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Flota-Burgos GJ, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rojas-Becerril R, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Trinidad-Martínez I. Evidence of resistance to ivermectin in the gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Mexican southeast. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100907. [PMID: 37652626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major impediment to breeding and exploitation of horses. Traditional control of GIN has generated resistance to main anthelmintics, including ivermectin. An analysis of five ranches with a history of IVM use was done to determine the efficacy and resistance of GIN to IVM treatment in horses from the Mexican southeast. Predesigned questionnaires were applied to collect information on previous treatment protocols. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was applied to determine resistance. Before IVM application, a McMaster test was used to diagnose GIN infection in horses, and feces cultures were done to identify L3 larvae for Strongylida eggs. Pre-treatment samples showed that 72.7% (80/110) of horses were GIN positive, with cyathostomins being the most frequent (91.8%), followed by Oxyuris equi (7.0%), Parascaris equorum (1.0%), and Strongylus vulgaris (0.2%). Based on the results, the horses at each ranch were divided in control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups with similar eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The EG (40/80) was dewormed with IVM (0.2 mg/kg orally) and the CG (40/80) remained untreated. After 14 days, EPG were measured, and feces cultures were done again to identify L3 larvae. After treatment of EG, 40% (16/40) of horses were positive, the most frequently identified GIN were cyathostomins (98.6%), followed by P. equorum (1.0%) and S. vulgaris (0.2%). Three of the five ranches were classified as resistant, according to the FECRT, with a percentage of reduction from 53 to 68%, all of which used IVM ≥4 times annually. This is the first evidence of resistance in cyathostomins to IVM treatment in horses from the Mexican southeast, adding to the current problem of anthelmintic resistance in equine GIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Janett Flota-Burgos
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Rosado-Aguilar
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Rojas-Becerril
- Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistas en Equinos A.C., Calzada México Tacuba # 213, esquina Maestro Rural, Col. Un lugar para nosotros, Del. Miguel Hidalgo CP 11330, D.F, Mexico
| | - Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Iris Trinidad-Martínez
- Departamento de salud animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP): Second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics for dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Geurden T, Smith ER, Vercruysse J, Yazwinski T, Rehbein S, Nielsen MK. Reflections and future directions for continued development and refinement of guidelines for anthelmintic efficacy studies. Vet Parasitol 2022; 307-308:109741. [PMID: 35667202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This reflection paper complements the WAAVP (World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology) general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, which outlines the general principles of anthelmintic efficacy evaluation across all animal host species. It provides background to the recommendations made in the WAAVP general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, with insights into the discussions leading to specific recommendations in the general guideline or the absence thereof. Furthermore, this paper discusses recent technological advancements with potential value to the evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy that may be considered for future versions of the general or species-specific guidelines if supported by sufficient levels of evidence. Finally, it also identifies potential research questions, such as the statistical approach for comparing worm counts between groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R Smith
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, USA Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, USA
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Yazwinski T, Höglund J, Permin A, Gauly M, Tucker C. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP): second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in poultry. Vet Parasitol 2022; 305:109711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) guideline for the evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics in food-producing and companion animals: general guidelines. Vet Parasitol 2022; 304:109698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Kuzmina TA, van Doorn DC, Meana A, Rehbein S, Elliott T, Reinemeyer CR. World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): Third edition of guideline for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Healey K, Lawlor C, Knox MR, Chambers M, Lamb J, Groves P. Field evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 for the reduction of worm burden in grazing animals: Pasture larval studies in horses, cattle and goats. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Healey K, Lawlor C, Knox MR, Chambers M, Lamb J. Field evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans IAH 1297 for the reduction of worm burden in grazing animals: Tracer studies in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morariu S, Mederle N, Badea C, Dărăbuş G, Ferrari N, Genchi C. The prevalence, abundance and distribution of cyathostomins (small stongyles) in horses from Western Romania. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:205-9. [PMID: 27198801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Forty seven working horses from Romania were post-mortem examined for small strongyles (Cyathostominae) infections. All horses were found infected. The overall cyathostomins intensity ranged from 390 to 13,010 and horses were infected by 8-24 species. The intensity was higher in ventral colon (1531) and dorsal colon (824), the lowest in the caecum (524). Twenty four species were identified. Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus insigne, and C. Nassatus had 100% of prevalence. Over 50% of horses were infected by Coronocyclus coronatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, C. goldi, and C. longibursatus. Other prevalent species (34%-45%) were Cyathostomum tetracanthum, Cylicostephanus minutus and Gyalocephalus capitatus. Coronocyclus labiatus, Parapoteriostomum mettami, Poteriostomum imparidentatum and P. ratzii had the lowest prevalence. Most species showed high organ preference with a niche breadth value between 1 and 1.96 while only 7 species (Coronocyclus labiatus, Cyathostomum tetracanthum, C. brevicapsulatus, Cylicocyclus elongatus, C. insigne, C. leptostomum and C. radiatus) showed a more generalist selection. The niche breadth of 10 species was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by itself intensity (Coronocyclus labratus, Cyathostomum pateratum, C. tetracanthum, Cylicocyclus elongatus, C. radiatus, C. ultrajectinus, C. leptostomum, Cylicodontophorus euproctus, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, P. ratzii). The niche breadth of Cylicocyclus nassatus was positively (p<0.05) influenced by the summed intensity of the other species while that of Cylicocyclus elongatus was negatively (p<0.05) influenced by the intensity of the other species. The cluster analysis of the Cyathostominae community composition showed a major cluster composed by the three dominant species, followed by a cluster composed by Coronocyclus coronatus, while all the other species presented a tree like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Morariu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Romania
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Romania.
| | - Corina Badea
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Dărăbuş
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timişoara, Romania
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Departement of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Genchi
- Departement of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Comparison of the larvicidal efficacies of moxidectin or a five-day regimen of fenbendazole in horses harboring cyathostomin populations resistant to the adulticidal dosage of fenbendazole. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Felippelli G, Cruz BC, Gomes LVC, Lopes WDZ, Teixeira WFP, Maciel WG, Buzzulini C, Bichuette MA, Campos GP, Soares VE, Bergamasco PLF, de Oliveira GP, da Costa AJ. Susceptibility of helminth species from horses against different chemical compounds in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:232-8. [PMID: 26277565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By means of parasitological necropsies, the present study aimed to evaluate, in six experiments, the degree of susceptibility or resistance of different helminth species which naturally infect horses to ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg, abamectin 0.2 mg/kg, moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg, trichlorfon 35 mg/kg, ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5 mg/kg, abamectin 0.2 mg/kg+praziquantel 2.5 mg/kg and ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg+6.6 mg/kg pyrantel. At experimental day zero, the horses were allocated to treatment groups based on average counts of strongylid eggs per gram of feces (EPG) obtained on days -3, -2 and -1. Oxyuris sp. infections were confirmed as positive or negative. All the animals in the six experiments were naturally infected by this helminth species. Each group (control or treated) consisted of six animals. All the assessed Habronema muscae populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin. Of the six Trichostrongylus axei populations, four were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel, and two were resistant to abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. Both Strongyloides westeri populations analyzed were susceptible to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin and abamectin+praziquantel. For O. equi, resistance was found in four different populations treated with ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, trichlorfon and ivermectin+praziquantel. Only combinations of abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel were effective against this parasite species. All the large strongyles diagnosed in the present study (Strongyus edentatus, Strongyus vulgaris and Triodontophorus serratus) were susceptible to all the chemicals tested, with the exception of trichlorfon. Of the Cyathostominae populations, one was diagnosed as resistant to ivermectin and another to trichlorfon. The remaining populations from this nematode group were considered to be sensitive to ivermectin, abamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin+praziquantel, abamectin+praziquantel and ivermectin+pyrantel. New studies should be performed in different regions to evaluate the efficacy of trichlorfon in others field populations of helminthes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Felippelli
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil..
| | - Weslen Fabrício Pires Teixeira
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Abud Bichuette
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pimentel Campos
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vando Edésio Soares
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Luzia Formigoni Bergamasco
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pereira de Oliveira
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- CPPAR - Animal Health Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donatto Castellane, s/n°. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Teixeira WFP, Felippelli G, Cruz BC, Maciel WG, Fávero FC, Gomes LVC, Buzzulini C, Prando L, Bichuette MA, Lopes WDZ, Oliveira GPD, Costa AJD. Endoparasites of horses from the Formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:534-8. [PMID: 25517536 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of studying the endoparasite fauna of horses from the Formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of Minas Gerais, 25 animals that were naturally infected with helminths were evaluated. By means of parasitological necropsies, different endoparasites were found. The subfamily Cyathostominae presented the highest incidence, followed by Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Triodontophorus serratus, Strongyloides westeri, Strongylus edentatus, Habronema muscae, Parascaris equorum, Probstmayria vivipara, Strongylus vulgaris, Gasterophilus nasalis, Anoplocephala magna and Anoplocephala perfoliata. In the present study, if the species Probstmayria vivipara was not considered in the prevalence, the frequency of Cyathostominae was equivalent to 94.85%. The results obtained in this study allowed us to detect and identify different species of helminths in horses, and confirmed the high incidence of nematodes belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae in the center-west region of Minas Gerais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felippelli
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian Giquelin Maciel
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carolina Fávero
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinicius Costa Gomes
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buzzulini
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Prando
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Abud Bichuette
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pereira de Oliveira
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Center of Research on Animal Health - CPPAR, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) Guideline: Anthelmintic combination products targeting nematode infections of ruminants and horses. Vet Parasitol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Getachew AM, Innocent G, Proudman CJ, Trawford A, Feseha G, Reid SWJ, Faith B, Love S. Field efficacy of praziquantel oral paste against naturally acquired equine cestodes in Ethiopia. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:141-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Toscan G, Cezar AS, Pereira RCF, Silva GB, Sangioni LA, Oliveira LSS, Vogel FSF. Comparative performance of macrocyclic lactones against large strongyles in horses. Parasitol Int 2012; 61:550-3. [PMID: 22580448 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several formulations of macrocyclic lactones (abamectin, ivermectin, moxidectin), including ivermectin combined with pyrantel (tetrahydropyrimidine) and ivermectin combined with praziquantel (pyrazinoisoquinolin derivative), were tested regarding their efficacy to control gastrointestinal nematodes of horses on a stud farm in southern Brazil. In addition, we tested a pharmaceutically produced generic paste containing ivermectin 4%. Similar formulations of avermectins had different efficacies measured by reduction of EPG. Levels of efficacy of the tested drugs varied against Strongylus edentatus, S. equinus and S. vulgaris. The generic paste (ivermectin 4%) was less effective than the conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Toscan
- Depto. de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 44, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Gokbulut C, Di Loria A, Gunay N, Masucci R, Veneziano V. Plasma disposition, concentration in the hair, and anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin after topical administration in donkeys. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1639-45. [PMID: 22126692 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma disposition, concentration in the hair, and anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin after topical administration in donkeys. ANIMALS 12 donkeys naturally infected with strongyle nematodes. PROCEDURES The pour-on formulation of eprinomectin approved for use in cattle was administered topically to donkeys at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg. Heparinized blood samples and hair samples were collected at various times between 1 hour and 40 days after administration. Samples were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Fecal strongyle egg counts were performed by use of a modified McMaster technique before and at weekly intervals for 8 weeks after treatment. RESULTS Plasma concentration and systemic availability of eprinomectin were relatively higher in donkeys, compared with values reported for other animal species. Concerning the anthelmintic efficacy against strongyle nematodes, eprinomectin was completely effective (100%) on days 7 and 14 and highly effective (> 99%) until the end of the study at 56 days after treatment. No abnormal clinical signs or adverse reactions were observed for any donkeys after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Eprinomectin had excellent safety. The relatively high plasma concentration after topical administration could result in use of eprinomectin for the control and treatment of parasitic diseases in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Isikli Koyu 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Anthelmintic efficacies of a tablet formula of ivermectin–praziquantel on horses experimentally infected with three Strongylus species. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:817-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Marchiondo AA, Holdsworth PA, Green P, Blagburn BL, Jacobs DE. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol 2006; 145:332-44. [PMID: 17140735 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are intended to assist the planning and conduct of laboratory and clinical studies to assess the efficacy of ectoparasiticides applied to dogs or cats for the purpose of treating, preventing and controlling flea and tick infestations. The term ectoparasiticide includes insecticidal and acaricidal compounds, as well as insect growth regulators. The range of biological activities accruing from animal treatment that are considered include: repellency and anti-feeding effects, knockdown, speed of kill, immediate and persistent lethal effects, and interference with egg fertility and subsequent development of off-host life cycle stages. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping, interpretation of results and animal welfare. These guidelines are also intended to assist registration authorities involved in the approval and registration of new parasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of harmonized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Marchiondo
- IVX Animal Health Inc., 3915 South 48th St. Terrace, St. Joseph, MO 64503-4711, United States of America.
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Steinbach T, Bauer C, Sasse H, Baumgärtner W, Rey-Moreno C, Hermosilla C, Damriyasa IM, Zahner H. Small strongyle infection: consequences of larvicidal treatment of horses with fenbendazole and moxidectin. Vet Parasitol 2006; 139:115-31. [PMID: 16675126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate adverse effects of larvicidal treatment in horses naturally infected with cyathostomins. Out of 24 ponies kept on pasture, four animals were housed in September and anthelmintically cured to serve as worm-free controls (group C-0). The others were housed in December. Eight animals each were treated 8 weeks later with 5 x 7.5mg/kg fenbendazole (FBZ) or 1 x 0.4 mg/kg moxidectin (MOX). Four animals remained untreated (group C-i). Two, 4, 6 and 14 days after the end of treatment two animals of each of the treated groups were necropsied together with group C-0 and C-i animals. Infected animals before treatment showed weight loss, eosinophilia, increased plasma protein and globulin contents. Treatment was followed by weight gain and temporal plasma protein and globulin increase. Proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood did not differ between the groups before treatment but dropped significantly temporally after FBZ treatment. Group C-0 was worm-free at necropsy. Group C-i animals contained variable numbers of luminal and tissue cyathostomins. Histological sections showed larval stages in the lamina propria und submucosa surrounded by macrophages. Either treatment was effective against luminal parasites and reduced the number of larvae in the bowel wall beginning 4-6 days after FBZ and 6-14 days after MOX treatment. Histologically, as a first reaction after FBZ application T lymphocytes accumulated around morphologically intact L4 in the submucosa. Subsequently T lymphocytes associated with eosinophils infiltrated the submucosa. Parasites became enclosed by granulomas with eosinophils adhering to and invading the larvae which started to disintegrate on day 4. Later on, particularly on day 14 inflammation extended into the mucosa and was frequently associated with ulcerations. Third stage larvae in general and L4 in the lamina propria, however, seemed not to be affected until day 14 and even then, parasites did usually not generate extensive inflammation. After MOX treatment severe morphologically detectable alterations of tissue larvae could not be observed earlier than day 14. Different from FBZ treatment, larvae disintegrated and were obviously resorbed without causing severe inflammation in the gut wall. In conclusion treatment with either drug was efficacious against tissue larvae of cyathostomins but there may be different clinical consequences: in contrast to MOX effects, killing of larvae due to FBZ was associated with severe tissue damage, which clinically may correspond to reactions caused by synchronous mass emergence of fourth stage larvae, i.e., may mimic larval cyathostominosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Steinbach
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 2, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Slocombe JOD. A modified critical test and its use in two dose titration trials to assess efficacy of praziquantel for Anoplocephala perfoliata in equids. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:127-35. [PMID: 16309843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this study with 43 equids naturally infected with Anoplocephala perfoliata in two dose titration trials were to document (i) the usefulness of a critical test with a 48 h treatment to necropsy period, (ii) efficacy of an oral paste of 0.5-2.0 mg praziquantel/kg body weight, and (iii) when after treatment would fecal egg counts provide best estimates of the tapeworm's prevalence in a herd. All feces passed by an equid after treatment and collected in successive 12 h batches were examined for tapeworms. At necropsy, tapeworms were identified as attached to the mucosa or unattached. Tapeworms were examined with a stereoscope and identified as normal or abnormal. Fecal samples were taken for egg counts at treatment and at 6 h intervals thereafter. In 32 of 36 treated equids, efficacy was 100% and mean efficacies for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg praziquantel/kg body weight were 85.5, 99.7, 100 and 100%, respectively. Two equids treated with 0.5 mg praziquantel/kg body weight had low efficacies (5.4 and 38.1%) and normal tapeworms were found attached in the ventral colon and in one equid also in the dorsal colon. In seven untreated equids, tapeworms were primarily in the cecum with 21.3% detached. "Major fragments" or worms without a scolex but otherwise nearly a complete worm were 20.5% of the number of intact worms; they were not included in the efficacy analysis but should be. If the two equids with low efficacy were eliminated and if the number of all tapeworms and major fragments are combined less than 0.5% were in feces within 12 h of treatment, about 20% were in the 12-24 h period, 42% in 24-36h, 24% in 36-48 h and 13.5% in the equids at necropsy. One horse passed all its tapeworms in 24 h. This 48 h test when compared with a 24 h one with no examination of feces was more efficient in use of trial animals and reduced underestimation and overestimation of efficacy. However, a protocol similar to the 48 h test but with a 24 or 36 h post-treatment period should be investigated. The mean egg count peaked 18-24 h after treatment and samples taken at that time would provide the best estimate of prevalence. The Cornell-Wisconsin centrifugal flotation technique had a specificity of 100% and at 18 and 24 h its sensitivity was 94%. A brief discussion on critical and controlled tests for assessing efficacy of an anthelmintic for A. perfoliata is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Owen D Slocombe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1. oslocomb@uoguelph,ca
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21
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Holdsworth PA, Kemp D, Green P, Peter RJ, De Bruin C, Jonsson NN, Letonja T, Rehbein S, Vercruysse J. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:29-43. [PMID: 16377090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides (excluding vaccines and other bio-control agents) against single and multi-host ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. The use of pen facilities is advocated for dose determination and confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. A minimum of two studies per tick species for which claims are sought is recommended for each dose determination and dose confirmation investigation. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate greater than 95% efficacy the sponsor may proceed to field studies, where a minimum of two studies per geographical location is preferred to confirm the therapeutic and persistent efficacy under field conditions. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate less than 95% efficacy then longer-term field studies can be conducted over two tick seasons with a minimum of two studies per geographical location. These studies can incorporate other control methods such as tick vaccines, to demonstrate stable long-term tick management. Specific advice is also given on conducting studies with paralysis ticks. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new acaricides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holdsworth
- Avcare Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia.
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22
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Holdsworth PA, Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Peter RJ, De Bruin C, Letonja T, Green P. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against myiasis causing parasites on ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:15-28. [PMID: 16359802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of efficacy of ectoparasiticides against the myiasis causing parasites of ruminants. These guidelines specifically focus on larvicidal efficacy against myiasis causing flies. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holdsworth
- Avcare Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia.
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23
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Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Holdsworth PA, Letonja T, Peter RJ. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:55-66. [PMID: 16406329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides against mange and itch mites on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines also are intended to assist the investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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24
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Holdsworth PA, Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Peter RJ, Letonja T, Green P. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting lice, sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:45-54. [PMID: 16359804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and sucking lice and sheep keds on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holdsworth
- Avcare Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia.
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25
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Holdsworth PA, Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Peter RJ, De Bruin C, Letonja T, Green P. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and nuisance flies on ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:3-13. [PMID: 16359803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides (excluding repellents) against the biting and nuisance dipteran flies of ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies. These guidelines also are intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific studies, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holdsworth
- Avcare Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra, 2601 ACT, Australia.
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26
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Coles GC, Jackson F, Pomroy WE, Prichard RK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Silvestre A, Taylor MA, Vercruysse J. The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:167-85. [PMID: 16427201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Before revised World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines on the detection of anthelmintic resistance can be produced, validation of modified and new methods is required in laboratories in different parts of the world. There is a great need for improved methods of detection of anthelmintic resistance particularly for the detection of macrocyclic lactone resistance and for the detection of resistant nematodes in cattle. Therefore, revised and new methods are provided here for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of ruminants, horses and pigs as a basis for discussion and with the purpose that they are evaluated internationally to establish whether they could in the future be recommended by the WAAVP. The interpretation of the faecal egg count reduction test has been modified and suggestions given on its use with persistent anthelmintics and continuous release devices. An egg hatch test for benzimidazole (BZ) resistance is described. A microagar larval development test for the detection of benzimidazole and levamisole resistance provides third stage larvae for the identification of resistant worms. The sensitivity of these two tests can be increased by using discriminating doses rather than LD(50) values. Details are given of a PCR based test for the analysis of benzimidazole resistance in strongyles of sheep and goats, horses and cattle. Although promising for ruminant trichostrongyles, quantitative determination of gene frequency using real time PCR requires further development before PCR tests will be used in the field. Apart from faecal egg count reduction tests there are currently no satisfactory tests for macrocylic lactone resistance despite the great importance of this subject. Except for treatment and slaughter trials there are no validated tests for fasciolicide resistance or for the detection of resistance in cestodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Coles
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, UK.
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27
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Otranto D, Lia RP, Cantacessi C, Galli G, Paradies P, Mallia E, Capelli G. Efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% versus fipronil 10%/(S)-methoprene 12%, against ticks in naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2005; 130:293-304. [PMID: 15893431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preventing tick bites is a fundamental step towards reducing the impact of tick-borne protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases (TBDs) in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% and of fipronil 10%/S-methoprene 12% against ticks in naturally infected dogs and to assess methodological parameters to calculate drug efficacy on tick immature stages. From July to August 2004, 45 privately owned dogs of various sexes, ages, breeds, coat length and habits were enrolled in a trial carried out in an area (radius approximately 50km) in Southern Italy. Three homogeneous groups (both for dog population and tick population) were formed: 15 dogs treated with imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% spot-on (group A), 15 dogs treated with fipronil 10% and methoprene 12% spot-on (group B) and 15 untreated dogs (group C). The dogs in each group were then sub-grouped according to their age and weight. Two different treatments were administered (time 0 and +28 days) to groups A and B, and the dogs were checked weekly for tick infestation until day +56 post-treatment (p.t.). Twenty-four areas distributed on the whole body surface were examined for ticks at each follow-up, while only at time 0 and at day +56 p.t., ticks were collected from the dogs and identified. For the immature stages a semi-quantitative method was adopted and the load of immature stages was evaluated and grouped into four classes up to day +56 p.t. when the mean number of immature ticks (MIT) for each infection class was evaluated. All the adult ticks collected were identified as brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Immature stages were first compared at day +28 p.t.. The efficacy of both products used in groups A and B on adult ticks was high and generally very similar. Conversely, the efficacy of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% against immatures was higher than that of fipronil 10% and methoprene 12% throughout the observation period with statistically significant differences (p<0.05) at day +28 p.t. (i.e. group A=98.52%, group B=72.40%). On the whole, in analysing the efficacy of both products against adult plus immature ticks, it was found that the combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% was more effective than fipronil 10% and methoprene 12%, with the differences being statistically significant at day +28 p.t. (group A=98.43%, group B=77.56%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
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Malone JB, Soulsby EJL, Roncalli R. History of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). Vet Parasitol 2004; 125:3-18. [PMID: 15476964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Forty years ago the first meeting of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitiology (WAAVP) was held in Hannover, Germany. We now have a thriving, internationally recognized organization; the meetings attract hundreds of scientists, attendance is increasing with almost every meeting. It is a useful time to review our beginnings, our development and our future. Our history has been one of innovation and activity and contributed to by its members in important areas of veterinary parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Malone
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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29
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Yazwinski TA, Chapman HD, Davis RB, Letonja T, Pote L, Maes L, Vercruysse J, Jacobs DE. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of anthelmintics in chickens and turkeys. Vet Parasitol 2003; 116:159-73. [PMID: 14519320 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies designed to assess the effectiveness of drugs against helminth parasites of chickens and turkeys. They are the first to be compiled under the auspices of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) for these parasites. The advantages and disadvantages of the widely used critical and controlled tests are discussed. Information is provided on the selection of animals for experiments, animal housing, feed, dose determination studies, confirmatory and field trials, record keeping and necropsy procedures. This document should help investigators and those involved in product approval and registration in conducting and evaluating studies concerned with determining the effectiveness and safety of anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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30
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Osterman Lind E, Eysker M, Nilsson O, Uggla A, Höglund J. Expulsion of small strongyle nematodes (cyathostomin spp) following deworming of horses on a stud farm in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:289-99. [PMID: 12944042 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on a stud farm in Sweden to investigate the species composition of cyathostomins expelled in the faeces of horses after deworming using three different anthelmintic preparations. Twenty-seven horses excreting > or = 200 strongyle eggs per gram faeces (EPG) were divided into three comparable groups and dewormed on day 0 with either of following compounds: 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg body weight (bw), 19 mg pyrantel pamoate per kg bw or 7.5 mg fenbendazole per kg bw. For each of the 3 days following anthelmintic treatment faeces was collected from individual horses and subsamples were fixed in formalin. Four days after the anthelmintic treatment all horses were re-treated with ivermectin and faeces was collected on day 5. Individual subsamples from each of the four sampling occasions were examined for cyathostomin nematodes. Sixty-three to 270 worms per horse were identified to the species level. The majority of the worms recovered were expelled during the first day from horses treated with ivermectin or pyrantel pamoate, and during the second day from horses treated with fenbendazole. Fifteen cyathostomin species were identified and the six most prevalent were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus, Cylicostephanus minutus and Cylicostephanus calicatus. These species composed 91% of the total burden of cyathostomins. The number of species found per horse ranged from 6 to 13, with an average of 9. No significant differences in species composition or distribution were found between the treatment groups. On day 5, i.e. 1 day after the last ivermectin treatment, 93% of the adult worms were recovered from horses in the fenbendazole group. This study showed that it was possible to identify cyathostomins expelled in faeces of dewormed horses, and that the most prevalent species corresponded to those found in autopsy surveys performed in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Osterman Lind
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Chapman MR, Kearney MT, Klei TR. Equine cyathostome populations: accuracy of species composition estimations. Vet Parasitol 2003; 116:15-21. [PMID: 14519323 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Historically, surveys of equine parasites either are not quantitative in regard to prevalence and intensities of cyathostome species, or if quantitative, are estimates based on the identification of a very small sample of the population. Commonly 100-200 worms are identified. In the current study cyathostomes from 10 ponies were counted and identified to species in subsets of approximately 200 worms each from 5% aliquots of the large intestine contents until all worms in the aliquot were examined. A mean of 10.9+/-4.3 species were identified by examining 200 cyathostomes from each animal. This number increased to 25.2+/-2.6 species when the 5% aliquots were totally examined, indicating that prevalence rates from species with low intensities are probably much greater than previous survey data indicate. A statistical model was used to determine how many worms need to be identified to give a 95% confidence level that all species present are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agricultural Center, 70803, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Dawson K. A non-lethal method for assessment of efficacy of antiparasitics against parasites in horses such as Anoplocephala perfoliata and Gasterophilus intestinalis. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:67-70. [PMID: 12860069 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sourcing of horses naturally infected with parasites such as Anoplocephala perfoliata and Gasterophilus intestinalis for antiparasitic efficacy slaughter studies is often difficult, expensive, and usually excessive numbers of animals must be slaughtered before significant data can be obtained. To overcome this problem a "Modified Critical Treatment Method" was developed. This method does not require the horses to be sacrificed, but relies on the collection and processing of all faecal material containing expelled parasites from test animals. Efficacy is assessed by comparing, in the same horses, the numbers of parasites expelled with the test compound with the total numbers removed with test and reference endectocides. This, for the most part, means that farms that were previously unavailable, e.g. studs, can now be used for the collection of efficacy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dawson
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Agriculture, RMB 8, Camden, NSW 2750, Australia.
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