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Lee D, Chen WW, Wang L, Chan YC, Chen W. Data-Driven Design for Metamaterials and Multiscale Systems: A Review. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2305254. [PMID: 38050899 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are artificial materials designed to exhibit effective material parameters that go beyond those found in nature. Composed of unit cells with rich designability that are assembled into multiscale systems, they hold great promise for realizing next-generation devices with exceptional, often exotic, functionalities. However, the vast design space and intricate structure-property relationships pose significant challenges in their design. A compelling paradigm that could bring the full potential of metamaterials to fruition is emerging: data-driven design. This review provides a holistic overview of this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the general methodology instead of specific domains and deployment contexts. Existing research is organized into data-driven modules, encompassing data acquisition, machine learning-based unit cell design, and data-driven multiscale optimization. The approaches are further categorized within each module based on shared principles, analyze and compare strengths and applicability, explore connections between different modules, and identify open research questions and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doksoo Lee
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Wayne Chen
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Liwei Wang
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yu-Chin Chan
- Siemens Corporation, Technology, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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2
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Mascaretti L, Chen Y, Henrotte O, Yesilyurt O, Shalaev VM, Naldoni A, Boltasseva A. Designing Metasurfaces for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:4079-4103. [PMID: 38145171 PMCID: PMC10740004 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a promising technological platform, offering unprecedented control over light by structuring materials at the nanoscale using two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength nanoresonators. These metasurfaces possess exceptional optical properties, enabling a wide variety of applications in imaging, sensing, telecommunication, and energy-related fields. One significant advantage of metasurfaces lies in their ability to manipulate the optical spectrum by precisely engineering the geometry and material composition of the nanoresonators' array. Consequently, they hold tremendous potential for efficient solar light harvesting and conversion. In this Review, we delve into the current state-of-the-art in solar energy conversion devices based on metasurfaces. First, we provide an overview of the fundamental processes involved in solar energy conversion, alongside an introduction to the primary classes of metasurfaces, namely, plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces. Subsequently, we explore the numerical tools used that guide the design of metasurfaces, focusing particularly on inverse design methods that facilitate an optimized optical response. To showcase the practical applications of metasurfaces, we present selected examples across various domains such as photovoltaics, photoelectrochemistry, photocatalysis, solar-thermal and photothermal routes, and radiative cooling. These examples highlight the ways in which metasurfaces can be leveraged to harness solar energy effectively. By tailoring the optical properties of metasurfaces, significant advancements can be expected in solar energy harvesting technologies, offering new practical solutions to support an emerging sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mascaretti
- Czech
Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical
Engineering, Czech Technical University
in Prague, Břehová
7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yuheng Chen
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Olivier Henrotte
- Czech
Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Omer Yesilyurt
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Alberto Naldoni
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
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Hoxie DJ, Bangalore PV, Appavoo K. Machine learning of all-dielectric core-shell nanostructures: the critical role of the objective function in inverse design. Nanoscale 2023; 15:19203-19212. [PMID: 37982436 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
To integrate nanophotonics into light-based technologies, it is critical to elicit a desired optical response from its fundamental component, a nanoresonator. Because the optical resonance of a nanoresonator depends strongly on its base material and structural features, machine learning has been contemplated to enhance the design and optimization processes. However, its accuracy in searching the vast parameter space of nanophotonics still poses unresolved questions. Here, we show how the choice of objective functions, in combination with trained neural networks, can drastically change the optimization process-even for a simple nanophotonic structure. To assess how different objective functions select the correct structural parameters that generate a desired optical Mie response, we use a simple core-shell, all-dielectric nanostructure as the benchmark. By controlling the proportion of training data, which represents the "experience" level, we also quantify how the various objective functions perform in finding the ground-truth parameters. Our findings demonstrate that certain objective functions exhibit improved accuracy when used with highly "experienced" neural networks. Surprisingly, we also find other objective functions that perform better when paired with less "experienced" neural networks. Taken together, our results emphasize that it is critical to understand how neural networks are coupled to optimization schemes, as is evident even when a simple core-shell nanostructure is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hoxie
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Purushotham V Bangalore
- Department. of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kannatassen Appavoo
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Clini de Souza A, Lanteri S, Hernández-Figueroa HE, Abbarchi M, Grosso D, Kerzabi B, Elsawy M. Back-propagation optimization and multi-valued artificial neural networks for highly vivid structural color filter metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21352. [PMID: 38049444 PMCID: PMC10695957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel technique for designing color filter metasurfaces using a data-driven approach based on deep learning. Our innovative approach employs inverse design principles to identify highly efficient designs that outperform all the configurations in the dataset, which consists of 585 distinct geometries solely. By combining Multi-Valued Artificial Neural Networks and back-propagation optimization, we overcome the limitations of previous approaches, such as poor performance due to extrapolation and undesired local minima. Consequently, we successfully create reliable and highly efficient configurations for metasurface color filters capable of producing exceptionally vivid colors that go beyond the sRGB gamut. Furthermore, our deep learning technique can be extended to design various pixellated metasurface configurations with different functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Clini de Souza
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Electromagnetism (LEMAC), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Solnil, 95 Rue de la République, 13002, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Lanteri
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Hugo Enrique Hernández-Figueroa
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Electromagnetism (LEMAC), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (FEEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Abbarchi
- Solnil, 95 Rue de la République, 13002, Marseille, France
- Université Aix Marseille, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - David Grosso
- Solnil, 95 Rue de la République, 13002, Marseille, France
- Université Aix Marseille, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Badre Kerzabi
- Solnil, 95 Rue de la République, 13002, Marseille, France
| | - Mahmoud Elsawy
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, 06902, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Kim S, Park C, Kim S, Chung H, Jang MS. Design parameters of free-form color splitters for subwavelength pixelated image sensors. iScience 2023; 26:107788. [PMID: 37817940 PMCID: PMC10561042 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurface-based color splitters are emerging as next-generation optical components for image sensors, replacing classical color filters and microlens arrays. In this work, we report how the design parameters such as the device dimensions and refractive indices of the dielectrics affect the optical efficiency of the color splitters. Also, we report how the design grid resolution parameters affect the optical efficiency and discover that the fabrication of a color splitter is possible even in legacy fabrication facilities with low structure resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyung Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejun Chung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Tripathi D, Vyas HS, Kumar S, Panda SS, Hegde R. Recent developments in Chalcogenide phase change material-based nanophotonics. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:502001. [PMID: 37595569 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
There is now a deep interest in actively reconfigurable nanophotonics as they will enable the next generation of optical devices. Of the various alternatives being explored for reconfigurable nanophotonics, Chalcogenide phase change materials (PCMs) are considered highly promising owing to the nonvolatile nature of their phase change. Chalcogenide PCM nanophotonics can be broadly classified into integrated photonics (with guided wave light propagation) and Meta-optics (with free space light propagation). Despite some early comprehensive reviews, the pace of development in the last few years has shown the need for a topical review. Our comprehensive review covers recent progress on nanophotonic architectures, tuning mechanisms, and functionalities in tunable PCM Chalcogenides. In terms of integrated photonics, we identify novel PCM nanoantenna geometries, novel material utilization, the use of nanostructured waveguides, and sophisticated excitation pulsing schemes. On the meta-optics front, the breadth of functionalities has expanded, enabled by exploring design aspects for better performance. The review identifies immediate, and intermediate-term challenges and opportunities in (1) the development of novel chalcogenide PCM, (2) advance in tuning mechanism, and (3) formal inverse design methods, including machine learning augmented inverse design, and provides perspectives on these aspects. The topical review will interest researchers in further advancing this rapidly growing subfield of nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devdutt Tripathi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | | | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | | | - Ravi Hegde
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India
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Deng Z, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Li W, Zhu Z, Guan C, Shi J. Diverse ranking metamaterial inverse design based on contrastive and transfer learning. Opt Express 2023; 31:32865-32874. [PMID: 37859079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, thoughtfully designed, have demonstrated remarkable success in the manipulation of electromagnetic waves. More recently, deep learning can advance the performance in the field of metamaterial inverse design. However, existing inverse design methods based on deep learning often overlook potential trade-offs of optimal design and outcome diversity. To address this issue, in this work we introduce contrastive learning to implement a simple but effective global ranking inverse design framework. Viewing inverse design as spectrum-guided ranking of the candidate structures, our method creates a resemblance relationship of the optical response and metamaterials, enabling the prediction of diverse structures of metamaterials based on the global ranking. Furthermore, we have combined transfer learning to enrich our framework, not limited in prediction of single metamaterial representation. Our work can offer inverse design evaluation and diverse outcomes. The proposed method may shrink the gap between flexibility and accuracy of on-demand design.
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Chen X, Xu S, Shabani S, Zhao Y, Fu M, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Pasupathy AN, Liu M, Basov DN. Machine Learning for Optical Scanning Probe Nanoscopy. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2109171. [PMID: 36333118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform nanometer-scale optical imaging and spectroscopy is key to deciphering the low-energy effects in quantum materials, as well as vibrational fingerprints in planetary and extraterrestrial particles, catalytic substances, and aqueous biological samples. These tasks can be accomplished by the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) technique that has recently spread to many research fields and enabled notable discoveries. Herein, it is shown that the s-SNOM, together with scanning probe research in general, can benefit in many ways from artificial-intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Augmented with AI- and ML-enhanced data acquisition and analysis, scanning probe optical nanoscopy is poised to become more efficient, accurate, and intelligent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Wang Y, Sha W, Xiao M, Qiu CW, Gao L. Deep-Learning-Enabled Intelligent Design of Thermal Metamaterials. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2302387. [PMID: 37394737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal metamaterials are mixture-based materials that are engineered to manipulate, control, and process the flow of heat, enabling numerous advanced thermal metadevices. Conventional thermal metamaterials are predominantly designed with tractable regular geometries owing to the delicate analytical solution and easy-to-implement effective structures. Nevertheless, it is challenging to achieve the design of thermal metamaterials with arbitrary geometry, letting alone intelligent (automatic, real-time, and customizable) design of thermal metamaterials. Here, an intelligent design framework of thermal metamaterials is presented via a pre-trained deep learning model, which gracefully achieves the desired functional structures of thermal metamaterials with exceptional speed and efficiency, regardless of arbitrary geometry. It possesses incomparable versatility and is of great flexibility to achieve the corresponding design of thermal metamaterials with different background materials, anisotropic geometries, and thermal functionalities. The transformation thermotics-induced, freeform, background-independent, and omnidirectional thermal cloaks, whose structural configurations are automatically designed in real-time according to shape and background, are numerically and experimentally demonstrated. This study sets up a novel paradigm for an automatic and real-time design of thermal metamaterials in a new design scenario. More generally, it may open a door to the realization of an intelligent design of metamaterials in also other physical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Ridge, Kent, 117583, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Yuan H, Zhang N, Zhang H, Lu C. A Multi-Channel Frequency Router Based on an Optimization Algorithm and Dispersion Engineering. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2133. [PMID: 37513144 PMCID: PMC10386346 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Integrated frequency routers, which can guide light with different frequencies to different output ports, are an important kind of nanophotonic device. However, frequency routers with both a compact size and multiple channels are difficult to realize, which limits the application of these frequency routers in nanophotonics. Here, a kind of bandgap optimization algorithm, which consists of the finite element method and topology optimization, is proposed to design a multi-channel frequency router. Channels supporting photonic edge states with different frequencies are built through the synthetic dimension of translational deformation. Due to the help of the developed optimization algorithms, the number of channels and output ports can be increased up to nine while maintaining ultracompact device size. The device operates within a working band of 0.585-0.665 c/a, corresponding to 1.504-1.709 μm when the lattice constant is set as 1 μm, covering the telecom wavelength of 1.55 μm. The average crosstalk is about -11.49 dB. The average extinction ratio is around 16.18 dB. Because the bus of the device can be regarded as a part of a topological rainbow, the results show that the structure is robust to fabrication errors. This method is general, which can be used for different materials and different frequency ranges. The all-dielectric planar configuration of our router is compact, robust, and easy to integrate, providing a new method for on-chip multi-channel broadband information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nianen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cuicui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Chung T, Wang H, Cai H. Dielectric metasurfaces for next-generation optical biosensing: a comparison with plasmonic sensing. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:10.1088/1361-6528/ace117. [PMID: 37352839 PMCID: PMC10416613 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ace117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, nanophotonic biosensors have been extended from the extensively studied plasmonic platforms to dielectric metasurfaces. Instead of plasmonic resonance, dielectric metasurfaces are based on Mie resonance, and provide comparable sensitivity with superior resonance bandwidth, Q factor, and figure-of-merit. Although the plasmonic photothermal effect is beneficial in many biomedical applications, it is a fundamental limitation for biosensing. Dielectric metasurfaces solve the ohmic loss and heating problems, providing better repeatability, stability, and biocompatibility. We review the high-Q resonances based on various physical phenomena tailored by meta-atom geometric designs, and compare dielectric and plasmonic metasurfaces in refractometric, surface-enhanced, and chiral sensing for various biomedical and diagnostic applications. Departing from conventional spectral shift measurement using spectrometers, imaging-based and spectrometer-less biosensing are highlighted, including single-wavelength refractometric barcoding, surface-enhanced molecular fingerprinting, and integrated visual reporting. These unique modalities enabled by dielectric metasurfaces point to two important research directions. On the one hand, hyperspectral imaging provides massive information for smart data processing, which not only achieve better biomolecular sensing performance than conventional ensemble averaging, but also enable real-time monitoring of cellular or microbial behaviour in physiological conditions. On the other hand, a single metasurface can integrate both functions of sensing and optical output engineering, using single-wavelength or broadband light sources, which provides simple, fast, compact, and cost-effective solutions. Finally, we provide perspectives in future development on metasurface nanofabrication, functionalization, material, configuration, and integration, towards next-generation optical biosensing for ultra-sensitive, portable/wearable, lab-on-a-chip, point-of-care, multiplexed, and scalable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taerin Chung
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States of America
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Pan Q, Zhou S, Chen S, Yu C, Guo Y, Shuai Y. Deep learning-based inverse design optimization of efficient multilayer thermal emitters in the near-infrared broad spectrum. Opt Express 2023; 31:23944-23951. [PMID: 37475234 DOI: 10.1364/oe.490228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a deep learning architecture for automatic modeling and optimization of multilayer thin film structures to address the need for specific spectral emitters and achieve rapid design of geometric parameters for an ideal spectral response. Multilayer film structures are ideal thermal emitter structures for thermophotovoltaic application systems because they combine the advantages of large area preparation and controllable costs. However, achieving good spectral response performance requires stacking more layers, which makes it more difficult to achieve fine spectral inverse design using forward calculation of the dimensional parameters of each layer of the structure. Deep learning is the main method for solving complex data-driven problems in artificial intelligence and provides an efficient solution for the inverse design of structural parameters for a target waveband. In this study, an eight-layer thin film structure composed of SiO2/Ti and SiO2/W is rapidly reverse engineered using a deep learning method to achieve a structural design with an emissivity better than 0.8 in the near-infrared band. Additionally, an eight-layer thin film structure composed of 3 × 3 cm SiO2/Ti is experimentally measured using magnetron sputtering, and the emissivity in the 1-4 µm band was better than 0.68. This research provides implications for the design and application of micro-nano structures, can be widely used in the fields of thermal imaging and thermal regulation, and will contribute to developing a new paradigm for optical nanophotonic structures with a fast target-oriented inverse design of structural parameters, such as required spectral emissivity, phase, and polarization.
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Chittur Subramanianprasad P, Ma Y, Ihalage AA, Hao Y. Active Learning Optimisation of Binary Coded Metasurface Consisting of Wideband Meta-Atoms. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5546. [PMID: 37420713 DOI: 10.3390/s23125546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The design of a metasurface array consisting of different unit cells with the objective of minimizing its radar cross-section is a popular research topic. Currently, this is achieved by conventional optimisation algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO). One major concern of such algorithms is the extreme time complexity, which makes them computationally forbidden, particularly at large metasurface array size. Here, we apply a machine learning optimisation technique called active learning to significantly speed up the optimisation process while producing very similar results compared to GA. For a metasurface array of size 10 × 10 at a population size of 106, active learning took 65 min to find the optimal design compared to genetic algorithm, which took 13,260 min to return an almost similar optimal result. The active learning optimisation strategy produced an optimal design for a 60 × 60 metasurface array 24× faster than the approximately similar result generated by GA technique. Thus, this study concludes that active learning drastically reduces computational time for optimisation compared to genetic algorithm, particularly for a larger metasurface array. Active learning using an accurately trained surrogate model also contributes to further lowering of the computational time of the optimisation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yihan Ma
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Achintha Avin Ihalage
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Yang Hao
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, UK
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14
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Hou J, Zhang X, Guo Y, Zhang RZ, Guo M. Design of electromagnetic metasurface using two dimensional crystal nets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7248. [PMID: 37142642 PMCID: PMC10160015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces are of great interest as they exhibit unique electromagnetic properties. Currently, metasurface design focuses on generating new meta-atoms and their combinations. Here a topological database, reticular chemistry structure resource (RCSR), is introduced to bring a new dimension and more possibilities for metasurface design. RCSR has over 200 two-dimensional crystal nets, among which 72 are identified as suitable for metasurface design. Using a simple metallic cross as the metaatom, 72 metasurfaces are constructed from the atom positions and lattice vectors of the crystal nets templates. The transmission curves of all the metasurfaces are calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method. The calculated transmission curves have good diversity, showing that the crystal nets approach is a new engineering dimension for metasurface design. Three clusters are found for the calculated curves using the K-means algorithm and principal component analysis. The structure-property relationship between metasurface topology and transmission curve is investigated, but no simple descriptor has been found, indicating that further work is still needed. The crystal net design approach developed in this work can be extended to three-dimensional design and other types of metamaterials like mechanical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- The Research Institute for Special Structures of Aeronautical Composite AVIC, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Rui-Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Meng Guo
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250101, China.
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15
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Chen W, Gao Y, Li Y, Yan Y, Ou JY, Ma W, Zhu J. Broadband Solar Metamaterial Absorbers Empowered by Transformer-Based Deep Learning. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206718. [PMID: 36852630 PMCID: PMC10161039 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The research of metamaterial shows great potential in the field of solar energy harvesting. In the past decade, the design of broadband solar metamaterial absorber (SMA) has attracted a surge of interest. The conventional design typically requires brute-force optimizations with a huge sampling space of structure parameters. Very recently, deep learning (DL) has provided a promising way in metamaterial design, but its application on SMA development is barely reported due to the complicated features of broadband spectrum. Here, this work develops the DL model based on metamaterial spectrum transformer (MST) for the powerful design of high-performance SMAs. The MST divides the optical spectrum of metamaterial into N patches, which overcomes the severe problem of overfitting in traditional DL and boosts the learning capability significantly. A flexible design tool based on free customer definition is developed to facilitate the real-time on-demand design of metamaterials with various optical functions. The scheme is applied to the design and fabrication of SMAs with graded-refractive-index nanostructures. They demonstrate the high average absorptance of 94% in a broad solar spectrum and exhibit exceptional advantages over many state-of-the-art counterparts. The outdoor testing implies the high-efficiency energy collection of about 1061 kW h m-2 from solar radiation annually. This work paves a way for the rapid smart design of SMA, and will also provide a real-time developing tool for many other metamaterials and metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Yan
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK, SO17 1BJ
| | - Wenzhuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, Key Laboratory of Multi-spectral Absorbing Materials and Structures of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
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16
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Edee K. Augmented Harris Hawks Optimizer with Gradient-Based-Like Optimization: Inverse Design of All-Dielectric Meta-Gratings. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020179. [PMID: 37218765 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid optimization method for the inverse design of metasurfaces, which combines the original Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) with a gradient-based optimization method. The HHO is a population-based algorithm that mimics the hunting process of hawks tracking prey. The hunting strategy is divided into two phases: exploration and exploitation. However, the original HHO algorithm performs poorly in the exploitation phase and may get trapped and stagnate in a basin of local optima. To improve the algorithm, we propose pre-selecting better initial candidates obtained from a gradient-based-like (GBL) optimization method. The main drawback of the GBL optimization method is its strong dependence on initial conditions. However, like any gradient-based method, GBL has the advantage of broadly and efficiently spanning the design space at the cost of computation time. By leveraging the strengths of both methods, namely GBL optimization and HHO, we show that the proposed hybrid approach, denoted as GBL-HHO, is an optimal scenario for efficiently targeting a class of unseen good global optimal solutions. We apply the proposed method to design all-dielectric meta-gratings that deflect incident waves into a given transmission angle. The numerical results demonstrate that our scenario outperforms the original HHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Edee
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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Ou K, Wan H, Wang G, Zhu J, Dong S, He T, Yang H, Wei Z, Wang Z, Cheng X. Advances in Meta-Optics and Metasurfaces: Fundamentals and Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1235. [PMID: 37049327 PMCID: PMC10097126 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human's pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light beams, and processing hidden modalities of light. Underpinned by meta-optical physics, meta-optical devices have produced potentially disruptive applications in light manipulation and ultra-light optics. Among them, optical metalens are most fundamental and prominent meta-devices, owing to their powerful abilities in advanced imaging and image processing, and their novel functionalities in light manipulation. This review focuses on recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of the field defined by excavating new optical physics and breaking the limitations of light manipulation. In addition, we have deeply explored the metalenses and metalens-based devices with novel functionalities, and their applications in computational imaging and image processing. We also provide an outlook on this active field in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hengyi Wan
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyu Dong
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zeyong Wei
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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18
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Jia Y, Qian C, Fan Z, Cai T, Li EP, Chen H. A knowledge-inherited learning for intelligent metasurface design and assembly. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:82. [PMID: 36997520 PMCID: PMC10060944 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in deep learning have ushered in an essential tool for optics and photonics, recurring in various applications of material design, system optimization, and automation control. Deep learning-enabled on-demand metasurface design has been the subject of extensive expansion, as it can alleviate the time-consuming, low-efficiency, and experience-orientated shortcomings in conventional numerical simulations and physics-based methods. However, collecting samples and training neural networks are fundamentally confined to predefined individual metamaterials and tend to fail for large problem sizes. Inspired by object-oriented C++ programming, we propose a knowledge-inherited paradigm for multi-object and shape-unbound metasurface inverse design. Each inherited neural network carries knowledge from the "parent" metasurface and then is freely assembled to construct the "offspring" metasurface; such a process is as simple as building a container-type house. We benchmark the paradigm by the free design of aperiodic and periodic metasurfaces, with accuracies that reach 86.7%. Furthermore, we present an intelligent origami metasurface to facilitate compatible and lightweight satellite communication facilities. Our work opens up a new avenue for automatic metasurface design and leverages the assemblability to broaden the adaptability of intelligent metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Jia
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Chao Qian
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China.
| | - Zhixiang Fan
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Tong Cai
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi' an, 710051, China
| | - Er-Ping Li
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 321000, China.
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19
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He J, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wen F, Da H, Zhou G, Yuan D, Ye H. Physics-model-based neural networks for inverse design of binary phase planar diffractive lenses. Opt Lett 2023; 48:1474-1477. [PMID: 36946956 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inverse design approach has enabled the customized design of photonic devices with engineered functionalities through adopting various optimization algorithms. However, conventional optimization algorithms for inverse design encounter difficulties in multi-constrained problems due to the substantial time consumed in the random searching process. Here, we report an efficient inverse design method, based on physics-model-based neural networks (PMNNs) and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory, for engineering the focusing behavior of binary phase planar diffractive lenses (BPPDLs). We adopt the proposed PMNN to design BPPDLs with designable functionalities, including realizing a single focal spot, multiple foci, and an optical needle with size approaching the diffraction limit. We show that the time for designing single device is dramatically reduced to several minutes. This study provides an efficient inverse method for designing photonic devices with customized functionalities, overcoming the challenges based on traditional data-driven deep learning.
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20
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Wang L, Dong J, Zhang W, Zheng C, Liu L. Deep Learning Assisted Optimization of Metasurface for Multi-Band Compatible Infrared Stealth and Radiative Thermal Management. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1030. [PMID: 36985924 PMCID: PMC10058171 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) stealth plays a vital role in the modern military field. With the continuous development of detection technology, multi-band (such as near-IR laser and middle-IR) compatible IR stealth is required. Combining rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) with Deep Learning (DL), we design a Ge/Ag/Ge multilayer circular-hole metasurface capable of multi-band IR stealth. It achieves low average emissivity of 0.12 and 0.17 in the two atmospheric windows (3~5 μm and 8~14 μm), while it achieves a relatively high average emissivity of 0.61 between the two atmospheric windows (5~8 μm) for the purpose of radiative thermal management. Additionally, the metasurface has a narrow-band high absorptivity of 0.88 at the near-infrared wavelength (1.54 μm) for laser guidance. For the optimized structure, we also analyze the potential physical mechanisms. The structure we optimized is geometrically simple, which may find practical applications aided with advanced nano-fabrication techniques. Also, our work is instructive for the implementation of DL in the design and optimization of multifunctional IR stealth materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Dong
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chong Zheng
- Science and Technology on Optical Radiation Laboratory, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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21
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Xu X, Li Y, Du L, Huang W. Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Devices Using Generative Adversarial Networks with the Sim-NN Model and Self-Attention Mechanism. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:634. [PMID: 36985041 PMCID: PMC10056754 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inverse design method based on a generative adversarial network (GAN) combined with a simulation neural network (sim-NN) and the self-attention mechanism is proposed in order to improve the efficiency of GAN for designing nanophotonic devices. The sim-NN can guide the model to produce more accurate device designs via the spectrum comparison, whereas the self-attention mechanism can help to extract detailed features of the spectrum by exploring their global interconnections. The nanopatterned power splitter with a 2 μm × 2 μm interference region is designed as an example to obtain the average high transmission (>94%) and low back-reflection (<0.5%) over the broad wavelength range of 1200~1650 nm. As compared to other models, this method can produce larger proportions of high figure-of-merit devices with various desired power-splitting ratios.
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22
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Lan G, Wang Y, Ou JY. Optimization of metamaterials and metamaterial-microcavity based on deep neural networks. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:5137-5143. [PMID: 36504733 PMCID: PMC9680957 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Computational inverse-design and forward prediction approaches provide promising pathways for on-demand nanophotonics. Here, we use a deep-learning method to optimize the design of split-ring metamaterials and metamaterial-microcavities. Once the deep neural network is trained, it can predict the optical response of the split-ring metamaterial in a second which is much faster than conventional simulation methods. The pretrained neural network can also be used for the inverse design of split-ring metamaterials and metamaterial-microcavities. We use this method for the design of the metamaterial-microcavity with the absorptance peak at 1310 nm. Experimental results verified that the deep-learning method is a fast, robust, and accurate method for designing metamaterials with complex nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Lan
- School of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University No. 74 Xuefu Road Harbin 150080 China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Sensitive Devices and Systems, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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23
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Chang T, Jung J, Nam SH, Kim H, Kim JU, Kim N, Jeon S, Heo M, Shin J. Universal Metasurfaces for Complete Linear Control of Coherent Light Transmission. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2204085. [PMID: 36063536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in metasurfaces and optical nanostructures have enabled complex control of incident light with optically thin devices. However, it has thus far been unclear whether it is possible to achieve complete linear control of coherent light transmission, that is, independent control of polarization, amplitude, and phase for both input polarization states, with just a single, thin nanostructure array. Here, it is proved possible, and a universal metasurface is proposed, a bilayer array of high-index elliptic cylinders that possesses a complete degree of optical freedom with fully designable chirality and anisotropy. The completeness of achievable light control is mathematically shown with corresponding Jones matrices, new types of 3D holographic schemes that were formerly impossible are experimentally demonstrated, and a systematic way of realizing any input-state-sensitive vector linear optical device is presented. The results unlock previously inaccessible degrees of freedom in light transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonkyo Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonhee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwan Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsung Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Acharige D, Johlin E. Machine Learning in Interpolation and Extrapolation for Nanophotonic Inverse Design. ACS Omega 2022; 7:33537-33547. [PMID: 36157720 PMCID: PMC9494689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The algorithmic design of nanophotonic structures promises to significantly improve the efficiency of nanophotonic components due to the strong dependence of electromagnetic function on geometry and the unintuitive connection between structure and response. Such approaches, however, can be highly computationally intensive and do not ensure a globally optimal solution. Recent theoretical results suggest that machine learning techniques could address these issues as they are capable of modeling the response of nanophotonic structures at orders of magnitude lower time per result. In this work, we explore the utilization of artificial neural network (ANN) techniques to improve the algorithmic design of simple absorbing nanophotonic structures. We show that different approaches show various aptitudes in interpolation versus extrapolation, as well as peak performances versus consistency. Combining ANNs with classical machine learning techniques can outperform some standard ANN techniques for forward design, both in terms of training speed and accuracy in interpolation, but extrapolative performance can suffer. Networks pretrained on general image classification perform well in predicting optical responses of both interpolative and extrapolative structures, with very little additional training time required. Furthermore, we show that traditional deep neural networks are able to perform significantly better in extrapolation than more complicated architectures using convolutional or autoencoder layers. Finally, we show that such networks are able to perform extrapolation tasks in structure generation to produce structures with spectral responses significantly outside those of the structures on which they are trained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didulani Acharige
- Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Eric Johlin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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25
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Dai M, Jiang Y, Yang F, Xu X, Zhao W, Ha DM, Liu Y. SLMGAN: Single-layer metasurface design with symmetrical free-form patterns using generative adversarial networks. Appl Soft Comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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26
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Fan Z, Qian C, Jia Y, Wang Z, Ding Y, Wang D, Tian L, Li E, Cai T, Zheng B, Kaminer I, Chen H. Homeostatic neuro-metasurfaces for dynamic wireless channel management. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn7905. [PMID: 35857461 PMCID: PMC9258947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physical basis of a smart city, the wireless channel, plays an important role in coordinating functions across a variety of systems and disordered environments, with numerous applications in wireless communication. However, conventional wireless channel typically necessitates high-complexity and energy-consuming hardware, and it is hindered by lengthy and iterative optimization strategies. Here, we introduce the concept of homeostatic neuro-metasurfaces to automatically and monolithically manage wireless channel in dynamics. These neuro-metasurfaces relieve the heavy reliance on traditional radio frequency components and embrace two iconic traits: They require no iterative computation and no human participation. In doing so, we develop a flexible deep learning paradigm for the global inverse design of large-scale metasurfaces, reaching an accuracy greater than 90%. In a full perception-decision-action experiment, our concept is demonstrated through a preliminary proof-of-concept verification and an on-demand wireless channel management. Our work provides a key advance for the next generation of electromagnetic smart cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Fan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Yuetian Jia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Zhedong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | | | - Dengpan Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’ an 710051, China
| | - Longwei Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Erping Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Tong Cai
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’ an 710051, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
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27
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Ma H, Dalloz N, Habrard A, Sebban M, Sterl F, Giessen H, Hebert M, Destouches N. Predicting Laser-Induced Colors of Random Plasmonic Metasurfaces and Optimizing Image Multiplexing Using Deep Learning. ACS Nano 2022; 16:9410-9419. [PMID: 35657964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors of plasmonic metasurfaces have been promised to a strong technological impact thanks to their high brightness, durability, and dichroic properties. However, fabricating metasurfaces whose spatial distribution must be customized at each implementation and over large areas is still a challenge. Since the demonstration of printed image multiplexing on quasi-random plasmonic metasurfaces, laser processing appears as a promising technology to reach the right level of accuracy and versatility. The main limit comes from the absence of physical models to predict the optical properties that can emerge from the laser processing of metasurfaces in which random metallic nanostructures are characterized by their statistical properties. Here, we demonstrate that deep neural networks trained from experimental data can predict the spectra and colors of laser-induced plasmonic metasurfaces in various observation modes. With thousands of experimental data, produced in a rapid and efficient way, the training accuracy is better than the perceptual just noticeable change. This accuracy enables the use of the predicted continuous color charts to find solutions for printing multiplexed images. Our deep learning approach is validated by an experimental demonstration of laser-induced two-image multiplexing. This approach greatly improves the performance of the laser-processing technology for both printing color images and finding optimized parameters for multiplexing. The article also provides a simple mining algorithm for implementing multiplexing with multiple observation modes and colors from any printing technology. This study can improve the optimization of laser processes for high-end applications in security, entertainment, or data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Ma
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Dalloz
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
- HID Global CID SAS, 48 rue Carnot, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Amaury Habrard
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Marc Sebban
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathieu Hebert
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 5516, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Université Lyon, 42000 St-Etienne, France
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Pan M, Fu Y, Zheng M, Chen H, Zang Y, Duan H, Li Q, Qiu M, Hu Y. Dielectric metalens for miniaturized imaging systems: progress and challenges. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35764608 PMCID: PMC9240015 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight, miniaturized optical imaging systems are vastly anticipated in these fields of aerospace exploration, industrial vision, consumer electronics, and medical imaging. However, conventional optical techniques are intricate to downscale as refractive lenses mostly rely on phase accumulation. Metalens, composed of subwavelength nanostructures that locally control light waves, offers a disruptive path for small-scale imaging systems. Recent advances in the design and nanofabrication of dielectric metalenses have led to some high-performance practical optical systems. This review outlines the exciting developments in the aforementioned area whilst highlighting the challenges of using dielectric metalenses to replace conventional optics in miniature optical systems. After a brief introduction to the fundamental physics of dielectric metalenses, the progress and challenges in terms of the typical performances are introduced. The supplementary discussion on the common challenges hindering further development is also presented, including the limitations of the conventional design methods, difficulties in scaling up, and device integration. Furthermore, the potential approaches to address the existing challenges are also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Pan
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Yifei Fu
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, China
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, China
| | | | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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29
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Liang B, Xu D, Yu N, Xu Y, Ma X, Liu Q, Asif MS, Yan R, Liu M. Physics-Guided Neural-Network-Based Inverse Design of a Photonic -Plasmonic Nanodevice for Superfocusing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:27397-27404. [PMID: 35649169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the nanoscale light-matter interaction using superfocusing hybrid photonic-plasmonic devices has attracted significant research interest in tackling existing challenges, including converting efficiencies, working bandwidths, and manufacturing complexities. With the growth in demand for efficient photonic-plasmonic input-output interfaces to improve plasmonic device performances, sophisticated designs with multiple optimization parameters are required, which comes with an unaffordable computation cost. Machine learning methods can significantly reduce the cost of computations compared to numerical simulations, but the input-output dimension mismatch remains a challenging problem. Here, we introduce a physics-guided two-stage machine learning network that uses the improved coupled-mode theory for optical waveguides to guide the learning module and improve the accuracy of predictive engines to 98.5%. A near-unity coupling efficiency with symmetry-breaking selectivity is predicted by the inverse design. By fabricating photonic-plasmonic couplers using the predicted profiles, we demonstrate that the excitation efficiency of 83% on the radially polarized surface plasmon mode can be achieved, which paves the way for super-resolution optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering program, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yaodong Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering program, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xuezhi Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qiushi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - M Salman Asif
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ruoxue Yan
- Materials Science and Engineering program, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering program, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California─Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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30
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Li R, Gu X, Shen Y, Li K, Li Z, Zhang Z. Smart and Rapid Design of Nanophotonic Structures by an Adaptive and Regularized Deep Neural Network. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1372. [PMID: 35458079 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The design of nanophotonic structures based on deep learning is emerging rapidly in the research community. Design methods using Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are outperforming conventional physics-based simulations performed iteratively by human experts. Here, a self-adaptive and regularized DNN based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for the smart and fast characterization of nanophotonic structures in high-dimensional design parameter space is presented. This proposed CNN model, named LRS-RCNN, utilizes dynamic learning rate scheduling and L2 regularization techniques to overcome overfitting and speed up training convergence and is shown to surpass the performance of all previous algorithms, with the exception of two metrics where it achieves a comparable level relative to prior works. We applied the model to two challenging types of photonic structures: 2D photonic crystals (e.g., L3 nanocavity) and 1D photonic crystals (e.g., nanobeam) and results show that LRS-RCNN achieves record-high prediction accuracies, strong generalizibility, and substantially faster convergence speed compared to prior works. Although still a proof-of-concept model, the proposed smart LRS-RCNN has been proven to greatly accelerate the design of photonic crystal structures as a state-of-the-art predictor for both Q-factor and V. It can also be modified and generalized to predict any type of optical properties for designing a wide range of different nanophotonic structures. The complete dataset and code will be released to aid the development of related research endeavors.
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31
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Ma W, Xu Y, Xiong B, Deng L, Peng RW, Wang M, Liu Y. Pushing the Limits of Functionality-Multiplexing Capability in Metasurface Design Based on Statistical Machine Learning. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110022. [PMID: 35167138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As 2D metamaterials, metasurfaces provide an unprecedented means to manipulate light with the ability to multiplex different functionalities in a single planar device. Currently, most pursuits of multifunctional metasurfaces resort to empirically accommodating more functionalities at the cost of increasing structural complexity, with little effort to investigate the intrinsic restrictions of given meta-atoms and thus the ultimate limits in the design. In this work, it is proposed to embed machine-learning models in both gradient-based and nongradient optimization loops for the automatic implementation of multifunctional metasurfaces. Fundamentally different from the traditional two-step approach that separates phase retrieval and meta-atom structural design, the proposed end-to-end framework facilitates full exploitation of the prescribed design space and pushes the multifunctional design capacity to its physical limit. With a single-layer structure that can be readily fabricated, metasurface focusing lenses and holograms are experimentally demonstrated in the near-infrared region. They show up to eight controllable responses subjected to different combinations of working frequencies and linear polarization states, which are unachievable by the conventional physics-guided approaches. These results manifest the superior capability of the data-driven scheme for photonic design, and will accelerate the development of complex devices and systems for optical display, communication, and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yihao Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bo Xiong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ru-Wen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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32
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Yi C, Chen Z, Gao Y, Du Q. Designing high efficiency asymmetric polarization converter for blue light: a deep reinforcement learning approach. Opt Express 2022; 30:10032-10049. [PMID: 35299414 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional polarization converters selectively preserve the required polarization state by absorbing, reflecting or refracting light with unwanted polarization state, leading to a theoretical transmittance limit of 0.5 for linearly polarized light with unpolarized light incidence. In the meanwhile, due to the high-dimensional structure parameters and time-consuming numerical simulations, designing a converter with satisfactory performance is extremely difficult and closely relies on human experts' experiences and manual intervention. To address these open issues, in this paper, we first propose an asymmetric polarization converter which shows both high transmittance for one linearly polarized light and high transmittance for the orthogonal linearly polarized light with 90° rotation in blue wavelength region. To maximize the performance of the proposed structure, a deep reinforcement learning approach is further proposed to search for the optimal set of structure parameters. To avoid overly long training time by using the numerical simulations as environment, a deep neural network is proposed to serve as the surrogate model, where a prediction accuracy of 96.6% and 95.5% in two orthogonal polarization directions is achieved with micro-second grade simulation time respectively. With the optimized structure, the average transmittance is larger than 0.5 for the wavelength range from 444 to 466 nm with a maximum of 0.605 at 455 nm, which is 21% higher than the theoretical limit of 0.5 of conventional polarization converters.
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33
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Wang Z, Dai C, Li Z, Li Z. Free-Space Optical Merging via Meta-Grating Inverse-Design. Nano Lett 2022; 22:2059-2064. [PMID: 35201771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite various advances in achieving arbitrary optics steering, one of the longstanding challenges is to achieve optical merging for combining multidirectional beams through single-time reflection/transmission in free space. Typically, dual-directional beam merging is conducted by combining half-transmission and half-reflection using beam splitters; however, it leads to a bulky system with stray light and low merging efficiency. The difficulty of free-space beam merging lies in imparting respective distinct wavevectors to different directional beams. Herein, we originally proposed and successfully demonstrated the free-space optical merging (FOM) functionality based on the inverse-designed meta-grating architecture in the visible regime. By utilizing the inverse problem solver, two proposed meta-grating schemes experimentally enable merging of dual-directional beams into the same outgoing angle for the first time merely through single-time reflection. We envision that the creation of free-space merging performance can be widely applicable to the future optical system and facilitate the miniature optical devices and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejing Wang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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34
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. Rep Prog Phys 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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35
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Ye T, Wu D, Wu Q, Sun XW, Liang H, Wang K, Hong M. Realization of inversely designed metagrating for highly efficient large angle beam deflection. Opt Express 2022; 30:7566-7579. [PMID: 35299516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Directional emission source is one of the key components for multiple-view three-dimensional display. It is hard to achieve high efficiency and large deflection angle direction sources via geometric optics due to the weak confinement of light. The metasurface especially metagrating provides a promising method to control light effectively. However, the conventional forward design methods for metasurface are inherently limited by insufficient control of Bloch modes, which causes a significant efficiency drop at a large deflection angle. Here, we obtained high efficiency large deflection angle metagratings by realizing the constructive interferences among the propagation Bloch modes and enhancing the outcoupling effect at the desired diffraction order. The grating structures that support the coupling of Bloch modes were designed by an inverse design method for different incident wavelengths, and the total phase response of a supercell can be tailored. For a red (620 nm) incident light, the theoretical deflection efficiency of a silicon metagrating can be higher than 80% from 30° to 80°. The experimental deflection efficiency can achieve 86.43% for a 75° deflection metagrating. The matched simulation and experimental results strongly support the reliability of developed algorithm. Our inverse design approach could be extended to the green (530 nm) and blue (460 nm) incident light with titanium dioxide metagratings, with theoretical deflection efficiency of over 80% in a large deflection angle range of 30° to 80°. Considering the multiple visible wavelength deflection capability, the developed algorithm can be potentially applied for full color three-dimensional display, and other functional metagrating devices based on different dielectric materials.
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Abstract
Designing functional materials requires a deep search through multidimensional spaces for system parameters that yield desirable material properties. For cases where conventional parameter sweeps or trial-and-error sampling are impractical, inverse methods that frame design as a constrained optimization problem present an attractive alternative. However, even efficient algorithms require time- and resource-intensive characterization of material properties many times during optimization, imposing a design bottleneck. Approaches that incorporate machine learning can help address this limitation and accelerate the discovery of materials with targeted properties. In this article, we review how to leverage machine learning to reduce dimensionality in order to effectively explore design space, accelerate property evaluation, and generate unconventional material structures with optimal properties. We also discuss promising future directions, including integration of machine learning into multiple stages of a design algorithm and interpretation of machine learning models to understand how design parameters relate to material properties. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kadulkar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Zachary M Sherman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Thomas M Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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37
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Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been spreading in most scientific areas and have become a heated focus in photonics research in recent years. Forward modeling and inverse design using AI can achieve high efficiency and accuracy for photonics components. With AI-assisted electronic circuit design for photonics components, more advanced photonics applications have emerged. Photonics benefit a great deal from AI, and AI, in turn, benefits from photonics by carrying out AI algorithms, such as complicated deep neural networks using photonics components that use photons rather than electrons. Beyond the photonics domain, other related research areas or topics governed by Maxwell’s equations share remarkable similarities in using the help of AI. The studies in computational electromagnetics, the design of microwave devices, as well as their various applications greatly benefit from AI. This article reviews leveraging AI in photonics modeling, simulation, and inverse design; leveraging photonics computing for implementing AI algorithms; and leveraging AI beyond photonics topics, such as microwaves and quantum-related topics.
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Lai P, Amirkulova F, Gerstoft P. Conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial networks applied to acoustic metamaterial design. J Acoust Soc Am 2021; 150:4362. [PMID: 34972305 DOI: 10.1121/10.0008929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a method for the reduction of the total scattering cross section (TSCS) for a planar configuration of cylinders by means of generative modeling and deep learning. Currently, the minimization of TSCS requires repeated forward modelling at considerable computer resources, whereas deep learning can do this more efficiently. The conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial networks (cWGANs) model is proposed for minimization of TSCS in two dimensions by combining Wasserstein generative adversarial networks with convolutional neural networks to simulate TSCS of configuration of rigid scatterers. The proposed cWGAN model is enhanced by adding to it a coordinate convolution (CoordConv) layer. For a given number of cylinders, the cWGAN model generates images of 2D configurations of cylinders that minimize the TSCS. The proposed generative model is illustrated with examples for planar uniform configurations of rigid cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lai
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | - Feruza Amirkulova
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | - Peter Gerstoft
- Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, San Diego, California 92037, USA
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Bilgin B, Yanik C, Torun H, Onbasli MC. Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11112905. [PMID: 34835670 PMCID: PMC8618775 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive and molecule-specific detection technique that uses surface plasmon resonances to enhance Raman scattering from analytes. In SERS system design, the substrates must have minimal or no background at the incident laser wavelength and large Raman signal enhancement via plasmonic confinement and grating modes over large areas (i.e., squared millimeters). These requirements impose many competing design constraints that make exhaustive parametric computational optimization of SERS substrates prohibitively time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a genetic-algorithm (GA)-based optimization method for SERS substrates to achieve strong electric field localization over wide areas for reconfigurable and programmable photonic SERS sensors. We analyzed the GA parameters and tuned them for SERS substrate optimization in detail. We experimentally validated the model results by fabricating the predicted nanostructures using electron beam lithography. The experimental Raman spectrum signal enhancements of the optimized SERS substrates validated the model predictions and enabled the generation of a detailed Raman profile of methylene blue fluorescence dye. The GA and its optimization shown here could pave the way for photonic chips and components with arbitrary design constraints, wavelength bands, and performance targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buse Bilgin
- Electrical and Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Cenk Yanik
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, SUNUM, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Hulya Torun
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Bio-Medical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli
- Electrical and Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Correspondence:
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41
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Tanriover I, Hadibrata W, Scheuer J, Aydin K. Neural networks enabled forward and inverse design of reconfigurable metasurfaces. Opt Express 2021; 29:27219-27227. [PMID: 34615142 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics has joined the application areas of deep neural networks (DNNs) in recent years. Various network architectures and learning approaches have been employed to design and simulate nanophotonic structures and devices. Design and simulation of reconfigurable metasurfaces is another promising application area for neural network enabled nanophotonic design. The tunable optical response of these metasurfaces rely on the phase transitions of phase-change materials, which correspond to significant changes in their dielectric permittivity. Consequently, simulation and design of these metasurfaces requires the ability to model a diverse span of optical properties. In this work, to realize forward and inverse design of reconfigurable metasurfaces, we construct forward and inverse networks to model a wide range of optical characteristics covering from lossless dielectric to lossy plasmonic materials. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, we design a Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) tunable resonator and a VO2 tunable absorber using our forward and inverse networks, respectively.
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42
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Li T, Chen A, Fan L, Zheng M, Wang J, Lu G, Zhao M, Cheng X, Li W, Liu X, Yin H, Shi L, Zi J. Photonic-dispersion neural networks for inverse scattering problems. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:154. [PMID: 34315850 PMCID: PMC8316458 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inferring the properties of a scattering objective by analyzing the optical far-field responses within the framework of inverse problems is of great practical significance. However, it still faces major challenges when the parameter range is growing and involves inevitable experimental noises. Here, we propose a solving strategy containing robust neural-networks-based algorithms and informative photonic dispersions to overcome such challenges for a sort of inverse scattering problem-reconstructing grating profiles. Using two typical neural networks, forward-mapping type and inverse-mapping type, we reconstruct grating profiles whose geometric features span hundreds of nanometers with nanometric sensitivity and several seconds of time consumption. A forward-mapping neural network with a parameters-to-point architecture especially stands out in generating analytical photonic dispersions accurately, featured by sharp Fano-shaped spectra. Meanwhile, to implement the strategy experimentally, a Fourier-optics-based angle-resolved imaging spectroscopy with an all-fixed light path is developed to measure the dispersions by a single shot, acquiring adequate information. Our forward-mapping algorithm can enable real-time comparisons between robust predictions and experimental data with actual noises, showing an excellent linear correlation (R2 > 0.982) with the measurements of atomic force microscopy. Our work provides a new strategy for reconstructing grating profiles in inverse scattering problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingjie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guopeng Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Maoxiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haiwei Yin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jian Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Abstract
The full manipulation of intrinsic properties of electromagnetic waves has become the central target in various modern optical technologies. Optical metasurfaces have been suggested for a complete control of light-matter interaction with subwavelength structures, and they have been explored widely in the past decade for creating next-generation multifunctional flat-optics devices. The current studies of metasurfaces have reached a mature stage where common materials, basic optical physics, and conventional engineering tools have been explored extensively for various applications such as light bending, metalenses, metaholograms, and many others. A natural question is where the future research on metasurfaces will be going: Quo vadis, metasurfaces? In this Mini Review, we provide perspectives on the future developments of optical metasurfaces. Specifically, we highlight recent progresses on hybrid metasurfaces employing low-dimensional materials and discuss biomedical, computational, and quantum applications of metasurfaces, followed by discussions of challenges and foreseeing the future of metasurface physics and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Shah T, Zhuo L, Lai P, De La Rosa-Moreno A, Amirkulova F, Gerstoft P. Reinforcement learning applied to metamaterial design. J Acoust Soc Am 2021; 150:321. [PMID: 34340495 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a semi-analytical method of suppressing acoustic scattering using reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. We give a RL agent control over design parameters of a planar configuration of cylindrical scatterers in water. These design parameters control the position and radius of the scatterers. As these cylinders encounter an incident acoustic wave, the scattering pattern is described by a function called total scattering cross section (TSCS). Through evaluating the gradients of TSCS and other information about the state of the configuration, the RL agent perturbatively adjusts design parameters, considering multiple scattering between the scatterers. As each adjustment is made, the RL agent receives a reward negatively proportional to the root mean square of the TSCS across a range of wavenumbers. Through maximizing its reward per episode, the agent discovers designs with low scattering. Specifically, the double deep Q-learning network and the deep deterministic policy gradient algorithms are employed in our models. Designs discovered by the RL algorithms performed well when compared to a state-of-the-art optimization algorithm using fmincon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Shah
- Data Science and Analytics, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, USA
| | - Linwei Zhuo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | - Peter Lai
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | | | - Feruza Amirkulova
- Mechanical Engineering Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | - Peter Gerstoft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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45
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Lin CH, Chen YS, Lin JT, Wu HC, Kuo HT, Lin CF, Chen P, Wu PC. Automatic Inverse Design of High-Performance Beam-Steering Metasurfaces via Genetic-type Tree Optimization. Nano Lett 2021; 21:4981-4989. [PMID: 34110156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a genetic-type tree search (GTTS) algorithm combined with unsupervised clustering for the automatic inverse design of high-performance metasurfaces. With the proposed method, we realize highly directive beam-steering metasurfaces via the cooptimization of the amplitude and phase. In comparison with previous topology optimization approaches, the developed GTTS algorithm optimizes the organization of subwavelength nanoantennas and, thus, is applicable to the design of both passive and active metasurfaces. The optimized beam-steering metasurface specifically exhibits a nearly constant directivity when the steering angle varies from 5° to 30°. Furthermore, the optimized nonintuitive reflectance and phase profiles assist in achieving highly directive beam steering when the phase modulation range is <180°, which was previously challenging. Our approach can diminish the requirements of scattering light properties with substantially enhanced angular resolution of beam-steering metasurfaces, which enables the realization of high-performance metasurfaces that will be promising for a wide range of advanced nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Miin Wu School of Computing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Ting Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chung Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fu Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Eliezer Y, Qu G, Yang W, Wang Y, Yılmaz H, Xiao S, Song Q, Cao H. Suppressing meta-holographic artifacts by laser coherence tuning. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:104. [PMID: 34011930 PMCID: PMC8134448 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A metasurface hologram combines fine spatial resolution and large viewing angles with a planar form factor and compact size. However, it suffers coherent artifacts originating from electromagnetic cross-talk between closely packed meta-atoms and fabrication defects of nanoscale features. Here, we introduce an efficient method to suppress all artifacts by fine-tuning the spatial coherence of illumination. Our method is implemented with a degenerate cavity laser, which allows a precise and continuous tuning of the spatial coherence over a wide range, with little variation in the emission spectrum and total power. We find the optimal degree of spatial coherence to suppress the coherent artifacts of a meta-hologram while maintaining the image sharpness. This work paves the way to compact and dynamical holographic displays free of coherent defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Eliezer
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Geyang Qu
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wenhong Yang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hasan Yılmaz
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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47
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Lio GE, Ferraro A, Ritacco T, Aceti DM, De Luca A, Giocondo M, Caputo R. Leveraging on ENZ Metamaterials to Achieve 2D and 3D Hyper-Resolution in Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008644. [PMID: 33783047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique is developed to improve the resolution of two-photon direct laser writing lithography. Thanks to the high collimation enabled by extraordinary εNZ (near-zero) metamaterial features, ultrathin dielectric hyper-resolute nanostructures are within reach. With respect to the standard direct laser writing approach, a size reduction of 89% and 50%, in height and width respectively, is achieved with the height of the structures adjustable between 5 and 50 nm. The retrieved 2D fabrication parameters are exploited for realizing extremely thin all-dielectric metalenses tailored through deep machine learning codes. The hyper-resolution achieved in the writing process enables the fabrication of a highly detailed dielectric 3D bas-relief (with full height of 500 nm) of Da Vinci's "Lady with an Ermine". The proof-of-concept results show intriguing cues for the current and trendsetting research scenario in anti-counterfeiting applications and ultracompact photonics, paving the way for the realization of all-dielectric and apochromatic ultrathin imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Ferraro
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Tiziana Ritacco
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Dante Maria Aceti
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Michele Giocondo
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Roberto Caputo
- Institute of Nanotechnology - Nanotec, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ponte P. Bucci - Cubo 33C, Rende, 87036, Italy
- University of Calabria, Physics Department, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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Chen WQ, Zhang DS, Long SY, Liu ZZ, Xiao JJ. Nearly dispersionless multicolor metasurface beam deflector for near eye display designed by a physics-driven deep neural network. Appl Opt 2021; 60:3947-3953. [PMID: 33983333 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion is one of the most important issues in see-through near eye displays with waveguide technology. In particular, the nanophotonics design is challenging but demanding. In this paper, we propose a design method for a multilayer achromatic metasurface structure for near eye display application by a physics-driven generative neural network. Two in-coupling metagratings under different projector illuminations are presented and numerically verified with the absolute diffraction efficiency over 89%. A beam splitter, which provides a balance between compactness and visual comfort in a single-projector-binocular display, is also designed. Finally, we apply this method to an out-coupling metasurface with the capability of enlarging the visible region by threefold.
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49
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Mao S, Cheng L, Zhao C, Khan FN, Li Q, Fu HY. Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics: From Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Deep Neural Networks. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:3822. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Silicon photonics is a low-cost and versatile platform for various applications. For design of silicon photonic devices, the light-material interaction within its complex subwavelength geometry is difficult to investigate analytically and therefore numerical simulations are majorly adopted. To make the design process more time-efficient and to improve the device performance to its physical limits, various methods have been proposed over the past few years to manipulate the geometries of silicon platform for specific applications. In this review paper, we summarize the design methodologies for silicon photonics including iterative optimization algorithms and deep neural networks. In case of iterative optimization methods, we discuss them in different scenarios in the sequence of increased degrees of freedom: empirical structure, QR-code like structure and irregular structure. We also review inverse design approaches assisted by deep neural networks, which generate multiple devices with similar structure much faster than iterative optimization methods and are thus suitable in situations where piles of optical components are needed. Finally, the applications of inverse design methodology in optical neural networks are also discussed. This review intends to provide the readers with the suggestion for the most suitable design methodology for a specific scenario.
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50
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Liu M, Huo P, Zhu W, Zhang C, Zhang S, Song M, Zhang S, Zhou Q, Chen L, Lezec HJ, Agrawal A, Lu Y, Xu T. Broadband generation of perfect Poincaré beams via dielectric spin-multiplexed metasurface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2230. [PMID: 33850114 PMCID: PMC8044217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The term Poincaré beam, which describes the space-variant polarization of a light beam carrying spin angular momentum (SAM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM), plays an important role in various optical applications. Since the radius of a Poincaré beam conventionally depends on the topological charge number, it is difficult to generate a stable and high-quality Poincaré beam by two optical vortices with different topological charge numbers, as the Poincaré beam formed in this way collapses upon propagation. Here, based on an all-dielectric metasurface platform, we experimentally demonstrate broadband generation of a generalized perfect Poincaré beam (PPB), whose radius is independent of the topological charge number. By utilizing a phase-only modulation approach, a single-layer spin-multiplexed metasurface is shown to achieve all the states of PPBs on the hybrid-order Poincaré Sphere for visible light. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept demonstration, a metasurface encoding multidimensional SAM and OAM states in the parallel channels of elliptical and circular PPBs is implemented for optical information encryption. We envision that this work will provide a compact and efficient platform for generation of PPBs for visible light, and may promote their applications in optical communications, information encryption, optical data storage and quantum information sciences. Well-controlled Poincaré beams are potentially useful in optical communications applications. Here, the authors present phase-only metasurfaces that generate broadband, perfect Poincaré beams in the visible, with radius independent of the topological number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Huo
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Maowen Song
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwei Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Henri J Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yanqing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
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