1
|
Forderhase AG, Ligons LA, Norwood E, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Optimized Fabrication of Carbon-Fiber Microbiosensors for Codetection of Glucose and Dopamine in Brain Tissue. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38689483 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling is critically important in striatal function, and this metabolically demanding process is fueled largely by glucose. However, DA and glucose are typically studied independently and, as such, the precise relationship between DA release and glucose availability remains unclear. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is commonly coupled with carbon-fiber microelectrodes to study DA transients. These microelectrodes can be modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) to generate microbiosensors capable of simultaneously quantifying real-time and physiologically relevant fluctuations of glucose, a nonelectrochemically active substrate, and DA, which is readily oxidized and reduced at the electrode surface. A chitosan hydrogel can be electrodeposited to entrap the oxidase enzyme on the sensor surface for stable, sensitive, and selective codetection of glucose and DA using FSCV. This strategy can also be used to entrap lactate oxidase on the carbon-fiber surface for codetection of lactate and DA. However, these custom probes are individually fabricated by hand, and performance is variable. This study characterizes the physical nature of the hydrogel and its effects on the acquired electrochemical data in the detection of glucose (2.6 mM) and DA (1 μM). The results demonstrate that the electrodeposition of the hydrogel membrane is improved using a linear potential sweep rather than a direct step to the target potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data relate information on the physical nature of the electrode/solution interface to the electrochemical performance of bare and enzyme-modified carbon-fiber microelectrodes. The electrodeposition waveform and scan rate were characterized for optimal membrane formation and performance. Finally, codetection of both DA/glucose and DA/lactate was demonstrated in intact rat striatum using probes fabricated according to the optimized protocol. Overall, this work improves the reliable fabrication of carbon-fiber microbiosensors for codetection of DA and important energetic substrates that are locally delivered to the recording site to meet metabolic demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Forderhase
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lailah A Ligons
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emilie Norwood
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ratautė K, Ratautas D. A Review from a Clinical Perspective: Recent Advances in Biosensors for the Detection of L-Amino Acids. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38248382 PMCID: PMC10813600 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The field of biosensors is filled with reports and designs of various sensors, with the vast majority focusing on glucose sensing. However, in addition to glucose, there are many other important analytes that are worth investigating as well. In particular, L-amino acids appear as important diagnostic markers for a number of conditions. However, the progress in L-amino acid detection and the development of biosensors for L-amino acids are still somewhat insufficient. In recent years, the need to determine L-amino acids from clinical samples has risen. More clinical data appear to demonstrate that abnormal concentrations of L-amino acids are related to various clinical conditions such as inherited metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, muscle damage, etc. However, to this day, the diagnostic potential of L-amino acids is not yet fully established. Most likely, this is because of the difficulties in measuring L-amino acids, especially in human blood. In this review article, we extensively investigate the 'overlooked' L-amino acids. We review typical levels of amino acids present in human blood and broadly survey the importance of L-amino acids in most common conditions which can be monitored or diagnosed from changes in L-amino acids present in human blood. We also provide an overview of recent biosensors for L-amino acid monitoring and their advantages and disadvantages, with some other alternative methods for L-amino acid quantification, and finally we outline future perspectives related to the development of biosensing devices for L-amino acid monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ratautė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Ratautas
- Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin Y, Zeng H, Zhang S, Gao N, Liu R, Cheng S, Zhang M. Hydrogel-Coated Microelectrode Resists Protein Passivation of In Vivo Amperometric Sensors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3390-3397. [PMID: 36725686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Passivation of electrodes caused by nonspecific adsorption of protein can dramatically reduce sensing sensitivity and accuracy, which is a great challenge for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. However, most antipassivation strategies are not suitable to carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) for in vivo measurement, and these methods also do not work on electrochemical biosensors that fix biometric elements. In this study, we demonstrate that chitosan hydrogel-coated microelectrodes can avoid the current passivation caused by protein adsorption on the surface of carbon fiber because the chitosan hydrogel prepared by local pH gradient caused by hydrogen evolution reaction has three-dimensional networks containing large amounts of water. The highly hydrophilic three-dimensional structure of hydrogel not only forms a biocompatible interface to confine enzymes but also keeps the fast mass transfer of analytes, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and glucose. The consistency of the precalibration and postcalibration of the prepared sensor enables in vivo amperometric detection of both electroactive species based on their redox property and electroinactive species based on the enzyme. This study provides a simple and versatile strategy to constitute an amperometric sensor interface to resist passivation of protein adsorption in a complex biological environment such as the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rantong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shuwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandes E, Ledo A, Barbosa RM. Design and Evaluation of a Lactate Microbiosensor: Toward Multianalyte Monitoring of Neurometabolic Markers In Vivo in the Brain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020514. [PMID: 35056837 PMCID: PMC8780383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct in vivo measurements of neurometabolic markers in the brain with high spatio-temporal resolution, sensitivity, and selectivity is highly important to understand neurometabolism. Electrochemical biosensors based on microelectrodes are very attractive analytical tools for continuous monitoring of neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose in the brain extracellular space at resting and following neuronal activation. Here, we assess the merits of a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode (CFM/Pt) as a sensing platform for developing enzyme oxidase-based microbiosensors to measure extracellular lactate in the brain. Lactate oxidase was immobilized on the CFM/Pt surface by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The CFM/Pt-based lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, good operational stability, and low dependence on oxygen, temperature, and pH. An array consisting of a glucose and lactate microbiosensors, including a null sensor, was used for concurrent measurement of both neurometabolic substrates in vivo in the anesthetized rat brain. Rapid changes of lactate and glucose were observed in the cortex and hippocampus in response to local glucose and lactate application and upon insulin-induced fluctuations of systemic glucose. Overall, these results indicate that microbiosensors are a valuable tool to investigate neurometabolism and to better understand the role of major neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Fernandes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (E.F.); (A.L.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du Q, Liao Y, Shi N, Sun S, Liao X, Yin G, Huang Z, Pu X, Wang J. Facile synthesis of bimetallic metal–organic frameworks on nickel foam for a high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Zuncheddu D, Della Bella E, Schwab A, Petta D, Rocchitta G, Generelli S, Kurth F, Parrilli A, Verrier S, Rau JV, Fosca M, Maioli M, Serra PA, Alini M, Redl H, Grad S, Basoli V. Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors. Bone Res 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34707086 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rajeev R, Datta R, Varghese A, Sudhakar Y, George L. Recent advances in bimetallic based nanostructures: Synthesis and electrochemical sensing applications. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
8
|
Monti P, Bacciu A, Arrigo P, Marceddu S, Migheli Q, Serra PA, Rocchitta G. Chronoamperometry as effective alternative technique for electro‐synthesis of ortho ‐ phenylendiamine permselective films for biosensor applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020; 137:49172. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
While over half a century has passed since the introduction of enzyme glucose biosensors by Clark and Lyons, this important field has continued to be the focus of immense research activity. Extensive efforts during the past decade have led to major scientific and technological innovations towards tight monitoring of diabetes. Such continued progress toward advanced continuous glucose monitoring platforms, either minimal- or non-invasive, holds considerable promise for addressing the limitations of finger-prick blood testing toward tracking glucose trends over time, optimal therapeutic interventions, and improving the life of diabetes patients. However, despite these major developments, the field of glucose biosensors is still facing major challenges. The scope of this review is to present the key scientific and technological advances in electrochemical glucose biosensing over the past decade (2010-present), along with current obstacles and prospects towards the ultimate goal of highly stable and reliable real-time minimally-invasive or non-invasive glucose monitoring. After an introduction to electrochemical glucose biosensors, we highlight recent progress based on using advanced nanomaterials at the electrode-enzyme interface of three generations of glucose sensors. Subsequently, we cover recent activity and challenges towards next-generation wearable non-invasive glucose monitoring devices based on innovative sensing principles, alternative body fluids, advanced flexible materials, and novel platforms. This is followed by highlighting the latest progress in the field of minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) which offers real-time information about interstitial glucose levels, by focusing on the challenges toward developing biocompatible membrane coatings to protect electrochemical glucose sensors against surface biofouling. Subsequent sections cover new analytical concepts of self-powered glucose sensors, paper-based glucose sensing and multiplexed detection of diabetes-related biomarkers. Finally, we will cover the latest advances in commercially available devices along with the upcoming future technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun S, Shi N, Zhang B, Liao X, Huang Z, Chen X, Pu X, Yin G. Hierarchically porous CuO spindle-like nanosheets grown on a carbon cloth for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensoring. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:375502. [PMID: 32460258 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab96e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, porous CuO spindle-like nanosheets were fabricated on a carbon cloth using a facile hydrothermal method, and surface morphology, microstructure, and glucose sensing performance were studied. The porous spindle-like nanosheets are constructed by nanoparticles and slit-like pores, exhibiting a hierarchical structure. When used for non-enzymatic glucose sensoring, the obtained CuO nanosheet electrode exhibits a wide linear range from 0.05 to 3.30 mM, a high sensitivity of 785.2 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 0.22 μM (S/N = 3). Besides, good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for glucose detection indicate a promising application of CuO nanosheet electrodes as non-enzymatic glucose sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Forderhase AG, Styers HC, Lee CA, Sombers LA. Simultaneous voltammetric detection of glucose and lactate fluctuations in rat striatum evoked by electrical stimulation of the midbrain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6611-6624. [PMID: 32666141 PMCID: PMC7484411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and lactate provide energy for cellular function in the brain and serve as an important carbon source in the synthesis of a variety of biomolecules. Thus, there is a critical need to quantitatively monitor these molecules in situ on a time scale commensurate with neuronal function. In this work, carbon-fiber microbiosensors were coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor glucose and lactate fluctuations at a discrete site within rat striatum upon electrical stimulation of the midbrain projection to the region. Systematic variation of stimulation parameters revealed the distinct dynamics by which glucose and lactate responded to the metabolic demand of synaptic function. Immediately upon stimulation, extracellular glucose and lactate availability rapidly increased. If stimulation was sufficiently intense, concentrations then immediately fell below baseline in response to incurred metabolic demand. The dynamics were dependent on stimulation frequency, such that more robust fluctuations were observed when the same number of pulses was delivered at a higher frequency. The rates at which glucose was supplied to, and depleted from, the local recording region were dependent on stimulation intensity, and glucose dynamics led those of lactate in response to the most substantial stimulations. Glucose fluctuated over a larger concentration range than lactate as stimulation duration increased, and glucose fell further from baseline concentrations. These real-time measurements provide an unprecedented direct comparison of glucose and lactate dynamics in response to metabolic demand elicited by neuronal activation. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Forderhase
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Hannah C Styers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Christie A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Leslie A Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
With the rapid development of high technology, chemical science is not as it used to be a century ago. Many chemists acquire and utilize skills that are well beyond the traditional definition of chemistry. The digital age has transformed chemistry laboratories. One aspect of this transformation is the progressing implementation of electronics and computer science in chemistry research. In the past decade, numerous chemistry-oriented studies have benefited from the implementation of electronic modules, including microcontroller boards (MCBs), single-board computers (SBCs), professional grade control and data acquisition systems, as well as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In particular, MCBs and SBCs provide good value for money. The application areas for electronic modules in chemistry research include construction of simple detection systems based on spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry principles, customizing laboratory devices for automation of common laboratory practices, control of reaction systems (batch- and flow-based), extraction systems, chromatographic and electrophoretic systems, microfluidic systems (classical and nonclassical), custom-built polymerase chain reaction devices, gas-phase analyte detection systems, chemical robots and drones, construction of FPGA-based imaging systems, and the Internet-of-Chemical-Things. The technology is easy to handle, and many chemists have managed to train themselves in its implementation. The only major obstacle in its implementation is probably one's imagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He D, Wang M, Wang X, Feng S, Chen J, Jiang P. Construction of ZnCo2O4 nanowire arrays 3D binder-free electrode with highly catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2020; 284:121214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Bacciu A, Arrigo P, Delogu G, Marceddu S, Monti P, Rocchitta G, Serra PA. A New Perspective on Using Glycols in Glutamate Biosensor Design: From Stabilizing Agents to a New Containment Net. Chemosensors 2020; 8:23. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is involved in many normal physiological brain activities, but also neurological disorders and excitotoxicity. Hence, glutamate measurement is important both in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies often use amperometric biosensors due to their low invasiveness and the relatively small size of the devices. These devices also provide fast, real-time measurements because of their high sensitivity. In the present study, diethylene glycol (DEG), neopentyl glycol (NPG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and glycerol (GLY) were used to increase the long-term stability of glutamate biosensors. The evaluation was made by measuring variations of the main enzymatic (VMAX and KM) and analytical (Linear Region Slope (LRS)) parameters. Of the glycols tested, TEG was the most promising stabilizer, showing about twice as high VMAX maintained over a greater duration than with other stabilizers tested. It is also yielded the most stable linear region slope (LRS) values over the study duration. Moreover, we highlighted the ability of glycols to interact with enzyme molecules to form a containment network, able to maintain all the layered components of the biosensor adhering to the transducer.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao W, Tian S, Huang L, Liu K, Dong L. The review of Lab-on-PCB for biomedical application. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1433-1445. [PMID: 31945803 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of infectious diseases, diagnosis of diseases, and determination of treatment options all rely on biosensors to detect and analyze biomarkers, which are usually divided into four parts: cell analysis, biochemical analysis, immunoassay, and molecular diagnosis. However, traditional biosensing devices are expensive, bulky, and require a lot of time to detect, which also limited its application in resource-limited areas. In recent years, Lab-on-PCB, which combines biosensing technology and PCB technology, has been widely used in biomedical applications due to its high integration, personalized design, and easy mass production. Among these Lab-on-PCB sensing devices, the PCB circuit plays an important role. It can be directly used as a resistance sensor to count cells, and also used as a control device to automatically control the detection device. Flexible PCBs can be used to make wearable medical biosensors. In addition, due to the high degree of integration of the PCB circuit, Lab-on-PCB can perform multiple inspections on the same platform, which reduces the inspection time equivalently. Therefore, in this review paper, we discuss the application of Lab-on-PCB in four analysis methods of cell analysis, biochemical analysis, immunoassay, and molecular diagnosis, and give some suggestions for improvement and future development trends at the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhao
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Tian
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Dong
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Serra PA, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Zuncheddu D, Deliperi R, Antón Viana D, Monti P, Varoni MV, Sotgiu MA, Bandiera P, Rocchitta G. Real-time telemetry monitoring of oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224932. [PMID: 31710629 PMCID: PMC6844484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new telemetric system for the electrochemical monitoring of dissolved oxygen is showed. The device, connected with two amperometric sensors, has been successfully applied to the wireless detection of the extracellular oxygen in the central complex of freely-walking Gromphadorhina portentosa. The unit was composed of a potentiostat, a two-channel sensor conditioning circuit, a microprocessor module, and a wireless serial transceiver. The amperometric signals were digitalized and sent to a notebook using a 2.4 GHz transceiver while a serial-to-USB converter was connected to a second transceiver for completing the communication bridge. The software, running on the laptop, allowed to save and graph the oxygen signals. The electronics showed excellent stability and the acquired data was linear in a range comprised between 0 and -165 nA, covering the entire range of oxygen concentrations. A series of experiments were performed to explore the dynamics of dissolved oxygen by exposing the animals to different gases (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide), to low temperature and anesthetic agents (chloroform and triethylamine). The resulting data are in agreement with previous O2 changes recorded in the brain of awake rats and mice. The proposed system, based on simple and inexpensive components, can constitute a new experimental model for the exploration of central complex neurochemistry and it can also work with oxidizing sensors and amperometric biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Arrigo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bacciu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Zuncheddu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Deliperi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego Antón Viana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Monti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rocchitta G, Peana A, Bazzu G, Cossu A, Carta S, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Migheli R, Farina D, Zinellu M, Acquas E, Serra P. Simultaneous wireless and high-resolution detection of nucleus accumbens shell ethanol concentrations and free motion of rats upon voluntary ethanol intake. Alcohol 2019; 78:69-78. [PMID: 31029631 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive detection of ethanol concentrations in discrete brain regions of rats voluntarily accessing ethanol, with high temporal resolution, would represent a source of greatly desirable data in studies devoted to understanding the kinetics of the neurobiological basis of ethanol's ability to impact behavior. In the present study, we present a series of experiments aiming to validate and apply an original high-tech implantable device, consisting of the coupling, for the first time, of an amperometric biosensor for brain ethanol detection, with a sensor for detecting the microvibrations of the animal. This device allows the real-time comparison between the ethanol intake, its cerebral concentrations, and their effect on the motion when the animal is in the condition of voluntary drinking. To this end, we assessed in vitro the efficiency of three different biosensor designs loading diverse alcohol oxidase enzymes (AOx) obtained from three different AOx-donor strains: Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, and Pichia pastoris. In vitro data disclosed that the devices loading H. polymorpha and C. boidinii were similarly efficient (respectively, linear region slope [LRS]: 1.98 ± 0.07 and 1.38 ± 0.04 nA/mM) but significantly less than the P. pastoris-loaded one (LRS: 7.57 ± 0.12 nA/mM). The in vivo results indicate that this last biosensor design detected the rise of ethanol in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) after 15 minutes of voluntary 10% ethanol solution intake. At the same time, the microvibration sensor detected a significant increase in the rat's motion signal. Notably, both the biosensor and microvibration sensor described similar and parallel time-dependent U-shaped curves, thus providing a highly sensitive and time-locked high-resolution detection of the neurochemical and behavioral kinetics upon voluntary ethanol intake. The results overall indicate that such a dual telemetry unit represents a powerful device which, implanted in different brain areas, may boost further investigations on the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie ethanol-induced motor activity and reward.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fois M, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Monti P, Marceddu S, Rocchitta G, Serra PA. The Presence of Polysaccharides, Glycerol, and Polyethyleneimine in Hydrogel Enhances the Performance of the Glucose Biosensor. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:E95. [PMID: 31366026 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of amperometric biosensors has attracted particular attention in recent years, both from researchers and from companies, as they have proven to be low-cost, reliable, and very sensitive devices, with a wide range of uses in different matrices. The continuous development of amperometric biosensors, since their use involves an enzyme, is specifically aimed at keeping and increasing the catalytic properties of the loaded protein, so as to be able to use the same device over time. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of glycerol and polysaccharides, in the presence of polycationic substances to constitute a hydrogel, in enhancing the enzymatic and analytic performance of a glucose biosensor. Initially, it was possible to verify how the deposition of the starch-based hydrogel, in addition to allowing the electropolymerization of the poly(p-phenylenediamine) polymer and the maintenance of its ability to shield the ascorbic acid, did not substantially limit the permeability towards hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, different biosensor designs, loading a mixture containing all the components (alone or in combination) and the enzyme, were tested in order to evaluate the changes of the apparent enzyme kinetic parameters, such as VMAX and KM, and analytical response in terms of Linear Region Slope, highlighting how the presence of all components (starch, glycerol, and polyethyleneimine) were able to substantially enhance the performance of the biosensors. The surface analysis of the biosensors was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). More, it was shown that the same performances were kept unchanged for seven days, proving the suitability of this biosensor design for short- and mid-term use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gu H, Xiong P, Tang H, Chen S, Long Y, Shi G. In vivo monitoring of cerebral glucose with an updated on-line electroanalytical system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5929-5935. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
20
|
Wang J, Wang H, He T, He B, Thakor NV, Lee C. Investigation of Low-Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self-Powered TENG System. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1900149. [PMID: 31380204 PMCID: PMC6662055 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Muscle function loss is characterized as abnormal or completely lost muscle capabilities, and it can result from neurological disorders or nerve injuries. The currently available clinical treatment is to electrically stimulate the diseased muscles. Here, a self-powered system of a stacked-layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a multiple-channel epimysial electrode to directly stimulate muscles is demonstrated. Then, the two challenges regarding direct TENG muscle stimulation are further investigated. For the first challenge of improving low-current TENG stimulation efficiency, it is found that the optimum stimulation efficiency can be achieved by conducting a systematic mapping with a multiple-channel epimysial electrode. The second challenge is TENG stimulation stability. It is found that the force output generated by TENGs is more stable than using the conventional square wave stimulation and enveloped high frequency stimulation. With modelling and in vivo measurements, it is confirmed that the two factors that account for the stable stimulation using TENGs are the long pulse duration and low current amplitude. The current waveform of TENGs can effectively avoid synchronous motoneuron recruitment at the two stimulation electrodes to reduce force fluctuation. Here, after investigating these two challenges, it is believed that TENG direct muscle stimulation could be used for rehabilitative and therapeutic purpose of muscle function loss treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE)National University of Singapore28 Medical Drive, #05‐COR117456Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)SuzhouIndustrial Park, Suzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Borong He
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE)National University of Singapore28 Medical Drive, #05‐COR117456Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3117576Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE)National University of Singapore28 Medical Drive, #05‐COR117456Singapore
- Hybrid‐Integrated Flexible (Stretchable) Electronic Systems ProgramNational University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1117608Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)SuzhouIndustrial Park, Suzhou215123P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Puggioni G, Calia G, Arrigo P, Bacciu A, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Fancello S, Serra PA, Rocchitta G. Low-Temperature Storage Improves the Over-Time Stability of Implantable Glucose and Lactate Biosensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E422. [PMID: 30669626 DOI: 10.3390/s19020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are very important in biology, biotechnology and even in medicine, but it is quite hard to convert biology-related signals into measurable data. For this purpose, amperometric biosensors have proven to be particularly suitable because of their specificity and sensitivity. The operation and shelf stability of the biosensor are quite important features, and storage procedures therefore play an important role in preserving the performance of the biosensors. In the present study two different designs for both glucose and lactate biosensor, differing only in regards to the containment net, represented by polyurethane or glutharaldehyde, were studied under different storage conditions (+4, −20 and −80 °C) and monitored over a period of 120 days, in order to evaluate the variations of kinetic parameters, as VMAX and KM, and LRS as the analytical parameter. Surprisingly, the storage at −80 °C yielded the best results because of an unexpected and, most of all, long-lasting increase of VMAX and LRS, denoting an interesting improvement in enzyme performances and stability over time. The present study aimed to also evaluate the impact of a short-period storage in dry ice on biosensor performances, in order to simulate a hypothetical preparation-conservation-shipment condition.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
A sensor device based on a copper-based nanocomposite structure is achieved and presents excellent sensing performance for glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Guokang Fan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Meijia Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Yifeng Fu
- Electronics Materials and Systems Laboratory
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science
- c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abe H, Iwama T, Yabu H, Ino K, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Matsue T. Simultaneous and Selective Imaging of Dopamine and Glutamate Using an Enzyme‐modified Large‐scale Integration (LSI)‐based Amperometric Electrochemical Device. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Tomoki Iwama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. 1-1, Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi Tokyo 196-8555 Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center Tohoku University 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yuan RM, Li HJ, Yin XM, Wang HQ, Lu JH, Zhang LL. Coral-like Cu-Co-mixed oxide for stable electro-properties of glucose determination. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
25
|
Alvau MD, Tartaggia S, Meneghello A, Casetta B, Calia G, Serra PA, Polo F, Toffoli G. Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anticancer Drug Irinotecan. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6012-6019. [PMID: 29658266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring pharmaceutical drug concentrations in patients' biofluids at designated intervals, thus allowing a close and timely control of their dosage. To date, TDM in oncology can only be performed by trained personnel in centralized laboratories and core facilities employing conventional analytical techniques (e.g., MS). CPT-11 is an antineoplastic drug that inhibits topoisomerase type I, causing cell death, and is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. CPT-11 was also found to directly inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in neuromuscular junction. In this work, we describe an enzymatic biosensor, based on AChE and choline oxidase (ChOx), which can quantify CPT-11. ACh (acetylcholine) substrate is converted to choline, which is subsequently metabolized by ChOx to give betaine aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The latter one is then oxidized at a suitably polarized platinum electrode, providing a current transient proportional to the amount of ACh. Such an enzymatic process is hampered by CPT-11. The biosensor showed a ∼60% maximal inhibition toward AChE activity in the clinically relevant concentration range 10-10 000 ng/mL of CPT-11 in both simple (phosphate buffer) and complex (fetal bovine serum) matrixes, while its metabolites showed negligible effects. These findings could open new routes toward a real-time TDM in oncology, thus improving the therapeutic treatments and lowering the related costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Bruno Casetta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li B, Fan Y, Li C, Zhao X, Liu K, Lin Y. Online Electrochemical Monitoring of Glucose in Rat Brain with Acanthosphere-like CuOOH Nanospheres-based Electrochemical Sensor as Non-enzymatic and O2
-independent Detector. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Kun Liu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports; Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou JX, Ding F, Tang LN, Li T, Li YH, Zhang YJ, Gong HY, Li YT, Zhang GJ. Monitoring of pH changes in a live rat brain with MoS2/PAN functionalized microneedles. Analyst 2018; 143:4469-4475. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamic pH changes in vivo remains very essential to comprehend the function of pH in various physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiu Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Fan Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Li-Na Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Hao-Yue Gong
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Yu-Tao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine
- Wuhan 430065
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Luo X, Huang M, He D, Wang M, Zhang Y, Jiang P. Porous NiCo2O4 nanoarray-integrated binder-free 3D open electrode offers a highly efficient sensing platform for enzyme-free glucose detection. Analyst 2018; 143:2546-2554. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porous binary metal oxide NiCo2O4 NWA/CC was prepared and utilized as a 3D binder-free open electrode for enzyme-free sensing with high performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - M. Huang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - D. He
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - M. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Y. Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- Chengdu 610068
- China
| | - P. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nallal M, Anantha Iyengar G, Pill-Lee K. New Titanium Dioxide-Based Heterojunction Nanohybrid for Highly Selective Photoelectrochemical-Electrochemical Dual-Mode Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:37166-37183. [PMID: 28952309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based heterojunction nanohybrid (HJNH) composed of TiO2, graphene (G), poly[3-aminophenylboronic acid] (PAPBA), and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was synthesized and designated as TiO2(G) NW@PAPBA-Au HJNH. The TiO2(G) NW@PAPBA-Au HJNH possesses dual-mode signal photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemical transduction capabilities to sense glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) independently. The synthesis of the HJNH material involved two sequential stages: (i) simple electrospinning synthesis of G-embedded TiO2 nanowires [TiO2(G) NWs] and (ii) one-step synthesis of Au NP-dispersed PAPBA nanocomposite (NC) in the presence of TiO2(G) NWs. The as-synthesized TiO2(G) NW@PAPBA-Au HJNH was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. A PEC platform was developed with TiO2(G) NW@PAPBA-Au HJNH for the selective detection of glucose without any enzyme auxiliary. The PEC glucose sensor presents an acceptable linear range (from 0.5 to 28 mM), good sensitivity (549.58 μA mM-1 cm-2), and low detection limit (0.11 mM), which are suited for diabetes glucose monitoring. Besides, the boronic acid groups in PAPBA were utilized as a host to capture HbA1c. We fabricated the electrochemical HbA1c sensor based on monitoring the electrocatalytic reduction current of hydrogen peroxide produced by HbA1c tethered to the sensor probe. The amperometric electrochemical sensor for HbA1c exhibited linear responses to HbA1c levels from 2.0 to 10% (with a detection limit of 0.17%). Notably, the performances of the fabricated glucose and HbA1c sensors are superior in the dual-signal transduction modes as compared to the literature, suggesting the significance of the newly designed bifunctional TiO2(G) NW@PAPBA-Au HJNH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthuchamy Nallal
- Department of Chemistry Education, ‡Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, and §Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Gopalan Anantha Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry Education, ‡Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, and §Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pill-Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, ‡Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, and §Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lourenço CF, Ledo A, Gerhardt GA, Laranjinha J, Barbosa RM. Neurometabolic and electrophysiological changes during cortical spreading depolarization: multimodal approach based on a lactate-glucose dual microbiosensor arrays. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6764. [PMID: 28754993 PMCID: PMC5533760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slow propagating wave of strong depolarization of neural cells, implicated in several neuropathological conditions. The breakdown of brain homeostasis promotes significant hemodynamic and metabolic alterations, which impacts on neuronal function. In this work we aimed to develop an innovative multimodal approach, encompassing metabolic, electric and hemodynamic measurements, tailored but not limited to study SD. This was based on a novel dual-biosensor based on microelectrode arrays designed to simultaneously monitor lactate and glucose fluctuations and ongoing neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. In vitro evaluation of dual lactate-glucose microbiosensor revealed an extended linear range, high sensitivity and selectivity, fast response time and low oxygen-, temperature- and pH- dependencies. In anesthetized rats, we measured with the same array a significant drop in glucose concentration matched to a rise in lactate and concurrently with pronounced changes in the spectral profile of LFP-related currents during episodes of mechanically-evoked SD. This occurred along with the stereotypical hemodynamic response of the SD wave. Overall, this multimodal approach successfully demonstrates the capability to monitor metabolic alterations and ongoing electrical activity, thus contributing to a better understanding of the metabolic changes occurring in the brain following SD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li S, Zhu A, Zhu T, Zhang JZH, Tian Y. Single Biosensor for Simultaneous Quantification of Glucose and pH in a Rat Brain of Diabetic Model Using Both Current and Potential Outputs. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6656-6662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anwei Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - John Z. H. Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barberis A, Garbetta A, Cardinali A, Bazzu G, D’Antuono I, Rocchitta G, Fadda A, Linsalata V, D’Hallewin G, Serra PA, Minervini F. Real-time monitoring of glucose and phenols intestinal absorption through an integrated Caco-2TC7cells/biosensors telemetric device: Hypoglycemic effect of fruit phytochemicals. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
33
|
Luo X, Huang M, Bie L, He D, Zhang Y, Jiang P. CuCo2O4 nanowire arrays supported on carbon cloth as an efficient 3D binder-free electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CuCo2O4 nanowire arrays supported on carbon cloth (CuCo2O4 NWAs/CC) were prepared via a simple hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent calcination process and utilized as a 3D binder-free electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing with high performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - M. Huang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - L. Bie
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - D. He
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Y. Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- Chengdu 610068
- China
| | - P. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruzza P, Serra PA, Fabbri D, Dettori MA, Rocchitta G, Delogu G. Hydroxylated biphenyls as tyrosinase inhibitor: A spectrophotometric and electrochemical study. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:1034-1038. [PMID: 28012343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A small collection of C2-symmetry hydroxylated biphenyls was prepared by straightforward methods and the capability to act as inhibitors of tyrosinase has been evaluated by both spectrophotometric and electrochemical assays. Our attention was focused on the diphenolase activity of this enzyme characterized by the absence of the characteristic lag time of enzymatic reaction of its monophenolase activity. To this purpose, we evaluated the capability of tyrosinase to oxidize a natural o-diphenol substrate to o-quinone analyzing the changes in the UV-Vis spectrum of a solution of caffeic acid and the reduction of the cathodic current in a tyrosinase-biosensor, respectively. Results of both the methods were comparable. Most of the compounds possessed higher inhibitory activity compared to compound 1, a known hydroxylated biphenyl inhibitor of tyrosinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Dettori
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems and Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Monti P, Calia G, Marceddu S, Dettori MA, Fabbri D, Jaoua S, O'Neill RD, Migheli Q, Delogu G, Serra PA. Low electro-synthesis potentials improve permselectivity of polymerized natural phenols in biosensor applications. Talanta 2016; 162:151-158. [PMID: 27837811 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
First-generation amperometric biosensors are often based on the electro-oxidation of oxidase-generated H2O2. At the applied potential used in most studies, other molecules such as ascorbic acid or dopamine can be oxidized. Phenylenediamines are commonly used to avoid this problem: when these compounds are electro-deposited onto the transducer surface in the form of poly-phenylenediamine, a highly selective membrane is formed. Although there is no evidence of toxicity of the resulting polymer, phenylenediamine monomers are considered carcinogenic. An aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of natural phenols as non-toxic alternatives to the ortho isomer of phenylenediamine. Electrosynthesis over Pt-Ir electrodes of 2-methoxy phenols (guaiacol, eugenol and isoeugenol), and hydroxylated biphenyls (dehydrodieugenol and magnolol) was achieved. The potentials used in the present study are significantly lower than values commonly applied during electro-polymerization. Polymers were obtained by means of constant potential amperometry, instead of cyclic voltammetry, in order to achieve multiple polymerizations, hence decreasing the time of realization and variability. Permselective properties of natural phenols were significantly improved at low polymerization potentials. Among the tested compounds, isoeugenol and magnolol, polymerized respectively at +25mV and +170mV against Ag/AgCl reference electrode, proved as permselective as poly-ortho-phenylenediamine and may be considered as effective polymeric alternatives. The natural phenol-coated electrodes were stable and responsive throughout 14 days. A biosensor prototype based on acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase was electro-coated with poly-magnolol in order to evaluate the interference-rejecting properties of the electrosynthesized film in an amperometric biosensor; a moderate decrease in ascorbic acid rejection was observed during in vitro calibration of biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Monti
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Istituto CNR di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria A Dettori
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Fabbri
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert D O'Neill
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and Unità di Ricerca Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier A Serra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Farina D, Zinellu M, Fanari M, Porcu MC, Scognamillo S, Puggioni GMG, Rocchitta G, Serra PA, Pretti L. Development of a biosensor telemetry system for monitoring fermentation in craft breweries. Food Chem 2016; 218:479-486. [PMID: 27719939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and applications of biosensors in the food industry has had a rapid grown due to their sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of use with respect to classical analytical methods. In this study, glucose and ethanol amperometric biosensors integrated with a wireless telemetry system were developed and used for the monitoring of top and bottom fermentations in beer wort samples. The collected data were in good agreement with those obtained by reference methods. The simplicity of construction, the low cost and the short time of analysis, combined with easy interpretation of the results, suggest that these devices could be a valuable alternative to conventional methods for monitoring fermentation processes in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Farina
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Manuel Zinellu
- Primo Principio C.O.O.P., Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Mauro Fanari
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Porcu
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (I.C.B.), C.N.R., Traversa La Crucca, 3 Regione Baldinca, 07100 Li Punti, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sergio Scognamillo
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| | | | - Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luca Pretti
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Tramariglio-Alghero (SS) 07041, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Limnuson K, Narayan RK, Chiluwal A, Golanov EV, Bouton CE, Li C. A User-Configurable Headstage for Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Freely Moving Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:382. [PMID: 27594826 PMCID: PMC4990626 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal monitoring of brain activity, physiology, and neurochemistry is an important approach to gain insight into brain function, modulation, and pathology. With recent progress in micro- and nanotechnology, micro-nano-implants have become important catalysts in advancing brain research. However, to date, only a limited number of brain parameters have been measured simultaneously in awake animals in spite of significant recent progress in sensor technology. Here we have provided a cost and time effective approach to designing a headstage to conduct a multimodality brain monitoring in freely moving animals. To demonstrate this method, we have designed a user-configurable headstage for our micromachined multimodal neural probe. The headstage can reliably record direct-current electrocorticography (DC-ECoG), brain oxygen tension (PbrO2), cortical temperature, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) simultaneously without significant signal crosstalk or movement artifacts for 72 h. Even in a noisy environment, it can record low-level neural signals with high quality. Moreover, it can easily interface with signal conditioning circuits that have high power consumption and are difficult to miniaturize. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time where multiple physiological, biochemical, and electrophysiological cerebral variables have been simultaneously recorded from freely moving rats. We anticipate that the developed system will aid in gaining further insight into not only normal cerebral functioning but also pathophysiology of conditions such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Limnuson
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Narayan
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of MedicineHempstead, NY, USA
| | - Amrit Chiluwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Eugene V Golanov
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Chad E Bouton
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Cushing Neuromonitoring Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of MedicineHempstead, NY, USA; Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wanling Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu X, Zhang M, Xiao T, Hao J, Li R, Mao L. Protein Pretreatment of Microelectrodes Enables in Vivo Electrochemical Measurements with Easy Precalibration and Interference-Free from Proteins. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7238-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Tongfang Xiao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rocchitta G, Spanu A, Babudieri S, Latte G, Madeddu G, Galleri G, Nuvoli S, Bagella P, Demartis MI, Fiore V, Manetti R, Serra PA. Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Strategies for Safeguarding Analytical Performances in Biological Fluids. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16060780. [PMID: 27249001 PMCID: PMC4934206 DOI: 10.3390/s16060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-based chemical biosensors are based on biological recognition. In order to operate, the enzymes must be available to catalyze a specific biochemical reaction and be stable under the normal operating conditions of the biosensor. Design of biosensors is based on knowledge about the target analyte, as well as the complexity of the matrix in which the analyte has to be quantified. This article reviews the problems resulting from the interaction of enzyme-based amperometric biosensors with complex biological matrices containing the target analyte(s). One of the most challenging disadvantages of amperometric enzyme-based biosensor detection is signal reduction from fouling agents and interference from chemicals present in the sample matrix. This article, therefore, investigates the principles of functioning of enzymatic biosensors, their analytical performance over time and the strategies used to optimize their performance. Moreover, the composition of biological fluids as a function of their interaction with biosensing will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Angela Spanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Susanna Nuvoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Paola Bagella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Maria Ilaria Demartis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Vito Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Su CK, Yen SC, Li TW, Sun YC. Enzyme-Immobilized 3D-Printed Reactors for Online Monitoring of Rat Brain Extracellular Glucose and Lactate. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6265-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Chih Yen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chang Sun
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li C, Limnuson K, Wu Z, Amin A, Narayan A, Golanov EV, Ahn CH, Hartings JA, Narayan RK. Single probe for real-time simultaneous monitoring of neurochemistry and direct-current electrocorticography. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
44
|
Wu Q, Sheng Q, Zheng J. Nonenzymatic sensing of glucose using a glassy carbon electrode modified with halloysite nanotubes heavily loaded with palladium nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016; 762:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
45
|
Kannan P, Maiyalagan T, Marsili E, Ghosh S, Niedziolka-Jönsson J, Jönsson-Niedziolka M. Hierarchical 3-dimensional nickel-iron nanosheet arrays on carbon fiber paper as a novel electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Nanoscale 2016; 8:843-55. [PMID: 26578259 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional nickel-iron (3-D/Ni-Fe) nanostructures are exciting candidates for various applications because they produce more reaction-active sites than 1-D and 2-D nanostructured materials and exhibit attractive optical, electrical and catalytic properties. In this work, freestanding 3-D/Ni-Fe interconnected hierarchical nanosheets, hierarchical nanospheres, and porous nanospheres are directly grown on a flexible carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrate by a single-step hydrothermal process. Among the nanostructures, 3-D/Ni-Fe interconnected hierarchical nanosheets show excellent electrochemical properties because of its high conductivity, large specific active surface area, and mesopores on its walls (vide infra). The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet array modified CFP substrate is further explored as a novel electrode for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor application. The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays exhibit significant catalytic activity towards the electrochemical oxidation of glucose, as compared to the 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanospheres, and porous nanospheres. The 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays can access a large amount of glucose molecules on their surface (mesopore walls) for an efficient electrocatalytic oxidation process. Moreover, 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays showed higher sensitivity (7.90 μA μM(-1) cm(-2)) with wide linear glucose concentration ranging from 0.05 μM to 0.2 mM, and the low detection limit (LOD) of 0.031 μM (S/N = 3) is achieved by the amperometry method. Further, the 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet array modified CFP electrode can be demonstrated to have excellent selectivity towards the detection of glucose in the presence of 500-fold excess of major important interferents. All these results indicate that 3-D/Ni-Fe hierarchical nanosheet arrays are promising candidates for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Kannan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 ul. Kasprzaka, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland. and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore.
| | | | - Enrico Marsili
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore.
| | - Srabanti Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700098, India
| | - Joanna Niedziolka-Jönsson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 ul. Kasprzaka, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Martin Jönsson-Niedziolka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 ul. Kasprzaka, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bie L, Luo X, He Q, He D, Liu Y, Jiang P. Hierarchical Cu/Cu(OH)2 nanorod arrays grown on Cu foam as a high-performance 3D self-supported electrode for enzyme-free glucose sensing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical Cu/Cu(OH)2 nanorod arrays grown on Cu foam (Cu/Cu(OH)2 NRA/CF) were prepared via a three-step strategy involving the synthesis of Cu(OH)2 NRA/CF, the preparation of Cu NRA/CF, and the growth of Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles on Cu NRA/CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Bie
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Xue Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Qingqing He
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Daiping He
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang T, Xu J, Lu L, Zhu X, Gao Y, Xing H, Yu Y, Ding W, Liu Z. Copper nanoparticle/graphene oxide/single wall carbon nanotube hybrid materials as electrochemical sensing platform for nonenzymatic glucose detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016; 761:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
48
|
Zhang X, Wei M, Lv B, Liu Y, Liu X, Wei W. Sensitive colorimetric detection of glucose and cholesterol by using Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitive colorimetric detection of glucose and cholesterol by using Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
| | - Min Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Bingjing Lv
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
| | - Yuanjian Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
| | - Xu Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
| | - Wei Wei
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang J, Xiang Y, Wang M, Basu A, Lu Y. Dose-Dependent Response of Personal Glucose Meters to Nicotinamide Coenzymes: Applications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics of Many Non-Glucose Targets in a Single Step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
50
|
Zhang J, Xiang Y, Wang M, Basu A, Lu Y. Dose-Dependent Response of Personal Glucose Meters to Nicotinamide Coenzymes: Applications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics of Many Non-Glucose Targets in a Single Step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:732-6. [PMID: 26593219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a discovery that personal glucose meters (PGMs) can give a dose-dependent response to nicotinamide coenzymes, such as the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). We have developed methods that take advantage of this discovery to perform one-step homogeneous assays of many non-glucose targets that are difficult to recognize by DNAzymes, aptamers, or antibodies, and without the need for conjugation and multiple steps of sample dilution, separation, or fluid manipulation. The methods are based on the target-induced consumption or production of NADH through cascade enzymatic reactions. Simultaneous monitoring of the glucose and L-lactate levels in human plasma from patients with diabetes is demonstrated and the results are comparable to those from current standard test methods. Since a large number of commercially available enzymatic assay kits utilize NADH in their detection, this discovery will allow the transformation of almost all of these clinical lab tests into POC tests that use a PGM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801 (USA).,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China)
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801 (USA).,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China)
| | - Ananda Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 (USA)
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|