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Shen N, Satoh Y, Koma D, Ohashi H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Optimization of tyrosol-producing pathway with tyrosine decarboxylase and tyramine oxidase in high-tyrosine-producing Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:115-123. [PMID: 38135638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol (4-hydroxyphenylethanol) is a phenolic compound used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. However, current supply methods, such as extraction from natural resources and chemical synthesis, have disadvantages from the viewpoint of cost and environmental protection. Here, we developed a tyrosol-producing Escherichia coli cell factory from a high-tyrosine-producing strain by expressing selected tyrosine decarboxylase-, tyramine oxidase (TYO)-, and medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (YahK)-encoding genes. The genes were controlled by the strong T7 promoter and integrated into the chromosome because of the advantages over plasmid-based systems. The strain produced a melanin-like pigment as a by-product, which is suggested to be formed from 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (a TYO product/YahK substrate). By using a culture medium containing a high concentration of glycerol, which was reported to enhance NADH supply required for YahK activity, the final titer of tyrosol reached 2.42 g/L in test tube-scale cultivation with a concomitant decrease in the amount of pigment. These results indicate that chromosomally integrated and T7 promoter-controlled gene expression system in E. coli is useful for high production of heterologous enzymes and might be applied for industrial production of useful compounds including tyrosine and tyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shen
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Koma
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohashi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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2
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Xia Y, Qi L, Shi X, Chen K, Peplowski L, Chen X. Construction of an Escherichia coli cell factory for de novo synthesis of tyrosol through semi-rational design based on phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127385. [PMID: 37848109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as an important natural product from plants. In previous research, we constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain capable of de novo synthesis of tyrosol by integrating the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nevertheless, the insufficient catalytic efficiency of ARO10 required the insertion of multiple gene copies into the genome to attain enhanced tyrosol production. In this study, we constructed a mutation library of ARO10 based on a computer-aided semi-rational design strategy and developed a high-throughput screening method for selecting high-yield tyrosol mutants by introducing the heterologous hydroxylase complex HpaBC. Through multiple rounds of screening and site-saturation mutagenesis, we ultimately identified the two optimal ARO10 mutants, ARO10D331V and ARO10D331C, which respectively achieved a tyrosol titer of 2.02 g/L and 2.04 g/L in shake flasks, both representing more than 50 % improvement compared to the wild-type. Our study demonstrates the great potential of computer-based semi-rational enzyme design strategy in metabolic engineering. The high-throughput screening method for target compound derivative possesses a certain level of generality. Ultimately, we obtained promising mutants capable of achieving industrial-scale production of tyrosol, which also lays a solid foundation for the efficient synthesis of tyrosol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xulei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lukasz Peplowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Yang Q, Liu S, Zhao Y, Han X, Chang R, Mao J. Enzymatic properties and inhibition tolerance analysis of key enzymes in β-phenylethanol anabolic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:772-783. [PMID: 38161995 PMCID: PMC10755794 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Huangjiu is known for its unique aroma, primarily attributed to its high concentration of β-phenylethanol (ranging from 40 to 130 mg/L). Phenylalanine aminotransferase Aro9p and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase Aro10p are key enzymes in the β-phenylethanol synthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ. This study examined the enzymatic properties of these two enzymes derived from S. cerevisiae HJ and S288C. After substrate docking, Aro9pHJ (-24.05 kJ/mol) and Aro10pHJ (-14.33 kJ/mol) exhibited lower binding free energies compared to Aro9pS288C (-21.93 kJ/mol) and Aro10pS288C (-12.84 kJ/mol). ARO9 and ARO10 genes were heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21. Aro9p, which was purified via affinity chromatography, showed inhibition by l-phenylalanine (L-PHE), but the reaction rate Vmax(Aro9pHJ: 23.89 μmol·(min∙g)-1) > Aro9pS288C: 21.3 μmol·(min∙g)-1) and inhibition constant Ki values (Aro9pHJ: 0.28 mol L-1>Aro9pS288C 0.26 mol L-1) indicated that Aro9p from S. cerevisiae HJ was more tolerant to substrate stress during Huangjiu fermentation. In the presence of the same substrate phenylpyruvate (PPY), Aro10pHJ exhibited a stronger affinity than Aro10pS288C. Furthermore, Aro9pHJ and Aro10pHJ were slightly more tolerant to the final metabolites β-phenylethanol and ethanol, respectively, compared to those from S288C. The study suggests that the mutations in Aro9pHJ and Aro10pHJ may contribute to the increased β-phenylethanol concentration in Huangjiu. This is the first study investigating enzyme tolerance mechanisms in terms of substrate and product, providing a theoretical basis for the regulation of the β-phenylethanol metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yuzong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Rui Chang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shaoxing Key Laboratory of Traditional Fermentation Food and Human Health, Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Yan Y, Bai Y, Zheng X, Cai Y. Production of hydroxytyrosol through whole-cell bioconversion from L-DOPA using engineered Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110280. [PMID: 37413913 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenolic molecule of high value, is used in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, food, and livestock nutrition industries. As a natural product, HT is chemically manufactured or extracted from olives; nevertheless, the increasing demand mandates the exploration and development of alternative sources, such as heterologous production by recombinant bacteria. In order to achieve this purpose, we have molecularly modified Escherichia coli to carry two plasmids. For conversion of L-DOPA (Levodopa) into HT efficiently, it is necessary to enhance the expression of DODC (DOPA decarboxylase), ADH (alcohol dehydrogenases), MAO (Monoamine oxidase) and GDH (glucose dehydrogenases). The step that significantly affects the rate of ht biosynthesis is likely to be associated with the reaction facilitated by DODC enzymatic activity, as suggested by the result of in vitro catalytic experiment and HPLC. Then Pseudomonas putida, Sus scrofa, Homo sapiens and Levilactobacillus brevis DODC were taken into comparsion. The DODC from H. sapiens is superior to that of P. putida, S. scrofa or L. brevis for HT production. Seven promoters were introduced to increase the expression levels of catalase (CAT) to remove the byproduct H2O2 and optimized coexpression strains were obtained after screening. After the 10-hour operation, the optimized whole-cell biocatalyst produced HT at a maximum titer of 4.84 g/L with over 77.5% molar substrate conversion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Xu H, Yu B, Wei W, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Guo L, Song W, Liu L, Wu J. Improving tyrosol production efficiency through shortening the allosteric signal transmission distance of pyruvate decarboxylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3535-3549. [PMID: 37099057 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol is an important chemical in medicine and chemical industries, which can be synthesized by a four-enzyme cascade pathway constructed in our previous study. However, the low catalytic efficiency of pyruvate decarboxylase from Candida tropicalis (CtPDC) in this cascade is a rate-limiting step. In this study, we resolved the crystal structure of CtPDC and investigated the mechanism of allosteric substrate activation and decarboxylation of this enzyme toward 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP). In addition, based on the molecular mechanism and structural dynamic changes, we conducted protein engineering of CtPDC to improve decarboxylation efficiency. The conversion of the best mutant, CtPDCQ112G/Q162H/G415S/I417V (CtPDCMu5), had over two-fold improvement compared to the wild-type. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation revealed that the key catalytic distances and allosteric transmission pathways were shorter in CtPDCMu5 than in the wild type. Furthermore, when CtPDC in the tyrosol production cascade was replaced with CtPDCMu5, the tyrosol yield reached 38 g·L-1 with 99.6% conversion and 1.58 g·L-1·h-1 space-time yield in 24 h through further optimization of the conditions. Our study demonstrates that protein engineering of the rate-limiting enzyme in the tyrosol synthesis cascade provides an industrial-scale platform for the biocatalytic production of tyrosol. KEY POINTS: • Protein engineering of CtPDC based on allosteric regulation improved the catalytic efficiency of decarboxylation. • The application of the optimum mutant of CtPDC removed the rate-limiting bottleneck in the cascade. • The final titer of tyrosol reached 38 g·L-1 in 24 h in 3 L bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bicheng Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Ren J, Barton CD, Zhan J. Engineered production of bioactive polyphenolic O-glycosides. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108146. [PMID: 37028465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds (such as quercetin and resveratrol) possess potential medicinal values due to their various bioactivities, but poor water solubility hinders their health benefits to humankind. Glycosylation is a well-known post-modification method to biosynthesize natural product glycosides with improved hydrophilicity. Glycosylation has profound effects on decreasing toxicity, increasing bioavailability and stability, together with changing bioactivity of polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, polyphenolic glycosides can be used as food additives, therapeutics, and nutraceuticals. Engineered biosynthesis provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to generate polyphenolic glycosides through the use of various glycosyltransferases (GTs) and sugar biosynthetic enzymes. GTs transfer the sugar moieties from nucleotide-activated diphosphate sugar (NDP-sugar) donors to sugar acceptors such as polyphenolic compounds. In this review, we systematically review and summarize the representative polyphenolic O-glycosides with various bioactivities and their engineered biosynthesis in microbes with different biotechnological strategies. We also review the major routes towards NDP-sugar formation in microbes, which is significant for producing unusual or novel glycosides. Finally, we discuss the trends in NDP-sugar based glycosylation research to promote the development of prodrugs that positively impact human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA.
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Wang B, Xiao S, Zhao X, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Zhang J. Recent Advances in the Hydroxylation of Amino Acids and Its Derivatives. Fermentation 2023; 9:285. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxy amino acids (HAAs) are of unique value in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry with antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. At present, the hydroxylated amino acids most studied are tryptophan, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, etc., and some of their derivatives. The hydroxylation of amino acids is inextricably linked to the catalysis of various biological enzymes, such as tryptophan hydroxylase, L-pipecolic acid trans-4-hydroxylase, lysine hydroxylase, etc. Hydroxylase conspicuously increases the variety of amino acid derivatives. For the manufacture of HAAs, the high regioselectivity biocatalytic synthesis approach is favored over chemical synthesis. Nowadays, the widely used method is to transcribe the hydroxylation pathway of various amino acids, including various catalytic enzymes, into Corynebacterium glutamicum or Escherichia coli for heterologous expression and then produce hydroxyamino acids. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the biosynthetic hydroxylation of aliphatic, heterocyclic, and aromatic amino acids and introduced the basic research and application of HAAs.
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Pan H, Li H, Wu S, Lai C, Guo D. De novo biosynthesis of N-acetyltyramine in engineered Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu Y, Song D, Hu H, Yang R, Lyu X. De Novo Production of Hydroxytyrosol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Escherichia coli Coculture Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3067-3077. [PMID: 35952699 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol is a valuable plant-derived phenolic compound with excellent pharmacological activities for application in the food and health care industries. Microbial biosynthesis provides a promising approach for sustainable production of hydroxytyrosol via metabolic engineering. However, its efficient production is limited by the machinery and resources available in the commonly used individual microbial platform, for example, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a S. cerevisiae-E. coli coculture system was designed for de novo biosynthesis of hydroxytyrosol by taking advantage of their inherent metabolic properties, whereby S. cerevisiae was engineered for de novo production of tyrosol based on an endogenous Ehrlich pathway, and E. coli was dedicated to converting tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol by use of native hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase (EcHpaBC). To enhance hydroxytyrosol production, intra- and intermodule engineering was employed in this microbial consortium: (I) in the upstream S. cerevisiae strain, multipath regulations combining with a glucose-sensitive GAL regulation system were engineered to enhance the precursor supply, resulting in significant increase of tyrosol production (from 17.60 mg/L to 461.07 mg/L); (II) Echpabc was overexpressed in the downstream E. coli strain, improving the conversion rate of tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol from 0.03% to 86.02%; (III) and last, intermodule engineering with this coculture system was performed by optimization of the initial inoculation ratio of each population and fermentation conditions, achieving 435.32 mg/L of hydroxytyrosol. This S. cerevisiae-E. coli coculture strategy provides a new opportunity for de novo production of hydroxytyrosol from inexpensive feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Dong Song
- Jiangxi Baiyue Food Co. Ltd, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337000, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangnan University (Rugao) Institute of Food Biotechnology, 226503, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangnan University (Rugao) Institute of Food Biotechnology, 226503, Nantong, P. R. China
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10
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Liu J, Wang K, Wang M, Deng H, Chen X, Shang Y, Liu X, Yu X. Efficient whole cell biotransformation of tyrosol from L-tyrosine by engineered Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110100. [PMID: 35872508 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An engineered Escherichia coli was constructed by co-expressing L-amino acid deaminase, α-keto acid decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and glucose dehydrogenase through two plasmids for tyrosol production. The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme L-amino acid deaminase from Cosenzaea myxofaciens (CmAAD) toward tyrosine was improved by structure-guided modification. The enzyme activity of triple mutant CmAAD V438G/K147V/R151E toward tyrosine was ~5.12-fold higher than that of the wild-type CmAAD. Secondly, the plasmid copy numbers and the gene orders were optimized to improve the titer of tyrosol. Finally, the recombinant strain CS-6 transformed 10 mM tyrosine into 9.56 ± 0.64 mM tyrosol at 45 ℃, and the space-time yield reached 0.478 mM·L-1·h-1. This study proposes a novel idea for the efficient and natural production of tyrosol, which has great potential for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Liu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Kaipeng Wang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Mian Wang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Yueling Shang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, YanCheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China.
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Ruan X, Zhang S, Song W, Liu J, Chen X, Liu L, Wu J. Efficient synthesis of tyrosol from L-tyrosine via heterologous Ehrlich pathway in Escherichia coli. Chin J Chem Eng 2022; 47:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Liu H, Tian Y, Zhou Y, Kan Y, Wu T, Xiao W, Luo Y. Multi-modular engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-titre production of tyrosol and salidroside. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2605-2616. [PMID: 32990403 PMCID: PMC8601180 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol and its glycosylated product salidroside are important ingredients in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. Despite the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to naturally synthesize tyrosol, high yield from de novo synthesis remains a challenge. Here, we used metabolic engineering strategies to construct S. cerevisiae strains for high-level production of tyrosol and salidroside from glucose. First, tyrosol production was unlocked from feedback inhibition. Then, transketolase and ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase were overexpressed to balance the supply of precursors. Next, chorismate synthase and chorismate mutase were overexpressed to maximize the aromatic amino acid flux towards tyrosol synthesis. Finally, the competing pathway was knocked out to further direct the carbon flux into tyrosol synthesis. Through a combination of these interventions, tyrosol titres reached 702.30 ± 0.41 mg l-1 in shake flasks, which were approximately 26-fold greater than that of the WT strain. RrU8GT33 from Rhodiola rosea was also applied to cells and maximized salidroside production from tyrosol in S. cerevisiae. Salidroside titres of 1575.45 ± 19.35 mg l-1 were accomplished in shake flasks. Furthermore, titres of 9.90 ± 0.06 g l-1 of tyrosol and 26.55 ± 0.43 g l-1 of salidroside were achieved in 5 l bioreactors, both are the highest titres reported to date. The synergistic engineering strategies presented in this study could be further applied to increase the production of high value-added aromatic compounds derived from the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Yujuan Tian
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Yeyi Kan
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yunzi Luo
- Department of GastroenterologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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Bisquert R, Planells-Cárcel A, Valera-García E, Guillamón JM, Muñiz-Calvo S. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for hydroxytyrosol overproduction directly from glucose. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1499-1510. [PMID: 34689412 PMCID: PMC9049601 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is one of the most powerful dietary antioxidants with numerous applications in different areas, including cosmetics, nutraceuticals and food. In the present work, heterologous hydroxylase complex HpaBC from Escherichia coli was integrated into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in multiple copies. HT productivity was increased by redirecting the metabolic flux towards tyrosol synthesis to avoid exogenous tyrosol or tyrosine supplementation. After evaluating the potential of our selected strain as an HT producer from glucose, we adjusted the medium composition for HT production. The combination of the selected modifications in our engineered strain, combined with culture conditions optimization, resulted in a titre of approximately 375 mg l−1 of HT obtained from shake‐flask fermentation using a minimal synthetic‐defined medium with 160 g l−1 glucose as the sole carbon source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest HT concentration produced by an engineered S. cerevisiae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bisquert
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Andrés Planells-Cárcel
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Elena Valera-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - José Manuel Guillamón
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
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Guo D, Fu X, Sun Y, Li X, Pan H. De novo biosynthesis of tyrosol acetate and hydroxytyrosol acetate from glucose in engineered Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109886. [PMID: 34489039 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derived from virgin olive oil and olives extract, have wide applications both as functional food components and as nutraceuticals. However, they have low bioavailability due to their low absorption and high metabolism in human liver and small intestine. Acetylation of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol can effectively improve their bioavailability and thus increase their potential use in the food and cosmeceutical industries. There is no report on the bioproductin of tyrosol acetate and hydroxytyrosol acetate so far. Thus, it is of great significance to develop microbial cell factories for achieving tyrosol acetate or hydroxytyrosol acetate biosynthesis. In this study, a de novo biosynthetic pathway for the production of tyrosol acetate and hydroxytyrosol acetate was constructed in Escherichia coli. First, an engineered E. coli that allows production of tyrosol from simple carbon sources was established. Four aldehyde reductases were compared, and it was found that yeaE is the best aldehyde reductase for tyrosol accumulation. Subsequently, the pathway was extended for tyrosol acetate production by further overexpression of alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 for the conversion of tyrosol to tyrosol acetate. Finally, the pathway was further extended for hydroxytyrosol acetate production by overexpression of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase HpaBC.
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Mao Z, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yuan J. Efficient Synthesis of Phenylacetate and 2-Phenylethanol by Modular Cascade Biocatalysis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2676-2679. [PMID: 32291886 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The green and sustainable synthesis of chemicals from renewable feedstocks by a biotransformation approach has gained increasing attention in recent years. In this work, we developed enzymatic cascades to efficiently convert l-phenylalanine into 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and phenylacetic acid (PAA), l-tyrosine into tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethanol, p-HPE) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA). The enzymatic cascade was cast into an aromatic aldehyde formation module, followed by an aldehyde reduction module, or aldehyde oxidation module, to achieve one-pot biotransformation by using recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotransformation of 50 mM l-Phe produced 6.76 g/L PAA with more than 99 % conversion and 5.95 g/L of 2-PE with 97 % conversion. The bioconversion efficiencies of p-HPAA and p-HPE from l-Tyr reached to 88 and 94 %, respectively. In addition, m-fluoro-phenylalanine was further employed as an unnatural aromatic amino acid substrate to obtain m-fluoro-phenylacetic acid; >96 % conversion was achieved. Our results thus demonstrated high-yielding and potential industrial synthesis of above aromatic compounds by one-pot cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
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Koma D, Kishida T, Yoshida E, Ohashi H, Yamanaka H, Moriyoshi K, Nagamori E, Ohmoto T. Chromosome Engineering To Generate Plasmid-Free Phenylalanine- and Tyrosine-Overproducing Escherichia coli Strains That Can Be Applied in the Generation of Aromatic-Compound-Producing Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00525-20. [PMID: 32414798 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00525-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains have used plasmid-based overexpression of pathway genes. The resulting strains achieved high titers and yields of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Chromosomally engineered, plasmid-free producers have shown lower titers and yields than plasmid-based strains, but the former are advantageous in terms of cultivation cost and public health/environmental risk. Therefore, we engineered here the Escherichia coli chromosome to create superior phenylalanine- and tyrosine-overproducing strains that did not depend on plasmid-based expression. Integration into the E. coli chromosome of two central metabolic pathway genes (ppsA and tktA) and eight shikimate pathway genes (aroA, aroB, aroC, aroD, aroE, aroGfbr , aroL, and pheAfbr ), controlled by the T7lac promoter, resulted in excellent titers and yields of phenylalanine; the superscript "fbr" indicates that the enzyme encoded by the gene was feedback resistant. The generated strain could be changed to be a superior tyrosine-producing strain by replacing pheAfbr with tyrAfbr A rational approach revealed that integration of seven genes (ppsA, tktA, aroA, aroB, aroC, aroGfbr , and pheAfbr ) was necessary as the minimum gene set for high-yield phenylalanine production in E. coli MG1655 (tyrR, adhE, ldhA, pykF, pflDC, and ascF deletant). The phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains were further applied to generate phenyllactic acid-, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid-, tyramine-, and tyrosol-producing strains; yield of these aromatic compounds increased proportionally to the increase in phenylalanine and tyrosine yields.IMPORTANCE Plasmid-free strains for aromatic compound production are desired in the aspect of industrial application. However, the yields of phenylalanine and tyrosine have been considerably lower in plasmid-free strains than in plasmid-based strains. The significance of this research is that we succeeded in generating superior plasmid-free phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains by engineering the E. coli chromosome, which was comparable to that in plasmid-based strains. The generated strains have a potential to generate superior strains for the production of aromatic compounds. Actually, we demonstrated that four kinds of aromatic compounds could be produced from glucose with high yields (e.g., 0.28 g tyrosol/g glucose).
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Li M, Liu C, Yang J, Nian R, Xian M, Li F, Zhang H. Common problems associated with the microbial productions of aromatic compounds and corresponding metabolic engineering strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Guo W, Huang Q, Feng Y, Tan T, Niu S, Hou S, Chen Z, Du Z, Shen Y, Fang X. Rewiring central carbon metabolism for tyrosol and salidroside production in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2410-2419. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Yuhui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Taicong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Suhao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Shaoli Hou
- Yantai Huakangrongzan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Yantai China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University Qingdao China
- National Glycoengineering Research CenterShandong University Qingdao China
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Shen YP, Niu FX, Yan ZB, Fong LS, Huang YB, Liu JZ. Recent Advances in Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals Derived From Aromatic Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:407. [PMID: 32432104 PMCID: PMC7214760 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acids are an important class of diverse chemicals with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. They are currently produced via petrochemical processes, which are not sustainable and eco-friendly. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories capable of effectively converting renewable carbon sources into value-added aromatics. Here, we systematically and comprehensively review the recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in the microbial production of aromatic amino acid derivatives, stilbenes, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The future outlook concerning the engineering of microbial cell factories for the production of aromatic compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Xing Niu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu W, Yang C, Xia Y, Zhang L, Liu C, Yang H, Shen W, Chen X. High-Level Production of Tyrosol with Noninduced Recombinant Escherichia coli by Metabolic Engineering. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:4616-4623. [PMID: 32208625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol is a pharmacologically active phenolic compound widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Microbial fermentation has potential value as an environmentally friendly approach to tyrosol production, but suffers from low tyrosol yields and the need for expensive media additives. In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655 was modified by integrating an E. coli codon-optimized version of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylpyruvate decarboxylase gene, named ARO10*, into the lacI locus. The resulting strain (YMGA*) produced 0.14 mM tyrosol from 2% glucose without the need for expensive media supplements. Subsequent deletion of E. coli genes designed to eliminate competing metabolic pathways (feaB, pheA, tyrB) or undesirable gene regulation (tyrR) produced a strain (YMGA*R) that produced 3.11 mM tyrosol. Tyrosol production was then increased to 10.92 mM by increasing the ARO10* copy number to five copies (strain YMG5A*R). Finally, tyrosol production was increased to 28 mM (ca. 3.9 g/L) by optimizing fermentation conditions in a 5 L fermenter. Engineering a productive E. coli strain with high tyrosol titer from glucose using a medium that does not require added amino acids, inducer, or antibiotic provides a solid basis to produce tyrosol through microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Cao M, Gao M, Suástegui M, Mei Y, Shao Z. Building microbial factories for the production of aromatic amino acid pathway derivatives: From commodity chemicals to plant-sourced natural products. Metab Eng 2020; 58:94-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Muñiz-calvo S, Bisquert R, Puig S, Guillamón JM. Overproduction of hydroxytyrosol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by heterologous overexpression of the Escherichia coli 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase. Food Chem 2020; 308:125646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhou Y, Zhu J, Shao L, Guo M. Current advances in acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and biosynthesis. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104495. [PMID: 32045692 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acteoside is an important bioactive natural product distributed in many plant species, composed of four moieties such as caffeic acid, glucose, rhamnose and phenylethyl alcohol, and possesses some bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuro-protective, anti-tumor and so on. However, acteoside content in medicinal plants is low, and acteoside stability is bad, so acteoside biosynthesis is a problem. Recent years, acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation and bio-production have been widely investigated, so many achievements have been made up to now. In this study, we reviewed current advances in both the elucidation and bio-production such as the putative methods and enzymatic determination of acteoside biosynthesis pathway, functional analyses of the roles of some candidate genes for verbascoside biosynthesis by transgenic technology, acteoside production via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches and plant tissue culture. Moreover, we first established a combined putative acteoside biosynthesis pathway based on its recent studies in animals, plants and microbes. Meanwhile, we pointed out both problems to shortcomings, and highlighted its future development trend. These results will provide references for the complete elucidation of acteoside biosynthesis pathway and the improvement of acteoside content in medicinal plants and acteoside production via microbial and plant metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, and inform the readers critically of the latest developments of them.
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Guo W, Huang Q, Liu H, Hou S, Niu S, Jiang Y, Bao X, Shen Y, Fang X. Rational Engineering of Chorismate-Related Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Improving Tyrosol Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31334226 PMCID: PMC6616077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as an important natural product from plants. In this study, an exogenous pathway involved in catalyzing tyrosine to tyrosol was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, The pyruvate decarboxylase gene pdc1 was deleted to redirect the flux distribution at the pyruvate node, and a bifunctional NAD+-dependent fused chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase from E. coli (EcTyrA) and its' tyrosine inhibition resistant mutant (EcTyrAM53I/A354V) were heterologously expression in S. cerevisiae to tuning up the chorismate metabolism effectively directed the metabolic flux toward tyrosol production. Finally, the tyrosol yield of the engineered strain GFT-4 was improved to 126.74 ± 6.70 mg/g DCW at 48 h, increased 440 times compared with that of the control strain GFT-0 (0.28 ± 0.01 mg/g DCW). The new synergetic engineering strategy developed in this study can be further applied to increase the production of high value-added aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acid or shikimate in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoli Hou
- Shandong Henglu Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Suhao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of the different critical genes in the three modules on tyrosol production in Escherichia coli. Coexpression of the yahK and ARO10 genes increased the yield of tyrosol by 10% compared to that of the control. Tyrosol production by E. coli BFPT1 and E. coli BFPA1 was higher by 15.0% and 17.8% than that by the control, respectively, via coordinated expression of key genes from modules 2 and 3. The tyrosol yield of E. coli BFPE2 was 58.3% higher than that of the control (reaching 5.72 mM) when the expression levels of the key genes aroA and tyrA* from module 2 were balanced. The tyrosol yield of E. coli BFPG1 was increased by 52.6% (reaching 5.8 mM) compared to the control via coexpression of modules 1, 2, and 3. This work suggested that microbial production of tyrosol in E. coli has potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - You Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
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Yin C, Liu H, Shan Y, Gupta VK, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Tan H, Gong L. Cytosporone B as a Biological Preservative: Purification, Fungicidal Activity and Mechanism of Action against Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E125. [PMID: 30934892 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent citrus decay caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, 12 natural products were isolated from two endophytic fungi, in which cytosporone B was shown to have excellent bioactivity for control of G. citri-aurantii with median effect concentration (EC50) of 26.11 μg/mL and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 105 μg/mL, and also significantly reduced the decay of sugar orange during the in vivo trials. In addition, cytosporone B could alter the morphology of G. citri-aurantii by causing distortion of the mycelia and loss of membrane integrity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cytosporone B-treated and -untreated samples were revealed by Illumina sequencing, including 3540 unigenes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that most DEGs were related to metabolic production and cell membrane. These findings suggest cytosporone B is a promising biological preservative to control citrus decay and reveal the action mechanism of cytosporone B in relation to the destruction of the fungal cell membrane at both morphological and molecular levels.
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Abstract
Metabolic engineering has been enabling development of high performance microbial strains for the efficient production of natural and non-natural compounds from renewable non-food biomass. Even though microbial production of various chemicals has successfully been conducted and commercialized, there are still numerous chemicals and materials that await their efficient bio-based production. Aromatic chemicals, which are typically derived from benzene, toluene and xylene in petroleum industry, have been used in large amounts in various industries. Over the last three decades, many metabolically engineered microorganisms have been developed for the bio-based production of aromatic chemicals, many of which are derived from aromatic amino acid pathways. This review highlights the latest metabolic engineering strategies and tools applied to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids, including L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan. It is expected that more and more engineered microorganisms capable of efficiently producing aromatic chemicals will be developed toward their industrial-scale production from renewable biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Huccetogullari
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi Wei Luo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Bioinformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Mohammadi Nargesi B, Sprenger GA, Youn JW. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for para-Amino-Phenylethanol and para-Amino-Phenylacetic Acid Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:201. [PMID: 30662895 PMCID: PMC6328984 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic amines are an important class of chemicals which are used as building blocks for the synthesis of polymers and pharmaceuticals. In this study we establish a de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of the aromatic amines para-amino-phenylethanol (PAPE) and para-amino-phenylacetic acid (4-APA) in Escherichia coli. We combined a synthetic para-amino-l-phenylalanine pathway with the fungal Ehrlich pathway. Therefore, we overexpressed the heterologous genes encoding 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (pabAB from Corynebacterium glutamicum), 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate mutase and 4-amino-4-deoxyprephenate dehydrogenase (papB and papC from Streptomyces venezuelae) and ThDP-dependent keto-acid decarboxylase (aro10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in E. coli. The resulting para-amino-phenylacetaldehyde either was reduced to PAPE or oxidized to 4-APA. The wild type strain E. coli LJ110 with a plasmid carrying these four genes produced (in shake flask cultures) 11 ± 1.5 mg l−1 of PAPE from glucose (4.5 g l−1). By the additional cloning and expression of feaB (phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from E. coli) 36 ± 5 mg l−1 of 4-APA were obtained from 4.5 g l−1 glucose. Competing reactions, such as the genes for aminotransferases (aspC and tyrB) or for biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine (pheA, tyrA) and for the regulator TyrR were removed. Additionally, the E. coli genes aroFBL were cloned and expressed from a second plasmid. The best producer strains of E. coli showed improved formation of PAPE and 4-APA, respectively. Plasmid-borne expression of an aldehyde reductase (yahK from E. coli) gave best values for PAPE production, whereas feaB-overexpression led to best values for 4-APA. In fed-batch cultivation, the best producer strains achieved 2.5 ± 0.15 g l−1 of PAPE from glucose (11% C mol mol-1 glucose) and 3.4 ± 0.3 g l−1 of 4-APA (17% C mol mol−1 glucose), respectively which are the highest values for recombinant strains reported so far.
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Liu J, Jiang J, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Cai Y. Mimicking a New 2-Phenylethanol Production Pathway from Proteus mirabilis JN458 in Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:3498-3504. [PMID: 29560727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria rarely produce natural 2-phenylethanol. We verified a new pathway from Proteus mirabilis JN458 to produce 2-phenylethanol using Escherichia coli to coexpress l-amino acid deaminase, α-keto acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase from P. mirabilis. Based on this pathway, a glucose dehydrogenase coenzyme regeneration system was constructed. The optimal conditions of biotransformation by the recombinant strain E-pAEAKaG were at 40 °C and pH 7.0. Finally, the recombinant strain E-pAEAKaG produced 3.21 ± 0.10 g/L 2-phenylethanol in M9 medium containing 10 g/L l-phenylalanine after a 16 h transformation. Furthermore, when the concentration of l-phenylalanine was 4 g/L (24 mM), the production of 2-phenylethanol reached 2.88 ± 0.18 g/L and displayed a higher conversion rate of 97.38 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Jing Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710069 , China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1T , U.K
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710069 , China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710069 , China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a valuable natural phenolic compound with strong antioxidant activity and various physiological and pharmaceutical functions. In this study, we established an artificial pathway for HT biosynthesis. First, efficient enzymes were selected to construct a tyrosol biosynthetic pathway. Aro10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to be a better ketoacid decarboxylase than Kivd from Lactococcus lactis for tyrosol production. While knockout of feaB significantly decreased accumulation of the byproduct 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH6 further improved tyrosol production. The titers of tyrosol reached 1469 ± 56 mg/L from tyrosine and 620 ± 23 mg/L from simple carbon sources, respectively. The pathway was further extended for HT production by overexpressing Escherichia coli native hydroxylase HpaBC. To enhance transamination of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, NH4Cl was removed from the culture media. To decrease oxidation of HT, ascorbic acid was added to the cell culture. To reduce the toxicity of HT, 1-dodecanol was selected as the extractant for in situ removal of HT. These efforts led to an additive increase in HT titer to 1243 ± 165 mg/L in the feeding experiment. Assembly of the full pathway resulted in 647 ± 35 mg/L of HT from simple carbon sources. This work provides a promising alternative for sustainable production of HT, which shows scale-up potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenya Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- College
of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Sørensen M, Neilson EHJ, Møller BL. Oximes: Unrecognized Chameleons in General and Specialized Plant Metabolism. Mol Plant 2018; 11:95-117. [PMID: 29275165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oximes (R1R2C=NOH) are nitrogen-containing chemical constituents that are formed in species representing all kingdoms of life. In plants, oximes are positioned at important metabolic bifurcation points between general and specialized metabolism. The majority of plant oximes are amino acid-derived metabolites formed by the action of a cytochrome P450 from the CYP79 family. Auxin, cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, and a number of other bioactive specialized metabolites including volatiles are produced from oximes. Oximes with the E configuration have high biological activity compared with Z-oximes. Oximes or their derivatives have been demonstrated or proposed to play roles in growth regulation, plant defense, pollinator attraction, and plant communication with the surrounding environment. In addition, oxime-derived products may serve as quenchers of reactive oxygen species and storage compounds for reduced nitrogen that may be released on demand by the activation of endogenous turnover pathways. As highly bioactive molecules, chemically synthesized oximes have found versatile uses in many sectors of society, especially in the agro- and medical sectors. This review provides an update on the structural diversity, occurrence, and biosynthesis of oximes in plants and discusses their role as key players in plant general and specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sørensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth H J Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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