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Ovbude ST, Sharmeen S, Kyei I, Olupathage H, Jones J, Bell RJ, Powers R, Hage DS. Applications of chromatographic methods in metabolomics: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1239:124124. [PMID: 38640794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Chromatography is a robust and reliable separation method that can use various stationary phases to separate complex mixtures commonly seen in metabolomics. This review examines the types of chromatography and stationary phases that have been used in targeted or untargeted metabolomics with methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. General considerations for sample pretreatment and separations in metabolomics are considered, along with the various supports and separation formats for chromatography that have been used in such work. The types of liquid chromatography (LC) that have been most extensively used in metabolomics will be examined, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography. In addition, other forms of LC that have been used in more limited applications for metabolomics (e.g., ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and affinity methods) will be discussed to illustrate how these techniques may be utilized for new and future research in this field. Multidimensional LC methods are also discussed, as well as the use of gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography in metabolomics. In addition, the roles of chromatography in NMR- vs. MS-based metabolomics are considered. Applications are given within the field of metabolomics for each type of chromatography, along with potential advantages or limitations of these separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Ovbude
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Sadia Sharmeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Isaac Kyei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Harshana Olupathage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Jacob Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Richard J Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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Gathungu RM, Kautz R, Kristal BS, Bird SS, Vouros P. The integration of LC-MS and NMR for the analysis of low molecular weight trace analytes in complex matrices. Mass Spectrom Rev 2020; 39:35-54. [PMID: 30024655 PMCID: PMC6339611 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the integration of liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the comprehensive analysis of small molecules from complex matrices. We first discuss the steps taken toward making the three technologies compatible, so as to create an efficient analytical platform. The development of online LC-MS-NMR, highlighted by successful applications in the profiling of highly concentrated analytes (LODs 10 μg) is discussed next. This is followed by a detailed overview of the alternative approaches that have been developed to overcome the challenges associated with online LC-MS-NMR that primarily stem from the inherently low sensitivity of NMR. These alternative approaches include the use of stop-flow LC-MS-NMR, loop collection of LC peaks, LC-MS-SPE-NMR, and offline NMR. The potential and limitations of all these approaches is discussed in the context of applications in various fields, including metabolomics and natural product discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Gathungu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger Kautz
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Marshall DD, Powers R. Beyond the paradigm: Combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance for metabolomics. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2017; 100:1-16. [PMID: 28552170 PMCID: PMC5448308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is undergoing tremendous growth and is being employed to solve a diversity of biological problems from environmental issues to the identification of biomarkers for human diseases. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the analytical tools that are routinely, but separately, used to obtain metabolomics data sets due to their versatility, accessibility, and unique strengths. NMR requires minimal sample handling without the need for chromatography, is easily quantitative, and provides multiple means of metabolite identification, but is limited to detecting the most abundant metabolites (⩾1μM). Conversely, mass spectrometry has the ability to measure metabolites at very low concentrations (femtomolar to attomolar) and has a higher resolution (∼103-104) and dynamic range (∼103-104), but quantitation is a challenge and sample complexity may limit metabolite detection because of ion suppression. Consequently, liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) is commonly employed in conjunction with MS, but this may lead to other sources of error. As a result, NMR and mass spectrometry are highly complementary, and combining the two techniques is likely to improve the overall quality of a study and enhance the coverage of the metabolome. While the majority of metabolomic studies use a single analytical source, there is a growing appreciation of the inherent value of combining NMR and MS for metabolomics. An overview of the current state of utilizing both NMR and MS for metabolomics will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States.
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Phae-nok S, Soorukram D, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Pohmakotr M. Silver-Mediated Decarboxylative Fluorination of Paraconic Acids: A Direct Entry to β-Fluorinated γ-Butyrolactones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rainville PD, Murphy JP, Tomany M, Wilson ID, Smith NW, Evans C, Kheler J, Bowen C, Plumb RS, Nicholson JK. An integrated ceramic, micro-fluidic device for the LC/MS/MS analysis of pharmaceuticals in plasma. Analyst 2015; 140:5546-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00646e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary scale ceramic microfluidic LC/MS/MS system was successfully employed for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian D. Wilson
- Imperial College
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- South Kensington, London
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert S. Plumb
- Imperial College
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- South Kensington, London
- UK
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Mishur RJ, Rea SL. Applications of mass spectrometry to metabolomics and metabonomics: detection of biomarkers of aging and of age-related diseases. Mass Spectrom Rev 2012; 31:70-95. [PMID: 21538458 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Every 5 years or so new technologies, or new combinations of old ones, seemingly burst onto the science scene and are then sought after until they reach the point of becoming commonplace. Advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation, coupled with the establishment of standardized chemical fragmentation libraries, increased computing power, novel data-analysis algorithms, new scientific applications, and commercial prospects have made mass spectrometry-based metabolomics the latest sought-after technology. This methodology affords the ability to dynamically catalogue and quantify, in parallel, femtomole quantities of cellular metabolites. The study of aging, and the diseases that accompany it, has accelerated significantly in the last decade. Mutant genes that alter the rate of aging have been found that increase lifespan by up to 10-fold in some model organisms, and substantial progress has been made in understanding fundamental alterations that occur at both the mRNA and protein level in tissues of aging organisms. The application of metabolomics to aging research is still relatively new, but has already added significant insight into the aging process. In this review we summarize these findings. We have targeted our manuscript to two audiences: mass spectrometrists interested in applying their technical knowledge to unanswered questions in the aging field, and gerontologists interested in expanding their knowledge of both mass spectrometry and the most recent advances in aging-related metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mishur
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
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Want EJ, Wilson ID, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Plumb RS, Shockcor J, Holmes E, Nicholson JK. Global metabolic profiling procedures for urine using UPLC-MS. Nat Protoc. 2010;5:1005-1018. [PMID: 20448546 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of 'global' metabolite profiles involves measuring low molecular-weight metabolites (<1 kDa) in complex biofluids/tissues to study perturbations in response to physiological challenges, toxic insults or disease processes. Information-rich analytical platforms, such as mass spectrometry (MS), are needed. Here we describe the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS (UPLC-MS) to urinary metabolite profiling, including sample preparation, stability/storage and the selection of chromatographic conditions that balance metabolome coverage, chromatographic resolution and throughput. We discuss quality control and metabolite identification, as well as provide details of multivariate data analysis approaches for analyzing such MS data. Using this protocol, the analysis of a sample set in 96-well plate format, would take ca. 30 h, including 1 h for system setup, 1-2 h for sample preparation, 24 h for UPLC-MS analysis and 1-2 h for initial data processing. The use of UPLC-MS for metabolic profiling in this way is not faster than the conventional HPLC-based methods but, because of improved chromatographic performance, provides superior metabolome coverage.
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Koskela H, Ervasti M, Björk H, Vanninen P. On-Flow Pulsed Field Gradient Heteronuclear Correlation Spectrometry in Off-Line LC−SPE−NMR Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1262-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Ervasti
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Björk
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland, and Technology and Transport, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4000, FIN-00079 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) has proven to be a useful technique for the structure elucidation of novel metabolites from pharmaceutical compounds. Proponents of LC-NMR tout the advantage of eliminating the step of a separate chromatographic isolation. However, the advantages of directly coupling NMR and HPLC instrumentation must be weighed against compromises in performance made to each technique to achieve a hyphenated system. While significant advances have been made in LC-NMR technology, a strong case can be made that HPLC purification of metabolites followed by conventional tube NMR is equally useful. It is relatively rare that one approach will be successful and the other not. The fundamental consideration is whether there is sufficient chromatographic expertise in the NMR laboratory to adequately design and execute appropriate experiments such that a pure chromatographic peak will be produced in the hyphenated system. Due to speed and sensitivity differences between NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) continues to be the front-line approach for the structure elucidation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer, Inc., Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Skordi E, Wilson ID, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Characterization and quantification of metabolites of racemic ketoprofen excreted in urine following oral administration to man by1H-NMR spectroscopy, directly coupled HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR, and circular dichroism. Xenobiotica 2008; 34:1075-89. [PMID: 15801549 DOI: 10.1080/00498250412331281098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the human metabolites of ketoprofen (2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propanoic acid) excreted via urine was investigated after a single oral dose of the racemic drug. Drug metabolites were concentrated and partially purified from urine using solid-phase extraction chromatography before separation and identification by directly coupled HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR. The metabolites identified were the ester glucuronides of the parent drug and its phase I metabolites, 2-[3-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]-propanoic acid, 2-[3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]-propanoic acid and 2-[3-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl]-propanoic acid, the latter formed by reduction of the ketone group of ketoprofen. In addition, two novel minor metabolites were identified as the ether glucuronides of 2-[3-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]-propanoic acid and 2-[3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)phenyl]-propanoic acid. These conjugates were all observed as diastereoisomeric pairs of unequal proportions. Purification of these metabolites by preparative chromatography allowed stereochemistry assignments. Metabolites were quantified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy after spectral simplification achieved by hydrolysis of the conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Skordi
- Biological Chemistry, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Dunn WB. Current trends and future requirements for the mass spectrometric investigation of microbial, mammalian and plant metabolomes. Phys Biol 2008; 5:011001. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/5/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories , RY818‐C215, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065 , USA
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Godejohann M. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy--a new approach for the separation and identification of extremely polar analytes in bodyfluids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1156:87-93. [PMID: 17097667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the unambiguous identification of highly polar molecules based on the separation on a silica gel column run in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode followed by mass spectroscopic (MS) analysis and subsequent measurement by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is described. Polar neutral, acidic and basic compounds of small molecular size usually not retained on reversed phase stationary phases can be separated and unequivocally identified by means of MS and NMR spectroscopy. The method is applied to exemplify the identification of the endogenous metabolite trigonelline and the polar antibiotic amoxicilline in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Godejohann
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 00, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany.
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Yang Z. Online hyphenated liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-mass spectrometry for drug metabolite and nature product analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 40:516-27. [PMID: 16280226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Screening analysis that aims at rapidly distinguishing new molecules in the presence of a large number of known compounds becomes increasingly important in the fields of drug metabolite profiling and nature product investigation. In the past decade, online-coupled liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (LC-NMR-MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection and identification of known and, more important, emerging compounds in complex clinical, pharmaceutical samples and nature product extracts, due to the complementary information provided by the two detectors for unambiguous structure elucidation. This review discusses the practical conditions under which LC-NMR-MS is suitable as a routine tool for unknown analysis, as well as the fundamental concepts and their advantage aspects. Particular attention is paid to its major operating parameters that include the instrumental configurations, working modes, NMR probe improvement and LC mobile phase selection. Finally, the recent applications of LC-NMR-MS to clinical metabolite and nature product analysis are summarized which have shown the benefit of this promising hyphenated technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Public Health Laboratory Division, Minnesota Department of Health, 2520 Silver Ln NE 204, Minneapolis, MN 55421, USA.
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Wann MH. 20 Application of LC-NMR in pharmaceutical analysis. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Ansede JH, Thakker DR. High-throughput screening for stability and inhibitory activity of compounds toward cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:239-55. [PMID: 14705182 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening technology, thousands of molecules can now be rapidly synthesized and screened for biological activity against large numbers of protein targets, greatly increasing the speed with which lead compounds are identified during the early stages of drug discovery. However, rapid optimization of parameters that determine whether a high-affinity ligand or a potent inhibitor will become a successful drug remains a challenge in improving the efficiency of the drug discovery process. Parameters that define absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of drug candidates are important determinants of therapeutic efficacy, and thus should be optimized during early stages of drug discovery. Although the speed with which drugs are screened for properties such as absorption, cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition, and metabolic stability has increased over the past several years, the screening rate/capacity is still several orders of magnitude lower than those for high-throughput methods used in lead identification, resulting in a bottleneck in the drug discovery process. This review discusses current methods used in the in vitro screening of drugs for their stability toward CYP-mediated oxidative metabolism. This is a critical screen in the drug discovery process because metabolism by CYP represents an important clearance mechanism for the vast majority of compounds, thus affecting their oral bioavailability and/or duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Ansede
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7360, 2309 Kerr Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is arguably the most versatile analytical platform for complex mixture analysis. Specifically, interfacing liquid chromatography with parallel NMR and mass spectrometry (LC-NMR-MS) gives comprehensive structural data on metabolites of novel drugs in development. Applications in natural product, combinatorial chemistry and drug metabolism studies are reviewed. Microcoil probes and capillary separation methods have enormous potential. Recent innovations to improve NMR detection limits include CryoFlowProbes and on-line solid-phase extraction (LC-SPE-NMR). These state-of-the-art analytical platforms are widely applicable to identifying novel candidate drugs from diverse complex mixtures within a drug discovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Corcoran
- Department of Pharmacy, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, King's College, London SE1 9NN, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Flow NMR techniques are now well accepted and widely used in many areas of drug discovery. Although natural-product-, rational-drug-design-, and NMR-screening-programs have begun to use flow NMR more routinely, flow NMR has not yet gained widespread acceptance in combinatorial chemistry, even though it has been shown to be a potentially useful tool. Recent developments in DI-NMR, FIA-NMR, and LC-NMR will help flow NMR eventually gain a wider acceptance within combinatorial chemistry. These developments include LC-NMR-MS instrumentation, flow probe improvements, new pulse sequences, improved automation of NMR data analysis, and the application of flow NMR to related fields in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keifer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center/Eppley Institute, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
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Combes RD, Berridge T, Connelly J, Eve MD, Garner RC, Toon S, Wilcox P. Early microdose drug studies in human volunteers can minimise animal testing: Proceedings of a workshop organised by Volunteers in Research and Testing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 19:1-11. [PMID: 12729856 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Testing the safety and efficacy of a successful human medicine involves many laboratory animals, which can sometimes be subjected to considerable suffering and distress. Also, it is necessary to extrapolate from the test species to humans. UK and European legislation requires that Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal procedures (the Three Rs) are implemented wherever possible. Over the last decade, there has been substantial progress with applying in vitro and in silico methods to both drug efficacy and safety testing. This paper is a report of the discussions and recommendations arising from a workshop on the role that might be played by human volunteer studies in the very early stages of drug development. The workshop was organised in November, 2001 by Volunteers in Research and Testing, a group of individuals in the UK which launched an initiative in 1994 to identify where and how human volunteers can participate safely in biomedical studies to replace laboratory animals. It was considered that conducting pre-Phase I very low dose human studies (sub-toxic and below the dose threshold for measurable pharmacological or clinical activity) could enable drug candidates to be assessed earlier for in vivo human pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Moreover, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) are potentially useful spectrometric and imaging methods that can be used in conjunction with such human studies. Some, limited animal tests would still be required before pre-Phase I microdose studies, to take account of the potential risk posed by completely novel chemicals. The workshop recommended that very early volunteer studies using microdoses should be introduced into the drug development process in a way that does not compromise volunteer safety or the scientific quality of the resulting safety data. This should improve the selection of drug candidates and also reduce the likelihood of later candidate failure, by providing in vivo human ADME data, especially for pharmacokinetics and metabolism, at an earlier stage in drug development than is currently the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Combes
- Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, Notts, NG1 4EE, UK.
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Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Kuuranne T, Auriola S. Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies. J Mass Spectrom 2003; 38:357-372. [PMID: 12717747 DOI: 10.1002/jms.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of the metabolic fate of drugs is an essential and important part of the drug development process. The analysis of metabolites is a challenging task and several different analytical methods have been used in these studies. However, after the introduction of the atmospheric pressure ionization (API) technique, electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become an important and widely used method in the analysis of metabolites owing to its superior specificity, sensitivity and efficiency. In this paper the feasibility of LC/API-MS techniques in the identification, structure characterization and quantitation of drug metabolites is reviewed. Sample preparation, LC techniques, isotope labeling, suitability of different MS techniques, such as tandem mass spectrometry, and high-resolution MS in drug metabolite analysis, are summarized and discussed. Automation of data acquisition and interpretation, special techniques and possible future trends are also the topics of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kostiainen
- Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Lindon JC, Bailey NJ, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID. Biomedical applications of directly-coupled chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). Bioanalytical Separations. Elsevier; 2003. pp. 293-329. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Setzer WN, Vogler B, Bates RB, Schmidt JM, Dicus CW, Nakkiew P, Haber WA. HPLC-NMR/HPLC-MS analysis of the bark extract of Stauranthus perforatus. Phytochem Anal 2003; 14:54-59. [PMID: 12597256 DOI: 10.1002/pca.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A combination of HPLC-MS and HPLC-NMR techniques has been used to analyse the cytotoxic fractions of the dichloromethane extract of bark of Stauranthus perforatus. Six furanocoumarins (byakangelicol, heraclenin, heraclenol, imperatorin, isopimpinellin and xanthotoxin) and nine quinoline alkaloids (two known compounds, veprisine and 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone, along with seven novel compounds, stauranthine, 3',4'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dihydroveprisine, 3',4'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dihydrostauranthine, 3',6'-dihydroxy-3',6'-dihydroveprisine, 3',6'-dihydroxy-3',6'-dihydrostauranthine, 6'-hydroxy-3'-ketoveprisine and 6'-hydroxy-3'-ketostauranthine) have been identified in the fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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Petritis K, Gillaizeau I, Elfakir C, Dreux M, Petit A, Bongibault N, Luijten W. Evaporative light scattering detection for in-line monitoring of stopped-flow liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of compounds with weak or no chromophore groups. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020601)25:9<593::aid-jssc593>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2001; 36:347-54. [PMID: 11312528 DOI: 10.1002/jms.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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