1
|
Paul A, Roy PK, Babu NK, Singh S. Clotrimazole causes membrane depolarization and induces sub G 0 cell cycle arrest in Leishmania donovani. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107139. [PMID: 38307362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Clotrimazole is an FDA approved drug and is widely used as an antifungal agent. An extensive body of research is available about its mechanism of action on various cell types but its mode of killing of Leishmania donovani parasites is unknown. L. donovani causes Visceral Leishmaniasis which is a public health problem with limited treatment options. Its present chemotherapy is expensive, has adverse effects and is plagued with drug resistance issues. In this study we have explored the possibility of repurposing clotrimazole as an antileishmanial drug. We have assessed its efficacy on the parasites and attempted to understand its mode of action. We found that it has a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 35.75 ± 1.06 μM, 12.75 ± 0.35 μM and 73 ± 1.41 μM in promastigotes, intracellular amastigotes and macrophages, respectively. Clotrimazole is 5.73 times more selective for the intracellular amastigotes as compared to the mammalian cell. Effect of clotrimazole was reduced by ergosterol supplementation. It leads to impaired parasite morphology. It alters plasma membrane permeability and disrupts plasma membrane potential. Mitochondrial function is compromised as is evident from increased ROS generation, depolarized mitochondrial membrane and decreased ATP levels. Cell cycle analysis of clotrimazole treated parasites shows arrest at sub-G0 phase suggesting apoptotic mode of cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pradyot Kumar Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Neerupudi Kishore Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fawzi SF, Michel HE, Menze ET, Tadros MG, George MY. Clotrimazole ameliorates chronic mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior in rats; crosstalk between the HPA, NLRP3 inflammasome, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111354. [PMID: 38103406 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major emotional disorder that has a detrimental effect on quality of life. The chronic mild stress (CMS)-depression model was adopted in rats to evaluate the neurotherapeutic effect of Clotrimazole (CLO) and investigate the possible mechanisms of its antidepressant action via its impact on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress hormone, cortisol. It was found that azole antifungals affect steroidogenesis and the HPA axis. Behavioral, histopathological, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways were assessed. Serum cortisol, inflammasome biomarkers, hippocampal NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-18, and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin neurogenesis biomarkers, Wnt3a, and non-phosphorylated β-catenin levels were also determined. Different stressors were applied for 28 days to produce depressive-like symptoms, and CLO was administered at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Subsequently, behavioral and biochemical tests were carried out to assess the depressive-like phenotype in rats. Stressed rats showed increased immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST), decreased grooming time in the splash test (ST), increased serum cortisol levels, increased inflammasome biomarkers, and decreased neurogenesis. However, administration of CLO produced significant antidepressant-like effects in rats, which were accompanied by a significant decrease in immobility time in FST, an increase in grooming time in ST, a decrease in serum cortisol level, a decrease in inflammasome biomarkers, and an increase in neurogenesis biomarkers. The antidepressant mechanism of CLO involves the HPA axis and the anti-inflammatory effect, followed by neurogenesis pathway activation. Therefore, CLO may have the potential to be a novel antidepressant candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia F Fawzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Wu D, Li J, Ji X, Qi L, Sun Q, Wang A, Xie C, Gong J, Chen W. Multicomponent crystals of clotrimazole: a combined theoretical and experimental study. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Compared with clotrimazole, some multicomponent crystals showed an improvement in solubility and dissolution rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiulong Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xu Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Luguang Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qin Sun
- Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110021 P. R. China
| | - Aiyu Wang
- Shandong Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jining, Shandong, 272104, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raghunatha P, Vosoughi A, Kauppinen TM, Jackson MF. Microglial NMDA receptors drive pro-inflammatory responses via PARP-1/TRMP2 signaling. Glia 2020; 68:1421-1434. [PMID: 32036619 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation driven by microglia is a characteristic feature associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases. While acute inflammation can assist with recovery and repair, prolonged microglial pro-inflammatory responses are known to exacerbate neurodegenerative processes. Yet, detrimental outcomes of extended microglial activation are counterbalanced by beneficial outcomes including phagocytosis and release of trophic factors promoting neuronal viability. Our past work has shown that the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key signaling hub driving pro-inflammatory microglia responses, but the signaling pathway maintaining PARP-1 activation remains elusive. While best understood for its role in promoting DNA repair, our group has shown that PARP-1 activity can be stimulated via Ca2+ influx-dependent ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation. However, to date, the route of Ca2+ entry responsible for stimulating PARP-1 has not been identified. A likely candidate is via Ca2+ -permeable transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels activated downstream of PARP-1 in a cascade that involves ADP-ribose (ADPR) production by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Here we demonstrate that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation in primary cultured microglia induces their proliferation, morphological activation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. These responses were contingent on the recruitment of PARP-1, PARG and Ca2+ permeable TRPM2 channels. Furthermore, we show that Ca2+ influx is necessary to activate PARP-1/TRPM2 signaling, in an ERK1/2-dependent, but DNA damage independent, manner. Our findings, showing that PARP-1/TRPM2 mediate the pro-inflammatory effects of NMDAR stimulation, provides a unifying mechanism linking elevated glutamate levels to chronic neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Raghunatha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amir Vosoughi
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a calcium (Ca2+)-permeable non-selective cation channel belonging to the TRP ion channel family. Oxidative stress-induced TRPM2 activation provokes aberrant intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and cell death in a variety of cell types, including neurons. Aberrant TRPM2 function has been implicated in several neurological disorders including ischemia/stroke, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease and bipolar disorder. In addition to research identifying a role for TRPM2 in disease, progress has been made in the identification of physiological functions of TRPM2 in the brain, including recent evidence that TRPM2 is necessary for the induction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term depression, an important form of synaptic plasticity at glutamate synapses. Here, we summarize recent evidence on the role of TRPM2 in the central nervous system (CNS) in health and disease and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting TRPM2. Collectively, these studies suggest that TRPM2 represents a prospective novel therapeutic target for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Corinne Belrose
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5A5, Canada
- E-mail
| | - Michael Frederick Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi C, Zeng J, Li Z, Chen Q, Hang W, Xia L, Wu Y, Chen J, Shi A. Melatonin Mitigates Kainic Acid-Induced Neuronal Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Memory Deficits through Alleviating ER Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:5. [PMID: 29416502 PMCID: PMC5787934 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA) exposure causes neuronal degeneration featured by Alzheimer-like tau hyperphosphorylation and memory deficits. Melatonin (Mel) is known to protect hippocampal neurons against KA-induced damage. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study, we investigated the protective effect of melatonin on KA-induced tau hyperphosphorylation by focusing on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated signaling pathways. By using primary hippocampal neurons and mouse brain, we showed that KA treatment specifically induced ER stress and activated GSK-3β and CDK5, two major kinases responsible for tau phosphorylation. Inhibition of ER stress efficiently inactivated GSK-3β and CDK5. Mechanistically, we found that KA-induced ER stress significantly activated calpain, a calcium-dependent protease. Inhibition of ER stress or calpain leads to the reduction in KA-induced GSK-3β and CDK5 activities and tau phosphorylation. Moreover, GSK-3β or CDK5 inhibition failed to downregulate ER stress efficiently, suggesting that ER stress functions upstream of GSK-3β or CDK5. Notably, our results revealed that melatonin acts against KA-induced neuronal degeneration and tau hyperphosphorylation via easing ER stress, further highlighting the protective role of melatonin in the KA-induced neuronal defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Hang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangtao Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xue F, Shi C, Chen Q, Hang W, Xia L, Wu Y, Tao SZ, Zhou J, Shi A, Chen J. Melatonin Mediates Protective Effects against Kainic Acid-Induced Neuronal Death through Safeguarding ER Stress and Mitochondrial Disturbance. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:49. [PMID: 28293167 PMCID: PMC5329003 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal death is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress. Melatonin is known to protect hippocampal neurons from KA-induced apoptosis, but the exact mechanisms underlying melatonin protective effects against neuronal mitochondria disorder and ER stress remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the sheltering roles of melatonin during KA-induced apoptosis by focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress mediated signal pathways. KA causes mitochondrial dynamic disorder and dysfunction through calpain activation, leading to neuronal apoptosis. Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM and calpain inhibitor calpeptin can significantly restore mitochondrial morphology and function. ER stress can also be induced by KA treatment. ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) attenuates ER stress-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial disorder. It is worth noting that calpain activation was also inhibited under PBA administration. Thus, we concluded that melatonin effectively inhibits KA-induced calpain upregulation/activation and mitochondrial deterioration by alleviating Ca2+ overload and ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixiao Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Third HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Cai Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Hang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Liangtao Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Sophia Z Tao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China; Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suñer J, Calpena AC, Clares B, Cañadas C, Halbaut L. Development of Clotrimazole Multiple W/O/W Emulsions as Vehicles for Drug Delivery: Effects of Additives on Emulsion Stability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:539-550. [PMID: 27126008 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple emulsions have attracted considerable attention in recent years for application as potential delivery systems for different drugs. The aim of the present work is to design a new formulation containing clotrimazole (CLT) loaded into multiple emulsions by two-step emulsification method for transdermal delivery. Different ingredients and quantities like primary and secondary co-emulsifiers and the nature of oily phase were assayed in order to optimize the best system for good. Resulting formulations were characterized in terms of droplet size, conductivity, pH, entrapment efficiency, rheological behavior, and stability under various storage conditions for 180 days. pH values of multiple emulsions containing CLT ranged from 7.04 ± 0.03 to 6.23 ± 0.04. Droplet size increased when increasing concentration of sorbitan stearate. The addition of polysorbate 80 resulted in significant decrease of oil droplet size comparing with those prepared without this. CLT entrapment efficiency ranged between 85.64% and 97.47%. All formulations exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow with some apparent thixotropic behavior. Cross and Herschel-Bulkley equations were the models that best fitted experimental data. In general, the addition of 1% polysorbate 80 resulted in a decrease of viscosity values. No signals of optical instability were observed, and physicochemical properties remained almost constant when samples were stored at room temperature after 180 days. On the contrary, samples stored at 40°C exhibited pronounced increase in conductivity values 24 h after elaboration and some of them were unstable after 180 days of storage. JMLP01 was proposed as an innovative and stable system to incorporate CLT as active pharmaceutical ingredient.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nezhad ZK, Nagai N, Yamamoto K, Kaji H, Nishizawa M, Saya H, Nakazawa T, Abe T. Application of clotrimazole via a novel controlled release device provides potent retinal protection. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:230. [PMID: 26335210 PMCID: PMC4559097 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of legal blindness among older individuals. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic agents and optimum drug delivery systems for its treatment are crucial. In this study, we investigate whether clotrimazole (CLT) is capable of protecting retinal cells against oxidative-induced injury and the possible inhibitory effect of a sustained CLT-release device against light-induced retinal damage in rats. In vitro results indicated pretreatment of immortalized retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE-J cells) with 10-50 µM CLT before exposure to oxygen/glucose deprivation conditions for 48 h decreased the extent of cell death, attenuated the percentage of reactive oxygen species-positive cells, and decreased the levels of cleaved caspase-3. The device consists of a separately fabricated reservoir, a CLT formulation, and a controlled release cover, which are made of poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) and tri(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDM). The release rate of CLT was successfully tuned by changing the ratio of PEGDM/TEGDM in the cover. In vivo results showed that use of a CLT-loaded device lessened the reduction of electroretinographic amplitudes after light exposure. These findings indicate that the application of a polymeric CLT-loaded device may be a promising method for the treatment of some retinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaleh Kashkouli Nezhad
- />Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nagai
- />Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamamoto
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- />Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- />Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- />Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- />Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Abe
- />Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferreira R, Wong R, Schlichter LC. KCa3.1/IK1 Channel Regulation by cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKG) via Reactive Oxygen Species and CaMKII in Microglia: An Immune Modulating Feedback System? Front Immunol 2015; 6:153. [PMID: 25904916 PMCID: PMC4389654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel, KCa3.1 (IK1/SK4/KCNN4) is widely expressed in the innate and adaptive immune system. KCa3.1 contributes to proliferation of activated T lymphocytes, and in CNS-resident microglia, it contributes to Ca2+ signaling, migration, and production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., reactive oxygen species, ROS). KCa3.1 is under investigation as a therapeutic target for CNS disorders that involve microglial activation and T cells. However, KCa3.1 is post-translationally regulated, and this will determine when and how much it can contribute to cell functions. We previously found that KCa3.1 trafficking and gating require calmodulin (CaM) binding, and this is inhibited by cAMP kinase (PKA) acting at a single phosphorylation site. The same site is potentially phosphorylated by cGMP kinase (PKG), and in some cells, PKG can increase Ca2+, CaM activation, and ROS. Here, we addressed KCa3.1 regulation through PKG-dependent pathways in primary rat microglia and the MLS-9 microglia cell line, using perforated-patch recordings to preserve intracellular signaling. Elevating cGMP increased both the KCa3.1 current and intracellular ROS production, and both were prevented by the selective PKG inhibitor, KT5823. The cGMP/PKG-evoked increase in KCa3.1 current in intact MLS-9 microglia was mediated by ROS, mimicked by applying hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), inhibited by a ROS scavenger (MGP), and prevented by a selective CaMKII inhibitor (mAIP). Similar results were seen in alternative-activated primary rat microglia; their KCa3.1 current required PKG, ROS, and CaMKII, and they had increased ROS production that required KCa3.1 activity. The increase in current apparently did not result from direct effects on the channel open probability (Po) or Ca2+ dependence because, in inside-out patches from transfected HEK293 cells, single-channel activity was not affected by cGMP, PKG, H2O2 at normal or elevated intracellular Ca2+. The regulation pathway we have identified in intact microglia and MLS-9 cells is expected to have broad implications because KCa3.1 plays important roles in numerous cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ferreira
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang E, Liao P. Brain transient receptor potential channels and stroke. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:1165-83. [PMID: 25502473 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been increasingly implicated in the pathological mechanisms of CNS disorders. TRP expression has been detected in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells as well as in the cerebral vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. In stroke, TRPC3/4/6, TRPM2/4/7, and TRPV1/3/4 channels have been found to participate in ischemia-induced cell death, whereas other TRP channels, in particular those expressed in nonneuronal cells, have been less well studied. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the expression and functions of the TRP channels in various cell types in the brain and our current understanding of TRP channels in stroke pathophysiology. In an aging society, the occurrence of stroke is expected to increase steadily, and there is an urgent requirement to improve the current stroke management strategy. Therefore, elucidating the roles of TRP channels in stroke could shed light on the development of novel therapeutic strategies and ultimately improve stroke outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zhang
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ziemińska E, Stafiej A, Toczyłowska B, Lazarewicz JW. Synergistic neurotoxicity of oxygen-glucose deprivation and tetrabromobisphenol A in vitro: role of oxidative stress. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1166-78. [PMID: 23238473 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a toxic brominated flame retardant. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure of primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC) to ≥ 10 μM TBBPA induces toxicity and excitotoxicity, and the underlying mechanism may involve calcium imbalance and oxidative stress. Here we examined whether the application of TBBPA at subtoxic concentrations may exacerbate acute damage of CGC challenged with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and evaluated with fluorescent indicators the involvement of calcium imbalance, mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. METHODS Survival of CGC was assessed 24 h after OGD/TBBPA using fluorescent dyes. An OGD challenge lasting for 45, 60 or 75 min induced a duration-dependent injury to the neurons. RESULTS Application of 2.5, 5 or 7.5 μM TBBPA for 45 min to normoxic and glucose-containing incubation medium did not reduce the viability of cultured CGC, but this compound exacerbated the toxic effects of OGD in a concentration-dependent way. Moreover, TBBPA had a slight effect on calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial membrane potential, but significantly activated the production of reactive oxygen species in CGC. The application of H(2)O(2) at 5, 10 and 25 μM mimicked the effects of TBBPA on OGD toxicity, while 0.1 mM ascorbic acid or 1 mM glutathione ameliorated this toxicity. CONCLUSION These results suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in the synergistic neurotoxic effects of TBBPA and OGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Ziemińska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, PL 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cekic AB, Alhan E, Usta A, Türkyılmaz S, Kural BV, Erçin C. Effects of clotrimazol on the acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Inflammation 2013; 36:1576-83. [PMID: 23892997 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the influence of clotrimazol (CLTZ) on acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) induced by glycodeoxycholic acid in rats. Rats were divided into five groups as sham + saline, sham + CLTZ, sham + polyethylene glycol, ANP + saline, and ANP + CLTZ. ANP in rats was induced by glycodeoxycholic acid. The extent of acinar cell injury, mortality, systemic cardiorespiratory variables, functional capillary density (FCD), renal/hepatic functions, and changes in some enzyme markers for pancreatic and lung tissue were investigated during ANP in rats. The use of CLTZ after the induction of ANP resulted in a significant decrease in the mortality rate, pancreatic necrosis, and serum activity of amylase, alanine aminotransferase, interleukin-6, lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum concentration of urea, and tissue activity of myeloperoxidase, and malondialdehyde in the pancreas and lung and a significant increase in concentrations of calcium, blood pressure, urine output, pO2, and FCD. This study showed that CLTZ demonstrated beneficial effect on the course of ANP in rats. Therefore, it may be used in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
14
|
MacDonald JF, Belrose JC, Xie YF, Jackson MF. Nonselective cation channels and links to hippocampal ischemia, aging, and dementia. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013; 961:433-47. [PMID: 23224901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very strong risk factor for dementia. Furthermore, ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share a number of overlapping mechanisms of neuron loss and dysfunction, including those induced by the inappropriate activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These receptors form a major subtype of excitatory glutamate receptor. They are nonselective cation channels with appreciable Ca(2+) permeability, and their overactivation leads to neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus. NMDARs have therefore been therapeutic targets in both conditions, but they have failed in the treatment of stroke, and there is limited rationale for using them in treating AD. In this chapter, we discuss current understanding of subtypes of NMDARs and their potential roles in -ischemic stroke and AD. We also discuss the properties of several other nonselective cation channels, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 and 7 channels, and their implications in linking these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F MacDonald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim S, Lee K, Koh S, Park H, Yu H, Lee YJ. Role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in the neuroprotective effects of cilnidipine against hypoxia in a primary culture of cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1172-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Osmanağaoğlu MA, Kesim M, Yuluğ E, Menteşe A, Karahan SC. Ovarian-protective effects of clotrimazole on ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat ovarian-torsion model. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2012; 74:125-30. [PMID: 22889839 DOI: 10.1159/000339134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the ovarian-protective effects of clotrimazole on ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat ovarian-torsion model. METHODS 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) ischemia group (n = 8) in which only left adnexal torsion was performed for 2 h, but no treatment was given; (2) vehicle group (n = 8) in which left adnexal torsion was performed for 2 h and at the end of 2 h ischemia polyethylene glycol (3% PEG, 1 ml, i.p.) was administered and a 24-hour reperfusion was continued; (3) clotrimazole group (n = 8) in which left adnexal torsion was performed for 2 h and at the end of 2 h ischemia clotrimazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered and a 24-hour reperfusion was continued, and (4) control group (sham-operated, n = 6) in which no adnexal torsion and no treatment were given. The criteria for ovarian ischemia were follicular cell degeneration, vascular congestion, hemorrhage and infiltration by inflammatory cells. Each specimen was scored for each criterion (0, none; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe). RESULTS Clotrimazole significantly decreased plasma levels of serum malondialdehyde, ischemia-modified albumin, and total oxidant status. CONCLUSION This study showed the ovarian-protective effects of clotrimazole on ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Osmanağaoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. drmaosmanaga @ gmail.com
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mendonça PR, Amorim HA, Scorza CA, Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, Scorza FA. Animal study results suggest that an antifungal drug works against neuronal loss in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 23:174-5. [PMID: 22197717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Choi H, Park HH, Koh SH, Choi NY, Yu HJ, Park J, Lee YJ, Lee KY. Coenzyme Q10 protects against amyloid beta-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and activating the P13K pathway. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
19
|
Iannelli A, de Sousa G, Zucchini N, Saint-Paul MC, Gugenheim J, Rahmani R. Anti-Apoptotic Pro-Survival Effect of Clotrimazole in a Normothermic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Animal Model. J Surg Res 2011; 171:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
Zhou J, Wang H, Xiong Y, Li Z, Feng Y, Chen J. Puerarin attenuates glutamate-induced neurofilament axonal transport impairment. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 132:150-156. [PMID: 20727960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Puerarin (Pur) is a primary component of the most functional extracts of Pueraria lobata used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Since it has been postulated that Pur protects the brain against glutamate (Glu) neurotoxicity, we investigated the effects of Pur on Glu-induced axonal transport impairment in primary hippocampal neurons in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary hippocampal cultures were prepared from 2-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i), neurofilament (NF) phosphorylation and protein kinase activity for Cdk5 were measured. Time-lapse imaging technology was used to capture the NF axonal transport in the cultured neurons with transiently transfected fluorescence protein linked to the N-terminus of NF-M (EGFP-NFM). RESULTS The results showed that Pur significantly diminished the Glu-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) in dose-dependent manner and antagonized the Glu-evoked increases in NF phosphorylation at protein levels. The neurons under the Glu treatment displayed the accumulation of immobile NF clusters in the cell body and the reduced rates of axonal transport of NFs by 72.8% compared to the control neurons. Intriguingly, Pur reversed the slowed rate of the axonal transport by 35.6%. Pur also remarkably attenuated Glu-evoked activation of Cdk5. CONCLUSIONS Pur may play a role in protecting against Glu-induced NF axonal transport impairment in rat primary hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the increased [Ca(2+)](i) and by impeding the activation of Cdk5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee YJ, Park KH, Park HH, Kim YJ, Lee KY, Kim SH, Koh SH. Cilnidipine mediates a neuroprotective effect by scavenging free radicals and activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. J Neurochem 2009; 111:90-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Chen X, Lan X, Mo S, Qin J, Li W, Liu P, Han Y, Pi R. p38 and ERK, but not JNK, are involved in copper-induced apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:944-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Usul H, Arslan E, Cansever T, Cobanoglu U, Baykal S. Effects of clotrimazole on experimental spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:2863-7. [PMID: 19092615 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181906e6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of clotrimazole was examined using a spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion model. METHODS Twenty albino Wistar rats weighing 234 +/- 12.3 g were used in this study. Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg ketamine HCl. All animals underwent laparotomy under aseptic conditions. Abdominal aortas of the animals in all but the sham group were exposed. After opening the retroperitoneum, the infrarenal abdominal aorta was clipped for 45 minutes to produce ischemia/reperfusion injury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG, 1 mL) was administrated to the vehicle group. PEG (1 mL) and clotrimazole (30 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in the clotrimazole group. Total laminectomy of T8-T12 was performed on all rats under a microscope. Spinal cords were excised for a length of 2-cm rostrally and 1-cm caudally to the injury site and deep frozen at -76 degrees C for biochemical studies. The levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were measured as an indicator of ischemia level. The most cranial part of the specimens was evaluated morphologically. RESULTS Treatment with clotrimazole significantly decreased malondialdehyde, glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in comparison with other groups (P = 0.008). Morphologic evaluation revealed that clotrimazole protected the axons and their myelin sheaths from ischemic damage. CONCLUSION This study showed the neuroprotective effects of clotrimazole on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
|
24
|
Matsui H, Sakanashi Y, Oyama TM, Oyama Y, Yokota SI, Ishida S, Okano Y, Oyama TB, Nishimura Y. Imidazole antifungals, but not triazole antifungals, increase membrane Zn2+ permeability in rat thymocytes. Toxicology 2008; 248:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Zhou W, Zhu X, Zhu L, Cui YY, Wang H, Qi H, Ren QS, Chen HZ. Neuroprotection of muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine against glutamate-induced apoptosis in retinal neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:263-75. [PMID: 18172757 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection offers potential as an alternative therapy for glaucoma. Pilocarpine, as a typical muscarinic receptor agonist, remains among the major intraocular pressure lowering drugs for the conventional treatment of glaucoma. However, whether pilocarpine also possesses neuroprotection against glutamate cytotoxicity in retinal neurons is still unknown. In rat primary retinal cultures, identification of neuron, cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential, gene expression were studied by immunofluorescence, MTT, High Content Scanning, confocal microscopy, reverse-transcription PCR, and western blot analysis, respectively. Pretreatment of pilocarpine could prevent glutamate-induced neuron death, which was blocked by the non-selective antagonist atropine and the M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine. The antiapoptotic effect of pilocarpine was associated with maintaining calcium homeostasis, recovering mitochondrial membrane potential, and regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. These studies demonstrated that pilocarpine had effective protection against glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis through M1 muscarinic receptor. The results may provide an insight into the new mechanism of glaucoma therapy that pilocarpine may potentially act as a retinal neuroprotectant.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shin KY, Lee GH, Park CH, Kim HJ, Park SH, Kim S, Kim HS, Lee KS, Won BY, Lee HG, Choi JH, Suh YH. A novel compound, maltolyl p-coumarate, attenuates cognitive deficits and shows neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo dementia models. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2500-11. [PMID: 17600377 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To develop a novel and effective drug that could enhance cognitive function and neuroprotection, we newly synthesized maltolyl p-coumarate by the esterification of maltol and p-coumaric acid. In the present study, we investigated whether maltolyl p-coumarate could improve cognitive decline in scopolamine-injected rats and in amyloid beta peptide(1-42)-infused rats. Maltolyl p-coumarate was found to attenuate cognitive deficits in both rat models using passive avoidance test and to reduce apoptotic cell death observed in the hippocampus of the amyloid beta peptide(1-42)-infused rats. We also examined the neuroprotective effects of maltolyl p-coumarate in vitro using SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were pretreated with maltolyl p-coumarate, before exposed to amyloid beta peptide(1-42), glutamate or H2O2. We found that maltolyl p-coumarate significantly decreased apoptotic cell death and reduced reactive oxygen species, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation. Taking these in vitro and in vivo results together, our study suggests that maltolyl p-coumarate is a potentially effective candidate against Alzheimer's disease that is characterized by wide spread neuronal death and progressive decline of cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Alzheimer's Dementia and Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oyama TM, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Sakanashi Y, Morimoto M, Matsui H, Oyama Y. Clotrimazole, an antifungal drug possessing diverse actions, increases membrane permeation of cadmium in rat thymocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1505-12. [PMID: 17703912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous study, clotrimazole, an antifungal drug, exerted potent cytotoxic action on rat thymocytes in presence of metal divalent cations such as Cd(2+) and Pb(2+). To reveal one of toxicological characteristics of clotrimazole, we examined the effect of clotrimazole on intracellular concentration of metal divalent cations by flow cytometer with fluo-3, a fluorescent. Simultaneous application of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) significantly decreased the cell viability although their concentrations were not cytotoxic, respectively. Clotrimazole alone increased the intensity of fluo-3 fluorescence, suggesting an increased concentration of intracellular Ca(2+). The intensity of fluo-3 fluorescence augmented by the combination of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) was much higher than that by respective agents. Removal of external Ca(2+) further increased the intensity of fluorescence augmented by the combination. Furthermore, the application of MnCl(2) did not attenuate the intensity in the presence of CdCl(2). Therefore, it is suggested that the augmentation of fluo-3 fluorescence in the simultaneous presence of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) is Cd(2+)-dependent. Clotrimazole may increase membrane permeation of Cd(2+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro M Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu X, Zheng X. Potential involvement of calcium and nitric oxide in protective effects of puerarin on oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 113:421-6. [PMID: 17698307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms underlying neuroprotection of puerarin (Pur) against cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Primary hippocampal cultures were prepared from 2-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After 8 days in vitro, the cultures subjected to 3h oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). Flow cytometric analysis of annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) labeling cells found that apoptosis and necrosis were significantly reduced in the cultured hippocampal neurons by addition of Pur during 3h OGD and for the following 24h. Pur (40 and 100 microM) also attenuated glutamate (Glu) induced neuronal damage, suppressing apoptosis and necrosis induced by Glu of 0.5mM. Furthermore, the changes in intracellular Ca(2+) and generation of nitric oxide (NO) were measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy with Fluo-3, a Ca(2+) probe, and diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF DA), a NO probe, respectively. In agreement with the results from flow cytometric analysis, Pur (40 and 100 microM) markedly slowed down OGD-induced Ca(2+) influx and lowered the intracellular Ca(2+) peak. Meanwhile, NO synthesis induced by OGD was significantly inhibited by Pur. Our findings suggest that Pur can ameliorate hippocampal neuronal death induced by OGD in vitro. The protective effects of Pur are associated with inhibiting the action of glutaminergic transmitter, intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and neuronal NO synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oyama TM, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Matsui H, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Oyama Y. Clotrimazole, an antifungal drug possessing diverse actions, increases the vulnerability to cadmium in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus. Toxicology 2006; 228:269-79. [PMID: 17055140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since clotrimazole, known as an antifungal drug, exerts diverse actions on cellular functions, it is expected that clotrimazole can be used for other purposes. This antifungal drug protects the cells overloaded with Ca(2+) by A23187, a calcium ionophore. Therefore, the agent may prevent the cells from death induced by heavy metals such as CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) that are respectively proposed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. To test this possibility, we have examined the effect of clotrimazole on the cells simultaneously treated with CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) using rat thymocytes and a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. The simultaneous application of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) significantly decreased cell viability, even though the concentrations of both were ineffective at affecting the viability. The significant decrease in cell viability was not due to the inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels that were induced by clotrimazole. The simultaneous application increased the population of cells with phosphatidylserine exposed on membrane surface, indicating the change in asymmetrical distribution of membrane phospholipids. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) under nominally Ca(2+)-free condition was more profound than that under normal Ca(2+) condition. Therefore, the membrane may be a target for the cytotoxic action of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) that were simultaneously applied. It is also the case for PbCl(2), but not the case for HgCl(2). It is concluded that clotrimazole can modulate the cytotoxicity of some heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro M Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Usul H, Cakir E, Arslan E, Peksoylu B, Alver A, Sayin OC, Topbas M, Baykal S. Effects of Clotrimazole on Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:571-5. [PMID: 16740425 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined a possible neuroprotective effect of clotrimazole on spinal cord clip compression injury. METHODS Rivlin and Tator's acute extradural clip compression injury (CCI) model was used for producing SCI on 24 albino Wistar rats weighing 180-250 g. All rats were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg ketamine HCl intraperitoneally and were breathing spontaneously without tracheal intubation. Total laminectomy of T8-T12 was performed on all rats under operation microscope, and CCI was performed on all rats (expect those in group 1) with a 50-g closing force aneurysm clip for 1 min. Three hours later, all of the rats were killed with sodium pentobarbital. Spinal cords were excised for a length of 2 cm; 1 cm rostrally and caudally to the injury site and deep frozen at -76 degrees C for biochemical studies. RESULTS Treatment with clotrimazole decreased MDA levels in rats with SCI with a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this the first study that shows the effects of clotrimazole on spinal cord clip compression injury. Clotrimazole was found to be effective on spinal cord clip compression injury, but further investigations are mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Usul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pi R, Li W, Lee NTK, Chan HHN, Pu Y, Chan LN, Sucher NJ, Chang DC, Li M, Han Y. Minocycline prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons by differential regulation of p38 and Akt pathways. J Neurochem 2005; 91:1219-30. [PMID: 15569265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline has been shown to have remarkably neuroprotective qualities, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We reported here the robust neuroprotection by minocycline against glutamate-induced apoptosis through regulations of p38 and Akt pathways. Pre-treatment of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with minocycline (10-100 microm) elicited a dose-dependent reduction of glutamate excitotoxicity and blocked glutamate-induced nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentations. Using patch-clamping and fluorescence Ca2+ imaging techniques, it was found that minocycline neither blocked NMDA receptors, nor reduced glutamate-caused rises in intracellular Ca2+. Instead, confirmed by immunoblots, minocycline in vivo and in vitro was shown to directly inhibit the activation of p38 caused by glutamate. A p38-specific inhibitor, SB203580, also attenuated glutamate excitotoxicity. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of minocycline were blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin, while pharmacologic inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) attenuated glutamate-induced apoptosis. In addition, immunoblots revealed that minocycline reversed the suppression of phosphorylated Akt and GSK3beta caused by glutamate, as were abolished by PI3-K inhibitors. These results demonstrate that minocycline prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in CGNs by directly inhibiting p38 activity and maintaining the activation of PI3-K/Akt pathway, which offers a novel modality as to how the drug exerts protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Koh SH, Kwon H, Park KH, Ko JK, Kim JH, Hwang MS, Yum YN, Kim OH, Kim J, Kim HT, Do BR, Kim KS, Kim H, Roh H, Yu HJ, Jung HK, Kim SH. Protective effect of diallyl disulfide on oxidative stress-injured neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 133:176-86. [PMID: 15710234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS), a garlic-derived compound, on the viability of neuronal cells and cell signals, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), cytochrome c, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were investigated in PC12 cells neuronally differentiated by nerve growth factor. To evaluate the toxicity of DADS itself, nPC12 cells were treated with several concentrations of DADS, and 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue stain revealed that the viability was not affected by low concentration of DADS, up to 20 microM, but it was decreased at higher than this concentration. The levels of free radicals and membrane lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in nPC12 cells when treated with more than 50 microM DADS, and treatment of PC12 cells with 100 microM DADS killed the cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt and by promoting activation of GSK-3 and caspase-3, release of cytochrome c, and cleavage of PARP. To evaluate the protective effects of low concentration of DADS on oxidative stress-injured nPC12 cells, the viability of the cells (pretreated with DADS for 2 h vs. not pretreated) was evaluated 24 h after exposure to 100 microM H2O2 for 30 min. Compared to the cells treated with 100 microM H2O2 only, pretreatment of the cells with 20 microM DADS before exposure to 100 microM H2O2 increased the viability and induced activation of PI3K and Akt, inactivation of GSK-3, and inhibition of cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage. These results indicate that low concentration of DADS has neuroprotective effects by activating PI3K/Akt and by inhibiting GSK-3 activation, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage, whereas high concentration is rather cytotoxic. Therefore, some specific optimum concentration of DADS may be a new potential therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress injured in vitro model of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mauler F, Hinz V, Horváth E, Schuhmacher J, Hofmann HA, Wirtz S, Hahn MG, Urbahns K. Selective intermediate-/small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNN4) blockers are potent and effective therapeutics in experimental brain oedema and traumatic brain injury caused by acute subdural haematoma. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1761-8. [PMID: 15379997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early deterioration and death after brain injury is often the result of oedema in the injured and peri-lesional tissue. So far, no pharmacotherapy is available that exhibits significant brain oedema-reducing efficacy in patients. We selected two low molecular weight compounds from different chemical classes, a triazole (1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1,2,3-triazole) and a cyclohexadiene (methyl 4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methyl-3-oxo-1,4,7-tetrahydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxylate) to characterize their pharmacological properties on KCNN4 channels (intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily N, member 4) in vitro as well as in vivo. In vitro we replaced potassium by rubidium (Rb+) and determined Rb+ fluxes evoked by 10 micro m of the calcium ionophore A23187 on C6BU1 rat glioma cells. Compared with known KCNN4 blockers, such as clotrimazole (IC50=360 +/- 12 nm) and charybdotoxin (IC50=3.3 +/- 1.9 nm), the triazole and cyclohexadiene were considerably more potent than clotrimazole and displayed similar potencies (IC50=12.1 +/- 8.8 and 13.3 +/- 4.7 nm, respectively). In the rat acute subdural haematoma model, both the triazole and cyclohexadiene displayed reduction of brain water content (-26% at 0.3 mg/kg and -24% at 0.01 mg/kg) and reduction of the intracranial pressure (-46% at 0.1 mg/kg and -60% at 0.003 mg/kg) after 24 h when administered as a 4-h infusion immediately after brain injury. When infarct volumes were determined after 7 days, the triazole as well as the cyclohexadiene displayed strong neuroprotective efficacy (-52% infarct volume reduction at 1.2 mg/kg and -43% at 0.04 mg/kg, respectively). It is concluded that blockade of KCNN4 channels is a new pharmacological approach to attenuate acute brain damage caused by traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mauler
- CNS Research, Bayer Health Care, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hill K, McNulty S, Randall AD. Inhibition of TRPM2 channels by the antifungal agents clotrimazole and econazole. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2004; 370:227-37. [PMID: 15549272 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-004-0981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TRPM2 is a Ca(2+)-permeable non-selective cation channel that uniquely is activated by intracellular ADP-ribose. To date, only one pharmacological blocker of this channel, namely flufenamic acid (FFA), has been described. Here we demonstrate, using patch clamp electrophysiology, that the antifungal imidazoles clotrimazole and econazole inhibit ADP-ribose-activated currents in HEK-293 cells expressing recombinant human TRPM2 (hTRPM2). For both compounds, all concentrations in a range from 3 microM to 30 microM produced an essentially complete inhibition of the TRPM2-mediated current. The rate of current antagonism was dependent on the concentration applied, with higher concentrations producing faster block. In addition, decreasing extracellular pH accelerated inhibition of TRPM2 by both clotrimazole and econazole; extracellular alkalisation produced the converse effect. Additional experiments indicated hTRPM2 activation was required for the antagonism of either compound to develop, and that neither compound blocked from the intracellular face of the plasma membrane. ADP-ribose-activated whole-cell and single-channel currents in the rat insulinoma cell-line CRI-G1 were also antagonised by clotrimazole. Contrary to the observations made with hTRPM2, antagonism in CRI-G1 cells could be largely reversed following clotrimazole removal. These experiments suggest that imidazole antifungals may be useful tool antagonists for future studies of TRPM2 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hill
- Neurology and GI CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd, New Frontiers Science Park (North), CM19 5AW, Harlow, Essex, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Koh SH, Kim SH, Kwon H, Park Y, Kim KS, Song CW, Kim J, Kim MH, Yu HJ, Henkel JS, Jung HK. Epigallocatechin gallate protects nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells from oxidative-radical-stress-induced apoptosis through its effect on phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 118:72-81. [PMID: 14559356 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) pathway during oxidative-stress-induced injury were studied using H2O2-treated PC12 cells, which were differentiated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Following 100 microM H2O2 exposure, the viability of differentiated PC12 cells (EGCG or z-VAD-fmk pretreated vs. not pretreated) was evaluated the number of viable cell with Trypan blue and 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (MTT). Additionally, expression of cytochrome c, caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 was examined using Western blot analyses. EGCG or z-VAD-fmk-pretreated PC12 cells showed an increase of viability compared to untreated PC12 cells, and pretreatment of PC12 cells with either agent induced a dose-dependent inhibition of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. However, inhibition of cytochrome c release was only detected in EGCG-pretreated cells. Upon examination of the PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 upstream pathway, Western blots of EGCG pretreated cells showed decreased immunoreactivity (IR) of Akt and GSK-3 and increased IR of p85a PI3K, phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated GSK-3. In contrast, no changes were seen in z-VAD-fmk-pretreated cells. These results show that EGCG affects the PI3K/Akt, GSK-3 pathway as well as downstream signaling, including the cytochrome c and caspase-3 pathways. Therefore, it is suggested that EGCG-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of GSK-3 could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of General Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, KFDA, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|