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Mobley RB, Ray EJ, Maruska KP. Expression and localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the brain and sensory tissues of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2901-2917. [PMID: 35781648 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase serves as an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that is involved in reproductive regulation, learning, sensory processing, and other forms of neural plasticity. Here, we map the distribution of nnos-expressing cells in the brain and retina of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni using in situ hybridization. In the brain, nnos-expressing cells are found from the olfactory bulbs to the hindbrain, including within specific nuclei involved in decision-making, sensory processing, neuroendocrine regulation, and the expression of social behaviors. In the retina, nnos-expressing cells are found in the inner nuclear layer, presumably in amacrine cells. We also used quantitative PCR to test for differences in nnos expression within the eye and olfactory bulbs of males and females of different reproductive states and social statuses. In the eye, males express more nnos than females, and socially dominant males express more nnos than subordinate males, but expression did not differ among female reproductive states. In the olfactory bulbs, dominant males had greater nnos expression than subordinate males. These results suggest a status-specific function for NO signaling in the visual and olfactory systems that may be important for sensory perception related to mating or territorial interactions to maintain the social hierarchy. The widespread distribution of nnos-expressing cells throughout the cichlid brain is similar to that in other teleosts, with some conserved localization patterns across vertebrates, suggesting diverse functions for this important neurotransmitter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Mobley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily J Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Deng Y, Wang L, Wei T, Chen Y, Wu X, Guo Y, Lin H, Tang H, Liu X. Inhibition of oocyte maturation by nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 321-322:114012. [PMID: 35231489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well-documented that nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of oocyte maturation in mammals. Conversely, the function of NO during oocyte maturation has received little attention in nonmammalian vertebrates. NO is produced from L-arginine through the action of the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). Herein, we examined the expression, hormonal regulation, and involvement of NOS in meiotic signaling in zebrafish oocyte maturation. Three types of nos genes, nos1, nos2a, and nos2b, have been identified in zebrafish. We found that the expression of nos1 was highest in the ovary among the three nos genes, with maximal expression in full-grown (FG)-stage follicles during folliculogenesis. In addition, the concentration of NO was reduced during oocyte maturation and this corresponded with the decreased expression of nos1 in the follicular cell layers, suggesting that NOS1-derived NO may be one of the inhibitors of oocyte maturation in zebrafish. This is the first description of nos1 involvement in oocyte maturation in vertebrates. Moreover, the NO donor SNAP (S-nitroso-l-acetyl penicillamine) partially attenuates human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- and 17,20β-P-induced GVBD (germinal vesicle breakdown), perhaps by increasing cGMP levels during oocyte maturation. Finally, our results showed that SNAP and the cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP inhibited hCG-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, further indicating that NO and cGMP block oocyte maturation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tengyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Center for Precision Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510030, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Annona G, Ferran JL, De Luca P, Conte I, Postlethwait JH, D’Aniello S. Expression Pattern of nos1 in the Developing Nervous System of Ray-Finned Fish. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:918. [PMID: 35627303 PMCID: PMC9140475 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish have colonized nearly all aquatic niches, making them an invaluable resource to understand vertebrate adaptation and gene family evolution, including the evolution of complex neural networks and modulatory neurotransmitter pathways. Among ancient regulatory molecules, the gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) is involved in a wide range of biological processes. Because of its short half-life, the modulatory capability of NO is strictly related to the local activity of nitric oxide synthases (Nos), enzymes that synthesize NO from L-arginine, making the localization of Nos mRNAs a reliable indirect proxy for the location of NO action domains, targets, and effectors. Within the diversified actinopterygian nos paralogs, nos1 (alias nnos) is ubiquitously present as a single copy gene across the gnathostome lineage, making it an ideal candidate for comparative studies. To investigate variations in the NO system across ray-finned fish phylogeny, we compared nos1 expression patterns during the development of two well-established experimental teleosts (zebrafish and medaka) with an early branching holostean (spotted gar), an important evolutionary bridge between teleosts and tetrapods. Data reported here highlight both conserved expression domains and species-specific nos1 territories, confirming the ancestry of this signaling system and expanding the number of biological processes implicated in NO activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources Department (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources Department (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Pombal MA, Megías M, Lozano D, López JM. Neuromeric Distribution of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Diaphorase Activity in the Adult Lamprey Brain. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:826087. [PMID: 35197830 PMCID: PMC8859838 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.826087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports for the first time the distribution and morphological characterization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d; a reliable marker of nitric oxide synthase activity) positive elements in the central nervous system of the adult river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) on the framework of the neuromeric model and compares their cytoarchitectonic organization with that of gnathostomes. Both NADPH-d exhibiting cells and fibers were observed in all major divisions of the lamprey brain as well as in the spinal cord. In the secondary prosencephalon, NADPH-d positive cells were observed in the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, evaginated pallium, amygdala, dorsal striatum, septum, lateral preoptic nucleus, caudal paraventricular area, posterior entopeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the stria medullaris, hypothalamic periventricular organ and mamillary region sensu lato. In the lamprey diencephalon, NADPH-d labeled cells were observed in several nuclei of the prethalamus, epithalamus, pretectum, and the basal plate. Especially remarkable was the staining observed in the right habenula and several pretectal nuclei. NADPH-d positive cells were also observed in the following mesencephalic areas: optic tectum (two populations), torus semicircularis, nucleus M5 of Schöber, and a ventral tegmental periventricular nucleus. Five different cell populations were observed in the isthmic region, whereas the large sensory dorsal cells, some cells located in the interpeduncular nucleus, the motor nuclei of most cranial nerves, the solitary tract nucleus, some cells of the reticular nuclei, and small cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSF-c) cells were the most evident stained cells of the rhombencephalon proper. Finally, several NADPH-d positive cells were observed in the rostral part of the spinal cord, including the large sensory dorsal cells, numerous CSF-c cells, and some dorsal and lateral interneurons. NADPH-d positive fibers were observed in the olfactory pathways (primary olfactory fibers and stria medullaris), the fasciculus retroflexus, and the dorsal column tract. Our results on the distribution of NADPH-d positive elements in the brain of the adult lamprey L. fluviatilis are significantly different from those previously reported in larval lampreys and demonstrated that these animals possess a complex nitrergic system readily comparable to those of other vertebrates, although important specific differences also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Pombal
- Neurolam Group, Facultade de Bioloxía-IBIV, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel A. Pombal,
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Facultade de Bioloxía-IBIV, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. López
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Penglee R, Gao L, Huang Y, Liu L, Nimitkul S, Bao B. The role of nitric oxide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in zebrafish (Danio rerio) shoaling. Aquaculture and Fisheries 2021; 6:565-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Beginning with the discovery more than 35 years ago that oxygen chemoreceptors of the fish gill are enriched with serotonin, numerous studies have examined the importance of this, and other neuroendocrine factors in piscine chemoreceptor function, and in particular on the chemoreceptor-mediated reflex control of breathing. However, despite these studies, there is continued debate as to the role of neuroendocrine factors in the initiation or modulation of breathing during environmental disturbances or physical activity. In this review, we summarize the state-of-knowledge surrounding the neuroendocrine control of oxygen chemoreception in fish and the associated reflex adjustments to ventilation. We focus on neurohumoral substances that either are present in chemosensory cells or those that are localised elsewhere but have also been implicated in the direct control of breathing. These substances include serotonin, catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), acetylcholine, purines and gaseous neurotransmitters. Despite the growing indirect evidence for an involvement of these neuroendocrine factors in chemoreception and ventilatory control, direct evidence awaits the incorporation of novel methods currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Kevin Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of new members of the globin superfamily such as Cytoglobin, Neuroglobin and Globin X, in addition to the most well-known members, Hemoglobin and Myoglobin, different hypotheses have been suggested about their function in vertebrates. Globins are ubiquitously found in living organisms and can carry out different functions based on their ability to bind ligands such as O2, and nitric oxide (NO) and to catalyze reactions scavenging NO or generating NO by reducing nitrite. NO is a highly diffusible molecule with a central role in signaling important for egg maturation, fertilization and early embryonic development. The globins ability to scavenge or generate NO makes these proteins ideal candidates in regulating NO homeostasis depending on the micro environment and tissue NO demands. Different amounts of various globins have been found in zebrafish eggs and developing embryos where it's unlikely that they function as respiratory proteins and instead could play a role in maintaining embryonic NO homeostasis. Here we summarize the current knowledge concerning the role of NO in adult fish in comparison to mammals and we discuss NO function during embryonic development with possible implications for globins in maintaining embryonic NO homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Rochon
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paola Corti
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Carreño Gutiérrez H, O'Leary A, Freudenberg F, Fedele G, Wilkinson R, Markham E, van Eeden F, Reif A, Norton WHJ. Nitric oxide interacts with monoamine oxidase to modulate aggression and anxiety-like behaviour. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:30-43. [PMID: 28951000 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that has important behavioural functions in the vertebrate brain. In this study we compare the impact of decreased nitric NO signalling upon behaviour and neurobiology using both zebrafish and mouse. nitric oxide synthase mutant (nos1-/-) zebrafish show significantly reduced aggression and an increase in anxiety-like behaviour without altered production of the stress hormone cortisol. Nos1-/- mice also exhibit decreased aggression and are hyperactive in an open field test. Upon reduction of NO signalling, monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism is reduced as a consequence of decreased Monoamine oxidase activity. Treatment of nos1-/- zebrafish with the 5-HT receptor 1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT rescues aggression and some aspects of anxiety-like behaviour. Taken together, the interplay between NO and 5-HT appears to be critical to control behaviour. Our cross-species approach challenges the previous notion that reduced neuronal NOS leads to increased aggression. Rather, Nos1 knock-out can also lead to decreased aggression in some situations, a finding that may have implications for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carreño Gutiérrez
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Aet O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Rob Wilkinson
- Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Eleanor Markham
- Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Freek van Eeden
- Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO, nitrogen monoxide), a short-lived, free radical carrying an unpaired electron, is one of the smallest molecules synthesized in the biological system. In addition to its role in angiogenesis, neuronal function and inflammatory response, NO has wide-spread significance in regulation of ovarian function in vertebrates. Based on tissue-specific expression, three different nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, neuronal (nNOS) or NOS1, inducible (iNOS) or NOS2 and endothelial (eNOS) or NOS3 have been identified. While expression of both inducible (iNOS) and constitutive NOS (eNOS) isoforms varies considerably in the ovary at various stages of follicular growth and development, selective binding of NO with proteins containing heme moieties have significant influence on ovarian steroidogenesis. Besides, NO modulation of ovulatory response suggests physiological significance of NO/NOS system in mammalian ovary. Compared to the duality of NO action on follicular development, steroidogenesis and meiotic maturation in mammalian models, participation of NO/NOS system in teleost ovary is less investigated. Genes encoding nos1 and nos2 have been identified in fish; however, presence of nos3 is still ambiguous. Interestingly, two distinct nos2 genes, nos2a and nos2b in zebrafish, possibly arose through whole genome duplication. Differential expression of major NOS isoforms in catfish ovary, NO inhibition of meiosis resumption in Anabas testudineus follicle-enclosed oocytes and NO/sGC/cGMP modulation of oocyte maturation in zebrafish are some of the recent advancements. The present overview is an update on the advancements made and shortfalls still remaining in NO/NOS modulation of intercellular communication in teleost vis-à-vis mammalian ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Nath
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Sudipta Maitra
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
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López JM, Morona R, González A. Pattern of nitrergic cells and fibers organization in the central nervous system of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi). J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1771-1800. [PMID: 30689201 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri is the only extant species of the order Ceratodontiformes, which retained most of the primitive features of ancient lobe finned-fishes. Lungfishes are the closest living relatives of land vertebrates and their study is important for deducing the neural traits that were conserved, modified, or lost with the transition from fishes to land vertebrates. We have investigated the nitrergic system with neural nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry, which yielded almost identical results except for the primary olfactory projections and the terminal and preoptic nerve fibers labeled only for NADPH-d. Combined immunohistochemistry was used for simultaneous detection of NOS with catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic structures, aiming to establish accurately the localization of the nitrergic elements and to assess possible interactions between these neurotransmitter systems. The results demonstrated abundant nitrergic cells in the basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex, preoptic area, basal hypothalamus, mesencephalic tectum and tegmentum, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, reticular formation, spinal cord, and retina. In addition, low numbers of nitrergic cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, all pallial divisions, lateral septum, suprachiasmatic nucleus, prethalamic and thalamic areas, posterior tubercle, pretectum, torus semicircularis, cerebellar nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, the medial octavolateral nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the dorsal column nucleus. Colocalization of NOS and tyrosine hydroxylase was observed in numerous cells of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra complex. Comparison with other vertebrates, using a neuromeric analysis, reveals that the nitrergic system of Neoceratodus shares many neuroanatomical features with tetrapods and particularly with amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cioni C, Angiulli E, Toni M. Nitric Oxide and the Neuroendocrine Control of the Osmotic Stress Response in Teleosts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E489. [PMID: 30678131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of teleost osmoresponsive circuits is suggested by the facts that NO synthase enzymes are expressed in the neurosecretory systems and may be regulated by osmotic stimuli. The present paper is an overview on the research suggesting a role for NO in the central modulation of hormone release in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial and the caudal neurosecretory systems of teleosts during the osmotic stress response. Active NOS enzymes are constitutively expressed by the magnocellular and parvocellular hypophysiotropic neurons and the caudal neurosecretory neurons of teleosts. Moreover, their expression may be regulated in response to the osmotic challenge. Available data suggests that the regulatory role of NO appeared early during vertebrate phylogeny and the neuroendocrine modulation by NO is conservative. Nonetheless, NO seems to have opposite effects in fish compared to mammals. Indeed, NO exerts excitatory effects on the electrical activity of the caudal neurosecretory neurons, influencing the amount of peptides released from the urophysis, while it inhibits hormone release from the magnocellular neurons in mammals.
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12
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Mistri A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in epidermis and gill epithelium of an angler catfish, Chaca chaca (Siluriformes, Chacidae). Tissue Cell 2018; 55:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Reis MEMD, Araújo LTFD, de Andrade WMG, Resende NDS, Lima RRMD, Nascimento ESD, Costa MSMDO, Cavalcante JC. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) brain I: The diencephalon. Brain Res 2018; 1685:60-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Xiyuan Z, Fink RHA, Mosqueira M. NO-sGC Pathway Modulates Ca 2+ Release and Muscle Contraction in Zebrafish Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2017; 8:607. [PMID: 28878687 PMCID: PMC5572320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation is a complex process that depends on Ca2+ ions to promote the interaction of actin and myosin. This process can be modulated by nitric oxide (NO), a gas molecule synthesized endogenously by (nitric oxide synthase) NOS isoforms. At nanomolar concentrations NO activates soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), which in turn activates protein kinase G via conversion of GTP into cyclic GMP. Alternatively, NO post-translationally modifies proteins via S-nitrosylation of the thiol group of cysteine. However, the mechanisms of action of NO on Ca2+ homeostasis during muscle contraction are not fully understood and we hypothesize that NO exerts its effects on Ca2+ homeostasis in skeletal muscles mainly through negative modulation of Ca2+ release and Ca2+ uptake via the NO-sGC-PKG pathway. To address this, we used 5–7 days-post fecundation-larvae of zebrafish, a well-established animal model for physiological and pathophysiological muscle activity. We evaluated the response of muscle contraction and Ca2+ transients in presence of SNAP, a NO-donor, or L-NAME, an unspecific NOS blocker in combination with specific blockers of key proteins of Ca2+ homeostasis. We also evaluate the expression of NOS in combination with dihydropteridine receptor, ryanodine receptor and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase. We concluded that endogenous NO reduced force production through negative modulation of Ca2+ transients via the NO-sGC pathway. This effect could be reversed using an unspecific NOS blocker or sGC blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xiyuan
- Medical Biophysics Unit, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelberg, Germany.,Department of Traumatic Surgery, TongJi Hospital affiliated to TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Rainer H A Fink
- Medical Biophysics Unit, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Matias Mosqueira
- Medical Biophysics Unit, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelberg, Germany
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Sykes BG, Van Steyn PM, Vignali JD, Winalski J, Lozier J, Bell WE, Turner JE. The Relationship between Estrogen and Nitric Oxide in the Prevention of Cardiac and Vascular Anomalies in the Developing Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Brain Sci 2016; 6:E51. [PMID: 27792175 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known that both estrogen (E2) and nitric oxide (NO) are critical for proper cardiovascular system (CVS) function. It has also been demonstrated that E2 acts as an upstream effector in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Results from this study indicate that the use of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (NOSI) which targets specifically neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1), proadifen hydrochloride, caused a significant depression of fish heart rates (HR) accompanied by increased arrhythmic behavior. However, none of these phenotypes were evident with either the inhibition of endothelial NOS (eNOS) or inducible NOS (iNOS) isoforms. These cardiac arrhythmias could also be mimicked by inhibition of E2 synthesis with the aromatase inhibitor (AI), 4-OH-A, in a manner similar to that of nNOSI. In both scenarios, by using an NO donor (DETA-NO) in either NO + nNOSI or E2 + AI co-treatments, fish could be significantly rescued from decreased HR and increased arrhythmias. However, the addition of an NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) to the E2 + AI co-treatment fish prevented the rescue of low heart rates and arrhythmias, which strongly implicates the NO pathway as a downstream E2 targeted molecule for the maintenance of healthy cardiomyocyte contractile conditions in the developing zebrafish. Cardiac arrhythmias could be mimicked by the S-nitrosylation pathway inhibitor DTT (1,4-dithiothreitol) but not by ODQ (1H-[1–3]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), the inhibitor of the NO receptor molecule sGC in the cGMP-dependent pathway. In both the nNOSI and AI-induced arrhythmic conditions, 100% of the fish expressed the phenotype, but could be rapidly rescued with maximum survival by a washout with dantrolene, a ryanodine Ca2+ channel receptor blocker, compared to the time it took for rescue using a control salt solution. In addition, of the three NOS isoforms, eNOS was the one most implicated in the maintenance of an intact developing fish vascular system. In conclusion, results from this study have shown that nNOS is the prominent isoform that is responsible, in part, for maintaining normal heart rates and prevention of arrhythmias in the developing zebrafish heart failure model. These phenomena are related to the upstream stimulatory regulation by E2. On the other hand, eNOS has a minimal effect and iNOS has little to no influence on this phenomenon. Data also suggests that nNOS acts on the zebrafish cardiomyocytes through the S-nitrosylation pathway to influence the SR ryanidine Ca2+ channels in the excitation-coupling phenomena. In contrast, eNOS is the prominent isoform that influences blood vessel development in this model.
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Perry S, Kumai Y, Porteus CS, Tzaneva V, Kwong RWM. An emerging role for gasotransmitters in the control of breathing and ionic regulation in fish. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:145-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lima MG, Silva SDNDS, Silva RXDC, Oliveira KRHM, Batista EDJO, Maximino C, Herculano AM. Putative involvement of the nitrergic system on the consolidation, but not initiation, of behavioral sensitization after conspecific alarm substance in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139 Pt B:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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López JM, Lozano D, Morona R, González A. Organization of the nitrergic neuronal system in the primitive bony fishes Polypterus senegalus and Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Actinopterygii: Cladistia). J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1770-804. [PMID: 26517971 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cladistians are a group of basal actinopterygian fishes that constitute a good model for studying primitive brain features, most likely present in the ancestral bony fishes. The analysis of the nitrergic neurons (with the enzyme nitric oxide synthase; NOS) has helped in understanding important aspects of brain organization in all vertebrates studied. We investigated the nitrergic system of two cladistian species by means of specific antibodies against NOS and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry, which, with the exception of the primary olfactory and terminal nerve fibers, labeled only for NADPH-d, yielded identical results. Double immunohistochemistry was conducted for simultaneous detection of NOS with tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, calbindin, calretinin, and serotonin, to establish accurately the localization of the nitrergic neurons and fibers and to assess possible interactions between these neuroactive substances. The pattern of distribution in both species showed only subtle differences in the density of labeled cells. Distinct groups of NOS-immunoreactive cells were observed in pallial and subpallial areas, paraventricular region, tuberal and retromammillary hypothalamic areas, posterior tubercle, prethalamic and thalamic areas, optic tectum, torus semicircularis, mesencephalic tegmentum, interpeduncular nucleus, superior and middle reticular nuclei, magnocellular vestibular nucleus, solitary tract nucleus, nucleus medianus magnocellularis, the spinal cord and amacrine cells in the retina. Large neurons in cranial nerve sensory ganglia were also labeled. The comparison of these results with those from other vertebrates, using a neuromeric analysis, reveals a conserved pattern of organization of the nitrergic system from this primitive fish group to amniotes, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Porteus CS, Pollack J, Tzaneva V, Kwong RW, Kumai Y, Abdallah SJ, Zaccone G, Lauriano ER, Milsom WK, Perry SF. A role for nitric oxide in the control of breathing in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3746-53. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter, which in adult mammals, modulates the acute hypoxic ventilatory response; its role in the control of breathing in fish during development is unknown. We addressed the interactive effects of developmental age and NO in the control of piscine breathing by measuring the ventilatory response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults and larvae to NO donors and by inhibiting endogenous production of NO. In adults, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, inhibited ventilation; the extent of the ventilatory inhibition was related to the pre-existing ventilatory drive, with the greatest inhibition exhibited during exposure to hypoxia (PO2=5.6 kPa). Inhibition of endogenous NO production using L-NAME supressed the hypoventilatory response to hyperoxia, supporting an inhibitory role of NO in adult zebrafish. Neuroepithelial cells, the putative oxygen chemoreceptors of fish, contain neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In zebrafish larvae at 4 days post fertilization, SNP increased ventilation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of NOS activity with L-NAME or knockdown of nNOS inhibited the hypoxic (PO2=3.5 kPa) ventilatory response. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of nNOS in the NECs of larvae. Taken together, these data suggest that NO plays an inhibitory role in the control ventilation in adult zebrafish, but an excitatory role in larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima S. Porteus
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob Pollack
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | | | - Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sara J. Abdallah
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, Messina University, I-98166, Italy
| | | | - William K. Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Herculano AM, Puty B, Miranda V, Lima MG, Maximino C. Interactions between serotonin and glutamate-nitric oxide pathways in zebrafish scototaxis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 129:97-104. [PMID: 25536532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors have been implicated in the acute response to stress, possibly mediated the nitric oxide pathway; serotonin has also been implicated in these responses, and has recently been shown to modulate the nitric oxide pathway via 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. In this work, we compare the effects of NMDA and a 5-HT1A receptor ligands on light/dark preference in adult zebrafish, and investigate whether nitric oxide mediates the effects of such drugs. The noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 decreased dark preference (scototaxis), while NMDA increased it; the effects of NMDA were completely blocked by pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonist L-NAME. SNP, a nitric oxide donor, produced a bell-shaped dose-response profile on scototaxis. Treatment with 5-HTP increased scototaxis, an effect which was potentiated by pre-treatment with NMDA, but not MK-801, and partially blocked by L-NAME. The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100,635 decreased scototaxis, an effect which was completely blocked by L-NAME. These results suggest that tonic NOS inhibition is an important downstream effector of 5-HT1A receptors in the regulation of dark preference behavior in zebrafish, and that NOS is also under phasic independent control by NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA
| | - Bruna Puty
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Miranda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Monica Gomes Lima
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA; Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, USA; Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil.
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Newton CM, Stoyek MR, Croll RP, Smith FM. Regional innervation of the heart in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: a confocal microscopy study. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:456-78. [PMID: 23853005 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intracardiac nervous system represents the final common pathway for autonomic control of the vertebrate heart in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In teleost fishes, details of the organization of this system are not well understood. Here we investigated innervation patterns in the heart of the goldfish, a species representative of a large group of cyprinids. We used antibodies against the neuronal markers zn-12, acetylated tubulin, and human neuronal protein C/D, as well as choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, nitric oxide synthetase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to detect neural elements and their transmitter contents in wholemounts and sections of cardiac tissue. All chambers of the heart were innervated by choline acetyltransferase-positive axons, implying cholinergic regulation; and by tyrosine hydroxylase-containing axons, implying adrenergic regulation. The mean total number of intracardiac neurons was 713 ± 78 (SE), nearly half of which were cholinergic. Neuronal somata were mainly located in a ganglionated plexus around the sinoatrial valves. Somata were contacted by cholinergic, adrenergic, nitrergic, and VIP-positive terminals. Putative pacemaker cells, identified by immunoreactivity for hyperpolarization activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4, were located in the base of the sinoatrial valves, and this region was densely innervated by cholinergic and adrenergic terminals. We have shown that the goldfish heart possesses the necessary neuroanatomical substrate for fine, region-by-region autonomic control of the myocardial effectors that are involved in determining cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Newton
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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22
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Yao J, Li C, Zhang J, Liu S, Feng J, Wang R, Li Y, Jiang C, Song L, Chen A, Liu Z. Expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes in channel catfish is highly regulated and time dependent after bacterial challenges. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 45:74-86. [PMID: 24560653 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is well known for its roles in immune responses. As such, its synthesizing enzymes have been extensively studied from various species including some teleost fish species. However, the NOS genes have not been characterized in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In this study, we identified and characterized three NOS genes including one NOS1 and two NOS2 genes in channel catfish. Comparing with the NOS genes from other fish species, the catfish NOS genes are highly conserved in their structural features. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses allowed determination of NOS1 and NOS2 genes of channel catfish and their orthology relationships. Syntenic analysis, as well as the phylogenetic analysis, indicated that the two NOS2 genes of catfish were lineage-specific duplication. The NOS genes were broadly expressed in most tested tissues, with NOS1 being expressed at the highest levels in the brain, NOS2b1 highly expressed in the skin and gill, and NOS2b2 lowly expressed in most of the tested tissues. The most striking findings of this study was that the expression of the NOS genes are highly regulated after bacterial infection, with time-dependent expression patterns that parallel the migration of macrophages. After Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge, dramatically different responses among the three NOS genes were observed. NOS1 was only significantly in the skin early after infection, while NOS2b1 was rapidly upregulated in gill, but more up-regulated in trunk kidney with the progression of the disease, suggesting such differences in gene expression may be reflective of the migration of macrophages among various tissues of the infected fish. In contrast to NOS1 and NOS2b1, NOS2b2 was normally expressed at very low levels, but it is induced in the brain and liver while significantly down-regulated in most other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jiaren Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jianbin Feng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruijia Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yun Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chen Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Lin Song
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ailu Chen
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Escobar S, Servili A, Espigares F, Gueguen MM, Brocal I, Felip A, Gómez A, Carrillo M, Zanuy S, Kah O. Expression of kisspeptins and kiss receptors suggests a large range of functions for kisspeptin systems in the brain of the European sea bass. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70177. [PMID: 23894610 PMCID: PMC3720930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study, conducted in the brain of a perciform fish, the European sea bass, aimed at raising antibodies against the precursor of the kisspeptins in order to map the kiss systems and to correlate the expression of kisspeptins, kiss1 and kiss2, with that of kisspeptin receptors (kiss-R1 and kiss-R2). Specific antibodies could be raised against the preprokiss2, but not the preoprokiss1. The data indicate that kiss2 neurons are mainly located in the hypothalamus and project widely to the subpallium and pallium, the preoptic region, the thalamus, the pretectal area, the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis, the mediobasal medial and caudal hypothalamus, and the neurohypophysis. These results were compared to the expression of kiss-R1 and kiss-R2 messengers, indicating a very good correlation between the wide distribution of Kiss2-positive fibers and that of kiss-R2 expressing cells. The expression of kiss-R1 messengers was more limited to the habenula, the ventral telencephalon and the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary. Attempts to characterize the phenotype of the numerous cells expressing kiss-R2 showed that neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and neuronal nitric oxide synthase are targets for kisspeptins, while GnRH1 neurons did not appear to express kiss-R1 or kiss-R2 messengers. In addition, a striking result was that all somatostatin-positive neurons expressed-kissR2. These data show that kisspeptins are likely to regulate a wide range of neuronal systems in the brain of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Escobar
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Arianna Servili
- Research Institute in Health, Environment and Occupation, INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Felipe Espigares
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marie-Madeleine Gueguen
- Research Institute in Health, Environment and Occupation, INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Isabel Brocal
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Alicia Felip
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuel Carrillo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Torre de la Sal, s/n, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Olivier Kah
- Research Institute in Health, Environment and Occupation, INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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Syeda F, Hauton D, Young S, Egginton S. How ubiquitous is endothelial NOS? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:207-14. [PMID: 23726940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate vascular tone is an essential cardiovascular control mechanism, with nitric oxide (NO) assumed to be a ubiquitous smooth muscle relaxant. However, the literature contains reports of vasoconstrictor, vasodilator and no response to nitroergic stimulation in non-mammalian vertebrates. We examined functional (branchial artery myography), structural (immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle), proteomic (Western analysis) and genomic (RT-PCR, sequence orthologues, syntenic analysis) evidence for endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) in model and non-model fish species. A variety of nitrodilators failed to elicit any changes in vascular tone, although a dilatation to exogenous cyclic GMP was noted. NOS3 antibody staining does not localise to endothelial markers in cryosections, and gives rise to non-specific staining of Western blots. Abundant NOS2 mRNA was found in all species but NOS3 was not found in any fish, while putative orthologues are not flanked by similar genes to NOS3 in humans. We conclude that NOS3 does not exist in fish, and that previous reports of its presence may reflect use of antibodies raised against mammalian epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Syeda
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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25
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Pushchina ЕV, Obukhov DК. Nitric oxide-factor, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in the adult brain of amur sturgeon <i>Acipenser schrenckii</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.326099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rico EP, Rosemberg DB, Seibt KJ, Capiotti KM, Da Silva RS, Bonan CD. Zebrafish neurotransmitter systems as potential pharmacological and toxicological targets. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:608-17. [PMID: 21907791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in neurobiology have emphasized the study of brain structure and function and its association with numerous pathological and toxicological events. Neurotransmitters are substances that relay, amplify, and modulate electrical signals between neurons and other cells. Neurotransmitter signaling mediates rapid intercellular communication by interacting with cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems and regulating the activity of ion channels. Changes in the functional balance of neurotransmitters have been implicated in the failure of central nervous system function. In addition, abnormalities in neurotransmitter production or functioning can be induced by several toxicological compounds, many of which are found in the environment. The zebrafish has been increasingly used as an animal model for biomedical research, primarily due to its genetic tractability and ease of maintenance. These features make this species a versatile tool for pre-clinical drug discovery and toxicological investigations. Here, we present a review regarding the role of different excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish, such as dopaminergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic, purinergic, histaminergic, nitrergic, glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic systems, and emphasizing their features as pharmacological and toxicological targets. The increase in the global knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish and the elucidation of their pharmacological and toxicological aspects may lead to new strategies and appropriate research priorities to offer insights for biomedical and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Summary
Mitochondrial biogenesis is induced in response to cold temperature in many organisms. The effect is particularly pronounced in ectotherms such as fishes, where acclimation to cold temperature increases mitochondrial density. Some polar fishes also have exceptionally high densities of mitochondria. The net effect of increasing mitochondrial density is threefold. First, it increases the concentration of aerobic metabolic enzymes per gram of tissue, maintaining ATP production. Second, it elevates the density of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, enhancing rates of intracellular oxygen diffusion. Third, it reduces the diffusion distance for oxygen and metabolites between capillaries and mitochondria. Although cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis has been well documented in fishes, little is known about the molecular pathway governing it. In mammals, the co-transcriptional activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is thought to coordinate the three components of mitochondrial biogenesis: the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins, the synthesis of phospholipids and the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Some components of the mitochondrial biogenic pathway are conserved between fishes and mammals, yet the pathway appears more versatile in fishes. In some tissues of cold-acclimated fishes, the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins increases in the absence of an increase in phospholipids, whereas in some polar fishes, densities of mitochondrial phospholipids increase in the absence of an increase in proteins. The ability of cold-bodied fishes to fine-tune the mitochondrial biogenic pathway may allow them to modify mitochondrial characteristics to meet the specific needs of the cell, whether it is to increase ATP production or enhance oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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28
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Uyttebroek L, Shepherd IT, Harrisson F, Hubens G, Blust R, Timmermans JP, Van Nassauw L. Neurochemical coding of enteric neurons in adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4419-38. [PMID: 20853514 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the morphology and development of the zebrafish enteric nervous system have been extensively studied, the precise neurochemical coding of enteric neurons and their proportional enteric distribution are currently not known. By using immunohistochemistry, we determined the proportional expression and coexpression of neurochemical markers in the embryonic and adult zebrafish intestine. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) were observed only in nerve fibers, whereas other markers were also detected in neuronal cell bodies. Calretinin and calbindin had similar distributions. In embryos, all markers, except for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and TH, were present from 72 hours postfertilization. Nitrergic neurons, evenly distributed and remaining constant in time, constituted the major neuronal subpopulation. The neuronal proportions of the other markers increased during development and were characterized by regional differences. In the adult, all markers examined were expressed in the enteric nervous system. A large percentage of enteric neurons displayed calbindin and calretinin, and serotonin was the only marker showing significant distribution differences in the three intestinal regions. Colocalization studies showed that serotonin was not coexpressed with any of the other markers. At least five neuronal subpopulations were determined: a serotonergic, a nitrergic noncholinergic, two cholinergic nonnitrergic subpopulations along with one subpopulation expressing both ChAT and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Analysis of nerve fibers revealed that nitrergic neurons coexpress VIP and PACAP, and that nitrergic neurons innervate the tunica muscularis, whereas serotonergic and cholinergic nonnitrergic neurons innervate the lamina propria and the tunica muscularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Uyttebroek
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS enzymes), regulates multiple physiological functions in animals. NO exerts its effects by binding to iron (Fe) of heme groups (exemplified by the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase) and by S-nitrosylation of proteins – and it is metabolized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is used as a marker for NOS activity but it is also a NO donor that can be activated by various cellular proteins under hypoxic conditions. Here, we report the first systematic study of NO metabolites (nitrite, nitrate, S-nitroso, N-nitroso and Fe-nitrosyl compounds) in multiple tissues of a non-mammalian vertebrate (goldfish) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. NO metabolites were measured in blood (plasma and red cells) and heart, brain, gill, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, using highly sensitive reductive chemiluminescence. The severity of the chosen hypoxia levels was assessed from metabolic and respiratory variables. In normoxic goldfish, the concentrations of NO metabolites in plasma and tissues were comparable with values reported in mammals, indicative of similar NOS activity. Exposure to hypoxia [at PO2 (partial pressure of O2) values close to and below the critical PO2] for two days caused large decreases in plasma nitrite and nitrate, which suggests reduced NOS activity and increased nitrite/nitrate utilization or loss. Tissue NO metabolites were largely maintained at their tissue-specific values under hypoxia, pointing at nitrite transfer from extracellular to intracellular compartments and cellular NO generation from nitrite. The data highlights the preference of goldfish to defend intracellular NO homeostasis during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N. Hansen
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frank B. Jensen
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Abstract
Antarctic icefishes of the family Channichthyidae are the only vertebrate animals that as adults do not express the circulating oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin (Hb). Six of the 16 family members also lack the intracellular oxygen-binding protein myoglobin (Mb) in the ventricle of their hearts and all lack Mb in oxidative skeletal muscle. The loss of Hb has led to substantial remodeling in the cardiovascular system of icefishes to facilitate adequate oxygenation of tissues. One of the more curious adaptations to the loss of Hb and Mb is an increase in mitochondrial density in cardiac myocytes and oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. The proliferation of mitochondria in the aerobic musculature of icefishes does not arise through a canonical pathway of mitochondrial biogenesis. Rather, the biosynthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids is up-regulated independently of the synthesis of proteins and mitochondrial DNA, and newly-synthesized phospholipids are targeted primarily to the outer-mitochondrial membrane. Consequently, icefish mitochondria have a higher lipid-to-protein ratio compared to those from red-blooded species. Elevated levels of nitric oxide in the blood plasma of icefishes, compared to red-blooded notothenioids, may mediate alterations in mitochondrial density and architecture. Modifications in mitochondrial structure minimally impact state III respiration rates but may significantly enhance intracellular diffusion of oxygen. The rate of oxygen diffusion is greater within the hydrocarbon core of membrane lipids compared to the aqueous cytosol and impeded only by proteins within the lipid bilayer. Thus, the proliferation of icefish's mitochondrial membranes provides an optimal conduit for the intracellular diffusion of oxygen and compensates for the loss of Hb and Mb. Currently little is known about how mitochondrial phospholipid synthesis is regulated and integrated into mitochondrial biogenesis. The unique architecture of the oxidative muscle cells of icefishes highlights the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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31
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Chang JP, Sawisky GR, Mitchell G, Uretsky AD, Kwong P, Grey CL, Meints AN, Booth M. PACAP stimulation of maturational gonadotropin secretion in goldfish involves extracellular signal-regulated kinase, but not nitric oxide or guanylate cyclase, signaling. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:127-35. [PMID: 19539623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity is present in gonadotropes and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) mediates GnRH stimulation of gonadotropin release and synthesis. In this study, we tested the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and ERK in mediating PACAP-stimulated maturational gonadotropin (GTH-II) release from primary cultures of dispersed goldfish pituitary cells. In static incubation experiments, PACAP-induced GTH-II release was unaffected by two inhibitors of NOS synthase, AGH and 1400W; whereas addition of a NO donor, SNAP, elevated GTH-II secretion. In perifusion experiments, neither NOS inhibitors (AGH, 1400W and 7-Ni) nor NO scavengers (PTIO and rutin hydrate) attenuated the GTH-II response to pulse applications of PACAP. In addition, the GTH-II responses to PACAP and the NO donor SNP were additive while PTIO blocked SNP action. Although dibutyryl cGMP increased GTH-II secretion in static incubation, inhibition of guanylate cyclase (GC), a known down-stream target for NO signaling, did not reduce the GTH-II response to pulse application of PACAP. On the other hand, GTH-II responses to PACAP in perifusion were attenuated in the presence of two inhibitors of ERK kinase (MEK), U 0126 and PD 98059. These results suggest that although increased availability of NO and cGMP can lead to increased GTH-II secretion, MEK/ERK signaling, rather than NOS/NO/GC activation, mediates PACAP action on GTH-II release in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Zhou L, Bai R, Tian J, Liu X, Lu D, Zhu P, Liu Y, Zeng L, Luo W, Zhang Y, Wang A. Bioinformatic comparisons and tissue expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene from the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 27:577-584. [PMID: 19647082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The full length cDNA sequence for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) has been cloned, subjected to bioinformatic analysis, and examined for expression in different tissues. Red drum nNOS showed high identity to nNOS of mammals and other fish species. Notably, a unique 7-aa insertion was found in the important catalytic sites of the NO synthase domain, possibly affecting the function of red drum nNOS. Furthermore, this nNOS was expressed not only in brain but also in most of the internal organs including liver, intestine, spleen, head kidney and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Department of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
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33
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Lepiller S, Franche N, Solary E, Chluba J, Laurens V. Comparative analysis of zebrafish nos2a and nos2b genes. Gene 2009; 445:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cioni C, Bordieri L, Miele R, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Effect of hyperosmotic stress on the gene expression and activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the preoptic-hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the euryhaline fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:163-70. [PMID: 19341335 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of hyperosmotic stress on the gene expression and activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the preoptic/hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the euryhaline tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR and NADPHd histochemistry. Expression of nos1 was rapidly and transiently up-regulated in the preoptic region and hypothalamus in response to a salinity change (70% seawater, SW). Expression levels increased 4 h after the salinity change and then returned to basal levels within 8 h of the hyperosmotic challenge. NADPHd histochemistry revealed that positive magnocellular and gigantocellular preoptic neurons increased in number 4 h after the salinity change, while the number of parvocellular preoptic neurons reactive for NADPHd showed no significant change. These results indicate that the nNOS gene expression and NOS activity are stimulated in the preoptic/ hypothalamic neurosecretory system in response to hyperosmotic stress and suggest that NO influences neuronal responses to short-term osmotic stimulation in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cioni
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza University, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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35
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Gaikwad A, Biju KC, Barsagade V, Bhute Y, Subhedar N. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory system, forebrain, pituitary and retina of the adult teleost Clarias batrachus. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 37:170-81. [PMID: 19135519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical application of antibodies against nNOS to the brain sections of Clarias batrachus revealed intense immunoreactivity in several olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), in their axons over the olfactory nerve, and terminals in the olfactory glomeruli. Several basal cells in the olfactory epithelium showed NOS immunoreactivity. Application of post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy showed nNOS labeled gold particles in apical cilia, dendrites and soma of the ORNs and also in the axon terminals in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. nNOS containing fibers were also encountered in the medial olfactory tracts (MOTs). Bilateral ablation of the olfactory organ resulted in total loss of nNOS immunoreactivity in the fascicles of the olfactory nerve layer and also in the MOT. nNOS immunoreactivity was seen in several cells of the nucleus preopticus (NPO) and their axons that innervate the pituitary gland. Some cells in the floor of the tuberal area were stained positive with nNOS antibodies. nNOS immunolabeled cells were seen in all the three components of the pituitary gland with light as well as post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. While several nNOS immunoreactive fibers were seen in rostral pars distalis, a much limited fiber population was seen in the proximal pars distalis. In addition, conspicuous immunoreactivity was noticed in some ganglion cells in the retina and in some fibers of the optic nerve traceable to the optic tectum. The NO containing system in this fish appears to be similar to that in other fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 033, India
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Westermann BA, Meissl H. Nitric oxide synthase in photoreceptive pineal organs of fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:198-204. [PMID: 18655843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells in the fish pineal gland transduce light-dark information differentially into a neuroendocrine melatonin message; distinguishing features are the presence or absence of endogenous oscillators that drive these rhythms. In the present study, we have analysed the presence and distribution of nitric oxide (NO) synthase in both pineal types by NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry and determined the effects of NO donors on cGMP formation and melatonin production. NADPHd staining was confined to photoreceptor cells in clock-driven pineal organs of zebrafish and goldfish as evidenced by a codistribution with S-antigen-immunoreactivity (-ir) or cyclic GMP-ir and, in the pineal of the trout, to cells that are S-antigen negative. In the trout pineal, but not in the other species, NADPHd staining was clearly codistributed with growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) immunoreactivity, an antibody that recognizes developing and regenerating neurons in the fish brain. The presence of a functional NO system in photosensory pineal organs is supported by the fact that NO donors like S-nitroso N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) elevate intracellular cGMP levels. However, despite the significant rise in cGMP levels nitric oxide donors did neither affect acute light-dependent melatonin formation in the trout pineal nor the rhythmic production of melatonin in the zebrafish pineal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Westermann
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Neuroanatomical Dept., Frankfurt/M, Germany
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37
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Giraldi-Guimarães A, Batista CM, Carneiro K, Tenório F, Cavalcante LA, Mendez-Otero R. A critical survey on nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide function in the retinotectal system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:403-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lepiller S, Laurens V, Bouchot A, Herbomel P, Solary E, Chluba J. Imaging of nitric oxide in a living vertebrate using a diamino-fluorescein probe. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:619-27. [PMID: 17640572 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been described to identify nitric oxide (NO), a free radical involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. One of these approaches is based on the use of chemical probes whose transformation by NO generates highly fluorescent derivatives, permitting detection of NO down to nanomolar concentrations. Here, we show that the cell-permeant diamino-fluorophore 4-amino-5-methylamino-2'-7'-difluoro-fluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM-DA) can be used to detect NO production sites in a living vertebrate, the zebrafish Danio rerio. The staining pattern obtained in larvae includes the bulbus arteriosus, forming bones, the notochord, and the caudal fin. The specificity of the signal was confirmed by its decrease in animals exposed to a NO scavenger or a NO synthase inhibitor and its increase in the presence of a NO donor. Using this method, NO production was observed to change along development in the notochord and the caudal fin whereas it remained stable in the bulbus arteriosus. Local changes in NO production in response to stressful conditions were also detected by this method. Altogether, labeling with DAF-FM DA is an efficient method to monitor changes in NO production in live zebrafish under physiological as well as pathophysiological conditions, suggesting applications to drug screening and molecular pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lepiller
- Inserm UMR 866, University of Burgundy, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Santé STIC, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon F-21000 Dijon, France
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Holmqvist B, Ebbesson L, Alm P. Nitric oxide and the zebrafish (Danio rerio): Developmental neurobiology and brain neurogenesis. Nitric Oxide. Elsevier; 2007. pp. 229-465. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hyndman KA, Choe KP, Havird JC, Rose RE, Piermarini PM, Evans DH. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the gill of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:510-9. [PMID: 16814584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) is a constitutively expressed enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-arginine and water to L-citrulline and the gas nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is involved in regulation of a variety of processes, including: vascular tone, neurotransmission, and ion balance in mammals and fishes. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a putative NOS homologue from the brain of the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Killifish NOS has 75% amino acid identity to human nNOS, and phylogenetic analysis groups the killifish sequence with the mammalian nNOS, suggesting that it is a mammalian orthologue. Relative quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR demonstrated that killifish nNOS mRNA is highly expressed in the brain and gill followed by the stomach, kidney, opercular epithelium, intestine and heart. Immunohistochemistry localized nNOS to nerve fibers and epithelial cells adjacent to mitochondrion-rich cells (ion transporting cell) in the gill, suggesting that nNOS production of NO may contribute to regulation of vascular tone and/or MRC function in the teleost gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hyndman
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Toda N, Ayajiki K. Phylogenesis of constitutively formed nitric oxide in non-mammals. Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology 2006; 157:31-80. [PMID: 17236649 DOI: 10.1007/112_0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian tissues is produced from L-arginine via catalysis by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms such as neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) that are constitutively expressed mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system and vascular endothelial cells, respectively. This review concentrates only on these constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms while excluding information about iNOS, which is induced mainly in macrophages upon stimulation by cytokines and polysaccharides. The NO signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the functional regulation of mammalian tissues and organs. Evidence has also been accumulated for the role of NO in invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates. Expression of nNOS in the brain and peripheral nervous system is widely determined by staining with NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) diaphorase or NOS immunoreactivity, and functional roles of NO formed by nNOS are evidenced in the early phylogenetic stages (invertebrates and fishes). On the other hand, the endothelium mainly produces vasodilating prostanoids rather than NO or does not liberate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (fishes), and the ability of endothelial cells to liberate NO is observed later in phylogenetic stages (amphibians). This review article summarizes various types of interesting information obtained from lower organisms (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) about the properties and distribution of nNOS and eNOS and also the roles of NO produced by the cNOS as an important intercellular signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Bordieri L, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Miele R, Cioni C. Partial cloning of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) cDNA and regional distribution of nNOS mRNA in the central nervous system of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 142:123-33. [PMID: 16274840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A constitutive NOS complementary DNA (cDNA) was partially cloned by RT-PCR from the brain of a teleost, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using degenerate primers against conserved regions of NOS. The predicted 206-long amino acid sequence showed a high degree of identity with other vertebrate neuronal NOS (nNOS) protein sequences. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that Nile tilapia NOS clustered with other known nNOS. Using the coupled reaction of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Southern blotting, the basal tissue expression pattern of the cloned nNOS gene was investigated in discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the heart and skeletal muscle tissue. As revealed, expression of nNOS transcripts was detected in all the CNS regions examined, whereas nNOS gene was not expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle. The distribution pattern of nNOS gene expression showed the highest expression levels in the forebrain followed by the optic tectum, the brainstem and the spinal cord, whereas scarce expression was detected in the cerebellum. Cellular expression of nNOS mRNA was analyzed in the CNS by means of in situ hybridization. According to the RT-PCR results, most nNOS mRNA expressing neurons are localized in the telencephalon and diencephalon, whereas in the mesencephalic optic tectum, the brainstem and the spinal cord, nNOS mRNA expressing neurons are relatively more scattered. A very low hybridization signal was detected in the cerebellar cortex. These results suggest that NO is involved in numerous brain functions in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Bordieri
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, "La Sapienza" University, via A. Borelli, 50 00161 Rome, Italy
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Masini MA, Sturla M, Ricci F, Uva BM. Identification and distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of adult Antarctic teleosts. Polar Biol 2005; 29:23-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-005-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Ebbesson LOE, Tipsmark CK, Holmqvist B, Nilsen T, Andersson E, Stefansson SO, Madsen SS. Nitric oxide synthase in the gill of Atlantic salmon: colocalization with and inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:1011-7. [PMID: 15767302 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
We investigated the relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) in the gill of anadromous Atlantic salmon. Cells containing NO-producing enzymes were revealed by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry, which can be used as an indicator of NOS activity, i.e. NO production. Antibodies against the two constitutive NOS isoforms, neuronal and endothelial NOS, both produced immunoreactivity restricted to large cells at the base and along the secondary lamellae. NADPHd-positive cells showed a corresponding distribution. Antibodies against the inducible NOS isoform only labeled small cells located deep in the filament. Using in situ hybridization and NKA immunoreactivity, cells expressing Na+,K+-ATPaseα-subunit mRNA were found to have a similar distribution to the NOS cells. Double labeling for NOS immunoreactivity and NKA α-subunit mRNA revealed cellular colocalization of NKA α-subunit mRNA and nNOS protein in putative chloride cells at the base of the lamellae and interlamellar space. Along the lamellae, some NOS- or NKA-immunoreactive cells possessed a relatively lower expression of NKA α-subunit mRNA in smolts. A clear increase in NADPHd staining in the gill was demonstrated from parr to smolt. The regulatory role of NO on gill NKA activity was studied in vitrousing sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1 mmol l-1) and PAPA-NONOate(NOC-15; 0.5 mmol l-1) as NO donors. Both SNP and NOC-15 inhibited gill NKA activity by 30% when compared to controls. The study shows that NO systems are abundant in the gill of Atlantic salmon, that NO may be produced preferentially by a constitutive NOS isoform, and suggests that NO influence on gill functions is mediated via intracellular, possibly both auto/paracrine,inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in chloride cells. Furthermore, the increase in NADPHd in the gill during smoltification suggests a regulatory role of NO in the attenuation of the smoltification-related increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity prior to entering seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars O E Ebbesson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High Technology Centre, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Clemente D, Porteros A, Weruaga E, Alonso JR, Arenzana FJ, Aijón J, Arévalo R. Cholinergic elements in the zebrafish central nervous system: Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. J Comp Neurol 2004; 474:75-107. [PMID: 15156580 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal cord. AChE labeling was more abundant and more widely distributed than ChAT immunoreactivity. In the telencephalon, ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells were absent, whereas AChE-positive neurons were observed in both the olfactory bulb and the telencephalic hemispheres. The diencephalon was the region with the lowest density of AChE-positive cells, mainly located in the pretectum, whereas ChAT-ir cells were exclusively located in the preoptic region. ChAT-ir cells were restricted to the periventricular stratum of the optic tectum, but AChE-positive neurons were observed throughout the whole extension of the lamination except in the marginal stratum. Although ChAT immunoreactivity was restricted to the rostral tegmental, oculomotor, and trochlear nuclei within the mesencephalic tegmentum, a widespread distribution of AChE reactivity was observed in this region. The isthmic region showed abundant AChE-positive and ChAT-ir cells in the isthmic, secondary gustatory and superior reticular nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis valvulae. ChAT immunoreactivity was absent in the cerebellum, although AChE staining was observed in Purkinje and granule cells. The medulla oblongata showed a widespread distribution of AChE-positive cells in all main subdivisions, including the octavolateral area, reticular formation, and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. ChAT-ir elements in this area were restricted to the descending octaval nucleus, the octaval efferent nucleus and the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Additionally, spinal cord motoneurons appeared positive to both markers. Substantial differences in the ChAT and AChE distribution between zebrafish and other fish species were observed, which could be important because zebrafish is widely used as a genetic or developmental animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Clemente
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Ando H, Shi Q, Kusakabe T, Ohya T, Suzuki N, Urano A. Localization of mRNAs encoding α and β subunits of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the brain of rainbow trout: comparison with the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res 2004; 1013:13-29. [PMID: 15196964 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Detailed distribution of mRNAs encoding alpha and beta subunits of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) was examined in the brain of rainbow trout by in situ hybridization. In addition, distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was mapped in adjacent parallel sections by neuronal NOS (nNOS) immunocytochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. Following application of digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes for sGC alpha and beta subunit mRNAs, we found comparatively intense hybridization signals in the telencephalon, preoptic area, thalamus, hypothalamus, pretectum and tegmentum. Both nNOS immunocytochemistry and NADPHd histochemistry showed extensive distribution of nitroxergic neurons in various brain areas, although various degrees of dissociation of nNOS immunoreactivity (ir) and NADPHd staining were detected. In comparison with sGC subunit mRNAs, nNOS signals were more widely distributed in many neurons, including parvocellular neurons in the preoptic area, nucleus anterior tuberis in the hypothalamus, periventricular neurons in the optic tectum, most of the rhombencephalic neurons and pituitary cells. However, wide overlaps of sGC mRNA-containing neurons and nNOS-positive neurons were observed in the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, preoptic area, thalamus, hypothalamus, pretectum, optic tectum, tegmentum and cerebellum. The widespread overlapping in sGC subunit mRNAs and nNOS distribution suggests a role for sGC in various neuronal functions, such as processing of olfactory and visual signals and neuroendocrine function, possibly via NO/cGMP signaling in the brain of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ando
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
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Holmqvist B, Ellingsen B, Forsell J, Zhdanova I, Alm P. The early ontogeny of neuronal nitric oxide synthase systems in the zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:923-35. [PMID: 14766951 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine a putative role for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in early vertebrate development we investigated nNOS mRNA expression and cGMP production during development of the zebrafish Danio rerio. The nNOS mRNA expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery showed a distinct spatio-temporal pattern in developing zebrafish embryo and young larvae. nNOS mRNA expression was first detected at 19 h postfertilisation (h.p.f.), in a bilateral subpopulation of the embryonic ventrorostral cell cluster in the forebrain. The number of nNOS mRNA-expressing cells in the brain slowly increased, also appearing in the ventrocaudal cell cluster from about 26 h.p.f., and in the dorsorostral and hindbrain cell cluster and in the medulla at 30 h.p.f. A major increase in nNOS mRNA expression started at about 40 h.p.f., and by 55 h.p.f. the expression constituted cell populations in differentiated central nuclei and in association with the proliferation zones of the brain, and in the medulla and retina. In parts of the skin, nNOS mRNA expression started at 20 h.p.f. and ended at 55 h.p.f. Between 40 and 55 h.p.f., nNOS mRNA expression started in peripheral organs, forming distinct populations after hatching within or in the vicinity of the presumptive swim bladder, enteric ganglia, and along the alimentary tract and nephritic ducts. Expression of nNOS mRNA correlated with the neuronal differentiation pattern and with the timing and degree of cGMP production. These studies indicate spatio-temporal actions by NO during embryogenesis in the formation of the central and peripheral nervous system, with possible involvement in processes such as neurogenesis, organogenesis and early physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Holmqvist
- Department of Pathology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 25, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Yamamoto T, Yao Y, Harumi T, Suzuki N. Localization of the nitric oxide/cGMP signaling pathway-related genes and influences of morpholino knock-down of soluble guanylyl cyclase on medaka fish embryogenesis. Zoolog Sci 2003; 20:181-91. [PMID: 12655181 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.20.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the nitric oxide (NO) / cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling pathway during embryogenesis, we examined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the genes for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (soluble GC) subunit (OlGCS-alpha(1), OlGCS-alpha(2), and OlGCS-beta(1)), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) I and II (cGK I and cGK II) in the medaka fish embryos. OlGCS-beta(1) and nNOS were expressed maternally and OlGCS-alpha(1), OlGCS-alpha(2),and cGK II were expressed zygotically. The zygotic expression of OlGCS-alpha(1) and cGK I was detected at stage 19, while that of OlGCS-alpha(2) was detected at stage 16. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that the expression of nNOS or cGK I was localized in tail bud, otic vesicles, thyroid, and brain ventricle, or in thymus, gill arch, and olfactory pits, respectively, and that of OlGCS-alpha(1), OlGCS-alpha(2), or OlGCS-beta(1) was dim and dispersed throughout the embryos. To clarify the "role of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in embryogenesis, we examined the influences of morpholino antisense oligonucleotide of the soluble GC subunit gene (alpha(1)-MO, alpha(2)-MO or beta(1)-MO) on development of medaka fish embryos. Embryos injected with alpha(1)-MO or alpha(2)-MO mainly exhibited abnormalities in the central nervous system, including defects in the formation of forebrain, eye, and otic vesicles. alpha(2)-MO injection caused cell death at the tail bud of the embryos at stage 22, and beta(1)-MO injection inhibited the development of the embryos at late blastula. These results suggest that the NO/cGMP signaling pathway plays critical roles in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Harumi T, Watanabe T, Yamamoto T, Tanabe Y, Suzuki N. Expression of membrane-bound and soluble guanylyl cyclase mRNAs in embryonic and adult retina of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. Zoolog Sci 2003; 20:133-40. [PMID: 12655176 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.20.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Localization of mRNAs for four membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases (membrane GCs; OlGC3, OlGC4, OlGC5, and OlGC-R2), three soluble guanylyl cyclase subunits (soluble GC; OlGCS-alpha(1), OlGCS-alpha(2), and OlGCS-beta(1)), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGK I) was examined in the embryonic and adult retinas of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes by in situ hybridization. All of the membrane GC mRNAs were detected in the photoreceptor cells of the adult and embryonic retinas, but in different parts; the OlGC3 and OlGC5 mRNAs were expressed in the proximal part and the OlGC4 and OlGC-R2 mRNAs were expressed in the outer nuclear layer. The mRNA for nNOS was expressed in a scattered fashion on the inner side of the inner nuclear layer in the adult and embryonic retinas. The mRNAs (OlGCS-alpha(2) and OlGCS- beta(1)) of two soluble GC subunits (alpha(2) and beta(1)) were expressed mainly in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer of the embryonic retina while the mRNAs of the soluble GC alpha(1) subunit and cGK I were not detected in either the adult or embryonic retina. These results suggest that NO itself and/or the cGMP generated by soluble GC (alpha(2)/beta(1) heterodimer) play a novel role in the neuronal signaling and neuronal development in the medaka fish embryonic retina in addition to the role played by phototransduction through membrane GCs in the adult and embryonic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Hokkaido, Japan.
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