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Dong B, Hu J. Dissipation, residue distribution, and risk assessment of ethiprole and its metabolites in rice under various open field conditions. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:6510-6520. [PMID: 37219399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiprole has been registered to control planthoppers in rice fields for many years in Asia. However, its dissipation and residues in rice under natural field conditions and health hazards are largely unclear. In the present study, a modified QuEChERS (i.e. Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established to detect ethiprole and its metabolites, ethiprole amide and ethiprole sulfone, in brown rice, rice husks, and rice straw. The field experiments were implemented in 12 representative provinces of China under Good Agricultural Practices aiming to investigate the fate and terminal residues of ethiprole and its metabolites in rice. Finally, the dietary risk of ethiprole was evaluated. RESULTS The average recoveries of these analytes in all matrices were 86.4-99.0% with a repeatability of 0.575-9.38%. The limits of quantification for each compound were 0.01 mg kg-1 . Dissipation of ethiprole followed the single first-order, first + first-order, and first-order multi-compartment kinetic models with a half-life of 2.68-8.99 days in rice husks. The dissipation half-life of ethiprole combining all metabolites was 5.20-16.2 days in rice husks. The terminal residues of ethiprole and its metabolites at preharvest intervals of 21 days were < 0.011, 0.25, and 0.20 mg kg-1 in brown rice, rice husks, and rice straw, respectively. Ethiprole amide was undetectable in all matrices, and the risk quotient of ethiprole was far less than 100%. CONCLUSION Ethiprole rapidly converted to ethiprole sulfone in rice, and ethiprole and ethiprole sulfone mainly remained in rice husks and straws. The dietary risk of ethiprole was acceptable for Chinese consumers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Gao R, Wang J, Zhu J, Ji J, Liu D, Gao Z, Liao W, Wang M, Ma Y. Dissipation, residue, and dietary risk assessment of dimethachlon in grapes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:91199-91206. [PMID: 37474856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Dimethachlon, a dicarboximide fungicide, has gained widespread usage in Asian countries. While considered a low-toxicity fungicide, concerns regarding potential health effects, such as nephrotoxicity, have emerged. To date, neither China nor other countries have established maximum residue limit (MRL) for dimethachlon on grapes, and exposure risk assessment of dimethachlon is lacking. Here, we developed a QuEChERS method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the dissipation rates and terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes, along with an assessment of dietary risk to consumers. Our results indicated that the average recoveries of dimethachlon in grapes ranged from 74 to 76%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.050 mg/kg. After undergoing 112 days of storage at -18 °C, the dissipation rate of dimethachlon in grapes was found to be less than 30%, suggesting a state of stable storage. In the context of good agricultural practice (GAP) guidelines, the half-lives of dimethachlon in grapes were 14.3-18.1 days, which is notably longer compared to the reported values for other crops. The terminal residues of dimethachlon in grapes at 14 and 21 days were found to be < 0.05-0.53 mg/kg and < 0.05-0.29 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding the dietary risk assessment, the calculated risk quotient (RQ) value was significantly below 100%, indicating a negligible chronic risk of dimethachlon in grapes at the recommended dosage. This study provides an important reference for the analysis of dimethachlon and offers valuable empirical data to support the establishment of MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Ji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zepu Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Kwak Y, Song MH, Yu JW, Lee JH. Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole in Raphanus sativus L. Foods 2023; 12:2846. [PMID: 37569115 PMCID: PMC10417377 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation characteristics and conducted a risk assessment of four pesticides (Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole) in the leaves and roots of radish. Radish was cultivated in two greenhouse fields, and samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. Sample analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS, and the recovery rates ranged from 70.1% to 118.6%. The biological half-life of Diniconazole was found to be 6.2 days (leaf and root), Dinotefuran was 5.3 days (leaf) and 4.6 days (root), Metconazole was 9.3 days (leaf) and 3.2 days (root), and Tebuconazole was 8.0 days (leaf) and 5.1 days (root). After comparing the maximum residue limits (MRL) of each pesticide in Korea with the residues during the pre-harvest interval (PHI), Diniconazole showed a Hazard quotient (HQ) exceeding 1, indicating potential risks for true consumers. Furthermore, Tebuconazole showed an HQ of 0.3 or higher, indicating a significant level of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseon Kwak
- Hazardous Substances Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Incheon 22133, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Wang K, Jiao B, Gao H, Pan X, Wu X, Xu J, Dong F, Zheng Y. Residue and dietary risk assessment of glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, and their metabolites in maize and soybean. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Li W, Hou H, Hu J. Simultaneous determination of residues of multiple pesticides and their metabolites in citrus and orange juice from markets in China: residue levels and dietary risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27956-5. [PMID: 37380858 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Consumers are becoming more concerned about pesticide residues in food. Since citrus represent a significant portion of the diet, it is appropriate to monitor the pesticide residues in citrus. In this paper, we modified a QuEChERS method combined with HPLC-MS/MS to investigate residue levels of 15 pesticides and 3 metabolites in citrus (whole fruit and pulp) and orange juice from the markets in China. And the dietary exposure risks were evaluated by using the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods based on deterministic and probabilistic models. The recoveries of the modified method ranged from 70 to 112% at three spike levels of 0.005-0.5 mg/kg with relative standard deviations of 1.0-18.1%. Pesticide residues were detected in 85.84% of the whole citrus and 40.00% of pulp, with concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.47 mg/kg, which did not exceed their maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. The HQ (0.01-11.41%) and HI (0.07-16.2%) were both less than 100%, demonstrating that chronic, acute, and cumulative dietary risks were acceptable. Notably, the risk for children (1-6 years old, 1.96-16.2%) was higher than that for the general population (0.76-6.25%). The results of our study can provide a valuable reference for regular monitoring to protect public health and ensure pesticide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Hou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Marín-Sáez J, López-Ruiz R, Romero-Gonzalez R, Garrido Frenich A. Comprehensive Dissipation of Azadirachtin in Grapes and Tomatoes: The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis and Tentative Identification of Unknown Metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4466-4476. [PMID: 36881717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neem oil is a biopesticide normally applied together with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, neither its dissipation nor the influence of Bt has been previously evaluated. In this study, dissipation of neem oil was investigated when it was applied alone or together with Bt at 3 and 22 °C. A methodology involving solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for that purpose. The method was validated obtaining recoveries from 87 to 103%, with relative standard deviations lower than 19% and limits of quantification from 5 to 10 μg/kg. Azadirachtin A (AzA) dissipation was fit to a single first order, being faster when neem oil was applied together with Bt and at 22 °C (RL50 = 12-21 days) than alone and at 3 °C (RL50 = 14-25 days). Eight related compounds were found in real samples with similar dissipation curves compared to AzA, and five unknown metabolites were identified in degraded samples, with increasing concentrations during parent compound degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
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Dong B, Hu J. Dissipation, residues, and dietary risk assessment of difenoconazole in field-planted spinach, wax gourd, and summer squash in China. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-023-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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An D, Ko R, Kim J, Lee K, Lee JH. Fungicide Dissipation Kinetics and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment in Squash Fruit and Leaf. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061291. [PMID: 36981217 PMCID: PMC10048305 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissipation behavior and dietary exposure risk assessment of four fungicides (dimethomorph, mandipropamid, myclobutanil, and metalaxyl) was performed in fruits and leaves of squash grown under greenhouse conditions. Squash fruit and leaf samples were randomly collected at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after the last pesticide application. Analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was used for sample preparation. Recovery rates at two spiked levels (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) were found to be in the range of 76.4%-101.9% for the analyzed pesticides and their relative standard deviations were ≤4%. Pesticide half-lives were 2.1 and 4.9 days for dimethomorph, 4.6 and 8.1 days for mandipropamid, 4.7 and 8.2 days for myclobutanil, and 2.7 and 5 days for metalaxyl in squash fruit and leaf, respectively. Regarding the total surveyors, hazard quotient values for squash fruit and leaf were ≤1.03 × 10-3 and ≤2.39 × 10-3, respectively. These values in the case of true consumers were ≤3.14 × 10-3 and ≤3.91 × 10-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai An
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakdo Ko
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinchan Kim
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghun Lee
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Bio Division, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Zhang B, Pan X, Yang Y, Dong F, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y. Dissipation dynamics and comparative dietary exposure assessment of mefentrifluconazole in rice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 250:114482. [PMID: 36586164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was established to investigate the dissipation and final residual amounts of mefentrifluconazole in rice, and dietary risk to consumers was evaluated. The method provided good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9979), accuracy (recovery range, 79.0-101.5%), precision (relative standard deviation range, 1.3-13.9%), and sensitivity (limit of quantification, 0.005 mg/kg). The dissipation dynamics of mefentrifluconazole in rice followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 2.8-16.6 days. The final residues of mefentrifluconazole in various samples of harvested brown rice ranged from less than the limit of quantification to 0.092 mg/kg, the latter value being higher than the maximum residue limit recommended by the European Union. Comparative dietary exposure of mefentrifluconazole was assessed using field data and Chinese dietary patterns for different genders, regions, and age data. Although the results showed acceptable levels of risk for both acute exposure (the percentage of the acute reference dose ≤ 0.7483%) and chronic dietary intake (the percentage of acceptable daily intake ≤ 31.8516%), more studies of children are needed because they are at higher risk than other groups. This work provides the necessary data for registering and establishing the maximum residue limit for mefentrifluconazole in rice in China and reveals the potential risks to different groups of long-term application of mefentrifluconazole to rice and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Chai Y, Liu R, Du X, Yuan L. Dissipation and Residue of Metalaxyl-M and Azoxystrobin in Scallions and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Hepatotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185822. [PMID: 36144556 PMCID: PMC9506456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin have been used to control various fungal diseases on scallion and other crops. In view of the adverse toxic effects of both on the mammalian liver, it is necessary to conduct a cumulative risk assessment of their dietary exposure to consumers. The residues of metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin on scallion were determined by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The half-lives were about 1.15 and 3.89 days, respectively, and the final residues after a seven-day harvest interval were <0.001−0.088 mg/kg and 0.190−4.687 mg/kg, respectively. The cumulative dietary risk quotient of the two fungicides to Chinese consumers calculated by the probability model is 13.94%~41.25%. According to the results of the contribution analysis, the risk posed by azoxystrobin is much greater than that of metalaxyl-M. Although metalaxyl-M and azoxystrobin do not pose a cumulative risk to Chinese consumers, the risk to children and adolescents is significantly higher than that to adults. This suggests that in future research, more consideration should be given to the cumulative risk of compounds to vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Chai
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoying Du
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (L.Y.)
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