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Kwack KH, Zhang L, Kirkwood KL. In vitro osteoclastogenesis assessment using murine myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 184:133-147. [PMID: 38555153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has been commonly reported in the context of cancer immunology. MDSCs play a key role in cancer growth and progression by inhibiting both innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in cancer, a novel function of MDSCs as osteoclast precursors has recently been attracting attention. Because monocytic-MDSCs (M-MDSCs) are derived from the same myeloid lineage as macrophages, which are osteoclast progenitors, M-MDSCs can undergo differentiation into osteoclasts, contributing to bone destruction not only in the cancer microenvironment but also in inflammatory conditions including obesity and osteoarthritis. Herein, we present details of the technique to evaluate osteoclasts in vitro, as well as specific techniques to isolate M-MDSCs and identify them. This protocol can be easily adapted to isolate M-MDSCs from most pathologic conditions for easy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Kwack
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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2
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Imangali N, Sokolova V, Kostka K, Epple M, Winkler C. Functionalized calcium phosphate nanoparticles to direct osteoprotegerin to bone lesion sites in a medaka ( Oryzias latipes) osteoporosis model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1101758. [PMID: 36909307 PMCID: PMC9992893 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) is the inorganic part of hard tissues, such as bone, teeth and tendons, and has a high biocompatibility and good biodegradability. Therefore, CaP nanoparticles functionalized with DNA encoding bone anabolic factors are promising carrier-systems for future therapeutic development. Here, we analysed CaP nanoparticles in a genetically modified medaka fish model, where osteoporosis-like lesions can be induced by transgenic expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl). Rankl-transgenic medaka were used to visualize and understand effects of microinjected functionalized CaP nanoparticles during modulation of osteoclast activity in vivo. For this, we synthetized multi-shell CaP nanoparticles by rapid precipitation of calcium lactate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate followed by the addition of plasmid DNA encoding the osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor osteoprotegerin-b (Opgb). An additional layer of poly(ethyleneimine) was added to enhance cellular uptake. Integrity of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Fluorescently labelled CaP nanoparticles were microinjected into the heart, trunk muscle or caudal fins of Rankl-transgenic medaka embryos that expressed fluorescent reporters in various bone cell types. Confocal time-lapse imaging revealed a uniform distribution of CaP nanoparticles in injected tissues and showed that nanoparticles were efficiently taken up by macrophages that subsequently differentiated into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. After Rankl induction, fish injected with Opg-functionalized nanoparticles showed delayed or absent degradation of mineralized matrix, i.e. a lower incidence of osteoporosis-like phenotypes. This is proof of principle that CaP nanoparticles can be used as carriers to efficiently deliver modulatory compounds to osteoclasts and block their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul Imangali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Viktoriya Sokolova
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Christoph Winkler,
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Ishihara S, Yamamoto H, Iwasaki T, Toda Y, Yamamoto T, Yoshimoto M, Ito Y, Susuki Y, Kawaguchi K, Kinoshita I, Yamada Y, Kohashi K, Fujiwara T, Setsu N, Endo M, Matsumoto Y, Kakuda Y, Nakashima Y, Oda Y. Histological and immunohistochemical features and genetic alterations in the malignant progression of giant cell tumor of bone: a possible association with TP53 mutation and loss of H3K27 trimethylation. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:640-8. [PMID: 34785767 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In rare cases, giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) can undergo primary or secondary malignant transformation to malignant giant cell tumor of bone (MGCTB), but the details of the molecular alterations are still unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathologic and molecular features of MGCTBs based on immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and next generation sequencing (NGS) of nine MGCTBs (five primary and four secondary). Seven (78%) of 9 MGCTBs were immunohistochemically positive for H3.3 G34W. In two (22%) patients, although GCTB components were focally or diffusely positive for H3.3 G34W, their malignant components were entirely negative for H3.3 G34W, which was associated with heterozygous loss of H3F3A by FISH. NGS on four MGCTBs revealed pathogenic mutations in TP53 (n = 3), EZH2 (n = 1) and several other genes. Immunohistochemical analysis of the nine MGCTBs confirmed the p53 nuclear accumulation (n = 5) and loss of H3K27me3 expression (n = 3) and showed that they were mutually exclusive. In addition, four (80%) of five cases of pleomorphic or epithelioid cell-predominant MGCTBs were positive for p53, while three (75%) of four cases of spindle cell-predominant MGCTBs were negative for trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3). The results suggested that p53 alteration and dysfunction of histone methylation as evidenced by H3K27me3 loss may play an important role in the malignant progression of GCTB, and might contribute to the phenotype-genotype correlation in MGCTB. The combined histologic, immunohistochemical and molecular information may be helpful in part for the diagnosis of challenging cases.
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Kelly SP, Ramkumar DB, Peacock ZS, Newman ET, Venrick C, Lozano-Calderon SA, Raskin KA, Chebib I, Schwab JH. Sclerostin immunohistochemical staining in surgically treated giant cell tumor of bone. J Surg Oncol 2022; 126:571-576. [PMID: 35446992 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a destructive lesion with a high potential for recurrence. RANK-ligand targeted therapy has provided promising, yet mixed results. Sclerostin (SOST) inhibition results in a net anabolic response and is currently used in the treatment of osteoporosis. The application to GCTB is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine if GCTB stained for SOST on immunohistochemistry and correlate its expression with predictor variables. METHODS All patients at a single institution undergoing surgery for GCTB between 1993 and 2008 with a minimum of 6 months follow-up were included. Primary outcomes included the presence of SOST staining, secondary outcomes included the correlation of patient and tumor-specific predictor variables. RESULTS SOST antibody staining of any cell type was present in 47 of 48 cases (97.9%). Positivity of the stromal cells was present in 39 of 48 cases (81.3%) and was associated with radiographic aggressiveness (p = 0.023), symptomatic presentation (p = 0.032), prior surgery (p = 0.005), and patient age (p = 0.034). Positivity of giant cells was present in 41 of 48 cases (85.4%) and was not significant with predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin staining in GCTB is a novel finding and warrants further research to define the role of sclerostin as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Dipak B Ramkumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary S Peacock
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik T Newman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Connor Venrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Kevin A Raskin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivan Chebib
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kelly SP, Ramkumar DB, Lozano-Calderon SA, Newman ET, Raskin KA, Chebib I, Schwab JH, Peacock ZS. Sclerostin Immunohistochemical Staining in Aggressive Maxillofacial Giant Cell Lesions: Initial Results and Potential Therapeutic Target. J Craniofac Surg 2021. [PMID: 34753866 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maxillofacial (MF) giant cell lesions (GCLs) are benign, often locally aggressive lesions with potential for recurrence. Systemic treatments have included interferon alpha, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, and denosumab. Sclerostin (SOST) is typically thought to be a negative regulator of bone metabolism and anti-SOST agents have been used to treat osteoporosis; however, its role in central giant cell granuloma is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of SOST in MF GCLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of patients with MF GCLs treated at a single institution between 1993 and 2008 with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Representative tissue was used to create a tissue microarray and SOST immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and grading was performed. The primary outcomes were IHC staining of the stromal cells and giant cells. The secondary outcomes included correlation of IHC staining and patient predictor variables including clinically benign and aggressive lesions. All analyses were completed using univariate statistical tests. RESULTS A total of 37 subjects were included (29 clinically aggressive and 8 clinically benign). Sclerostin staining was present in 30 of 37 subjects (81%). Of these, 22 (60%) had stromal cell staining and 28 (76%) had giant cell staining. The presence or absence of staining, of either cell type, was not associated with aggressiveness, presence of clinical symptoms, tumor size, previous interferon therapy, previous surgery, or the race or age of the patient. DISCUSSION Maxillofacial GCLs have an overall high level of SOST staining; however, the role of SOST in treatment and prognosis is unknown and warrants further study.
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Yoshimatsu Y, Noguchi R, Tsuchiya R, Ono T, Sin Y, Akane S, Sugaya J, Mori T, Fukushima S, Yoshida A, Kawai A, Kondo T. Establishment and characterization of novel patient-derived cell lines from giant cell tumor of bone. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1899-1910. [PMID: 34304386 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing tumor. GCTB is characterized by the presence of unique giant cells and a recurrent mutation in the histone tail of the histone variant H3.3, which is encoded by H3F3A on chromosome 1. GCTB accounts for ~ 5% of primary bone tumors. Although GCTB exhibits an indolent course, it has the potential to develop aggressive behaviors associated with local recurrence and distant metastasis. Currently, complete surgical resection is the only curative treatment, and novel therapeutic strategies are required. Patient-derived cancer cell lines are critical tools for basic and pre-clinical research. However, only a few GCTB cell lines have been reported, and none of them are available from public cell banks. Therefore, we aimed to establish novel GCTB cell lines in the present study. Using curetted tumor tissues of GCTB, we established two cell lines and named them NCC-GCTB2-C1 and NCC-GCTB3-C1. These cells harbored a typical mutation in histones and exhibited slow but constant growth, formed spheroids, and had invasive capabilities. We demonstrated the utility of these cell lines for high-throughput drug screening using 214 anticancer agents. We concluded that NCC-GCTB2-C1 and NCC-GCTB3-C1 cell lines were useful for the in vitro study of GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshimatsu
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Rei Noguchi
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tsuchiya
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takuya Ono
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yooksil Sin
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Sei Akane
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Sugaya
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mori
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukushima
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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Starczak Y, Reinke DC, Barratt KR, Russell PK, Clarke MV, Davey RA, Atkins GJ, Anderson PH. Vitamin D receptor expression in mature osteoclasts reduces bone loss due to low dietary calcium intake in male mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105857. [PMID: 33647520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mature osteoclasts express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and are able to respond to active vitamin D (1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25(OH)2D3) by regulating cell maturation and activity. However, the in vivo consequences of vitamin D signalling directly within functionally mature osteoclasts is only partially understood. To investigate the in vivo role of VDR in mature osteoclasts, conditional deletion of the VDR under control of the cathepsin K promoter (CtskCre/Vdr-/-), was assessed in 6 and 12-week-old mice, either under normal dietary conditions (NormCaP) or when fed a low calcium (0.03 %), low phosphorous (0.08 %) diet (LowCaP). Splenocytes from CtskCre/Vdr-/- mice were co-cultured with MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells to assess the effect on osteoclastogenesis. Six-week-old CtskCre/Vdr-/- mice demonstrated a 10 % decrease in vertebral bone volume (p < 0.05), which was associated with increased osteoclast size (p < 0.05) when compared to Vdrfl/fl control mice. Control mice fed a LowCaP diet exhibited extensive trabecular bone loss associated with increased osteoclast surface, number and size (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, CtskCre/Vdr-/- mice fed a LowCaP diet showed exacerbated loss of bone volume fraction (BV/TV%) and trabecular number (Tb.N), by a further 22 % and 21 %, respectively (p < 0.05), suggesting increased osteoclastic bone resorption activity with the loss of VDR in mature osteoclasts under these conditions. Co-culture of CtskCre/Vdr-/- splenocytes with MLO-Y4 cells increased resulting osteoclast numbers 2.5-fold, which were greater in nuclei density and exhibited increased resorption of dentine compared to osteoclasts derived from Vdrfl/fl splenocyte cultures. These data suggest that in addition to RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, intact VDR signalling is required for the direct regulation of the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in both in vivo and ex vivo settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Starczak
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, SA, Australia; Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel C Reinke
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kate R Barratt
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Patricia K Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle V Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, SA, Australia.
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Li D, Li LF, Zhang ZF, Xue D, Pan L, Liu Y. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a new nanostructured Ca(II)-MOF as 5-FU delivery system to inhibit human lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and induce cell apoptosis. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1727895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li-Fei Li
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Zhang
- Tong Liao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Paediatrics, People’s Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Gansu, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
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Shibuya I, Takami M, Kawamoto M, Karakawa A, Nakamura S, Kamijo R. Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Distribution of RANKL-Expressing Cells and the Expression of Osteoclast-Related Markers in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.29.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Shibuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Masashi Kawamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital
| | - Akiko Karakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry
| | - Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry
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Ma Y, Zhao H, Chile C, Wang C, Zheng J, Song R, Zou H, Gu J, YanYuan, Bian J, Liu Z. The effect of P2X7R-mediated Ca 2+ signaling in OPG-induced osteoclasts adhesive structure damage. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111555. [PMID: 31415763 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast adhesion is important for bone resorption. Osteoprotegerin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption via Ca2+ signaling. Purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) affects osteoclastogenesis by activating transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1). However, the detailed mechanism of osteoprotegerin-mediated P2X7R modulation of osteoclast adhesion is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of P2X7R on osteoprotegerin-induced damage to osteoclast adhesion. Osteoprotegerin reduced the expression of P2X7R, and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) and SRC phosphorylation, and reduced calcium concentration, significantly decreasing Ca2+-NFATc1 signaling. 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM)/N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7) partly or absolutely recovered osteoprotegerin-induced osteoclasts adhesion structure damage, including increased the PYK2 and SRC phosphorylation, changed the distribution of PYK2/SRC and integrinαvβ3, and inhibited retraction of lamellipodia and filopodia and recovered osteoclast bone resorption activity. In addition, BAPTA-AM/W-7 also increased osteoprotegerin-induced activation of Ca2+-NFATc1 signaling, and restored normal P2X7R levels. P2X7R knockdown significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, and the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, reduced the PYK2 and SRC phosphorylation, and inhibited Ca2+-related protein activation. However, P2X7R knockdown aggravated osteoprotegerin-induced osteoclast adhesion damage via Ca2+ signaling. In conclusion, the P2X7R-Ca2+ NFATc1 signaling pathway has a key functional role in osteoprotegerin-induced osteoclast adhesion structure damage.
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11
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Dufresne A, Brahmi M, Karanian M, Blay JY. Using biology to guide the treatment of sarcomas and aggressive connective-tissue tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:443-458. [PMID: 29666441 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that arise from cells of a mesenchymal origin. Surgery forms the mainstay of the treatment of most patients with localized sarcoma and might be followed or preceded by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In the metastatic setting, systemic treatments tend to improve survival and control symptoms. However, the adverse events and sometimes disappointing outcomes associated with these empirical approaches to treatment indicate a need for new approaches. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled more targeted treatment of many malignancies based on the presence of specific alterations. NGS analyses of sarcomas have revealed the presence of many alterations that can be targeted using therapies that are already used in patients with other forms of cancer. In this Review, we describe the genomic alterations considered to define specific nosological subgroups of sarcoma and whose contribution to oncogenesis provides a biological rationale for the use of a specific targeted therapy. We also report several less successful examples that should guide researchers and clinicians to better define the extent to which the identification of driver molecular alterations should influence the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Dufresne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France.
| | - Mehdi Brahmi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Karanian
- Department of Pathology, Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized multinucleated cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage that are uniquely capable of adhering to bone matrix and resorbing bone. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay is the most common method to detect osteoclasts population in vitro. Here we described a general protocol of inducing osteoclast differentiation from the murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, and identification of osteoclasts with the classical TRAP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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13
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Zdzienicki M, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Kalinowska I, Rutkowski P. Advances in the management of giant cell tumor of bone: current options and future challenges. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1512401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zdzienicki
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kalinowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
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Li M, Chen X, Yan J, Zhou L, Wang Y, He F, Lin J, Zhu C, Pan G, Yu J, Pei M, Yang H, Liu T. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by stem cell-derived extracellular matrix through modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Acta Biomater 2018. [PMID: 29526830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from stem cells has been shown as a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration because of the promotion effect on osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, bone regeneration is also influenced by bone resorption and little is known about the effect of cell-derived ECM on osteoclast differentiation. In this study, ECM was deposited by MSCs and, after decellularization, the effect of ECM on osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) was investigated in comparison to standard tissue culture polystyrene. Our results showed that cell-derived ECM improved BMM proliferation but potently inhibited osteoclast differentiation, evidenced by down-regulation of multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, areas of actin rings, and osteoclast-specific gene expression. ECM-mediated attenuation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was suggested to play a rival role in the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, because exogenous hydrogen peroxide supplementation partially rescued the ECM-inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, rather than collagen type I, fibronectin in the ECM contributed to ECM-mediated anti-osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, stem cell-derived decellularized ECM significantly suppressed osteoclastogenesis via the attenuation of intracellular ROS. The anti-osteoclastogenic property of cell-derived ECM may benefit its clinical use for modulating bone remodeling and promoting bone tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from stem cells has been shown as a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration; however, bone remodeling is influenced by bone resorption and little is known about the effect of cell-derived ECM on osteoclast differentiation. Cell-derived ECM improved BMM proliferation but potently inhibited osteoclast differentiation. ECM-mediated attenuation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was suggested to play a rival role in osteoclastogenesis. Fibronectin in cell-derived ECM also contributed to ECM-mediated anti-osteoclastogenesis. The anti-osteoclastogenic property of cell-derived ECM may benefit clinically for modulating bone remodeling and promoting bone tissue engineering.
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Sabokbar A, Mahoney DJ, Hemingway F, Athanasou NA. Non-Canonical (RANKL-Independent) Pathways of Osteoclast Differentiation and Their Role in Musculoskeletal Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:16-26. [PMID: 26578261 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from mononuclear phagocyte precursors (monocytes, macrophages); in the canonical pathway of osteoclastogenesis, these cells fuse and differentiate to form specialised bone-resorbing osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). Non-canonical pathways of osteoclastogenesis have been described in which several cytokines and growth factors are able to substitute for RANKL. These humoral factors can generally be divided into those which, like RANKL, are tumour necrosis family (TNF) superfamily members and those which are not; the former include TNFα lymphotoxin exhibiting inducible expression and competing with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes (LIGHT), a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) and B cell activating factor (BAFF); the latter include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-11, nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II. This review summarises the evidence for these RANKL substitutes in inducing osteoclast differentiation from tissue-derived and circulating mononuclear phagocytes. It also assesses the role these factors are likely to play in promoting the pathological bone resorption seen in many inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of bone and joint including rheumatoid arthritis, aseptic implant loosening and primary and secondary tumours of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabokbar
- The Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Clinical Laboratory Services, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - D J Mahoney
- The Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Clinical Laboratory Services, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - F Hemingway
- The Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Clinical Laboratory Services, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - N A Athanasou
- The Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal and Clinical Laboratory Services, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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Panagopoulos V, Liapis V, Zinonos I, Hay S, Leach DA, Ingman W, DeNichilo MO, Atkins GJ, Findlay DM, Zannettino ACW, Evdokiou A. Peroxidase enzymes inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 440:8-15. [PMID: 27836774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) are heme-containing enzymes, well known for their antimicrobial activity, are released in abundance by innate immune infiltrates at sites of inflammation and injury. We have discovered new and previously unrecognised roles for heme peroxidases in extracellular matrix biosynthesis, angiogenesis, and bone mineralisation, all of which play an essential role in skeletal integrity. In this study we used in vitro models of osteoclastogenesis to investigate the effects of heme peroxidase enzymes on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorbing activity, pertinent to skeletal development and remodelling. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B-ligand (RANKL) stimulates the formation of tartate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells and increases bone resorption when cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or the RAW264.7 murine monocytic cell line. When RANKL was added in combination with either MPO or EPO, a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption was observed. Notably, peroxidases had no effect on the bone resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of the peroxidases was limited to osteoclast precursor cells. Mechanistically, we observed that osteoclast precursor cells readily internalize peroxidases, and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, important signalling molecules central to osteoclastogenesis. Our findings suggest that peroxidase enzymes, like MPO and EPO, may play a fundamental role in inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at inflammatory sites of bone fracture and injury. Therefore, peroxidase enzymes could be considered as potential therapeutic agents to treat osteolytic bone disease and aberrant bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Panagopoulos
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vasilios Liapis
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Irene Zinonos
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Hay
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien A Leach
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy Ingman
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark O DeNichilo
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David M Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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17
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Reinke DC, Kogawa M, Barratt KR, Morris HA, Anderson PH, Atkins GJ. Evidence for altered osteoclastogenesis in splenocyte cultures from Cyp27b1 knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:353-360. [PMID: 26639637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and reduced osteoclastic bone resorption is well known. Previously, we have demonstrated that mechanism by which this occurs, may include the conversion of 25D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) by osteoclasts, catalysed by the CYP27B1 enzyme. Local 1,25D synthesis in osteoclasts was shown to regulate osteoclastogenesis and moderating resorptive activity. Thus, we hypothesised that osteoclasts differentiated from mice with global deletion of the Cyp27b1 gene (Cyp27b1 KO) would display enhanced resorptive capacity due to the lack of an ameliorating effect of 1,25D. Splenocytes isolated from Cyp27b1 KO mice or their wild-type (WT) littermates between 6 and 8 weeks of age were cultured under osteoclast-forming conditions for up to 14 days. Osteoclast formation was measured by staining for the osteoclast marker tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Bone resorption activity was measured by plating the cells on a bone-like substrate. In Cyp27b1 KO cultures, osteoclastogenesis was reduced, as indicated by fewer TRAP-positive multinucleated cells at all time points measured (p<0.05) when compared to wild-type (WT) levels. However, Cyp27b1 KO osteoclasts demonstrated greater resorption on a per cell basis than their WT counterparts (p<0.03). In addition, the ratio of expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax to the pro-survival gene Bcl-2 was decreased in Cyp27b1 KO cultures, implying that these smaller osteoclasts survive longer than WT osteoclasts. Our data indicate abnormal osteoclastogenesis due to the absence of CYP27B1 expression, consistent with the notion that endogenous metabolism of 25D optimises osteoclastogenesis and ameliorates the resulting activity of mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Reinke
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Masakazu Kogawa
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate R Barratt
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Howard A Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) are an important source of precursors of osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells and the cytokines produced by PBMs that have profound effects on osteoclast differentiation, activation, and apoptosis. So PBMs represent a highly valuable and unique working cell model for bone-related study. Finding an appropriate working cell model for clinical and (epi-)genomic studies of human skeletal disorders is a challenge. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) can give rise to osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells. Particularly, PBMs provide the sole source of osteoclast precursors for adult peripheral skeleton where the bone marrow is normally hematopoietically inactive. PBMs can secrete potent pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are important for osteoclast differentiation, activation, and apoptosis. Reduced production of PBM cytokines represents a major mechanism for the inhibitory effects of sex hormones on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Abnormalities in PBMs have been linked to various skeletal disorders/traits, strongly supporting for the biological relevance of PBMs with bone metabolism and disorders. Here, we briefly review the origin and further differentiation of PBMs. In particular, we discuss the close relationship between PBMs and osteoclasts, and highlight the utility of PBMs in study the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - H-W Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - H Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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19
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Domovitov SV, Chandhanayingyong C, Boland PJ, McKeown DG, Healey JH. Conservative surgery in the treatment of giant cell tumor of the sacrum: 35 years' experience. J Neurosurg Spine 2015; 24:228-240. [PMID: 26516662 DOI: 10.3171/2015.4.spine13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT There is no consensus regarding the appropriate treatment of sacral giant cell tumor (GCT). There are 3 main management problems: tumor control, neurological loss, and pelvic instability. The objective of this study was to examine oncological, neurological, and structural outcomes of sacral GCT after intralesional excision and local intraoperative adjunctive treatment. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 24 patients with sacral GCT who underwent conservative surgery (intralesional resection/curettage) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 1973 through 2012. They analyzed patient demographic data, tumor characteristics, and operative techniques, and examined possible correlations with postoperative functional outcomes, complications, recurrence, and mortality. RESULTS There were 7 local recurrences (30%) and 3 distant recurrences (13%). Three of 24 patients (12.5%) had significant neurological loss after treatment-specifically, severe bowel and/or bladder dysfunction, but all regained function within 1-4 years. Larger tumor size (> 320 cm3) was associated with greater postoperative neurological loss. Radiation therapy and preoperative embolization were associated with prolonged disease-free survival. There were no local recurrences among the 11 patients who were treated with both modalities. Based on radiographic and clinical assessment, spinopelvic stability was present in 23 of 24 patients at final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS High local and distant recurrence rates associated with sacral GCT suggest the need for careful local and systemic follow-up in managing these patients. Intraoperative preservation of sacral roots was associated with better pain relief, improvement in ambulatory function, and retention of bowel/bladder function in most patients. Fusion and instrumentation of the sacroiliac joint successfully achieved spinopelvic stability in cases deemed clinically unstable. Despite improvement in the management of sacral GCT over 35 years, a need for novel therapies remains. The strategy of combining radiotherapy and embolization merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan V Domovitov
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, NUZ "Mediko-sanitarnaya chast," Astrakhan, Russia
| | | | - Patrick J Boland
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - David G McKeown
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - John H Healey
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
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Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member, which signals through the osteoclast surface RANK. As such, RANKL is required for osteoclast differentiation and function, namely bone resorption. There is now growing evidence that RANKL is a therapeutic target for musculoskeletal neoplasms, namely giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Cote
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Bago-Horvath Z, Schmid K, Rössler F, Nagy-Bojarszky K, Funovics P, Sulzbacher I. Impact of RANK signalling on survival and chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma. Pathology 2014; 46:411-5. [PMID: 24842377 DOI: 10.1097/PAT.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signalling pathway represents a promising target for the therapy of bone-related tumours. In the present study we evaluated the impact of the expression of RANK and its ligand (RANKL) on survival and response to chemotherapy in osteosarcoma patients.Expression of RANK and RANKL was examined in 91 human osteosarcomas by immunohistochemistry using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumour samples. Results of the stainings were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.Sixty-three osteosarcomas (69.2%) expressed RANK, whereas only eight cases (8.8%) showed expression of RANKL. Expression of RANK was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=0.031). We further observed worse response to chemotherapy in RANK expressing tumours, which was statistically not significant (p=0.099). RANKL expression was significantly more frequent in osteosarcoma of the lower extremity than in any other location. Analysis of RANKL expression did not reveal any statistically significant correlation with disease-free or osteosarcoma-specific survival.In our study, we identified RANK expression as a negative prognostic factor regarding disease-free survival in osteosarcoma. Moreover, RANK might modulate response of human osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. Therefore, RANK signalling cascade is likely to provide a novel alternative to targeted therapy of osteosarcoma and deserves further investigation.
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22
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Wu PF, Tang JY, Li KH. RANK pathway in giant cell tumor of bone: pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:495-501. [PMID: 25618600 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor is a relatively uncommon but painful tumor of bone, which can metastasize to the lungs. The RANK pathway is often reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). This pathway is a key signaling pathway of bone remodeling that plays a critical role in differentiation of precursors into multinucleated osteoclasts, and activation of osteoclasts leading to bone resorption. Dysregulation of RANK ligand (RANKL)-RANK-osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling cascade induces the imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption, which leads to the changes in bone mass, increases osteoclast-mediated bone destruction, bone metastasis, and the progression of existing skeletal tumors. Recent evidences have shown that targeting the components of RANKL-RANK-OPG signaling pathway is a promising approach in the treatment of GCTB. This review study has focused on the association of RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway in the pathogenesis and progression of GCTB as well as discussed the possible therapeutic strategies by targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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Avnet S, Salerno M, Zini N, Alberghini M, Gibellini D, Baldini N. Sustained Autocrine Induction and Impaired Negative Feedback of Osteoclastogenesis in CD14+ Cells of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone. The American Journal of Pathology 2013; 182:1357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Comprehending the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is of critical importance for developing novel targeted treatments for this locally-aggressive primary bone tumor. GCT is characterized by the presence of large multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells distributed amongst mononuclear spindle-like stromal cells and other monocytes. The giant cells are principally responsible for the extensive bone resorption by the tumor. However, the spindle-like stromal cells chiefly direct the pathology of the tumor by recruiting monocytes and promoting their fusion into giant cells. The stromal cells also enhance the resorptive ability of the giant cells. This review encompasses many of the attributes of GCT, including the process of giant cell formation and the mechanisms of bone resorption. The significance of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the development of GCT and the importance of proteases, including numerous matrix metalloproteinases, are highlighted. The mesenchymal lineage of the stromal cells and the origin of the hematopoietic monocytes are also discussed. Several aspects of GCT that require further understanding, including the etiology of the tumor, the mechanisms of metastases, and the development of an appropriate animal model, are also considered. By exploring the current status of GCT research, this review accentuates the significant progress made in understanding the biology of the tumor, and discusses important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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25
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Dufresne A, Derbel O, Cassier P, Vaz G, Decouvelaere AV, Blay JY. Giant-cell tumor of bone, anti-RANKL therapy. Bonekey Rep 2012; 1:149. [PMID: 24363925 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare osteolytic tumor of the bone. Although classified as a benign tumor, GCTB is characterized by local aggressiveness and risk of local recurrence. In addition, GTCB can in some cases lead to the development of so-called 'benign' chest metastases. Surgical resection by intralesional curettage with high-speed burring and polymethylmethacrylate cement is the standard treatment for resectable tumors. In cases of metastatic or unresectable disease (when planned surgical procedure is impossible or would result in severe morbidity), medical treatments such as cytotoxic chemotherapy or interferon-α have limited efficacy. Bisphosphonates have been proposed as a therapeutic option to reduce osteoclast activity. In bone, various pathological states may result from an imbalance in the RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B)/RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand)/OPG (osteoprotegerin) pathway. Involvement of the RANKL pathway in pathogenesis of GCTB was first proposed in 2000. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds and inhibits RANKL, thereby preventing the activation of the RANK pathway. As it showed the possibility to counteract osteoclast activation in GCTB and prevent the known physiopathological role of RANKL, denosumab has been under evaluation in the clinic as a treatment for GCTB since 2005. Results of a first Phase II trial demonstrate the therapeutic potential of denosumab to inhibit progressive bone destruction and metastatic progression in patients with unsalvageable giant-cell tumor (GCT), and have also provided key insights into the biology of GCT. Denosumab is currently a therapeutic option for patients with unresectable GCTB but its place in the global therapeutic strategy has not yet been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Dufresne
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Department of 'Immunity, Virus and Microenvironnement', UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - Olfa Derbel
- Medical Oncology Department, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Cassier
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Department of 'Immunity, Virus and Microenvironnement', UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France . ; Medical Oncology Department, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - Gualter Vaz
- Surgery Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital , Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Department of 'Immunity, Virus and Microenvironnement', UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France . ; Medical Oncology Department, Leon Berard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
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26
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Ahlmann ER, Wang L, Correa AJ, Fedenko AN. Near Complete Necrosis of a Giant Cell Tumor After Treatment with Denosumab: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2012; 2:e37. [PMID: 29252535 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.k.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke R Ahlmann
- University of Southern California + Los Angeles County Medical Center, 1200 North State Street, GNH 3900, Los Angeles, CA 90033. .
| | - Lingjun Wang
- University of Southern California + Los Angeles County Medical Center, 1200 North State Street, GNH 3900, Los Angeles, CA 90033. .
| | - Adrian J Correa
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, USC University Hospital, 1500 San Pablo Street, Unit 204, Los Angeles, CA 90089. .
| | - Alexander N Fedenko
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, USC University Hospital, 1500 San Pablo Street, Unit 204, Los Angeles, CA 90089. .
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Branstetter DG, Nelson SD, Manivel JC, Blay JY, Chawla S, Thomas DM, Jun S, Jacobs I. Denosumab induces tumor reduction and bone formation in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4415-24. [PMID: 22711702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Giant-cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive, benign osteolytic tumor in which bone destruction is mediated by RANK ligand (RANKL). The RANKL inhibitor denosumab is being investigated for treatment of GCTB. We describe histologic analyses of GCTB tumor samples from a phase II study of denosumab in GCTB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adult patients with recurrent or unresectable GCTB received subcutaneous denosumab 120 mg every 4 weeks (with additional doses on days 8 and 15). The primary histologic efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who had a 90% or more elimination of giant cells from their tumor. Baseline and on-study specimens were also evaluated for overall tumor morphology and expression of RANK and RANKL. RESULTS Baseline tumor samples were typically composed of densely cellular proliferative RANKL-positive tumor stromal cells, RANK-positive rounded mononuclear cells, abundant RANK-positive tumor giant cells, and areas of scant de novo osteoid matrix and woven bone. In on-study samples from 20 of 20 patients (100%), a decrease of 90% or more in tumor giant cells and a reduction in tumor stromal cells were observed. In these analyses, thirteen patients (65%) had an increased proportion of dense fibro-osseous tissue and/or new woven bone, replacing areas of proliferative RANKL-positive stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Denosumab treatment of patients with GCTB significantly reduced or eliminated RANK-positive tumor giant cells. Denosumab also reduced the relative content of proliferative, densely cellular tumor stromal cells, replacing them with nonproliferative, differentiated, densely woven new bone. Denosumab continues to be studied as a potential treatment for GCTB.
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28
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Cowan RW, Singh G, Ghert M. PTHrP increases RANKL expression by stromal cells from giant cell tumor of bone. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:877-84. [PMID: 22102368 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) presents with numerous osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells that are principally responsible for the extensive bone resorption by the tumor. Although the precise etiology of GCT remains uncertain, the accumulation of giant cells is partially due to the high expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) from the neoplastic stromal cells. Here, we have investigated whether parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays a role in the pathogenesis of GCT. Immunohistochemistry results revealed PTHrP expression in the stromal cells of the tumor, and that its receptor, the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R), is expressed by both the stromal cells and giant cells. PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the expression of PTHrP and PTH1R by isolated stromal cells from five patients presenting with GCT. Treatment of GCT stromal cells with varying concentrations of PTHrP (1-34) significantly increased both RANKL gene expression and the number of multinucleated cells formed from RAW 264.7 cells in co-culture experiments, whereas inhibition of PTHrP with a neutralizing antibody decreased RANKL gene expression. These results suggest that PTHrP is expressed within GCT by the stromal cells and can contribute to the abundant RANKL expression and giant cell formation within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cowan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Vishvanath A, Itinteang T, Tan ST, Day DJ. Infantile haemangioma expresses tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), TRAIL receptors, osteoprotegerin and receptor activator for nuclear factor кB ligand (RANKL). Histopathology 2012; 59:397-406. [PMID: 22034880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the expression of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors and decoy receptors, including osteoprotegerin (OPG) in infantile haemangioma (IH). METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining, Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used on IH biopsies and haemangioma explant-derived cells (HaemEDCs). TRAIL and its receptors and decoy receptors, including OPG, are expressed in proliferating IH tissues and in HaemEDCs. Cells forming the endothelium of immature capillaries of proliferating IHs express abundant OPG and show punctate von Willebrand Factor (vWF) staining. As the cells mature and assume the characteristic of endothelial cells they increase expression of vWF, but lose expression of OPG. The endothelium of IH shows minimal expression of receptor activator for nuclear factor кB ligand (RANKL) compared with a small population of RANKL-positive cells located within the interstitium between microvessels. Proliferating HaemEDCs express significantly higher levels of OPG and decoy receptor 2 than the matched tissue samples. Increased OPG expression is detected in the extracellular matrix and in the conditioned medium of HaemEDCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that OPG through the TRAIL pathway, but not the RANKL pathway, plays a role in regulating anti-apoptosis during the development of IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Vishvanath
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Smink JJ, Tunn P, Leutz A. Rapamycin inhibits osteoclast formation in giant cell tumor of bone through the C/EBPβ - MafB axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:25-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hemingway F, Cheng X, Knowles HJ, Estrada FM, Gordon S, Athanasou NA. In vitro generation of mature human osteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:389-95. [PMID: 21960377 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear precursors of human osteoclasts are found in the CD14(+) monocyte fraction of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). It is possible to generate osteoclasts in vitro from PBMCs cultured with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand. In these cultures, however, it is not possible to distinguish the effect of a specific agent on osteoclast resorption activity as opposed to osteoclast differentiation. To produce a population of mature human osteoclasts to study osteoclast lacunar resorption specifically, we cultured CD14(+) human monocytes on hydrophobic dishes in order to generate and maintain osteoclasts in suspension prior to culturing them on coverslips and dentine slices. Multinucleated cells formed in these cultures expressed vitronectin receptor, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin K. These cells also produced F-actin rings and were capable of extensive lacunar resorption on dentine slices after 24 h in culture. Lacunar resorption was inhibited by calcitonin and zoledronate but not by osteoprotegerin. This method of generating a highly enriched population of mature human osteoclasts should provide a valuable means of specifically assessing the effect of molecular factors (e.g., cytokines, growth factors, hormones) and therapeutic agents on osteoclast resorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hemingway
- The Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, UK
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Abstract
AIMS The interactions between the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the decoy receptor for RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), play a pivotal role in promoting osteoclast differentiation and activation leading to bone resorption. Giant cell tumours, chondroblastomas, and aneurysmal bone cysts harbour osteolytic lesions containing osteoclast-like giant cells. We investigated the characteristics of the RANKL signalling pathway in each of these bone lesions. METHODS We evaluated 44 cases of giant cell tumour, 12 cases of chondroblastoma, six cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, and five cases of metastatic giant cell tumour (including paired primary giant cell tumours). We assessed RANK, RANKL, and OPG expression in chondroblastomas, giant cell tumours, and aneurysmal bone cysts using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Our findings revealed that RANK, RANKL, and OPG expression differed significantly among disease types. Giant cells of chondroblastomas showed significantly higher RANK expression than the giant cells of giant cell tumours and aneurysmal bone cysts; similarly, stromal cells of chondroblastomas showed significantly higher OPG expression than the stromal cells of giant cell tumours and aneurysmal bone cysts. Furthermore, giant cells of giant cell tumours expressed significantly more RANK than the giant cells of aneurysmal bone cysts. CONCLUSIONS The expression of RANK, RANKL, and OPG in osteoclast-like giant cells differs significantly by disease; OPG expression differs significantly between giant cell tumours and chondroblastomas.
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Wang Y, Huang P, Tang PF, Chan KM, Li G. Alendronate (ALN) combined with osteoprotegerin (OPG) significantly improves mechanical properties of long bone than the single use of ALN or OPG in the ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2011; 6:34. [PMID: 21752290 PMCID: PMC3143091 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alendronate (ALN) is the most common form of bisphosphonates used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has also been shown to reduce osteoporotic changes in both humans and experimental animals after systemic administration. The aim of this current study was to test if the anti-resorption effects of ALN may be enhanced when used in combination with OPG. Objectives To investigate the effects of ALN, OPG or combined on bone mass and bone mechanical properties in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods OVX rats were treated with ALN, OPG-Fc, or OPG-Fc and ALN. Biochemical markers, trabecular bone mass, biomechanics, histomorphometry and RANKL expression in the bone tissues were examined following the treatments. Results The treatment of ALN, OPG-Fc and ALN+OPG-Fc all prevented bone loss in the OVX-rats, there was no statistical difference among the three treatment groups in terms of vertebrae BMD, mineralizing surfaces, mineral apposition rate, BFR/BS. The ALN+OPG-Fc treatment group had significantly increased the mechanical strength of lumber vertebral bodies and femoral shafts when compared to the ALN and OPG-Fc treatment groups. The RANKL protein expression in the vertebral bones was significantly decreased in the ALN and ALN+OPG-Fc treatment groups, suggesting the combined use of OPG-Fc and ALN might have amplified inhibition of bone resorption through inhibiting RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion The combined use of OPG-Fc and ALN may be a new treatment strategy for reversing bone loss and restoring bone quality in osteoprotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China.
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Kogawa M, Findlay DM, Anderson PH, Ormsby R, Vincent C, Morris HA, Atkins GJ. Osteoclastic metabolism of 25(OH)-vitamin D3: a potential mechanism for optimization of bone resorption. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4613-25. [PMID: 20739402 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extrarenal synthesis of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) has been demonstrated in a number of cell types including osteoblasts and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. The skeleton appears responsive to serum levels of the 1,25D precursor, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D), in terms of bone mineralization parameters. The effect of metabolism of 25D into active 1,25D by osteoclast lineage cells is unknown. We found that CYP27B1 mRNA expression increased with exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence or absence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand. Consistent with this, human osteoclast cultures incubated with 25D produced measurable quantities of 1,25D. Osteoclast formation from either mouse RAW264.7 cells or human PBMCs in the presence of physiological concentrations of 25D resulted in significant up-regulation of the key osteoclast transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells-c1 in PBMCs and a number of key osteoclast marker genes in both models. The expression of the osteoblast coupling factor, ephrin-b2, was also increased in the presence of 25D. Levels of CYP27B1 and nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 mRNA correlated during osteoclastogenesis and also in a cohort of human bone samples. CYP27B1 short-hairpin RNA knockdown in RAW264.7 cells decreased their osteoclastogenic potential. 25D dose dependently reduced the resorptive capacity of PBMC-derived osteoclasts without compromising cell viability. 25D also reduced resorption by RAW264.7- and giant cell tumor-derived osteoclasts. Conversely, osteoclasts formed from vitamin D receptor-null mouse splenocytes had increased resorptive activity compared with wild-type cells. We conclude that 25D metabolism is an important intrinsic mechanism for optimizing osteoclast differentiation, ameliorating osteoclast activity, and potentially promoting the coupling of bone resorption to formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kogawa
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000
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Fanourakis G, Lazaris AC, Krithinakis S, Tosios KI, Sklavounou A, Tseleni-Balafouta S. Expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in peripheral giant cell granulomas of the jaws. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:687-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spahni AI, Schawalder P, Rothen B, Bosshardt DD, Lang N, Stoffel MH. Immunohistochemical localization of RANK, RANKL and OPG in healthy and arthritic canine elbow joints. Vet Surg 2009; 38:780-6. [PMID: 19674422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-osteoprotegerin (RANK-RANKL-OPG) system is active in bone remodeling in dogs and, if so, whether differences in expression of these mediators occur in healthy and arthritic joints. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION Fragmented processus coronoidei (n=20) were surgically removed from dogs with elbow arthritis and 5 corresponding healthy samples from dogs euthanatized for reasons other than elbow joint disease. METHODS Bright-field immunohistochemistry and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy were used to investigate the distribution of RANK, RANKL, and OPG in healthy and arthritic joints. RESULTS All 3 molecules were identified by immunostaining of canine bone tissue. In elbow dysplasia, the number of RANK-positive osteoclasts was increased. In their vicinity, cells expressing RANKL, a mediator of osteoclast activation, were abundant whereas the number of osteoblasts having the potential to limit osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via OPG was few. CONCLUSIONS The RANK-RANKL-OPG system is active in bone remodeling in dogs. In elbow dysplasia, a surplus of molecules promoting osteoclastogenesis was evident and is indicative of an imbalance between the mediators regulating bone resorption and bone formation. Both OPG and neutralizing antibodies against RANKL have the potential to counterbalance bone resorption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Therapeutic use of neutralizing antibodies against RANKL to inhibit osteoclast activation warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Spahni
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, the Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopedics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gruber HE, Rude RK. Alterations in osteoclast morphology following osteoprotegerin administration in the magnesium-deficient mouse. Biotech Histochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10520290310001630476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Wijenayaka AKAR, Colby CB, Atkins GJ, Majewski P. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on glass coverslips for the assay of osteoclast activity in vitro. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20:1467-1473. [PMID: 19259788 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The osteoclast (OC) is the cell type responsible for the resorption of bone. The activity of this cell is important in the aetiology of a large number of skeletal pathologies, and also for the biocompatibility and osseointegration of orthopaedic implant materials. OC mediated acid hydrolysis of calcium phosphate from the bone matrix offers a prime means of studying the biology and activity of this cell type. We have developed a method of coating glass coverslips with a hydroxyapatite (HA)-like mineral, using a biomimetic approach. Hydroxylation followed by formation of a self assembled monolayer (SAM) using the surfactant triethoxysilylpropyl succinic anhydride (TESPSA), allowed biomimetic deposition of HA-like mineral from a simulated body fluid (SBF). The biocompatibility of the TESPSA SAM-HA coated glass coverslips was tested by culturing human mature OC present in samples of giant cell tumour of bone (GCT). Parameters of OC activity were assayed, including F-actin ring formation, release of calcium and formation of osteoclastic resorption pits, confirming that OC were able to attach to and resorb the coated surface. This approach for the preparation of HA coatings on glass coverslips could have wide applicability for the study of osteoclast behaviour in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiri K A R Wijenayaka
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors specify developmental pathways and cell fate in vertebrates. NFATc1, in particular, is crucial to multiple seemingly unrelated biologic processes, including heart valve formation, T-cell activation, osteoclast development, and the mitigation of hair follicle stem cell proliferation. Here, we review how our recently generated NFATc1 conditional knockout mouse has contributed to our understanding of this transcription factor in inflammatory and musculoskeletal conditions and their treatment.
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Vincent C, Kogawa M, Findlay DM, Atkins GJ. The generation of osteoclasts from RAW 264.7 precursors in defined, serum-free conditions. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:114-9. [PMID: 19057837 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the unique cell type capable of resorbing bone. The discovery of the TNF-ligand family member, RANKL, has allowed more reliable study of these important cells. The mouse monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7, has been shown to readily differentiate into osteoclasts upon exposure to recombinant RANKL. Unlike primary osteoclast precursors, there is no requirement for the addition of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). However, to date, their differentiation has always been studied in the context of added foetal calf serum (FCS). FCS is a complex and largely undefined mixture of growth factors and matrix proteins, and varies between batches. For this reason, osteoclastogenesis would ideally be studied in the context of a defined, serum-free medium. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in serum-replete alpha-MEM or serum-deprived medium (SDM) shown previously to support the growth of human osteoclasts in a co-culture with normal osteoblasts. In SDM, in the presence of recombinant RANKL, RAW 264.7 cells readily differentiated into tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, a process that was enhanced with the addition of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D). While the osteoclasts grown in SDM were smaller in size compared with those derived in serum-replete media, their resorptive capacity was significantly increased as indicated by a twofold increase in average resorption pit size. In conclusion, we describe a defined model for studying osteoclast differentiation and activity in the absence of serum, which will be ideal for studying the role of agonistic and antagonistic molecules in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vincent
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide and the Hanson Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased osteoclast activity plays an operative role in the pathophysiology of skeletal complications of malignancy. This review focuses on the critical roles of a triad of molecules - receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand and its two receptors, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta and osteoprotegerin - in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis across a broad spectrum of cancer-induced bone diseases. RECENT FINDINGS While it is well established that osteoclastic bone resorption plays an operative role in the skeletal complications of 'osteolytic' bone metastasis, recent evidence has described osteoclasts in osteoblastic prostate cancer metastases and increases in serum markers of bone resorption in these patients. In addition to its essential role in osteoclastogenesis, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand has also been recently shown to increase migration and invasive properties of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta-positive tumor cells, and potentially may play a direct role in the bone tropism of those tumors. SUMMARY The critical role of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand signaling in regulating osteoclast activity is described in detail in this review, as is its role in cancer-mediated bone destruction, and the potential of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand inhibition as a novel treatment in tumor-induced bone disease.
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Aliprantis AO, Ueki Y, Sulyanto R, Park A, Sigrist KS, Sharma SM, Ostrowski MC, Olsen BR, Glimcher LH. NFATc1 in mice represses osteoprotegerin during osteoclastogenesis and dissociates systemic osteopenia from inflammation in cherubism. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3775-89. [PMID: 18846253 DOI: 10.1172/jci35711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis results from an imbalance in skeletal remodeling that favors bone resorption over bone formation. Bone matrix is degraded by osteoclasts, which differentiate from myeloid precursors in response to the cytokine RANKL. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of bone resorption during growth and disease, we generated a conditional knockout of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (Nfatc1). Deletion of Nfatc1 in young mice resulted in osteopetrosis and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Transcriptional profiling revealed NFATc1 as a master regulator of the osteoclast transcriptome, promoting the expression of numerous genes needed for bone resorption. In addition, NFATc1 directly repressed osteoclast progenitor expression of osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for RANKL previously thought to be an osteoblast-derived inhibitor of bone resorption. "Cherubism mice", which carry a gain-of-function mutation in SH3-domain binding protein 2 (Sh3bp2), develop osteoporosis and widespread inflammation dependent on the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha. Interestingly, deletion of Nfatc1 protected cherubism mice from systemic bone loss but did not inhibit inflammation. Taken together, our study demonstrates that NFATc1 is required for remodeling of the growing and adult skeleton and suggests that NFATc1 may be an effective therapeutic target for osteoporosis associated with inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kearns AE, Khosla S, Kostenuik PJ. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:155-92. [PMID: 18057140 PMCID: PMC2528846 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is incomplete in many pathological states, which leads to a net loss of bone mass with each remodeling cycle. Postmenopausal osteoporosis and other conditions are associated with an increased rate of bone remodeling, which leads to accelerated bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Bone resorption is dependent on a cytokine known as RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand), a TNF family member that is essential for osteoclast formation, activity, and survival in normal and pathological states of bone remodeling. The catabolic effects of RANKL are prevented by osteoprotegerin (OPG), a TNF receptor family member that binds RANKL and thereby prevents activation of its single cognate receptor called RANK. Osteoclast activity is likely to depend, at least in part, on the relative balance of RANKL and OPG. Studies in numerous animal models of bone disease show that RANKL inhibition leads to marked suppression of bone resorption and increases in cortical and cancellous bone volume, density, and strength. RANKL inhibitors also prevent focal bone loss that occurs in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and bone metastasis. Clinical trials are exploring the effects of denosumab, a fully human anti-RANKL antibody, on bone loss in patients with osteoporosis, bone metastasis, myeloma, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Kearns
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Keller ET, Dai J, Escara-Wilke J, Hall CL, Ignatoski K, Taichman RS, Keller J. New trends in the treatment of bone metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:1095-102. [PMID: 17955492 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is often the penultimate harbinger of death for many cancer patients. Bone metastases are often associated with fractures and severe pain resulting in decreased quality of life. Accordingly, effective therapies to inhibit the development or progression of bone metastases will have important clinical benefits. To achieve this goal understanding the mechanisms through which bone metastases develop and progress may provide targets to inhibit the metastases. In the past few years, there have been advances in both understanding the mechanisms through which bone metastases develop and how they impact bone remodeling. Additionally, gains in promising clinical strategies to target bone metastases have been developed. In this prospectus, we will discuss some of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Lamoureux F, Richard P, Wittrant Y, Battaglia S, Pilet P, Trichet V, Blanchard F, Gouin F, Pitard B, Heymann D, Redini F. Therapeutic Relevance of Osteoprotegerin Gene Therapy in Osteosarcoma: Blockade of the Vicious Cycle between Tumor Cell Proliferation and Bone Resorption. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7308-18. [PMID: 17671200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary bone tumor that develops mainly in the young, the median age of diagnosis being 18 years. Despite improvement in osteosarcoma treatment, survival rate is only 30% at 5 years for patients with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis. This warrants exploration of new therapeutic options, and among them, osteoprotegerin (OPG), a naturally occurring protein that inhibits bone resorption, is very promising in blocking the vicious cycle between bone resorption and tumor proliferation that takes place during tumor development in bone site. As OPG binds and inhibits the activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, the truncated form of murine OPG 1-194 was used. The cDNA encoding OPG was administered by gene transfer using replication-defective adenoviral vector or was associated with an amphiphilic polymer in two models of rodent osteosarcoma. In both models, OPG gene transfer was effective in preventing the formation of osteolytic lesions associated with osteosarcoma development, in reducing the tumor incidence and the local tumor growth, leading to a 4-fold augmentation of mice survival 28 days postimplantation. On the contrary, OPG did not prevent the development of pulmonary metastasis alone, suggesting that bone environment is necessary for OPG therapeutic efficacy. Because OPG has no direct activity on osteosarcoma cells in vitro (cell binding, cell proliferation, apoptosis, or cell cycle distribution), we show that OPG exerts indirect inhibitory effect on tumor progression through the inhibition of RANKL whose production is enhanced in bone tumor environment, leading to osteolysis inhibition as reflected by osteoclast number decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Lamoureux
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), ERI 7, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France
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Abstract
The histiogenesis and mechanisms of bone destruction in giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone are not well understood. We asked whether the spindle-like stromal cells of GCT of bone exhibit osteoblastic properties, and whether the stromal cells produce active matrix-degrading proteases in vitro. We performed immunohistochemistry on 17 paraffin-embedded archival specimens with a pathologic diagnosis of GCT with monoclonal antibodies for the osteoblastic lineage markers osteopontin, osteonectin, and osteocalcin. The average staining grade for the 17 specimens was highest for osteonectin, followed by osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Primary cell cultures of GCT stromal cells were prepared from two fresh tumor specimens. Western blots were used on the cell lysates and media to detect osteocalcin precursor and the matrix-degrading proteases MMP-2 and MMP-9. We found the stromal cells in culture produce osteocalcin precursor, indicating osteoblastic lineage. The cells also express both the active and inactive isoforms of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Gelatinase assays confirmed the activity of the proteases in vitro. The spindle like stromal cells of GCT have characteristics of osteoblast progenitors and produce active matrix-degrading proteases. These cells may therefore play a central role in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ghert
- McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences and the Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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48
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Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (variously termed stromal-derived factor 1 or B cell-stimulating factor) is a highly conserved chemotactic cytokine belonging to the large family of CXC chemokines. CXCL12 has crucial roles in the formation of multiple organ systems during embryogenesis and in the regulation of bone marrow haematopoiesis and immune function in the postnatal organism. Although considered an important factor in normal bone metabolism, recent studies implicate CXCL12 in the pathogenesis of several diseases involving the skeleton, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancers that metastasize to bone. Recent studies have highlighted an emerging role for CXCL12 in the processes of physiological and pathological bone remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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49
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Abstract
The giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) is a locally aggressive intraosseous neoplasm of obscure biological behaviour. Although well defined in clinical, radiological and histological terms, detailed information on its biological development is still relatively incomplete. The tumoral tissue consists of three cell types--the neoplastic giant cell tumour stromal cells (GCTSC), representing the proliferative fraction, secondarily recruited mononuclear histiocytic cells (MNHC) and multinuclear giant cells (MNGC). These cellular components interact together with factors that have a role in regulating osteoclast function in normal bone tissue (e.g. RANK, RANKL, OPG, M-CSF). Recent publications suggest that the neoplastic stromal cells express differentiation features of mesenchymal stem cells. Further research of the pathogenesis of GCT as well as the complex interactions of its cellular populations may provide the knowledge necessary for developing approaches for a biological-based therapy of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Werner
- Institute of Osteopathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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50
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Atkins GJ, Kostakis P, Vincent C, Farrugia AN, Houchins JP, Findlay DM, Evdokiou A, Zannettino ACW. RANK Expression as a cell surface marker of human osteoclast precursors in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and giant cell tumors of bone. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1339-49. [PMID: 16939392 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RANK expression in vivo on hematopoietic subsets including pre-osteoclasts, identified by monoclonal antibodies, has not been described. We describe the lineages that express RANK in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and GCTs. We show that CD14(+)RANK(high) cells constitute a circulating pre-osteoclast pool. INTRODUCTION The expression of RANK by subsets of hematopoietic cells has not been adequately studied in humans. While attributed to the monocytoid lineage, the phenotype of the pre-osteoclast (pre-OC) with respect to RANK expression in vivo remains unclear. We tested monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the extracellular domain of recombinant human RANK for reactivity with normal peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (PBMNCs and BMMNCs, respectively). We also tested reactivity with giant cell tumor cells (GCT), a confirmed source of pre-OC and mature OCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human PBMNCs, BMMNCs, and GCT cells were analyzed for reactivity with anti-RANK MAbs by flow cytometry in combination with hematopoietic lineage restricted markers. GCTs were also analyzed by immunofluorescence. CD14+ monocytoid cells were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on their relative RANK expression and cultured under OC-forming conditions. RESULTS RANK+ cells were detected similarly by three independent anti-RANK MAbs. One MAb (80736) immunoprecipitated RANK-RANKL complexes from surface-biotinylated GCT lysates. Using dual-color flow cytometry, RANK was detected on CD14+ (monocytoid), CD19+ (B-lymphoid), CD56+ (NK cell), and glycophorin A+ erythroid progenitors. Minor populations of both CD3+ T lymphocytes and BM CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors also expressed cell surface RANK. In GCTs, RANK expression was identified on mononuclear CD45(+)CD14(+)alphaVbeta3(+)c-Fms+ cells, likely to be committed pre-OC, and on multinucleated CD45(+)alphaVbeta3(+)TRACP(+) OCs. Importantly, sorted CD14(+)RANK(high) PBMNCs treated with recombinant RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) gave rise to approximately twice the number of osteoclasts than RANK(mid) or RANK(low) cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that committed monocytoid RANK+ pre-OCs are represented in the marrow and circulate in the periphery, forming a pool of cells capable of responding rapidly to RANKL. The ability to reliably detect committed pre-OC in peripheral blood could have important clinical applications in the management of diseases characterized by abnormal osteoclastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Atkins
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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