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Köksal Karayıldırım Ç, Üstündağ Okur N, Okur ME, Caglar EŞ, Nalbantsoy A, Alsakını KAMH, Karabay Yavasoglu NÜ. Preparation, characterization, and toxicity evaluation of microemulsion formulation containing prunetin for potential oral applications. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:235-242. [PMID: 37990576 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2282373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals as therapeutic alternatives can have a fundamental impact on the various stages of inflammation and its resolution. Prunetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone and has been claimed to have numerous therapeutic potentials. The objective of this study is preparation, characterization, and toxicity evaluation of microemulsion formulation containing prunetin (PMF) for potential oral applications. With this research, it was targeted to emphasize the way of improving the therapeutic efficacy of natural biomolecules with a nontoxic and effective formulation. In the study, the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was developed and PMF was characterized by conductivity, droplet size, viscosity and pH. Effects against to cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and TNF-α levels of the PMF were determined by ELISA technique. Genotoxicity and acute oral toxicity tests were carried out according to OECD guidelines. The results showed that PMF is a colloid system that reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels in LPS-induced macrophage cells compared to the control group. PMF demonstrated no mutagenic activity against TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 Salmonella strains. The in vivo oral acute toxicity test results indicated that PMF did not show mortality or significant side effects even at 2000 mg/kg bw. This study represents PMF showed a good safety profile in animal study. It is thought that this formulation may have anti-inflammatory potential with further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Evren Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Şefik Caglar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Nalbantsoy
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Laddha AP, Murugesan S, Kulkarni YA. In-vivo and in-silico toxicity studies of daidzein: an isoflavone from soy. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022; 45:1408-1416. [PMID: 33059469 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein is a naturally occurring compound belonging to the class isoflavones and found in soya beans and other legumes. Acute oral toxicity was performed as per OECD guideline (TG 423) with slight modifications. A repeated dose toxicity study was carried out as per OECD guideline (TG 407). In-silico toxicity such as AMES toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, skin irritation, reproductive effect, rat and mouse toxicity, LD50, hERG I, II inhibitor and minnow toxicity were predicted using online servers and tools. In an acute oral toxicity study, daidzein did not show any mortality in experimental animals. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of daidzein was found to be above 5000 mg/kg. 28 days treatment of diadzein at all doses did not show changes in hematology parameters, clinical biochemistry and kidney function parameters. Gross necropsy or histopathology of important organs showed no signs of toxicity. In-silico predicted parameters also demonstrated risks ranging from low to a nontoxic level. Thus, daidzein was found to be safe in acute and repeated oral dose toxicity studies at all selected doses. In-silico study also indicated that daidzein is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - S Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Hama JR, Kolpin DW, LeFevre GH, Hubbard LE, Powers MM, Strobel BW. Exposure and Transport of Alkaloids and Phytoestrogens from Soybeans to Agricultural Soils and Streams in the Midwestern United States. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:11029-11039. [PMID: 34342221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are naturally produced toxins with potencies similar/higher than many anthropogenic micropollutants. Nevertheless, little is known regarding their environmental fate and off-field transport to streams. To fill this research gap, a network of six basins in the Midwestern United States with substantial soybean production was selected for the study. Stream water (n = 110), soybean plant tissues (n = 8), and soil samples (n = 16) were analyzed for 12 phytotoxins (5 alkaloids and 7 phytoestrogens) and 2 widely used herbicides (atrazine and metolachlor). Overall, at least 1 phytotoxin was detected in 82% of the samples, with as many as 11 phytotoxins detected in a single sample (median = 5), with a concentration range from below detection to 37 and 68 ng/L for alkaloids and phytoestrogens, respectively. In contrast, the herbicides were ubiquitously detected at substantially higher concentrations (atrazine: 99% and metolachlor: 83%; the concentrations range from below detection to 150 and 410 ng/L, respectively). There was an apparent seasonal pattern for phytotoxins, where occurrence prior to and during harvest season (September to November) and during the snow melt season (March) was higher than that in December-January. Runoff events increased phytotoxin and herbicide concentrations compared to those in base-flow conditions. Phytotoxin plant concentrations were orders of magnitude higher compared to those measured in soil and streams. These results demonstrate the potential exposure of aquatic and terrestrial organisms to soybean-derived phytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawameer R Hama
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Laura E Hubbard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Megan M Powers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
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Silva P, Ribeiro TA, Tófolo LP, Prates KV, Francisco FA, Silveira SDS, Malta A, Lopes DA, Miranda RA, Palma-Rigo K, Torrezan R, Mathias PCDF. Treatment with soy isoflavones during early adulthood improves metabolism in early postnatally overfed rats. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 21:25-32. [PMID: 27462961 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1213007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidences of obesity and related diseases have reached epidemic proportions, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Soy isoflavones have been identified as an important dietary factor for preventing and treating metabolic dysfunction. This study examined the effects of high doses of isoflavone on glucose and fat metabolism in a model of programmed obesity and evaluated its effects on the autonomic nervous system. METHODS Litters of Wistar rats were standardized at nine pups per dam in normal litters (NL) or reduced to three pups per dam at the third day of life (P3) in small litters (SL) to induce postnatal overfeeding. Gavage with a soy bean isoflavone mixture (1 g/day) diluted in water was started at P60 and continued for 30 days. The control animals received vehicle gavage. At P90, biometric and metabolic parameters as well as direct autonomic nerve activity were measured. RESULTS Increases in glycaemia and insulinaemia observed in SL rats were reduced by isoflavone treatment, which also caused lower glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Sympathetic activity in the major splanchnic nerve was increased, while vagus nerve activity was reduced by isoflavone treatment. The dyslipidaemia induced by overfeeding in SL rats was restored by isoflavone treatment. CONCLUSION The present study shows that treatment with isoflavone reduces adiposity and improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Collectively, these effects may depend on autonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamelli Silva
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Kelly Valério Prates
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Flávio Andrade Francisco
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Sandra da Silva Silveira
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Denise Alves Lopes
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Kesia Palma-Rigo
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Rosana Torrezan
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- a Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology , State University of Maringá , PR , Brazil
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Wang W, Sun Y, Liu J, Li Y, Li H, Xiao S, Weng S, Zhang W. Soy isoflavones administered to rats from weaning until sexual maturity affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:51-60. [PMID: 25035168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one-day-old female Wistar rats were treated daily with orally administered soy isoflavones (SIFs) at concentrations of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight from weaning until sexual maturity (3 mo.), and ovarian follicle development was evaluated. At the end of the treatment period, the ultrastructure of the ovarian granulosa cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The apoptotic cell death of ovarian granulosa cells was detected using TUNEL staining. The mRNA expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl2, Bax, and Fas were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl2, Bax, and Fas were determined by western blotting. Our data showed that exposure to SIFs resulted in morphological changes consistent with ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. The percentage of TUNEL-positive granulosa cells was increased. The mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, and Fas increased significantly. The protein levels of Bax, Fas, and cleaved caspase-3 were also increased. These results indicate that the exposure of rats to modest doses of SIFs from weaning until sexual maturity can affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis. The mechanism of SIF-induced alterations in ovarian follicle development may involve the activation of Fas-mediated and Bcl2/Bax-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Kobayashi S, Shinohara M, Nagai T, Konishi Y. Transport mechanisms for soy isoflavones and microbial metabolites dihydrogenistein and dihydrodaidzein across monolayers and membranes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:2210-7. [PMID: 24200780 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavone data concerning the metabolism and permeability on intestinal epithelial cells are scarce, particularly for microbial isoflavone metabolites. This study evaluates the absorption mechanisms for the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, and their microbial metabolites, dihydrogenistein (DHG) and dihydrodaidzein (DHD). The permeability characteristics of isoflavones were compared by using the Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line for a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, and comparing their physicochemical properties. The data suggest that genistein, DHG and DHD were efficiently transported by passive diffusion according to the pH-partition hypothesis. Genistein was conjugated by phase II metabolizing enzymes and acted as a substrate of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Daidzein was not conjugated but did act as a substrate for BCRP, multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and P-glycoprotein. In contrast, DHG and DHD were markedly more permeable than their parent isoflavones; they were therefore difficult to transport by the efflux effect, and glucuronidation/sulfation was limited by the flux time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kobayashi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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