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Zhang L, Zhan B, Yan L. Preparation of nanochitin using deep eutectic solvents. iScience 2024; 27:109312. [PMID: 38496292 PMCID: PMC10943438 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant and renewable non-wood biopolymer. Nanochitin is formed by the assembly of chitin molecules, which has the advantages of large tensile strength, high specific surface area, and biodegradability, so it has been widely used. However, the traditional methods of preparing nanochitin have many drawbacks. As the new generation of green solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been successfully applied in the fields of chitin dissolution, extraction, and nanochitin preparation. In this review, the relevant knowledge of chitin, nanochitin, and DESs was first introduced. Then, the application status of DESs in the fields of chitin was summarized, with a focus on the preparation of nanochitin using DESs. In conclusion, this review provided a comprehensive analysis of the published literature and proposed insights and development trends in the field of preparation of nanochitin using DESs, aiming to provide guidance and assistance for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Boxiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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2
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Chee PL, Sathasivam T, Tan YC, Wu W, Leow Y, Lim QRT, Yew PYM, Zhu Q, Kai D. Nanochitin for sustainable and advanced manufacturing. Nanoscale 2024; 16:3269-3292. [PMID: 38265441 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05533g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Presently, the rapid depletion of resources and drastic climate change highlight the importance of sustainable development. In this case, nanochitin derived from chitin, the second most abundant renewable polymer in the world, possesses numerous advantages, including toughness, easy processability and biodegradability. Furthermore, it exhibits better dispersibility in various solvents and higher reactivity than chitin owing to its increased surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it is the only natural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen. Therefore, it is valuable to further develop this innovative technology. This review summarizes the recent developments in nanochitin and specifically identifies sustainable strategies for its preparation. Additionally, the different biomass sources that can be exploited for the extraction of nanochitin are highlighted. More importantly, the life cycle assessment of nanochitin preparation is discussed, followed by its applications in advanced manufacturing and perspectives on the valorization of chitin waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Thenapakiam Sathasivam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ying Chuan Tan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Wenya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Quentin Ray Tjieh Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - Pek Yin Michelle Yew
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459
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Abalymov A, Pinchasik BE, Akasov RA, Lomova M, Parakhonskiy BV. Strategies for Anisotropic Fibrillar Hydrogels: Design, Cell Alignment, and Applications in Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4532-4552. [PMID: 37812143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cellular alignment in biomaterials presents a considerable challenge, demanding the refinement of appropriate material morphologies, while ensuring effective cell-surface interactions. To address this, biomaterials are continuously researched with diverse coatings, hydrogels, and polymeric surfaces. In this context, we investigate the influence of physicochemical parameters on the architecture of fibrillar hydrogels that significantly orient the topography of flexible hydrogel substrates, thereby fostering cellular adhesion and spatial organization. Our Review comprehensively assesses various techniques for aligning polymer fibrils within hydrogels, specifically interventions applied during and after the cross-linking process. These methodologies include mechanical strains, precise temperature modulation, controlled fluidic dynamics, and chemical modulators, as well as the use of magnetic and electric fields. We highlight the intrinsic appeal of these methodologies in fabricating cell-aligning interfaces and discuss their potential implications within the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering, particularly concerning the pursuit of optimal cellular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Abalymov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bat-El Pinchasik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Sechenov University and Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Lomova
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Santos M, Del Carlo O, Hong J, Liu Z, Jiang S, Hrapovic S, Lam E, Jin T, Moores A. Effect of Surface Functionality on the Rheological and Self-Assembly Properties of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocrystals and Use in Biopolymer Films. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4180-4189. [PMID: 37606546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) are unique to all other bio-derived nanomaterials in one aspect: the inherent presence of a nitrogen moiety. By tuning the chemical functionality of this nanomaterial, and thus its charge and hydrogen bonding capacity, one can heavily impact its macroscopic properties such as its rheological and self-assembly characteristics. In this study, two types of ChNCs are made using acid hydrolysis (AH-ChNCs) and oxidative (OX-ChNCs) pathways, unto which deacetylation using a solvent-free procedure is utilized to create chitosan nanocrystals (ChsNCs) of varying degree of deacetylation (DDA). These nanocrystals were then studied for their rheological behavior and liquid crystalline ordering. It was found that with both deacetylation and carboxylation of ChNCs, viscosity continually increased with increasing concentrations from 2 to 8 wt %, contrary to AH-ChNC dispersions in the same range. Interestingly, increasing the amine content of ChNCs was not proportional to the storage modulus, where a peak saturation of amines provided the most stiffness. Conversely, while the introduction of carboxylation increased the elastic modulus of OX-ChNCs by an order of magnitude from that of AH-ChNCs, it was decreased by increasing DDA. Deacetylation and carboxylation both inhibited the formation of a chiral nematic phase. Finally, these series of nanocrystals were incorporated into biodegradable pectin-alginate films as a physical reinforcement, which showed increased tensile strength and Young's modulus values for the films incorporated with ChsNCs. Overall, this study is the first to investigate how surface functionalization of chitin-derived nanocrystals can affect their rheological and liquid crystalline properties and how it augments pectin/alginate films as a physical reinforcement nanofiller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Santos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, 3480 University St. #350, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Olivia Del Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jasmine Hong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ziruo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Shuaibing Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Edmond Lam
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Tony Jin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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Liao J, Zhou Y, Hou B, Zhang J, Huang H. Nano-chitin: Preparation strategies and food biopolymer film reinforcement and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 305:120553. [PMID: 36737217 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current trends in food packaging systems are toward biodegradable polymer materials, especially the food biopolymer films made from polysaccharides and proteins, but they are limited by mechanical strength and barrier properties. Nano-chitin has great economic value as a highly efficient functional and reinforcing material. The combination of nano-chitin and food biopolymers offers good opportunities to prepare biodegradable packaging films with enhanced physicochemical and functional properties. This review aims to give the latest advances in nano-chitin preparation strategies and its uses in food biopolymer film reinforcement and applications. The first part systematically introduces various preparation methods for nano-chitin, including chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs). The nano-chitin reinforced biodegradable films based on food biopolymers, such as polysaccharides and proteins, are described in the second part. The last part provides an overview of the current applications of nano-chitin reinforced food biopolymer films in the food industry.
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He Y, Cai J, Xu Y, Luo B, Liu M. Chitin nanocrystals scaffold by directional freezing for high-efficiency water purification. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lee S, Hao LT, Park J, Oh DX, Hwang DS. Nanochitin and Nanochitosan: Chitin Nanostructure Engineering with Multiscale Properties for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2203325. [PMID: 35639091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanochitin and nanochitosan (with random-copolymer-based multiscale architectures of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units) have recently attracted immense attention for the development of green, sustainable, and advanced functional materials. Nanochitin and nanochitosan are multiscale materials from small oligomers, rod-shaped nanocrystals, longer nanofibers, to hierarchical assemblies of nanofibers. Various physical properties of chitin and chitosan depend on their molecular- and nanostructures; translational research has utilized them for a wide range of applications (biomedical, industrial, environmental, and so on). Instead of reviewing the entire extensive literature on chitin and chitosan, here, recent developments in multiscale-dependent material properties and their applications are highlighted; immune, medical, reinforcing, adhesive, green electrochemical materials, biological scaffolds, and sustainable food packaging are discussed considering the size, shape, and assembly of chitin nanostructures. In summary, new perspectives for the development of sustainable advanced functional materials based on nanochitin and nanochitosan by understanding and engineering their multiscale properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Liu L, Chen H, Zou Y, Chen F, Fan Y, Yong Q. Zwitterionic chitin nanocrystals mediated composite and self-assembly with cellulose nanofibrils. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:108-119. [PMID: 36336160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic dispersed chitin nanocrystals and TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibrils can be well mixed and self-assembled to be hydrogels/membranes. Active carboxyl groups ensure the well mixing of zwitterionic chitin nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils under neutral and alkaline condition. Electrostatic attraction between amino groups in chitin nanocrystals and carboxyl groups in chitin nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils further endows self-assemble property of composite suspensions. Simple standing for 12 h at room temperature is found enough for preparing self-assembled composite hydrogels. By 1-(3-dimethy-laminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC/NHS) mediated chemical crosslinking, the storage modulus of composite hydrogel can achieve almost 8 times higher than self-assembled hydrogel. Well dispersed composite suspensions also can be transformed to be membranes via filtration treatment. The strain increases almost 2.3 times higher with similar tensile strength for cellulose nanofibril rich samples, and chitin nanocrystals mainly contributes to the enhancement in strain of composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
| | - Huangjingyi Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
| | - Yujun Zou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
| | - Feier Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
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Ngasotter S, Sampath L, Xavier KM. Nanochitin: An update review on advances in preparation methods and food applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bai L, Liu L, Esquivel M, Tardy BL, Huan S, Niu X, Liu S, Yang G, Fan Y, Rojas OJ. Nanochitin: Chemistry, Structure, Assembly, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11604-11674. [PMID: 35653785 PMCID: PMC9284562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fascinating biopolymer found in living organisms, fulfills current demands of availability, sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, and renewability. A feature of chitin is its ability to structure into hierarchical assemblies, spanning the nano- and macroscales, imparting toughness and resistance (chemical, biological, among others) to multicomponent materials as well as adding adaptability, tunability, and versatility. Retaining the inherent structural characteristics of chitin and its colloidal features in dispersed media has been central to its use, considering it as a building block for the construction of emerging materials. Top-down chitin designs have been reported and differentiate from the traditional molecular-level, bottom-up synthesis and assembly for material development. Such topics are the focus of this Review, which also covers the origins and biological characteristics of chitin and their influence on the morphological and physical-chemical properties. We discuss recent achievements in the isolation, deconstruction, and fractionation of chitin nanostructures of varying axial aspects (nanofibrils and nanorods) along with methods for their modification and assembly into functional materials. We highlight the role of nanochitin in its native architecture and as a component of materials subjected to multiscale interactions, leading to highly dynamic and functional structures. We introduce the most recent advances in the applications of nanochitin-derived materials and industrialization efforts, following green manufacturing principles. Finally, we offer a critical perspective about the adoption of nanochitin in the context of advanced, sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Liang Liu
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Marianelly Esquivel
- Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siqi Huan
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xun Niu
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Jiang J, Zhang J, Li T, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xia B, Huang J, Fan Y, Dong W. Facile route to tri-carboxyl chitin nanocrystals from di-aldehyde chitin modified by selective periodate oxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:281-288. [PMID: 35569675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitin, a kind of polysaccharide mainly obtained from food waste, has emerged as an important biodegradable biopolymer in composite materials. The difficulty of aldehyde modification, which greatly limited the application of chitin nanocrystals, was addressed by applying a facile route of partial deacetylation followed by periodate oxidation in this study. Deacetylation occurred on the surface of both crystalline and amorphous regions, which were significantly degraded in the following periodate oxidation due to the inevitable cleavage of chitin chains, leading to an increase in the crystallinity index of obtained di-aldehyde chitin. The degree of deacetylation and periodate addition had limited improvement in the aldehyde content of di-aldehyde chitin with a maximum value of around 0.42 mmol/g. With further 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-mediated oxidation, the carboxyl content of tri-carboxyl chitin was improved to 1.58 mmol/g, which played a critical role in the dispersion efficiency and morphology of chitin nanocrystals. The obtained rod-like chitin nanocrystals with a ζ-potential value of -42 mV and an average size of 97 nm have potential application in dye-adsorption and emulsion stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiaju Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bihua Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Material, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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13
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Mushi NE. A review on native well-preserved chitin nanofibrils for materials of high mechanical performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:591-606. [PMID: 33631266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel chitin nanofibrils (ChNF) demonstrate excellent mechanical properties due to a long and extended polymer conformation. The current study highlights the importance of preserving ChNFs for stronger nanomaterials. Various chitin sources - crab, lobster, shrimp, squid pen, mushrooms, and insects have been reviewed. We have discussed preparation protocols and the physical properties of ChNF and presented the mechanical performance of nanomaterials. ChNF close to the native state uses fewer chemicals for treatment and shows a higher molar mass, degree of acetylation, crystallinity index, micrometer length, and a smaller diameter (3 nm), making them cheap, eco-friendly, and competitive to cellulose or synthetic fibrils. A highly acetylated or partially deacetylated ChNF forms a stable colloidal suspension, and it is possible to prepare from it strong films, hydrogels, aerogels, foams, polymer matrix nanocomposites, and microfibers. Moreover, it is possible to regenerate, functionalize, or cross-link the ChNFs to improve nanomaterials' mechanical performance. The preparation protocols remain the key to these achievements. However, the chemical techniques are not friendly ecologically and may hydrolytically degrade the chitin. The biological processes using enzymes or microorganisms are much better but still inefficient. Besides, the processing time limits the rapid preparation of the fibrils in the long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngesa Ezekiel Mushi
- University of Dar es Salaam, College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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14
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Sun G, Liu X, McClements DJ, Liu S, Li B, Li Y. Chitin nanofibers improve the stability and functional performance of Pickering emulsions formed from colloidal zein. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:388-400. [PMID: 33482536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in formulating Pickering emulsions from biopolymer particles due to consumer demand for more natural products. Protein-based colloidal particles can be used for this purpose, but they are prone to aggregate at pH values around their isoelectric point (pI), which limits their application. In this study, the possibility of using chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) to improve the pH stability of Pickering emulsions prepared from zein colloidal particles (ZCPs) was investigated. Initially, the morphology and interfacial properties of the complexes formed between ChNFs and ZCPs were studied as a function of pH (3-9). The tendency of the ZCPs to aggregate and sediment at pH ≥ pI was reduced in the presence of ChNFs, which was attributed to the formation of electrostatic complexes. The contact angle of the composite particles could be optimized by altering their composition. For instance, the contact angle increased from 74° for ZCPs to 85° for ZCP/ChNF (5:1 ratio) at pH 6, which improved their tendency to stabilize the oil droplets. Brewster angle microscopy indicated that ZCP/ChNF complexes had rod-like and/or particulate structures at an air-water interface, which were different from those observed in the bulk aqueous phase. Pickering emulsions formed from ZCP/ChNF complexes had better stability than those formed from ZCPs or ChNFs, especially when the pH was close to or greater than the pI. An in vitro digestion study showed that the presence of the interfacial complexes reduced the lipolysis of the oil droplets by about 11% in a simulated gastrointestinal tract. High internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) could be formed from ZCP/ChNF complexes at pH ≥ pI, which were able to protect unsaturated lipids from oxidation. Overall, our results show that chitin nanofibers can be used to improve the pH stability of Pickering emulsions formed from colloidal zein, as well as to modulate their functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - XiaoKe Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Shilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, China.
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15
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Kiliona KPS, Zhou M, Zhu Y, Lan P, Lin N. Preparation and surface modification of crab nanochitin for organogels based on thiol-ene click cross-linking. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:756-764. [PMID: 32061849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incompatibility of chitin nanomaterials with organic solvents is challenging in the design of the desirable organogels. The long hydrocarbon chains were covalently grafted on the surface of nanochitins, with the attachment of reactive allyl groups and improved dispersion in organic solvents. The reactive thiol groups of poly (ethylene glycol) were introduced into the allyl-nanochitin suspensions to produce the organogels by the thiol-ene click reaction. Attributed to the UV-induced cross-linking between the soft segments of thiolated-PEG and the allyl-nanochitin, the stable organogels with the storage modulus higher than the loss modulus by one order of magnitude were obtained, exhibiting the significant phase transition and mechanical enhancement on the rheological behavior. The combination of crystalline allyl-nanochitin and polymeric chains played a crucial role in the construction of the micro-network, attributing to the stability and mechanical strength of the organogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulang Primo Sokiri Kiliona
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mengqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, PR China.
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16
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Ye W, Hu Y, Ma H, Liu L, Yu J, Fan Y. Comparison of cast films and hydrogels based on chitin nanofibers prepared using TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO and TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO 2 systems. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116125. [PMID: 32241429 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutral TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 (TNN) oxidation, with NaClO2 as the primary oxidant under aqueous conditions at pH 6.8 was applied to selectively oxidize surface C6 primary hydroxyl groups of α-chitin to carboxylate groups. When 0.1 mmol TEMPO, 1 mmol NaClO and 20 mmol NaClO2 were added to 1 g α-chitin, the yield of water-insoluble oxidized chitin was 91.93 %, and the carboxylate content was 0.695 mmol/g. The TNN oxidized chitin (TNN-Ch) was mostly converted to individual nanofibrils by mechanical disintegration in water, with mostly widths of 20-24 nm and average lengths of 1 μm. Compared to chitin nanofibers produced by TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system (TBN-ChNs), with average widths of 16.67 ± 7.9 nm and average lengths of 770 ± 170 nm, TNN-ChNs were wider, longer and had a higher aspect ratio; its films and hydrogels also showed better mechanical properties, which indicated the size effect on the nanofiber-based materials resulted from different oxidation process.
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17
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Nawawi WMFBW, Jones M, Murphy RJ, Lee KY, Kontturi E, Bismarck A. Nanomaterials Derived from Fungal Sources-Is It the New Hype? Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:30-55. [PMID: 31592650 PMCID: PMC7076696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Greener alternatives to synthetic polymers are constantly being investigated and sought after. Chitin is a natural polysaccharide that gives structural support to crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls. Like cellulose, chitin resides in nanosized structural elements that can be isolated as nanofibers and nanocrystals by various top-down approaches, targeted at disintegrating the native construct. Chitin has, however, been largely overshadowed by cellulose when discussing the materials aspects of the nanosized components. This Perspective presents a thorough overview of chitin-related materials research with an analytical focus on nanocomposites and nanopapers. The red line running through the text emphasizes the use of fungal chitin that represents several advantages over the more popular crustacean sources, particularly in terms of nanofiber isolation from the native matrix. In addition, many β-glucans are preserved in chitin upon its isolation from the fungal matrix, enabling new horizons for various engineering solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan M. F. B. W. Nawawi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Biotechnology Engineering, International
Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mitchell Jones
- School
of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora
East Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
- Polymer and
Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard J. Murphy
- Centre
for Environment & Sustainability, University
of Surrey, Arthur C Clarke
building, Floor 2, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London,
South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Polymer and
Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger
Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Chen C, Li D, Yano H, Abe K. Insect Cuticle-Mimetic Hydrogels with High Mechanical Properties Achieved via the Combination of Chitin Nanofiber and Gelatin. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5571-5578. [PMID: 31034225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
By mimicking the natural sclerotization process of insect cuticles, a novel nanofiber-reinforced gelatin hydrogel was developed with improved mechanical properties, which was further strengthened through quinone cross-linking. Because quinone cross-linking reacts between amino groups by increasing the amino group content on the chitin crystalline surface through alkali treatment, surface-deacetylated chitin nanofibers (SD-ChNFs) were prepared to facilitate the cross-linking reaction between SD-ChNF and gelatin. This technique resulted in a tough hydrogel with a dark color. In comparison to a non-cross-linked version, the quinone-cross-linked SD-ChNF/gelatin hydrogel exhibited significantly improved tensile performance. Notably, by controlling the cross-linking reaction time from 6 to 48 h, the tensile strength of the quinone-cross-linked hydrogels can be modified and can reach as high as 2.96 MPa while displaying a variable brown color. Given the eco-friendly, biocompatible, and sustainable properties of chitin and gelatin, these bioinspired hydrogels provide potential applications in the agricultural and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210037 , People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210037 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Kentaro Abe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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