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Sahu A, Pradhan D, Veer B, Kumar S, Singh R, Raza K, Rizvi MA, Jain AK, Verma S. In silico screening, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel anticancer agents as potential COX-2 inhibitors. Daru 2023; 31:119-133. [PMID: 37454036 PMCID: PMC10624798 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase enzyme is frequently overexpressed in various types of cancer and found to play a crucial role in poor prognosis in cancer patients. In current research, we have reported the new COX-2 inhibitors for cancer treatment using computer-aided drug design and experimental validation. METHODS A total of 12,795 compounds from the different databases were used to screen against the COX-2 enzyme. It perceived three new compounds with better binding affinity to the enzyme. Afterwards, physicochemical properties and in silico bioactivity were assessed for efficacy, safety, and structural features required for binding. The molecules were synthesized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. Later on, molecules were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity using MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SiHa cancer cell lines. RESULTS Compound ZINC5921547 and ZINC48442590 (4a, and 4b) reduced the MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SiHa cells proliferation potently than parent compounds. The PG-E2 estimation shown, both compounds act through the COX-2 PGE2 axis. Compound 4a and 4b block the cell cycle at G1-S phase and induce cancer cell death. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that compounds 4a and 4b effectively promotes cancer cell death via COX-2 PGE2 axis, and further in vivo studies can be evaluated for development in both compounds as anticancer agents. The compilation of this information will help us to generate better outcome through robust computational methods. The high-quality experimental results may pave the way for identifying effective drug candidates for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sahu
- Tumor Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- Indian Biological Data Center, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Babita Veer
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Tumor Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ram Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Khalid Raza
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Moshahid A Rizvi
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Arun Kumar Jain
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Tumor Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Mirjafary Z, Mohammad Karbasi M, Hesamzadeh P, Shaker HR, Amiri A, Saeidian H. Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Benzothiazole Derivatives: Efficient Synthesis, DFT, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36500647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 5a-f based on benzothiazole were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of S-propargyl mercaptobenzothiazole and α-halo ester/amide in moderate to good yields (47-75%). The structure of all products was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and CHN elemental data. This protocol is easy and green and proceeds under mild and green reaction conditions with available starting materials. The structural and electronic analysis and 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the characterized structure of 5e were also calculated by applying the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d, p) level of density functional theory (DFT) method. In the final section, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by biochemical COX-2 inhibition, antifungal inhibition with CYP51, anti-tuberculosis target protein ENR, DPRE1, pks13, and Thymidylate kinase by molecular docking studies. The ADMET analysis of the molecules 5a-f revealed that 5d and 5a are the most-promising drug-like molecules out of the six synthesized molecules.
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Antonenko T, Gracheva Y, Shpakovsky D, Vorobyev M, Tafeenko V, Mazur D, Milaeva E. Cytotoxic activity of organotin compounds containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alagumuthu M, Srivastava V, Shah M, Arumugam S, Sonaimuthu M, Arumugam NA. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Levels in Macrophages; An Approach to Develop Indazolpyridin-Methanones as a Novel Inflammation Medication. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:425-435. [PMID: 31878864 PMCID: PMC7579299 DOI: 10.2174/1871523019666191226104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Macrophages play a serious part in the instigation, upkeep, and resolution of inflammation. They are activated or deactivated during inflammation progression. Activation signals include cytokines (IF-γ, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and TNF-α), extracellular matrix proteins, and other chemical mediators. Activated macrophages are deactivated by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) and cytokine antagonists that are mainly produced by macrophages. Based on this, the present study aimed to develop novel (E)-Benzylidene-indazolpyridin methanones (Cpd-1-10) as effective anti-inflammatory agents by analyzing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in macrophages. Objectives: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of indazolpyridin-methanones by examining pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukin levels in J77A.1 macrophages. Methods: Expression of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels measured by ELISA method. Anti-cancer and cytotoxicity studies were carried out by MTT assay. COX-2 seems to be associated with cancers and atypical developments in the duodenal tract. So, a competitive ELISA based COX-2 inhibition assay was done. To validate the inhibitory potentials and to get more insight into the interaction of COX-2 with Cpd1-10, molecular docking was performed. Results: Briefly, the COX-2 inhibitory relative activity was found to be in between the range of 80-92% (Diclofenac showed 84%, IC50 0.95 µM). Conclusion: Cytotoxicity effect of the compounds against breast cancer cell lines found excellent and an extended anticancer study ensured that these compounds are also alternative therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Among all the tested cancer cell lines, the anti-cancer effect on breast cancer was exceptional for the most active compounds Cpd5 and Cpd9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manisha Shah
- School of Bio-Science & Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Sivakumar Arumugam
- School of Bio-Science & Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
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Aparecida Silveira E, Vaseghi G, de Carvalho Santos AS, Kliemann N, Masoudkabir F, Noll M, Mohammadifard N, Sarrafzadegan N, de Oliveira C. Visceral Obesity and Its Shared Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scoping Review of the Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9042. [PMID: 33261185 PMCID: PMC7730690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between obesity, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated in animal and epidemiological studies. However, the specific role of visceral obesity on cancer and CVD remains unclear. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a complex and metabolically active tissue, that can produce different adipokines and hormones, responsible for endocrine-metabolic comorbidities. This review explores the potential mechanisms related to VAT that may also be involved in cancer and CVD. In addition, we discuss the shared pharmacological treatments which may reduce the risk of both diseases. This review highlights that chronic inflammation, molecular aspects, metabolic syndrome, secretion of hormones and adiponectin associated to VAT may have synergistic effects and should be further studied in relation to cancer and CVD. Reductions in abdominal and visceral adiposity improve insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cytokines, which consequently reduce the risk of CVD and some cancers. Several medications have shown to reduce visceral and/or subcutaneous fat. Further research is needed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms by which visceral obesity may cause both cancer and CVD. The role of visceral fat in cancer and CVD is an important area to advance. Public health policies to increase public awareness about VAT's role and ways to manage or prevent it are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil; (A.S.d.C.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158388994, Iran;
| | - Annelisa Silva de Carvalho Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil; (A.S.d.C.S.); (M.N.)
- United Faculty of Campinas, Goiânia 74525-020, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Kliemann
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Farzad Masoudkabir
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
- Department of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713138, Iran
| | - Matias Noll
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil; (A.S.d.C.S.); (M.N.)
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Ceres 76300-000, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158388994, Iran;
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158388994, Iran
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Marzbany M, Bishayee A, Rasekhian M. Increased expression of ZNF 703 in breast cancer tissue: An opportunity for RNAi-NSAID combinatorial therapy. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:808-814. [PMID: 31195426 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to exhibit antitumor activities. Among the very well-known oncogenes in breast cancer is zinc finger protein 703 (ZNF703) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Numerous reports indicate a direct link among apoptosis resistance, chemotherapy resistance, and increased expression of ZNF703. In the present study, the expression level of ZNF703 was compared in human breast cancer tissue, healthy breast tissue, and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by a real-time PCR. We also investigated the inhibitory effect of anti-ZNF703 RNAi interference (RNAi) and ibuprofen, either individually or in combination, on MCF-7 cell survival and apoptosis. Results showed a 93.3% and fourfold increase in the expression of ZNF703 in breast cancer tissue and MCF-7 cell line, respectively. Ibuprofen inhibited the viability of MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Ibuprofen alone or in combination with anti-ZNF703 RNA reduced the expression of ZNF703, induced apoptosis, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated BAX and LC3A in MCF-7 cells. Our results show that the combination of ibuprofen and anti-ZNF703 siRNA is more effective in promoting apoptosis than each treatment alone. We report that the combination of anti-ZNF703 RNAi with ibuprofen as the inhibitor of COX-2 is highly effective in inhibiting MCF-7 as a breast cancer cell line and shows therapeutic potential for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Marzbany
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermansha, Iran
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida
| | - Mahsa Rasekhian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermansha, Iran
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Sun X, Lv M, Wang B, Zhao S, Guo P, Wang S, Gu L, Chen X. Comparative pharmacokinetics study of anastrozole after single administration and combination with celecoxib. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:279-284. [PMID: 28906164 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1298872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. There are numerous investigations demonstrating that the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors might enhance the efficiency of anastrozole in breast cancer. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of anastrozole after single administration and combination with celecoxib. 2. A simple protein precipitation procedure was adopted for the sample preparation with satisfactory extraction recovery for both anastrozole and the internal standard, and then anastrozole was separated and analysed on an ACQUITY BEH UPLC C18 column (50 × 2.0 mm, 1.7 μm, Waters) within 2 min. The calibration curves showed good linarites (r = 0.994). Intra- and inter-day precision were within 4.93 and 13.83%, respectively. The mean extraction recoveries across QC levels were within 91.4%, and the matrix effects were within 94.5%. 3. Results showed that the method was reliable to determine anastrozole in rat plasma. Compared with rats in single administration group, no significant difference was found in the combination group. It is workable to use celecoxib combined with anastrozole in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Sun
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Mingming Lv
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Binjie Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Simin Zhao
- b Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical General Factory, Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Holdings Co, Ltd , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Ping Guo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Shixiao Wang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Liqiang Gu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , PR China and
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Kljun J, Turel I. β-Diketones as Scaffolds for Anticancer Drug Design - From Organic Building Blocks to Natural Products and Metallodrug Components. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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9
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Abstract
A stereoselective hypervalent iodine‐promoted oxidative rearrangement of 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes has been developed. This practically simple protocol provides access to enantioenriched α‐arylated ketones without the use of transition metals from readily accessible alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brown
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Ravi Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Liu R, Xu KP, Tan GS. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in lung cancer treatment: Bench to bed. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schwab RB, Kato S, Crain B, Pu M, Messer K, Weidner N, Blair SL, Wallace AM, Carson DA, Parker BA. A window-of-opportunity biomarker study of etodolac in resectable breast cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1583-8. [PMID: 26275572 PMCID: PMC4618628 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational data show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is associated with a lower rate of breast cancer. We evaluated the effect of etodolac, an FDA-approved NSAID reported to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR), on rationally identified potential biomarkers in breast cancer. Patients with resectable breast cancer planned for initial management with surgical resection were enrolled and took 400 mg of etodolac twice daily prior to surgery. Protein and gene expression levels for genes related to COX-2 and RXRα were evaluated in tumor samples from before and after etodolac exposure. Thirty subjects received etodolac and 17 subjects were assayed as contemporaneous or opportunistic controls. After etodolac exposure mean cyclin D1 protein levels, assayed by immunohistochemistry, decreased (P = 0.03). Notably, pre- versus post cyclin D1 gene expression change went from positive to negative with greater duration of etodolac exposure (r = −0.64, P = 0.01). Additionally, etodolac exposure was associated with a significant increase in COX-2 gene expression levels (fold change: 3.25 [95% CI: 1.9, 5.55]) and a trend toward increased β-catenin expression (fold change: 2.03 [95% CI: 0.93, 4.47]). In resectable breast cancer relatively brief exposure to the NSAID etodolac was associated with reduced cyclin D1 protein levels. Effect was also observed on cyclin D1 gene expression with decreasing levels with longer durations of drug exposure. Increased COX-2 gene expression was seen, possibly due to compensatory feedback. These data highlight the utility of even small clinical trials with access to biospecimens for pharmacodynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Schwab
- Department of Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Shumei Kato
- Department of Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Brian Crain
- Department of Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Minya Pu
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Department of Family & Preventative Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Department of Family & Preventative Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Noel Weidner
- Department of Pathology, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Sarah L Blair
- Department of Surgery, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Anne M Wallace
- Department of Surgery, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Department of Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Barbara A Parker
- Department of Medicine, U.C. San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093
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Wang J, Yuan L, Xiao H, Wang C, Xiao C, Wang Y, Liu X. A novel mechanism for momordin Ic-induced HepG2 apoptosis: involvement of PI3K- and MAPK-dependent PPARγ activation. Food Funct 2014; 5:859-68. [PMID: 24584198 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60558b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Momordin Ic is a natural triterpenoid saponin found in various Chinese and Japanese natural medicines such as the fruit of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Momordin Ic has been previously demonstrated to induce HepG2 cell apoptosis in a ROS-mediated PI3K and MAPK pathway-dependent manner. In the present study, the underlying mechanisms of PI3K and MAPK pathway-mediated PPARγ, and PGC-1α co-regulator activation, as well as the effects of downstream proteins, COX-2 and FoxO4, on cell apoptosis were investigated. The results demonstrated that momordin Ic activated PPARγ and inhibited COX-2. PGC-1α and FoxO4 expressions were increased by the PI3K or MAPK pathways. Furthermore, PPARγ inhibition decreased p-p38 and FoxO4 expression, and restored COX-2 expression. ROS inhibition exerted little effect on PPARγ, COX-2 and FoxO4 expression but affected PGC-1α expression. These results revealed the involvement of PI3K and MAPK-dependent PPARγ activation in momordin Ic-induced apoptosis, providing more detailed information underlying the pro-apoptotic mechanism of momordin Ic in HepG2 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an epithelial malignancy involving many anatomical sites and is the most common cancer capable of metastatic spread. Development of early diagnosis methods and novel therapeutics are important for prevention and mortality reduction. In this effort, numerous molecular alterations have been described in SCCs. SCCs share many phenotypic and molecular characteristics, but they have not been extensively compared. This article reviews SCC as a disease, including: epidemiology, pathology, risk factors, molecular characteristics, prognostic markers, targeted therapy, and a new approach to studying SCCs. Through this comparison, several themes are apparent. For example, HPV infection is a common risk factor among the four major SCCs (NMSC, HNSC, ESCC, and NSCLC) and molecular abnormalities in cell-cycle regulation and signal transduction predominate. These data reveal that the molecular insights, new markers, and drug targets discovered in individual SCCs may shed light on this type of cancer as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Yan
- Pathogenetics Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Aggarwal A, Al-Rohil RN, Batra A, Feustel PJ, Jones DM, DiPersio CM. Expression of integrin α3β1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) are positively correlated in human breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:459. [PMID: 24950714 PMCID: PMC4069347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of integrin α3β1 is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis in several cancers, including breast cancer. Moreover, preclinical studies have revealed important pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic functions for this integrin, including tumor growth, survival, invasion, and paracrine induction of angiogenesis. Our previously published work in a preclinical breast cancer model showed that integrin α3β1 promotes expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2/PTGS2), a known driver of breast cancer progression. However, the clinical significance of this regulation was unknown. The objective of the current study was to assess the clinical relevance of the relationship between integrin α3β1 and COX2 by testing for their correlated expression among various forms of human breast cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess co-expression of α3 and COX2 in specimens of human invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), either on a commercial tissue microarray (n = 59 samples) or obtained from Albany Medical Center archives (n = 68 samples). Immunostaining intensity for the integrin α3 subunit or COX2 was scored, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis was performed to assess their co-expression across and within different tumor subtypes or clinicopathologic criteria. RESULTS Although expression of integrin α3 or COX2 varied among clinical IDC samples, a statistically significant, positive correlation was detected between α3 and COX2 in both tissue microarrays (r(s) = 0.49, p < 0.001, n = 59) and archived samples (r(s) = 0.59, p < 0.0001, n = 68). In both sample sets, this correlation was independent of hormone receptor status, histological grade, or disease stage. CONCLUSIONS COX2 and α3 are correlated in IDC independently of hormone receptor status or other clinicopathologic features, supporting the hypothesis that integrin α3β1 is a determinant of COX2 expression in human breast cancer. These results support the clinical relevance of α3β1-dependent COX2 gene expression that we reported previously in breast cancer cells. The findings also suggest that COX2-positive breast carcinomas of various subtypes might be vulnerable to therapeutic strategies that target α3β1, and that α3 expression might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Aggarwal
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Mail Code 165, Room MS-420, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA
| | - Rami N Al-Rohil
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anupam Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David M Jones
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Mail Code 165, Room MS-420, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3479, USA
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Fonseca-alves CE, Gonçalves Corrêa A, Elias F, Gouveia Calazans S. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Associated with Carboplatin in Treatment of Metastatic Nasal Carcinoma in Dog. Case Rep Vet Med 2014; 2014:1-4. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/817930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old, intact male, pinscher was presented with unilateral bloodstained nasal discharge, sneezing, dyspnea, zygomatic arch deformity, submandibular lymph node increase, blindness in right eye, and exophthalmia. After clinical examination, it was found that the animal presented with upper respiratory tract dyspnea origin, possibly caused by an obstructive process. Complete blood count (CBC), ocular ultrasonography, thoracic radiographs, mandibular lymph node, and nasal sinus fine needle aspiration were performed. The right mandibular lymph node excisional biopsy was conducted and a tumor sample was obtained through the nasal fistula at hard palate. The material was processed, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), vimentin, and COX-2 was performed. After histopathological evaluation nasal carcinoma diagnosis was obtained. Chemotherapy was established with carboplatin 300 mg/m2intravenously—four cycles with intervals of 21 days—and firocoxib 5 mg/kg orally every 24 hours for 7 months. After 7 months the treatment started, the animal presented with ataxia, vocalization, hyperesthesia, and anorexia. Due the clinical condition presented, the animal owner opted for performing euthanasia. The chemotherapy protocol was effective causing the disease stagnation, minimizing the clinical signs, and extending patient survival and quality of life.
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Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a pivotal role in health. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, have received extensive attention in the field of cancer research. Following release from the phospholipid membrane, arachidonic acid can be metabolized into different classes of eicosanoids through cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or p450 epoxygenase pathways. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed as analgesics to relieve minor aches and pains, as antipyretics to reduce fever, and as anti-inflammatory medications. Most NSAIDs are nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenases, the rate limiting enzymes in the formation of prostaglandins. Long term use of some NSAIDs has been linked with reduced incidence and mortality in many cancers. In this review, we appraise the biological activities of prostanoids and their cognate receptors in the context of cancer biology. The existing literature supports that these lipid mediators are involved to a great extent in the occurrence and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Allaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA.
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17
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Serra KP, Sarian LO, Rodrigues-Peres RM, Vassallo J, Soares FA, Pinto GA, da Cunha IW, Shinzato JY, Derchain SF. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p53 in neighboring invasive and in situ components of breast tumors. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:226-31. [PMID: 21683430 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the expression of COX-2 and p53, hormone receptors and HER-2 in the in situ (DCIS) and invasive components of ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the same breast. The expression of COX-2, p53, and hormone receptors was assessed in 87 cases of IDC with contiguous areas of DCIS. Results showed that there was no difference in COX-2 expression comparing the in situ and invasive components of the tumors. In the in situ component, there was a statistically borderline increase in p53 expression in tumors that also expressed COX-2. ER-positive specimens were more common in the group of tumors that expressed COX-2 in the invasive component. From this study we conclude that the expression of COX-2 was similar in the in situ and invasive components of the breast carcinomas. COX-2 positivity was marginally related with the expression of p53 in the in situ components, and with the ER expression in the invasive components.
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Singh AK, Parshad R, Pasi S, Madhavan T, Das SN, Mishra B, Gill K, Dalal K, Dey S. Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 and response to chemotherapy in invasive ductal breast carcinoma patients by real time surface plasmon resonance analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:801-7. [PMID: 21476934 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme, has been implicated in the progression and angiogenesis of breast cancer. The aim of the study is to quantify the concentration of COX-2 and its association with clinico-pathological parameters and response to treatment in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma receiving both neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. The level of COX-2 was estimated using a novel biosensor-based surface plasmon resonance technique in serum of 84 patients with breast cancer (48 patients of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and 36 patients of adjuvant chemotherapy) and 40 age- and gender-matched normal individuals. A significant increase in COX-2 level was observed in patients compared with normal individuals (p>0.0001). The COX-2 level in serum was found to be significantly higher in patients with lymph node involvement (p<0.0061). 68% (33/48) of the patients receiving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy showed significantly (p<0.0025) reduced COX-2 levels. This study shows significant decrease of COX-2 level in patients with breast cancer treated with both neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. Estimation of COX-2 level in serum may serve as a tumor biomarker in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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19
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Berstein LM. Modern approach to metabolic rehabilitation of cancer patients: biguanides (phenformin and metformin) and beyond. Future Oncol 2010; 6:1313-23. [PMID: 20799876 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparing the experience accumulated for more than 40 years in the Laboratory of Endocrinology of Petrov Institute of Oncology (St Petersburg, Russia) with similar approaches practiced elsewhere, evidence supports the reasonability of metabolic rehabilitation of patients suffering from breast cancer or other hormone-dependent malignancies. The primary objective of such approaches is to improve treatment results by ameliorating hormonal-metabolic disturbances, including excess body fat, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and manifestations of endocrine-genotoxic switchings, and modify tissue and cellular targets or mechanisms related or nondirectly related to the aforementioned disturbances. The relevant measures may be categorized as pharmacological (antidiabetic biguanides exemplified with metformin being most popular but not exclusive) and nonpharmacological (rational nutrition, moderate physical activity and so forth) and used separately or in different combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev M Berstein
- N.N.Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, Leningradskaja 68, St Petersburg, Russia.
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20
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Abstract
Mammary tumors are among the most common neoplastic processes in female dogs. Prostaglandin E2, the catalytic product of Cox-2, may promote tumor development and angiogenesis. It has been investigated in several human cancers and also correlated with the evolution of the disease. However, the clinical implications of tumor pathology require more investigation in veterinary medicine. Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and metastasis of major solid tumors and has been correlated with prognosis in human and canine breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate Cox-2 expression and microvessel density in canine mammary carcinomas and to correlate them with overall survival of the animal. Cox-2 and angiogenesis were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 46 mammary carcinomas (19 ductal and 27 metaplastic) and in healthy mammary glands. To assess tumor angiogenesis, microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD31 staining. Immunostaining revealed that 46/46 (100%) of the tumors were positive for Cox-2 and CD31, and there was no statistical difference among tumor types. Cox-2 protein expression correlated positively with CD31 staining ( r = 0.3742, P = .0104) but did not correlate significantly with tumor type. Longer overall survival was observed in metaplastic carcinomas ( P = .028), in tumors with low microvessel density ( P = .0002) and with low Cox-2 score ( P = .01). Our results demonstrate that increased microvessel density and increased Cox-2 expression were linearly related in the canine mammary tumors studied and were also related to worse prognosis and shorter overall survival. This suggests that Cox-2 inhibitors could be an alternative for the treatment and control of advanced neoplastic mammary disease in female dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Lavalle
- Federal University of Minas Gerais – Biological Sciences Institute, Department of General Pathology – Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - A. C. Bertagnolli
- Federal University of Minas Gerais – Biological Sciences Institute, Department of General Pathology – Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - W. L. F. Tavares
- Federal University of Minas Gerais – Biological Sciences Institute, Department of General Pathology – Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - G. D. Cassali
- Federal University of Minas Gerais – Biological Sciences Institute, Department of General Pathology – Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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21
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Abstract
AIM Cholestasis triggers fibrogenesis in the liver. Hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression increases in various chronic liver diseases caused either by viruses or toxins. We hypothesized that selective COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam could suppress inflammation and fibrogenesis in a rat model of cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). METHODS Forty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of four treatment groups (sham-operation, BDL, daily meloxicam injections following BDL, and daily meloxicam injection without BDL). Liver histopathology was analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and COX-2 were measured with immunohistochemical staining. The levels of COX-2, TGF-beta1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production were measured with the Western blot method and an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Meloxicam treatment attenuated the expression of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, and COX-2 in rats that were treated with BDL for 3 weeks. This was associated with a marked reduction in collagen accumulation and histological improvement. In addition, meloxicam treatment was found to downregulate the levels of hepatic COX-2, TGF-beta1, and MMP-9 production. CONCLUSION Cholestasis in BDL rats induces hepatic COX-2 expression. Selective COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam reduces BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis, and this is associated with reduced hepatic TGF-beta1 expression as well as decreased cyclooxygenase activity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Haffty BG, Yang Q, Moran MS, Tan AR, Reiss M. Estrogen-dependent prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in early-stage invasive breast cancers treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71:1006-13. [PMID: 18262731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy (CS+RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1975 and 2003, we retrieved specimens from 504 breast cancer patients treated with CS+RT. The specimens were constructed into tissue microarrays processed and stained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, Her2/neu, and COX-2. Each core was scored as positive or negative. All data including demographics, clinical, pathologic, staging, and outcome variables were entered into a computerized database. RESULTS Expression of COX-2 was positive in 58% of cases and correlated with younger age (p = 0.01) and larger tumor size (p = 0.001). Expression of COX-2 was predictive of local relapse (relative risk[RR], 3.248; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.340-7.871; p = 0.0091), distant metastasis (RR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.259-3.896; p = 0.0058), and decreased survival (RR, 2.321; 95% CI, 1.324-4.071; p = 0.0033). Among ER-positive patients, COX-2 expression was predictive of worse local control (85% vs. 93%, p = 0.04), distant metastasis (75% vs. 95%, p = 0.002) and worse survival (65% vs. 94%, p = 0.002). Among ER-negative tumors COX-2 expression was not significantly correlated with local control (87 vs. 95%, p = 0.12), distant metastasis (73% vs. 78%, p = 0.39), or survival (77% vs. 87%, p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS In breast cancer patients treated with CS+RT, COX-2 expression is associated with younger age, larger tumor size, worse local control, distant metastasis, and worse overall survival. The significance is limited to hormone receptor-positive tumors, consistent with the known effect of COX-2/PGE2 on aromatase activity. Use of COX-2 inhibitors in estrogen-dependent breast cancers warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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23
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Kim EH, Na HK, Kim DH, Park SA, Kim HN, Song NY, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 induces COX-2 expression through Akt-driven AP-1 activation in human breast cancer cells: a potential role of ROS. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:688-95. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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24
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Fabi A, Metro G, Papaldo P, Mottolese M, Melucci E, Carlini P, Sperduti I, Russillo M, Gelibter A, Ferretti G, Tomao S, Milella M, Cognetti F. Impact of celecoxib on capecitabine tolerability and activity in pretreated metastatic breast cancer: results of a phase II study with biomarker evaluation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 62:717-25. [PMID: 18071704 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence suggests that the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme plays an important role in breast cancer progression. The aim of the present phase II study was to determine the activity and safety of the combination of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib with capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients pretreated with anthracyclines and/or taxanes. METHODS Eligible patients received capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-14 every 21 days and celecoxib 200 mg twice daily, continuously, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS About 42 pretreated MBC patients were enrolled into the study. Median number of previous chemotherapy lines for metastatic disease was 2 (0-3). Seven patients (19%) responded to treatment while disease stabilization occurred in 17 patients (40.5%). Overall, 20 patients (47.5%) achieved clinical benefit [objective responses (CR) plus stable disease (SD) >/=6 months]. Median time to progression (TTP) and median overall survival (OS) were 5.2 and 17.8 months, respectively. Treatment was very well tolerated: grade 3 toxicities were observed in only five patients, respectively, and no grade 4 adverse events were reported. Celecoxib was never discontinued for toxicity. Analysis of COX-2 expression in the 22 patients with available tissue revealed a significantly longer TTP and OS for patients whose tumors over-expressed COX-2. CONCLUSIONS The combination of capecitabine and celecoxib is active and safe in far advanced MBC patients. Interestingly, this association resulted in a lower-than-expected toxicity, as compared to single-agent capecitabine. The clinical relevance of COX-2 as determinant of sensitivity to treatment with celecoxib should be further evaluated in larger series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fabi
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
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25
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Wang H, Wen S, Bunnett NW, Leduc R, Hollenberg MD, MacNaughton WK. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression through beta-catenin and cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:809-15. [PMID: 17962194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703021200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of mucosae is associated with an increased cancer risk. Tumorigenesis in these tissues is associated with the activity of some proteinases, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and beta-catenin. Serine proteinases participate in both inflammation and tumorigenesis through the activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), which up-regulates COX-2 by an unknown mechanism. We sought to determine whether beta-catenin participated in PAR(2)-induced COX-2 expression and through what cellular mechanism. In A549 epithelial cells, we showed that PAR(2) activation increased COX-2 expression through the beta-catenin/T cell factor transcription pathway. This effect was dependent upon ERK1/2 MAPK, which inhibited the beta-catenin-regulating protein, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, and induced the activity of the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Knockdown of CREB by small interfering RNA revealed that PAR(2)-induced beta-catenin transcriptional activity and COX-2 expression were CREB-dependent. A co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed a physical interaction between CREB and beta-catenin. Thus, PAR(2) up-regulated COX-2 expression via an ERK1/2-mediated activation of the beta-catenin/Tcf-4 and CREB pathways. These findings reveal new cellular mechanisms by which serine proteinases may participate in tumor development and are particularly relevant to cancers associated with chronic mucosal inflammation, where serine proteinases are abundant and COX-2 overexpression is a common feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Wang
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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26
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Alam M, Wang JH, Coffey JC, Qadri SS, O'Donnell A, Aherne T, Redmond HP. Characterization of the Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition in the Regulation of Apoptosis in Human Small and Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:2678-84. [PMID: 17602268 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2) is overexpressed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but is not expressed in small cell lung cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to induce apoptosis in NSCLC cells, an effect which is associated with the regulation of intracellular MAP kinase (MAPK) signal pathways. Our aims were to characterize the effects of COX-2 inhibition by rofecoxib on apoptosis in human NSCLC and small cell lung cancer cell lines. METHODS The human NSCLC cell line NCI-H2126 and small cell lung cancer cell line DMS-79 were used. Constitutive COX-2 protein levels were first determined by Western blot test. Levels of apoptosis were evaluated by using propidium iodide staining on FACScan analysis after incubation of NCI-H2126 and DMS-79 with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (25 ?microM), NF-kappaB inhibitor SN50 (75 microg/mL), and rofecoxib at 100 and 250 microM. All statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance. RESULTS Western blot test confirmed the presence of COX-2 enzyme in NCI-H2126 and absence in DMS-79. Interestingly, rofecoxib treatment demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis in both cell lines. Given this finding, the effect of rofecoxib on NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK pathways was also examined. Apoptosis in both cell lines was unaltered by SN50, either alone or in combination with rofecoxib. A similar phenomenon was observed in NCI-H2126 cells treated with SB202190, either alone or in combination with rofecoxib. In contrast, p38 MAPK inhibition greatly upregulated DMS-79 apoptosis in a manner that was unaltered by the addition of rofecoxib. CONCLUSIONS Rofecoxib led to a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis in both tumor cell lines. This effect occurred independently of COX-2, NF-kappaB, and p38 MAPK pathways in DMS-79 cells. As such, rofecoxib must act on alternative pathways to regulate apoptosis in human small cell lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Alam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Singh P, Mittal A, Kumar S. 2,3,5-Substituted tetrahydrofurans as cancer chemopreventives. Part 1: Synthesis and anti-cancer activities of 5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-diaryl-tetrahydro-furan-3-ols. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3990-6. [PMID: 17446077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The allylation of appropriate benzoin in presence of indium metal followed by m-CPBA mediated cyclization gave 5-hydroxymethyl-2,3-diaryl-tetrahydro-furan-3-ols. Investigations on 59 human tumor cell lines of these compounds identify four compounds exhibiting significant growth inhibition of tumor cells at particular cell lines. Compound 12 is very specific toward CCRF-CEM and SR cell lines of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are widely used as an adjuvant endocrine treatment in postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer. Clinical trials have assessed 5 years of AI therapy, either as an alternative to tamoxifen for primary adjuvant therapy of breast cancer, or after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. Treatment of 2-3 years' duration after 2-3 years of tamoxifen has also been studied. AI therapy brings side effects related to estrogen deprivation, and this side effect profile differs in clinically relevant ways from that seen with tamoxifen. In particular, the selective estrogen receptor modulatory effects of tamoxifen contribute to menopausal symptoms, vaginal discharge, and the rare but worrisome risks of thromboembolism and uterine carcinoma. By contrast, the low levels of estrogen achieved with aromatase inhibition contribute to menopausal symptoms, vaginal dryness and sexual dysfunction, and accelerated bone demineralization with risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Clinical experience also suggests that AI therapy is associated with a novel musculoskeletal side effect consisting of an arthralgia syndrome. The actual incidence of AI-associated arthralgias or musculoskeletal symptoms is not known, though such symptoms are quite prevalent and appear more commonly with AI use than with tamoxifen. Arthralgias can be a reason for discontinuation of AI treatment. The possible mechanisms of AI-associated arthralgia are unclear. Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss, which in turn contributes to arthralgia. Less well-studied functions of estrogen include regulating immune cells and cytokines involved in bone remodeling, and modulating pain sensitivity at the level of the central nervous system. Arthralgia and arthritis have seldom been rigorously differentiated in clinical trials of AIs. Assessment of inflammatory and rheumatologic markers, as well as detailed evaluation of patient symptoms using appropriate quality-of-life instruments, may be warranted in order to understand both the symptoms and the etiology of the arthralgia syndrome. Treatment options for arthralgia (primarily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are currently inadequate, but areas of active research include high-dose vitamin D and new-targeted therapies to inhibit bone loss.
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