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Risby H, Robinson G, Chandra N, King G, Vivancos R, Smith R, Thomas D, Fox A, McCarthy N, Chalmers RM. Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2023; 4:100151. [PMID: 38021189 PMCID: PMC10665698 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans and livestock, and cryptosporidiosis outbreaks are common. However, a multi-locus genotyping scheme is not widely adopted. We describe the further development and application of a seven-locus multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) scheme. From 28th March to 31st July 2022, confirmed C. parvum stools (n = 213) from cryptosporidiosis patients (cases) in Wales (n = 95) and the north west of England (n = 118) were tested by MLVA. Typability (defined as alleles identified at all seven loci in a sample) was 81.2% and discriminatory power estimated by Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index was 0.99. A MLVA profile was constructed from the alleles, expressed in chromosomal order. Profiles were defined as simple (single allele at each locus) or mixed (more than one allele at any locus). A total of 161 MLVA profiles were identified; 13 were mixed, an additional 38 simple profiles contained null records, and 110 were complete simple profiles. A minimum spanning tree was constructed of simple MLVA profiles and those identical at all seven loci defined genetic clusters of cases (here, null records were considered as an allele); 77 cases formed 25 clusters, ranging from two to nine (mode = two) cases. The largest cluster, following epidemiological investigation, signalled a newly-identified outbreak. Two other cases with mixed profiles that contained the outbreak alleles were included in the outbreak investigation. In another epidemiologically-identified outbreak of six initial cases, MLVA detected two additional cases. In a third, small outbreak of three cases, identical MLVA profiles strengthened the microbiological evidence. Review of the performance characteristics of the individual loci and of the seven-locus scheme suggested that two loci might be candidates for review, but a larger dataset over a wider geographical area and longer timeframe will help inform decision-making about the scheme by user laboratories and stakeholders (such as public health agencies). This MLVA scheme is straightforward in use, fast and cheap compared to sequence-based methods, identifies mixed infections, provides an important tool for C. parvum surveillance, and can enhance outbreak investigations and public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Risby
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nastassya Chandra
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Field Service North West, Suite 3B, 3rd Floor, Cunard Building, Water Street, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK
| | - Grace King
- Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Field Service North West, Suite 3B, 3rd Floor, Cunard Building, Water Street, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Robert Smith
- Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Fox
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Field Service North West, Suite 3B, 3rd Floor, Cunard Building, Water Street, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Rachel M. Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Daly M, Powell J, O'Connell NH, Murphy L, Dunne CP. Antimicrobial Resistance Is Prevalent in E. coli and Other Enterobacterales Isolated from Public and Private Drinking Water Supplies in the Republic of Ireland. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1224. [PMID: 37317198 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been reported in many environmental studies conducted in Ireland and elsewhere. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in both human and animal healthcare as well as concentrations of residual antibiotics being released into the environment from wastewaters are thought to be contributing factors. Few reports of AMR in drinking water-associated microbes are available for Ireland or internationally. We analysed 201 enterobacterales from group water schemes and public and private water supplies, only the latter having been surveyed in Ireland previously. The organisms were identified using conventional or molecular techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for a range of antibiotics was performed using the ARIS 2X interpreted in accordance with EUCAST guidelines. A total of 53 Escherichia coli isolates, 37 Serratia species, 32 Enterobacter species and enterobacterales from seven other genera were identified. A total of 55% of isolates were amoxicillin resistant, and 22% were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistant. A lower level of resistance (<10%) was observed to aztreonam, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. No resistance to amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem or meropenem was detected. The level of AMR detected in this study was low but not insignificant and justifies ongoing surveillance of drinking water as a potential source of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Daly
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, V94 F858 Limerick, Ireland
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - James Powell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, V94 F858 Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Nuala H O'Connell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Limerick, V94 F858 Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liz Murphy
- Public Health Laboratory, Raheen Business Park, V94 H9YE Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), School of Medicine, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Piras F, Siddi G, Le Guern AS, Brémont S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sanna R, Meloni MP, De Santis EPL, Scarano C. Traceability, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in two industrial cheese-making plants. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110225. [PMID: 37126899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2019, 309 environmental and food samples were collected from two industrial cheese-making plants located in Sardinia, in order to investigate Y. enterocolitica presence and to characterize the isolates. Y. enterocolitica isolates were further compared with isolates detected during a previous investigation from sheep and goat raw milk samples. Y. enterocolitica was detected in 7.4 % of the samples and the prevalence was higher, even if not significantly (P > 0.05) higher in non-food contact surface samples (10.2 %) than in food contact surface samples (3.8 %). The highest prevalence was detected in floor samples (13.5 %), followed by drain samples (7.2 %), which might serve as main harborage sites for further contamination. Y. enterocolitica was also detected in food contact surfaces, namely shelves of the Ricotta cooling room and packaging room, one cheese cutting machine surface and one raw milk filter sample. The biotype 1A isolates identified in this study were classified into six different serotypes. Additionally, a bioserotype 2/O:5,27 isolate was identified in one goat milk sample. All 1A isolates possessed the virulence genes invA and ystB while the 2/O:5,27 isolate showed the presence of ail, ystA, invA and yadA genes, thus confirming a pathogenic potential. The isolates showed intrinsic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin and cefoxitin due to the presence of the blaA gene. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify seven different sequence types among the 1A isolates, thus showing a high genetic diversity. The same Y. enterocolitica sequence type (ST3) was detected from three different areas of the same cheese-making plant, indicating a possible transfer of the microorganism along the processing lines. Y. enterocolitica contamination in cheese-making plants can pose a risk to human health. Preventive measures include the hygienic design of the plant layout and equipment, in association with proper cleaning and disinfection programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Siddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Anne-Sophie Le Guern
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Plague and other Yersiniosis, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brémont
- Yersinia Research Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Plague and other Yersiniosis, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rita Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Christian Scarano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Yue Y, Zheng J, Sheng M, Liu X, Hao Q, Zhang S, Xu S, Liu Z, Hou X, Jing H, Liu Y, Zhou X, Li Z. Public health implications of Yersinia enterocolitica investigation: an ecological modeling and molecular epidemiology study. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 37085902 PMCID: PMC10120104 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia enterocolitica has been sporadically recovered from animals, foods, and human clinical samples in various regions of Ningxia, China. However, the ecological and molecular characteristics of Y. enterocolitica, as well as public health concerns about infection in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the ecological and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Y. enterocolitis in order to inform the public health intervention strategies for the contains of related diseases. METHODS A total of 270 samples were collected for isolation [animals (n = 208), food (n = 49), and patients (n = 13)], then suspect colonies were isolated and identified by the API20E biochemical identification system, serological tests, biotyping tests, and 16S rRNA-PCR. Then, we used an ecological epidemiological approach combined with machine learning algorithms (general linear model, random forest model, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting) to explore the associations between ecological factors and the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitis. Furthermore, average nucleotide identity (ANI) estimation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and core gene multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were applied to characterize the molecular profile of isolates based on whole genome sequencing. The statistical test used single-factor analysis, Chi-square tests, t-tests/ANOVA-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS A total of 270 isolates of Yersinia were identified from poultry and livestock (n = 191), food (n = 49), diarrhoea patients (n = 13), rats (n = 15), and hamsters (n = 2). The detection rates of samples from different hosts were statistically different (χ2 = 22.636, P < 0.001). According to the relatedness clustering results, 270 isolates were divided into 12 species, and Y. enterocolitica (n = 187) is a predominated species. Pathogenic isolates made up 52.4% (98/187), while non-pathogenic isolates made up 47.6% (89/187). Temperature and precipitation were strongly associated with the pathogenicity of the isolates (P < 0.001). The random forest (RF) prediction model showed the best performance. The prediction result shows a high risk of pathogenicity Y. enterocolitica was located in the northern, northwestern, and southern of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The Y. enterocolitica isolates were classified into 54 sequence types (STs) and 125 cgMLST types (CTs), with 4/O:3 being the dominant bioserotype in Ningxia. The dominant STs and dominant CTs of pathogenic isolates in Ningxia were ST429 and HC100_2571, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated geographical variations in the distribution of STs and CTs of Y. enterocolitica isolates in Ningxia. Our work offered the first evidence that the pathogenicity of isolates was directly related to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation of the environment. CgMLST typing strategies showed that the isolates were transmitted to the population via pigs and food. Therefore, strengthening health surveillance on pig farms in high-risk areas and focusing on testing food of pig origin are optional strategies to prevent disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Food Testing and Research Institute, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Sheng
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Hao
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxian Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexin Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Terentjeva M, Ķibilds J, Gradovska S, Alksne L, Streikiša M, Meistere I, Valciņa O. Prevalence, virulence determinants, and genetic diversity in Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from slaughtered pigs and pig carcasses. Int J Food Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the increasingly challenging field of clinical microbiology, diagnosis is a cornerstone whose accuracy and timing are crucial for the successful management, therapy, and outcome of infectious diseases. Currently employed biomarkers of infectious diseases define the scope and limitations of diagnostic techniques. As such, expanding the biomarker catalog is crucial to address unmet needs and bring about novel diagnostic functionalities and applications. AREAS COVERED This review describes the extracellular nucleases of 15 relevant bacterial pathogens and discusses the potential use of nuclease activity as a diagnostic biomarker. Articles were searched for in PubMed using terms: "nuclease", "bacteria", "nuclease activity" or "biomarker". For overview sections, original and review articles between 2000 and 2019 were searched for using terms: "infections", "diagnosis", "bacterial", "burden", "challenges". Informative articles were selected. EXPERT OPINION Using the catalytic activity of nucleases offers new possibilities compared to established biomarkers. Nucleic acid activatable reporters in combination with different transduction platforms and delivery methods can be used to detect disease-associated nuclease activity patterns in vitro and in vivo for prognostic and diagnostic applications. Even when these patterns are not obvious or of unknown etiology, screening platforms could be used to identify new disease reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden.,Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-lab), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping, Sweden.,Nucleic Acids Technologies Laboratory (NAT-lab), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Terentjeva M, Ķibilds J, Meistere I, Gradovska S, Alksne L, Streikiša M, Ošmjana J, Valciņa O. Virulence Determinants and Genetic Diversity of Yersinia Species Isolated from Retail Meat. Pathogens 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 35055985 PMCID: PMC8778217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen, and the determination of its virulence factors and genetic diversity within the food chain could help understand the epidemiology of yersiniosis. The aim of the present study was to detect the prevalence, and characterize the virulence determinants and genetic diversity, of Yersinia species isolated from meat. A total of 330 samples of retailed beef (n = 150) and pork (n = 180) in Latvia were investigated with culture and molecular methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was applied for the detection of virulence and genetic diversity. The antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates was detected in accordance with EUCAST. Yersinia species were isolated from 24% (79/330) of meats, and the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pork (24%, 44/180) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in beef (13%, 19/150). Y. enterocolitica pathogenic bioserovars 2/O:9 and 4/O:3 were isolated from pork samples (3%, 6/180). Only resistance to ampicillin was confirmed in Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and 2/O:9 isolates, but not in other antimicrobials. Major virulence determinants, including ail, inv, virF, ystA and myfA, were confirmed with WGS in Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and 4/O:3. MLST typing revealed 15 STs (sequence types) of Y. enterocolitica with ST12 and ST18, which were associated with pathogenic bioserovars. For Y. enterocolitica 1A, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii, novel STs were registered (ST680-688). The presence of virulence genes and genetic characteristics of certain Y. enterocolitica STs confirm the common knowledge that pork could be an important source of pathogenic Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Irēna Meistere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Silva Gradovska
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Madara Streikiša
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Jevgēnija Ošmjana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia; (J.Ķ.); (I.M.); (S.G.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (J.O.); (O.V.)
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Cristiano D, Peruzy MF, Aponte M, Mancusi A, Proroga YTR, Capuano F, Murru N. Comparison of droplet digital PCR vs real-time PCR for Yersinia enterocolitica detection in vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 354:109321. [PMID: 34225034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Yersiniosis - the 4th most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union - is caused by the consumption of food contaminated with the bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica. The number of human cases and contaminated food samples is probably underestimated since conventional molecular methods currently proposed for Yersinia enterocolitica detection proved to have several limitations. Critical issues associated with the detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in meat and/or meat product has already been investigated, whereas data on the possible limits of the molecular methods for Yersinia enterocolitica detection in vegetables are still lacking. According to ISO method (ISO 18867:2015), real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) should be adopted for Yersinia enterocolitica detection, even if it proved to be affected by some biases. Recently, Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) has been introduced as a useful tool to detect and quantify different pathogenic bacteria in complex food matrices. However, its potential application for Yersinia enterocolitica detection in vegetables has never been investigated before. In the present study two molecular platforms (rtPCR and ddPCR) were used to evaluate the pathogen's behaviour in experimentally contaminated leafy greens (Lactuca sativa L.) and to assess the rate of detection achievable after the incubation for eleven days at different temperatures. By comparing, noticeable differences emerged between the two technical approaches: only ddPCR allowed the detection of the pathogen in leafy greens when contaminated at low levels. Moreover, results of the present work highlighted the importance of length and temperature of incubation on the survival and/or the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in vegetables: at 18 and 25 °C the concentration of the pathogen considerably decreases along incubation. Based on data, the use of rtPCR leads to an underestimation of the true prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in vegetables, while temperature and time currently proposed for Y. enterocolitica (25 °C for 24 h), allow optimizing detection. To conclude, ddPCR may be undoubtedly proposed as a reliable alternative strategy for the quick detection of the pathogen in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cristiano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 8055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - M F Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - M Aponte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - A Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 8055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Y T R Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 8055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - F Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 8055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - N Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
The rate of yersiniosis in New Zealand (NZ) is high compared with other developed countries, and rates have been increasing over recent years. Typically, >99% of human cases in NZ are attributed to Yersinia enterocolitica (YE), although in 2014, a large outbreak of 220 cases was caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Up until 2012, the most common NZ strain was YE biotype 4. The emergent strain since this time is YE biotype 2/3 serotype O:9. The pathogenic potential of some YE biotypes remains unclear. Most human cases of yersiniosis are considered sporadic without an identifiable source. Key restrictions in previous investigations included insufficient sensitivity for the isolation of Yersinia spp. from foods, although foodborne transmission is the most likely route of infection. In NZ, YE has been isolated from a variety of sick and healthy domestic and farm animals but the pathways from zoonotic reservoir to human remain unproven. Whole-genome sequencing provides unprecedented discriminatory power for typing Yersinia and is now being applied to NZ epidemiological investigations. A "One-Health" approach is necessary to elucidate the routes of transmission of Yersinia and consequently inform targeted interventions for the prevention and management of yersiniosis in NZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rivas
- Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
| | - Hugo Strydom
- National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Upper Hutt, Wellington 5018, New Zealand;
| | - Shevaun Paine
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, Wellington 5022, New Zealand; (S.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, Wellington 5022, New Zealand; (S.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Jackie Wright
- National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Upper Hutt, Wellington 5018, New Zealand;
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10
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Day AS, Lemberg DA. Identification and diagnosis of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis in children. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1731-1734. [PMID: 32468706 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease. High rates of these conditions are seen in Australasian children - furthermore, increasing rates have been evident in recent years. Children can present with typical symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, haematochezia and/or weight loss. Atypical presentations (such as skin lesions or isolated short stature) can also occur: these may be associated with delays in the consideration and diagnosis of IBD. Initial steps in establishing a diagnosis of IBD include delineation of inflammatory markers exclusion of any other likely aetiology. Definitive diagnosis relies upon key endoscopic, histologic and radiological findings. Overall management of IBD encompasses care within a team-based, child and family-focused, multi-disciplinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Day
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel A Lemberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Peruzy MF, Aponte M, Proroga YTR, Capuano F, Cristiano D, Delibato E, Houf K, Murru N. Yersinia enterocolitica detection in pork products: Evaluation of isolation protocols. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103593. [PMID: 32950135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for Yersinia enterocolitica detection in food samples are generally considered inadequate. Problems arise from the presence of the so-called "background flora", coupled to the low contamination level of the pathogen. Since, data on the microbial ecology occurring in competitive microflora are still lacking, MALDI TOF MS was used for strains 'identification after enrichment in PSB or ITC broths, and after plating on selective CIN medium at different incubation times. SYBR Green Real time PCR was used for the Y. enterocolitica strains' detection (4/O:3, 1A/O:5) in experimentally contaminated foods, as well as in naturally contaminated samples. A higher number of different bacterial genera (10 on CIN and 18 on PCA) was recorded after enrichment in PSB, whilst enrichment in ITC led to recovery of 6 and 10 genera on CIN and PCA, respectively. Yersiniaceae was the dominant family on the first day of incubation, but on the second day the percentage of isolation considerably decreased. By testing experimentally contaminated samples, substantial difficulties were encountered. The biotype 1A was always detected, whereas strain 4/O:3 proved to be poorly competitive. Based on the data, the enrichment media PSB and ITC, currently proposed for Y. enterocolitica detection, need to be improved to promote a successful pathogen's recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Aponte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Y T R Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - F Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - D Cristiano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - E Delibato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - K Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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12
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Xue Y, Zhai S, Wang Z, Ji Y, Wang G, Wang T, Wang X, Xi H, Cai R, Zhao R, Zhang H, Bi L, Guan Y, Guo Z, Han W, Gu J. The Yersinia Phage X1 Administered Orally Efficiently Protects a Murine Chronic Enteritis Model Against Yersinia enterocolitica Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:351. [PMID: 32210942 PMCID: PMC7067902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is generally considered an important food-borne pathogen worldwide, especially in the European Union. A lytic Yersinia phage X1 (Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Caudovirales; and Myoviridae) was isolated. Phage X1 showed a broad host range and could effectively lyse 27/51 Y. enterocolitica strains covering various serotypes that cause yersiniosis in humans and animals (such as serotype O3 and serotype O8). The genome of this phage was sequenced and analyzed. No toxin, antibiotic-resistance or lysogeny related modules were found in the genome of phage X1. Studies of phage stability confirmed that X1 had a high tolerance toward a broad range of temperatures (4–60°C) and pH values (4–11) for 1 h. The ability to resist harsh acidic conditions and enzymatic degradation in vitro demonstrated that phage X1 is suitable for oral administration, and in particular, that this phage can pass the stomach barrier and efficiently reach the intestine in vivo without losing infectious ability. The potential of this phage against Y. enterocolitica infection in vitro was studied. In animal experiments, a single oral administration of phage X1 at 6 h post infection was sufficient to eliminate Y. enterocolitica in 33.3% of mice (15/45). In addition, the number of Y. enterocolitica strains in the mice was also dramatically reduced to approximately 103 CFU/g after 18 h compared with 107 CFU/g in the mice without phage treatment. Treatment with phage X1 showed significant improvement by intestinal histopathologic observations. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). These results indicate that phage X1 is a promising candidate to control infection by Y. enterocolitica in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengjie Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yalu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyu Xi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruopeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lanting Bi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Day AS. Chronic Diarrhoea in Infants and Children: Approaching and Managing the Problem. Curr Treat Options Peds 2020; 6:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s40746-020-00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
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