:1609-16. [PMID: 11466383 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The lumenal surface of the colonic epithelium is continually exposed to Gram-negative commensal bacteria and LPS. Recognition of LPS by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 results in proinflammatory gene expression in diverse cell types. Normally, however, commensal bacteria and their components do not elicit an inflammatory response from intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The aim of this study is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which IEC limit chronic activation in the presence of LPS. Three IEC lines (Caco-2, T84, HT-29) were tested for their ability to activate an NF-kappaB reporter gene in response to purified, protein-free LPS. No IEC line responded to LPS, whereas human dermal microvessel endothelial cells (HMEC) did respond to LPS. IEC responded vigorously to IL-1beta in this assay, demonstrating that the IL-1 receptor signaling pathway shared by TLRs was intact. To determine the reason for LPS hyporesponsiveness in IEC, we examined the expression of TLR4 and MD-2, a critical coreceptor for TLR4 signaling. IEC expressed low levels of TLR4 compared with HMEC and none expressed MD-2. To determine whether the low level of TLR4 expression or absent MD-2 was responsible for the LPS signaling defect in IEC, the TLR4 or MD-2 gene was transiently expressed in IEC lines. Transient transfection of either gene individually was not sufficient to restore LPS signaling, but cotransfection of TLR4 and MD-2 in IEC led to synergistic activation of NF-kappaB and IL-8 reporter genes in response to LPS. We conclude that IEC limit dysregulated LPS signaling by down-regulating expression of MD-2 and TLR4. The remainder of the intracellular LPS signaling pathway is functionally intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Abreu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and renal disease. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) comprises a family of dimeric transcription factors that regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in inflammation and cell proliferation. Although NF-kappa B was initially identified in lymphocytes, it has been found to be a transcription factor present in virtually all cell types. In resting cells, NF-kappa B dimers remain in the cytoplasm in an inactive form bound to the inhibitory subunit I kappa B. Upon stimulation, I kappa B is phosphorylated, ubiquitinylated, and ultimately degraded by proteolytic cleavage by the proteasome system. As a result, NF-kappa B dimers are translocated into the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes. Increasing data suggest a pivotal role for NF-kappa B in a variety of pathophysiological conditions in which either inflammation or cell number control are critical events. NF-kappa B has been found to be activated in experimental renal disease. Importantly, both in vivo and in vitro, NF-kappa B activation can be modulated by pharmacological maneuvers. Indeed, it is now widely acknowledged that the anti-inflammatory action of steroids is basically obtained through the inhibition of the transactivation of NF-kappa B-dependent genes. In addition, some of the beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins may, at least in part, be mediated by an inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in NF-kappa B regulation and its modulation may provide new tools to improve the treatment of renal diseases with a better sound pathophysiological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guijarro
- Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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