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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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2
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Janků M, Jedelská T, Činčalová L, Sedlář A, Mikulík J, Luhová L, Lochman J, Petřivalský M. Structure-activity relationships of oomycete elicitins uncover the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in triggering plant defense responses. Plant Sci 2022; 319:111239. [PMID: 35487652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are proteinaceous elicitors that induce the hypersensitive response and plant resistance against diverse phytopathogens. Elicitin recognition by membrane receptors or high-affinity sites activates a variety of fast responses including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), leading to induction of plant defense genes. Beta-cryptogein (CRY) is a basic β-elicitin secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea that shows high necrotic activity in some plant species, whereas infestin 1 (INF1) secreted by the oomycete P. infestans belongs to acidic α-elicitins with a significantly weaker capacity to induce necrosis. We compared several mutated forms of β-CRY and INF1 with a modulated capacity to trigger ROS and NO production, bind plant sterols and induce cell death responses in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi. We evidenced a key role of the lysine residue in position 13 in basic elicitins for their biological activity and enhancement of necrotic effects of acidic INF1 by the replacement of the valine residue in position 84 by larger phenylalanine. Studied elicitins activated in differing intensity signaling pathways of ROS, NO and phytohormones jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, known to be involved in triggering of hypersensitive response and establishment of systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janků
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Sedlář
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Solanský M, Mikulášek K, Zapletalová M, Petřivalský M, Chiltz A, Zdráhal Z, Leborgne-Castel N, Lochman J. The oligomeric states of elicitins affect the hypersensitive response and resistance in tobacco. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3219-3234. [PMID: 33475728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant defence against microbial pathogens is based on early recognition and fast activation of inducible responses. Key mechanisms include detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns by membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors that induce a basal resistance response. A well-described model of such responses to pathogens involves the interactions between Solanaceae plants and proteinaceous elicitors secreted by oomycetes, called elicitins. It has been hypothesized that the formation of oligomeric structures by elicitins could be involved in their recognition and activation of defensive transduction cascades. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using several approaches, and we observed differences in tobacco plant responses induced by the elicitin β-cryptogein (β-CRY) and its homodimer, β-CRYDIM. We also found that the C-terminal domain of elicitins of other ELI (true-elicitin) clades plays a significant role in stabilization of their oligomeric structure and restraint in the cell wall. In addition, covalently cross-linking β-CRYDIM impaired the formation of signalling complexes, thereby reducing its capacity to elicit the hypersensitive response and resistance in the host plant, with no significant changes in pathogenesis-related protein expression. By revealing the details of the effects of β-CRY dimerization on recognition and defence responses in tobacco, our results shed light on the poorly understood role of elicitins' oligomeric structures in the interactions between oomycetes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solanský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Annick Chiltz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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Starý T, Satková P, Piterková J, Mieslerová B, Luhová L, Mikulík J, Kašparovský T, Petřivalský M, Lochman J. The elicitin β-cryptogein's activity in tomato is mediated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling pathways independently of elicitin-sterol interactions. Planta 2019; 249:739-749. [PMID: 30374914 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes after β-CRY treatment correlated with the upregulation of defence genes, but not sterol binding and involved ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Elicitins, a family of small proteins secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., are the most well-known microbe-associated molecular patterns of oomycetes, a lineage of fungus-like organisms that include many economically significant crop pathogens. The responses of tomato plants to elicitin INF1 produced by Phytophthora infestans have been studied extensively. Here, we present studies on the responses of three tomato genotypes to β-cryptogein (β-CRY), a potent elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in tobacco plants and confers greater resistance to oomycete infection than acidic elicitins like INF1. We also studied β-CRY mutants impaired in sterol binding (Val84Phe) and interaction with the binding site on tobacco plasma membrane (Leu41Phe), because sterol binding was suggested to be important in INF1-induced resistance. Treatment with β-CRY or the Val84Phe mutant induced resistance to powdery mildew caused by the pathogen Pseudoidium neolycopersici, but not the HR cell death observed in tobacco and potato plants. The level of resistance induced in different tomato genotypes correlated with the upregulation of defence genes including defensins, β-1,3-glucanases, heveins, chitinases, osmotins, and PR1 proteins. Treatment with the Leu41Phe mutant did not induce this upregulation, suggesting similar elicitin recognition in tomato and tobacco. However, here β-CRY activated ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling, but not salicylic acid signalling, demonstrating that elicitins activate different downstream signalling processes in different plant species. This could potentially be exploited to enhance the resistance of Phytophthora-susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Starý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Satková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Piterková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mieslerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Dalio RJD, Magalhães DM, Rodrigues CM, Arena GD, Oliveira TS, Souza-Neto RR, Picchi SC, Martins PMM, Santos PJC, Maximo HJ, Pacheco IS, De Souza AA, Machado MA. PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus-pathogen interactions. Ann Bot 2017; 119:749-774. [PMID: 28065920 PMCID: PMC5571375 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent application of molecular-based technologies has considerably advanced our understanding of complex processes in plant-pathogen interactions and their key components such as PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes. To develop novel control strategies for disease prevention in citrus, it is essential to expand and consolidate our knowledge of the molecular interaction of citrus plants with their pathogens. SCOPE This review provides an overview of our understanding of citrus plant immunity, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and vectors related to the following diseases: tristeza, psorosis, citrus variegated chlorosis, citrus canker, huanglongbing, brown spot, post-bloom, anthracnose, gummosis and citrus root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo M. Magalhães
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Rodrigues
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago S. Oliveira
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo R. Souza-Neto
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Picchi
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paula M. M. Martins
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. C. Santos
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Heros J. Maximo
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Inaiara S. Pacheco
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. De Souza
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
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Ptáčková N, Klempová J, Obořil M, Nedělová S, Lochman J, Kašparovský T. The effect of cryptogein with changed abilities to transfer sterols and altered charge distribution on extracellular alkalinization, ROS and NO generation, lipid peroxidation and LOX gene transcription in Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Physiol Biochem 2015; 97:82-95. [PMID: 26433637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptogein, a protein from oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, induces a hypersensitive cell death in Nicotiana tabacum. We prepared a new series of cryptogein mutant proteins with altered abilities to bind sterols and with altered charge distribution in the proteins. The effect of the mutations on the cryptogein ability to induce plant defence mechanisms associated with hypersensitive cell death were examined. Our results with new mutants support the previous findings that the sterol binding does not influence synthesis of ROS, cytosol acidification and development of leaf necrosis as these events seem to be more likely affected by the charge distribution and the overall protein structure. This hypothesis was also applicable on other mechanisms involved in the execution of plant cell death such as the NO generation, the stimulation of lipid peroxidation (determination of malondialdehyde and hydroxy fatty acids levels) and LOX gene transcription. In addition, the ability to bind sterols was found to serve not only for pathogen utilisation in its own metabolism but also to have an important function for the destabilization of plant membrane facilitating the pathogen spread inside the plant tissue as well as intensively contributing to the development of plant cell death. Considering the insertion of charged amino acid residues in the protein structure, the change localized in the protein surface affected its biological activity more effectively than that change inside the protein cavity. Moreover, the insertion of negative charged amino acids influenced mainly the events involved in the early phase of defence reaction, while the positive residues affected especially the necrotic activity of cryptogein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Ptáčková
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klempová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Obořil
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Nedělová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Dokládal L, Obořil M, Stejskal K, Zdráhal Z, Ptáčková N, Chaloupková R, Damborský J, Kašparovský T, Jeandroz S, Žd'árská M, Lochman J. Physiological and proteomic approaches to evaluate the role of sterol binding in elicitin-induced resistance. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:2203-15. [PMID: 22223811 PMCID: PMC3295402 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cryptogein is a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea that can induce resistance to P. parasitica in tobacco plants. On the basis of previous computer modelling experiments, by site-directed mutagenesis a series of cryptogein variants was prepared with altered abilities to bind sterols, phospholipids or both. The sterol binding and phospholipid transfer activities corresponded well with the previously reported structural data. Induction of the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tobacco cells in suspension and proteomic analysis of intercellular fluid changes in tobacco leaves triggered by these mutant proteins were not proportional to their ability to bind or transfer sterols and phospholipids. However, changes in the intercellular proteome corresponded to transcription levels of defence genes and resistance to P. parasitica and structure-prediction of mutants did not reveal any significant changes in protein structure. These results suggest, contrary to previous proposals, that the sterol-binding ability of cryptogein and its mutants, and the associated conformational change in the ω-loop, might not be principal factors in either ROS production or resistance induction. Nevertheless, the results support the importance of the ω-loop for the interaction of the protein with the high affinity binding site on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Dokládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Obořil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Stejskal
- Core Facility–Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Core Facility–Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Ptáčková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupková
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Substances in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Damborský
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Substances in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- UMR AgroSup Dijon/CNRS/INRA/Université Bourgogne “Agroécologie”, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Markéta Žd'árská
- Core Facility–Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Wang Q, Han C, Ferreira AO, Yu X, Ye W, Tripathy S, Kale SD, Gu B, Sheng Y, Sui Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Cheng B, Dong S, Shan W, Zheng X, Dou D, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Transcriptional programming and functional interactions within the Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector repertoire. Plant Cell 2011; 23:2064-86. [PMID: 21653195 PMCID: PMC3160037 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.086082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae contains nearly 400 genes encoding candidate effector proteins carrying the host cell entry motif RXLR-dEER. Here, we report a broad survey of the transcription, variation, and functions of a large sample of the P. sojae candidate effectors. Forty-five (12%) effector genes showed high levels of polymorphism among P. sojae isolates and significant evidence for positive selection. Of 169 effectors tested, most could suppress programmed cell death triggered by BAX, effectors, and/or the PAMP INF1, while several triggered cell death themselves. Among the most strongly expressed effectors, one immediate-early class was highly expressed even prior to infection and was further induced 2- to 10-fold following infection. A second early class, including several that triggered cell death, was weakly expressed prior to infection but induced 20- to 120-fold during the first 12 h of infection. The most strongly expressed immediate-early effectors could suppress the cell death triggered by several early effectors, and most early effectors could suppress INF1-triggered cell death, suggesting the two classes of effectors may target different functional branches of the defense response. In support of this hypothesis, misexpression of key immediate-early and early effectors severely reduced the virulence of P. sojae transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunqing Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changzhi Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Adriana O. Ferreira
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Shiv D. Kale
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Biao Gu
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
- College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuting Sheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Sui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baoping Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Plešková V, Kašparovský T, Obořil M, Ptáčková N, Chaloupková R, Ladislav D, Damborský J, Lochman J. Elicitin-membrane interaction is driven by a positive charge on the protein surface: role of Lys13 residue in lipids loading and resistance induction. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:321-8. [PMID: 21296584 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are family of small proteins secreted by species of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora inducing a defence reaction in plants. They contain a hydrophobic cavity capable of binding sterols and fatty acids, and on the basis of their pI they are classified as either α-elicitins or more necrotising β-elicitins. The residue Lys13 was previously identified as a key determinant of the necrotising activity of basic elicitins. In the present study we describe changes in the ability of cryptogein, a β-elicitin inducing a hypersensitive response in tobacco, to transfer sterols and fatty acids between micelles and liposomes upon Lys13Val mutation. We propose that the change in activity is influenced by the elimination of positive charge on the surface of cryptogein, which is significant for correct positioning of the protein during lipid loading, without adversely affecting the binding of sterol to the cavity of the protein. Compared to wild type cryptogein, mutation Lys13Val resulted in lowered expression of defence-related genes and compromised resistance to Phytophthora parasitica. Furthermore, resistance induced by Lys13Val mutant was similar to that induced by acidic elicitin capsicein containing at amino position 13 valine Determined results sustained a crucial role of positive lysine residues on the surface of basic elicitins and suggested their significant role in correct protein-membrane interaction and thus on their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Plešková
- Department of Biochemistry and National Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Kim YT, Oh J, Kim KH, Uhm JY, Lee BM. Isolation and characterization of NgRLK1, a receptor-like kinase of Nicotiana glutinosa that interacts with the elicitin of Phytophthora capsici. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:717-27. [PMID: 19449126 PMCID: PMC2797858 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elicitins, extracellular proteins from Phytophthora fungi, elicit a hypersensitivity response (HR), including systemic acquired resistance, in some plants. The elicitin capsicein (approximately 10 kDa) was purified by FPLC from culture filtrates of P. capsici. Purified native and recombinant capsicein induced a hypersensitive response in leaves of the non-host plants Nicotiana glutinosa and Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis. To search for candidate capsicein-interacting proteins from N. glutinosa, a yeast two-hybrid assay was used. We identified a protein interactor that is homologous to a serine/threonine kinase of the plant receptor-like kinase (RLK) group and designated it NgRLK1. The ORF of NgRLK1 encodes a polypeptide of 832 amino acids (93,490 Da). A conserved domain analysis revealed that NgRLK1 has structural features typical of a plant RLK. NgRLK1 was autophosphorylated, with higher activity in the presence of Mn2+ than Mg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Tae Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
| | - Jonghee Oh
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
| | - Jae-Youl Uhm
- Division of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
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12
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Wang Y, Liu R, Chen L, Wang Y, Liang Y, Wu X, Li B, Wu J, Liang Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang Q, Hong X, Dong H. Nicotiana tabacum TTG1 contributes to ParA1-induced signalling and cell death in leaf trichomes. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2673-85. [PMID: 19596794 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.049023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf trichomes serve as a physical barrier and can also secrete antimicrobial compounds to protect plants from attacks by insects and pathogens. Besides the use of the physical and chemical mechanisms, leaf trichomes might also support plant responses by communicating the extrinsic cues to plant intrinsic signalling pathways. Here we report a role of leaf trichomes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) hypersensitive cell death (HCD) induced by ParA1, an elicitin protein from a plant-pathogenic oomycete. After localized treatment with ParA1, reactive oxygen species were produced first in the leaf trichomes and then in mesophylls. Reactive oxygen species are a group of intracellular signals that are crucial for HCD to develop and for cells to undergo cell death subsequent to chromatin condensation, a hallmark of HCD. These events were impaired when the production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was inhibited by catalase or a NADPH-oxidase inhibitor applied to trichomes, suggesting the importance of H(2)O(2) in the pathway of HCD signal transduction from the trichomes to mesophylls. This pathway was no longer activated when leaf trichomes were treated with C51S, a ParA1 mutant protein defective in its interaction with N. tabacum TTG1 (NtTTG1), which is a trichome protein that binds ParA1, rather than C51S, in vitro and in trichome cells. The ParA1-NtTTG1 interaction and the HCD pathway were also abrogated when NtTTG1 was silenced in the trichomes. These observations suggest that NtTTG1 plays an essential role in HCD signal transduction from leaf trichomes to mesophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Svozilová Z, Kasparovský T, Skládal P, Lochman J. Interaction of cryptogein with its binding sites in tobacco plasma membrane studied using the piezoelectric biosensor. Anal Biochem 2009; 390:115-20. [PMID: 19374882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elicitins are low-molecular-weight proteins representing the elicitor family secreted by many species of the oomycete Phytophthora. Elicitins induce a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco, a process that is triggered by binding of elicitin to the high-affinity site on the plasma membrane. Specific interaction of cryptogein with the binding sites on tobacco plasma membranes was studied using the piezoelectric biosensor in real time in a flow-through mode. Cryptogeins (wild-type and mutant forms) were covalently immobilized on the sensing surface, and membrane vesicles containing receptors were in solution. Kinetic characterization of the interaction provided values of kinetic rate association (k(a))=5.74 . 10(6)M(1)s(-1) and kinetic rate dissociation (k(d))=6.8710(-4)s(-1) constants, respectively. The kinetic equilibrium dissociation constant was calculated as K(D)=12.0 nM. The piezoelectric biosensor appeared to be a convenient tool for studying interactions of receptors embedded in membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Svozilová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Chaudhuri K, Das S, Bandyopadhyay M, Zalar A, Kollmann A, Jha S, Tepfer D. Transgenic mimicry of pathogen attack stimulates growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:121-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Rodrigues ML, Archer M, Martel P, Miranda S, Thomaz M, Enguita FJ, Baptista RP, Pinho e Melo E, Sousa N, Cravador A, Carrondo MA. Crystal structures of the free and sterol-bound forms of beta-cinnamomin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1764:110-21. [PMID: 16249127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the elicitin beta-cinnamomin (beta-CIN) was determined in complex with ergosterol at 1.1 A resolution. beta-CIN/ergosterol complex crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit cell parameters of a = 31.0, b = 62.8, c = 50.0 A and beta = 93.4 degrees and two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Ligand extraction with chloroform followed by crystallographic analysis yielded a 1.35 A structure of beta-CIN (P4(3)2(1)2 space group) where the characteristic elicitin fold was kept. After incubation with cholesterol, a new complex structure was obtained, showing that the protein retains, after the extraction procedure, its ability to complex sterols. The necrotic effect of beta-CIN on tobacco was also shown to remain unchanged. Theoretical docking studies of the triterpene lupeol to beta-CIN provided an explanation for the apparent inability of beta-CIN to bind this ligand, as observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Rodrigues
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, ITQB-UNL, Av. República, Apt. 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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