1
|
Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Li S, Chen X, Jiang H. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of α-Aryl Ester Derivatives via an EDA Complex. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12474-12480. [PMID: 37585492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient radical-based and photocatalyst-free method for the C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reaction to synthesize α-aryl ester derivatives. The process starts from a β-keto ester and an electron-deficient halogenated aryl halide under alkaline conditions to form an electron donor-acceptor complex and is driven by visible light. From the synthetic point of view, this newly established method represents a simple way to access arylpropionic acids from commercially available and cheap starting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shuangqiao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Yu A, Chu X, Li F, Liu J, Liu L, Bai W, He C, Wang X. Biocatalytic Enantioselective β‐Hydroxylation of Unactivated C−H Bonds in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204290. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Aiqin Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Xuan Chu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics School of Life Sciences Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Testing Center Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wen‐Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Yu A, Chu X, Li F, Liu J, Liu L, Bai W, He C, Wang X. Biocatalytic Enantioselective β‐Hydroxylation of Unactivated C−H Bonds in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Aiqin Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Xuan Chu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics School of Life Sciences Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Juan Liu
- Testing Center Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wen‐Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Science Economic and Technology Development Zone Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 225009 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di S, Fan S, Jiang F, Cong Z. A Unique P450 Peroxygenase System Facilitated by a Dual-Functional Small Molecule: Concept, Application, and Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030529. [PMID: 35326179 PMCID: PMC8944620 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are promising versatile oxidative biocatalysts. However, the practical use of P450s in vitro is limited by their dependence on the co-enzyme NAD(P)H and the complex electron transport system. Using H2O2 simplifies the catalytic cycle of P450s; however, most P450s are inactive in the presence of H2O2. By mimicking the molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of natural peroxygenases and peroxidases, an artificial P450 peroxygenase system has been designed with the assistance of a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM). DFSMs, such as N-(ω-imidazolyl fatty acyl)-l-amino acids, use an acyl amino acid as an anchoring group to bind the enzyme, and the imidazolyl group at the other end functions as a general acid-base catalyst in the activation of H2O2. In combination with protein engineering, the DFSM-facilitated P450 peroxygenase system has been used in various oxidation reactions of non-native substrates, such as alkene epoxidation, thioanisole sulfoxidation, and alkanes and aromatic hydroxylation, which showed unique activities and selectivity. Moreover, the DFSM-facilitated P450 peroxygenase system can switch to the peroxidase mode by mechanism-guided protein engineering. In this short review, the design, mechanism, evolution, application, and perspective of these novel non-natural P450 peroxygenases for the oxidation of non-native substrates are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengjie Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (S.D.); (S.F.); (F.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-80662758
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen CC, Dai M, Zhang L, Zhao J, Zeng W, Shi M, Huang JW, Liu W, Guo RT, Li A. Molecular Basis for a Toluene Monooxygenase to Govern Substrate Selectivity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang Q, Zhang X, Chen Q, Tian S, Tong W, Zhang W, Chen Y, Ma M, Chen B, Wang B, Wang JB. Discovery of a P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Defluorination Mechanism toward Chiral Organofluorines: Uncovering a Hidden Pathway. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 360015 Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 360015 Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaixiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 360015 Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYPs) catalyze the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates. Their functions are crucial to xenobiotic metabolism and steroid transformation in humans and other organisms. The enzymes are promising for synthetic biology applications but limited by several drawbacks including low turnover rates, poor stability, the dependance of expensive cofactors and redox partners, and the narrow substrate scope. To conquer these obstacles, emerging strategies including substrate engineering, usage of decoy and decoy-based small molecules auxiliaries, designing of artificial enzyme cascades and the incorporation of materials have been explored based on the unique properties of P450s. These strategies can be applied to a wide range of P450s and can be combined with protein engineering to improve the enzymatic activities. This minireview will focus on some recent developments of these strategies which have been used to leverage P450 catalysis. Remaining challenges and future opportunities will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saito M, Kawamata Y, Meanwell M, Navratil R, Chiodi D, Carlson E, Hu P, Chen L, Udyavara S, Kingston C, Tanwar M, Tyagi S, McKillican BP, Gichinga MG, Schmidt MA, Eastgate MD, Lamberto M, He C, Tang T, Malapit CA, Sigman MS, Minteer SD, Neurock M, Baran PS. N-Ammonium Ylide Mediators for Electrochemical C-H Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7859-7867. [PMID: 33983721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific oxidation of strong C(sp3)-H bonds is of uncontested utility in organic synthesis. From simplifying access to metabolites and late-stage diversification of lead compounds to truncating retrosynthetic plans, there is a growing need for new reagents and methods for achieving such a transformation in both academic and industrial circles. One main drawback of current chemical reagents is the lack of diversity with regard to structure and reactivity that prevents a combinatorial approach for rapid screening to be employed. In that regard, directed evolution still holds the greatest promise for achieving complex C-H oxidations in a variety of complex settings. Herein we present a rationally designed platform that provides a step toward this challenge using N-ammonium ylides as electrochemically driven oxidants for site-specific, chemoselective C(sp3)-H oxidation. By taking a first-principles approach guided by computation, these new mediators were identified and rapidly expanded into a library using ubiquitous building blocks and trivial synthesis techniques. The ylide-based approach to C-H oxidation exhibits tunable selectivity that is often exclusive to this class of oxidants and can be applied to real-world problems in the agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Saito
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Meanwell
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rafael Navratil
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ethan Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Longrui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sagar Udyavara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mayank Tanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sameer Tyagi
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Bruce P McKillican
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Michael A Schmidt
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Massimiliano Lamberto
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey 07740, United States
| | - Chi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu J, Zhou H, Yu H, Deng T, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wu J, Yang L. Computational design of highly stable and soluble alcohol dehydrogenase for NADPH regeneration. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 38650213 PMCID: PMC10992930 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), as a well-known cofactor, is widely used in the most of enzymatic redox reactions, playing an important role in industrial catalysis. However, the absence of a comparable method for efficient NADP+ to NADPH cofactor regeneration radically impairs efficient green chemical synthesis. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes, allowing the in situ regeneration of the redox cofactor NADPH with high specific activity and easy by-product separation process, are provided with great industrial application potential and research attention. Accordingly, herein a NADP+-specific ADH from Clostridium beijerinckii was selected to be engineered for cofactor recycle, using an automated algorithm named Protein Repair One-stop Shop (PROSS). The mutant CbADH-6M (S24P/G182A/G196A/H222D/S250E/S254R) exhibited a favorable soluble and highly active expression with an activity of 46.3 U/mL, which was 16 times higher than the wild type (2.9 U/mL), and a more stable protein conformation with an enhanced thermal stability: Δ T 1 / 2 60 min = + 3.6 °C (temperature of 50% inactivation after incubation for 60 min). Furthermore, the activity of CbADH-6M was up-graded to 2401.8 U/mL by high cell density fermentation strategy using recombinant Escherichia coli, demonstrating its industrial potential. Finally, the superb efficiency for NADPH regeneration of the mutant enzyme was testified in the synthesis of some fine chiral aromatic alcohols coupling with another ADH from Lactobacillus kefir (LkADH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haisheng Zhou
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Deng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mu R, Wang Z, Wamsley MC, Duke CN, Lii PH, Epley SE, Todd LC, Roberts PJ. Application of Enzymes in Regioselective and Stereoselective Organic Reactions. Catalysts 2020; 10:832. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biocatalysts have received much more attention in chemistry regarding their potential to enable high efficiency, high yield, and eco-friendly processes for a myriad of applications. Nature’s vast repository of catalysts has inspired synthetic chemists. Furthermore, the revolutionary technologies in bioengineering have provided the fast discovery and evolution of enzymes that empower chemical synthesis. This article attempts to deliver a comprehensive overview of the last two decades of investigation into enzymatic reactions and highlights the effective performance progress of bio-enzymes exploited in organic synthesis. Based on the types of enzymatic reactions and enzyme commission (E.C.) numbers, the enzymes discussed in the article are classified into oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, and lyases. These applications should provide us with some insight into enzyme design strategies and molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lubov DP, Talsi EP, Bryliakov KP. Methods for selective benzylic C–H oxofunctionalization of organic compounds. Russ Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Voss M, Honda Malca S, Buller R. Exploring the Biocatalytic Potential of Fe/α‐Ketoglutarate‐Dependent Halogenases. Chemistry 2020; 26:7336-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Hilberath T, Windeln LM, Decembrino D, Le‐Huu P, Bilsing FL, Urlacher VB. Two‐step Screening for Identification of Drug‐metabolizing Bacterial Cytochromes P450 with Diversified Selectivity. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hilberath
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Leonie M. Windeln
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Davide Decembrino
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Priska Le‐Huu
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Florestan L. Bilsing
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstrasse 1 Düsseldorf 40225 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis in modern organic synthesis has largely focused on noble transition metals like palladium, platinum and ruthenium. The toxicity and low abundance of these metals, however, has led to a rising focus on the development of the more sustainable base metals like iron, copper and nickel for use in catalysis. Iron is a particularly good candidate for this purpose due to its abundance, wide redox potential range, and the ease with which its properties can be tuned through the exploitation of its multiple oxidation states, electron spin states and redox potential. This is a fact made clear by all life on Earth, where iron is used as a cornerstone in the chemistry of living processes. In this mini review, we report on the general advancements in the field of iron catalysis in organic chemistry covering addition reactions, C-H activation, cross-coupling reactions, cycloadditions, isomerization and redox reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85179 Sundsvall, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-08-674-71-78
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Youn J, Albermann C, Sprenger GA. In vivo cascade catalysis of aromatic amino acids to the respective mandelic acids using recombinant E. coli cells expressing hydroxymandelate synthase (HMS) from Amycolatopsis mediterranei. Molecular Catalysis 2020; 483:110713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Xie L, Chen K, Cui H, Wan N, Cui B, Han W, Chen Y. Characterization of a Self-Sufficient Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase from Deinococcus apachensis for Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1820-1825. [PMID: 32012422 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Deinococcus apachensis (P450DA) was identified and successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). P450DA would be a member of the CYP102D subfamily and assigned as CYP102D2 according to the phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment. Purification and characterization of the recombinant P450DA indicated both NADH and NADPH could be used by P450DA as a reducing cofactor. The recombinant E. coli (P450DA) strain was functionally active, showing excellent enantioselectivity for benzylic hydroxylation of methyl 2-phenylacetate. Further substrate scope studies revealed that P450DA is able to catalyze benzylic hydroxylation of a variety of compounds, affording the corresponding chiral benzylic alcohols in 86-99 % ee and 130-1020 total turnover numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Haibo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Nanwei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Baodong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Wenyong Han
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, You T, Wang HX, Tang Z, Zhou CY, Che CM. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5310-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in iron and cobalt catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions with emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, i.e. natural products and pharmaceuticals synthesis and/or modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Tingjie You
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fischer J, Renn D, Quitterer F, Radhakrishnan A, Liu M, Makki A, Ghorpade S, Rueping M, Arold ST, Groll M, Eppinger J. Robust and Versatile Host Protein for the Design and Evaluation of Artificial Metal Centers. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fischer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik Renn
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Quitterer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan T. Arold
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
On the occasion of Professor Frances H. Arnold's recent acceptance of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, we honor her numerous contributions to the fields of directed evolution and biocatalysis. Arnold pioneered the development of directed evolution methods for engineering enzymes as biocatalysts. Her highly interdisciplinary research has provided a ground not only for understanding the mechanisms of enzyme evolution but also for developing commercially viable enzyme biocatalysts and biocatalytic processes. In this Account, we highlight some of her notable contributions in the past three decades in the development of foundational directed evolution methods and their applications in the design and engineering of enzymes with desired functions for biocatalysis. Her work has created a paradigm shift in the broad catalysis field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - S. B. Jennifer Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gärtner A, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. A 96-multiplex capillary electrophoresis screening platform for product based evolution of P450 BM3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15479. [PMID: 31664146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The main challenge that prevents a broader application of directed enzyme evolution is the lack of high-throughput screening systems with universal product analytics. Most directed evolution campaigns employ screening systems based on colorimetric or fluorogenic surrogate substrates or universal quantification methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry, which have not been advanced to achieve a high-throughput. Capillary electrophoresis with a universal UV-based product detection is a promising analytical tool to quantify product formation. Usage of a multiplex system allows the simultaneous measurement with 96 capillaries. A 96-multiplexed capillary electrophoresis (MP-CE) enables a throughput that is comparable to traditional direct evolution campaigns employing 96-well microtiter plates. Here, we report for the first time the usage of a MP-CE system for directed P450 BM3 evolution towards increased product formation (oxidation of alpha-isophorone to 4-hydroxy-isophorone; highest reached total turnover number after evolution campaign: 7120 mol4-OH molP450−1). The MP-CE platform was 3.5-fold more efficient in identification of beneficial variants than the standard cofactor (NADPH) screening system.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu J, Wang C, Cong Z. Strategies for Substrate-Regulated P450 Catalysis: From Substrate Engineering to Co-catalysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:6853-6863. [PMID: 30698852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) catalyze the monooxygenation of various organic substrates. These enzymes are fascinating and promising biocatalysts for synthetic applications. Despite the impressive abilities of P450s in the oxidation of C-H bonds, their practical applications are restricted by intrinsic drawbacks, such as poor stability, low turnover rates, the need for expensive cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H), and the narrow scope of useful non-native substrates. These issues may be overcome through the general strategy of protein engineering, which focuses on the improvement of the catalysts themselves. Alternatively, several emerging strategies have been developed that regulate the P450 catalytic process from the viewpoint of the substrate. These strategies include substrate engineering, decoy molecule, and dual-functional small-molecule co-catalysis. Substrate engineering focuses on improving the substrate acceptance and reaction selectivity by means of an anchoring group. The latter two strategies utilize co-substrate-like small molecules that either are proposed to reform the active site, thereby switching the substrate specificity, or directly participate in the catalytic process, thereby creating new catalytic peroxygenation capabilities towards non-native substrates. For at least 10 years, these approaches have played unique roles in solving the problems highlighted above, either alone or in conjunction with protein engineering. Herein, we review three strategies for substrate regulation in the P450-catalyzed oxidation of non-native substrates. Furthermore, we address remaining challenges and potential solutions associated with these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of, Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Chunlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of, Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of, Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang J, Li K, Zhou X, Han W, Wan N, Cui B, Wang H, Yuan W, Chen Y. Asymmetric combinational “metal-biocatalytic system”: One approach to chiral 2-subsituted-tetrahydroquinoline-4-ols towards two-step one-pot processes in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Li G, Wang JB, Reetz MT. Biocatalysts for the pharmaceutical industry created by structure-guided directed evolution of stereoselective enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1241-51. [PMID: 28693917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have been used for a long time as catalysts in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral intermediates needed in the production of therapeutic drugs. However, this alternative to man-made catalysts has suffered traditionally from distinct limitations, namely the often observed wrong or insufficient enantio- and/or regioselectivity, low activity, narrow substrate range, and insufficient thermostability. With the advent of directed evolution, these problems can be generally solved. The challenge is to develop and apply the most efficient mutagenesis methods which lead to highest-quality mutant libraries requiring minimal screening. Structure-guided saturation mutagenesis and its iterative form have emerged as the method of choice for evolving stereo- and regioselective mutant enzymes needed in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral intermediates. The number of (industrial) applications in the preparation of chiral pharmaceuticals is rapidly increasing. This review features and analyzes typical case studies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Poterała M, Dranka M, Borowiecki P. Chemoenzymatic Preparation of Enantiomerically Enriched (
R
)‐(–)‐Mandelic Acid Derivatives: Application in the Synthesis of the Active Agent Pemoline. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poterała
- Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organic Chemistry Koszykowa St. 3 00‐664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Dranka
- Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Organic Chemistry Koszykowa St. 3 00‐664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Borowiecki
- Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Solid State Technology Koszykowa St. 3 00‐664 Warsaw Poland
- Warsaw University of Technology Department of Drugs Technology and Biotechnology Koszykowa St. 3 00‐664 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Holec C, Hartrampf U, Neufeld K, Pietruszka J. P450 BM3-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroxylation Aiming at the Synthesis of Phthalides and Isocoumarins. Chembiochem 2017; 18:676-684. [PMID: 28107587 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenases are able to catalyze the regio- and stereoselective oxygenation of a broad range of substrates, with promising potential for synthetic applications. To study the suitability of P450 BM3 variants for stereoselective benzylic hydroxylation of 2-alkylated benzoic acid esters, the biotransformation of methyl 2-ethylbenzoate, resulting in both enantiomeric forms of 3-methylphthalide, was investigated. In the case of methyl 2-propylbenzoate as a substrate the regioselectivity of the reaction was shifted towards β-hydroxylation, resulting in the synthesis of enantioenriched R- and S-configured 3-methylisochroman-1-one. The potential of P450 BM3 variants for regio- and stereoselective synthesis of phthalides and isocoumarins offers a new route to a class of compounds that are valuable synthons for a variety of natural compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Holec
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Gebäude 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Hartrampf
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Neufeld
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Gebäude 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Gebäude 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Klenk JM, Nebel BA, Porter JL, Kulig JK, Hussain SA, Richter SM, Tavanti M, Turner NJ, Hayes MA, Hauer B, Flitsch SL. The self-sufficient P450 RhF expressed in a whole cell system selectively catalyses the 5-hydroxylation of diclofenac. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Klenk
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernd A. Nebel
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Joanne L. Porter
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Justyna K. Kulig
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases DMPK; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Mölndal Sweden
- Present address: Crop Science Division; Bayer AG; Monheim am Rhein Germany
| | - Shaneela A. Hussain
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Sven M. Richter
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michele Tavanti
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases DMPK; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in the directed evolution of enzymes for controlling site-selectivity of hydroxylation, amination and chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | - Guangyue Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-University Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Plank-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beyer N, Kulig JK, Bartsch A, Hayes MA, Janssen DB, Fraaije MW. P450 BM3 fused to phosphite dehydrogenase allows phosphite-driven selective oxidations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2319-31. [PMID: 27900443 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the wider application of the NADPH-dependent P450BM3, we fused the monooxygenase with a phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH). The resulting monooxygenase-dehydrogenase fusion enzyme acts as a self-sufficient bifunctional catalyst, accepting phosphite as a cheap electron donor for the regeneration of NADPH. The well-expressed fusion enzyme was purified and analyzed in comparison to the parent enzymes. Using lauric acid as substrate for P450BM3, it was found that the fusion enzyme had similar substrate affinity and hydroxylation selectivity while it displayed a significantly higher activity than the non-fused monooxygenase. Phosphite-driven conversions of lauric acid at restricted NADPH concentrations confirmed multiple turnovers of the cofactor. Interestingly, both the fusion enzyme and the native P450BM3 displayed enzyme concentration dependent activity and the fused enzyme reached optimal activity at a lower enzyme concentration. This suggests that the fusion enzyme has an improved tendency to form functional oligomers. To explore the constructed phosphite-driven P450BM3 as a biocatalyst, conversions of the drug compounds omeprazole and rosiglitazone were performed. PTDH-P450BM3 driven by phosphite was found to be more efficient in terms of total turnover when compared with P450BM3 driven by NADPH. The results suggest that PTDH-P450BM3 is an attractive system for use in biocatalytic and drug metabolism studies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Die Erschließung von Wirkstoffmetaboliten durch übergangsmetallkatalysierte C-H-Oxidation: die Leber als Inspiration für die Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc.; Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED); 558 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University; Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center; 3000 Broadway MC3101 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 181 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - B. Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 100 Technology Square Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Accessing Drug Metabolites via Transition-Metal Catalyzed C-H Oxidation: The Liver as Synthetic Inspiration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14218-14238. [PMID: 27723189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Can classical and modern chemical C-H oxidation reactions complement biotransformation in the synthesis of drug metabolites? We have surveyed the literature in an effort to try to answer this important question of major practical significance in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug metabolites are required throughout all phases of the drug discovery and development process; however, their synthesis is still an unsolved problem. This Review, not intended to be comprehensive or historical, highlights relevant applications of chemical C-H oxidation reactions, electrochemistry and microfluidic technologies to drug templates in order to access drug metabolites, and also highlights promising reactions to this end. Where possible or appropriate, the contrast with biotransformation is drawn. In doing so, we have tried to identify gaps where they exist in the hope to spur further activity in this very important research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center, 3000 Broadway MC3101, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - B Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds has created new approaches to preparing organic molecules by enabling new strategic "disconnections" during the planning of a synthetic route. Such functionalizations also have created the ability to derivatize complex molecules by modifying one or more of the many C-H bonds. For these reasons, researchers are developing new types of functionalization reactions of C-H bonds and new applications of these processes. These C-H bond functionalization reactions can be divided into two general classes: those directed by coordination to an existing functional group prior to the cleavage of the C-H bond (directed) and those occurring without coordination prior to cleavage of the C-H bond (undirected). The undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds are much less common and more challenging to develop than the directed reactions. This outlook will focus on undirected C-H bond functionalization, as well as related reactions that occur by a noncovalent association of the catalyst prior to C-H bond cleavage. The inherent challenges of conducting undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds and the methods for undirected functionalization that are being developed will be presented, along with the factors that govern selectivity in these reactions. Finally, this outlook discusses future directions for research on undirected C-H functionalization, with an emphasis on the limitations that must be overcome if this type of methodology is to become widely used in academia and in industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Matthew A. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nagaoka H. An HASApf-redoxin complex causing asymmetric catalytic oxidation via the regenerative formation of a reactive oxygen species. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:13384-93. [PMID: 26135291 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A PP (pea)-HASApf-redoxin complex eluted from encapsulated PP gel with aeration displays asymmetric oxidation activity over 200 times greater than that of a similar protein expressed by E. coli cells. The intermediate spin, identified in the ESR spectrum, appears at g = 4.3 and g = 2.0, suggesting that an iron electron-transfer system for the asymmetric oxidation of secondary alcohols may be successfully created by the PP-HASApf-redoxin complex (39 kDa). FTIR experiments provided values νs(SO2) ≈ 950-1050 cm(-1) and νas(SO2) ≈ 1100-1200 cm(-1) for metal-bound sulfinate S-O and Fe-O vibrations. The sulfur and iron detected by physicochemical inspection (IC/ICP-AES) may facilitate the electron transport of a sulfate-iron complex (e.g., rubredoxin (6 kDa) or ferredoxin (9 kDa)) to the HASApf (21 kDa). The observations are consistently acceptable; i.e., the oxygen-driven PP-HASApf-redoxin complex functions regenerate via the successive asymmetric catalytic event - Fe(ii) + O2 → Fe(iii)-O-O(-) → Fe(iv) = O (oxidizing rac- or rac-) → Fe(ii) + H2O. Therefore, the use of a raw biomaterial as a PP-HASApf-redoxin complex-catalytic system for asymmetric oxidation is an important novelty, despite the apparent difficulties in working with pure dehydrogenase enzymatic/redox-cofactor systems for biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagaoka
- Sanyo Shokuhin Co., Ltd R & D, 555-4 Asakura, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wetzl
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universitaet Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany), Fax
| | - Jennifer Bolsinger
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universitaet Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany), Fax
| | - Bettina M. Nestl
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universitaet Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany), Fax
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universitaet Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany), Fax
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Eichler A, Gricman Ł, Herter S, Kelly PP, Turner NJ, Pleiss J, Flitsch SL. Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation Catalysed by P450 Monooxygenases: Characterisation of a P450cam Mutant Library and Molecular Modelling. Chembiochem 2016; 17:426-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Eichler
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Łukasz Gricman
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Susanne Herter
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Paul P. Kelly
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ren X, Yorke JA, Taylor E, Zhang T, Zhou W, Wong LL. Drug Oxidation by Cytochrome P450BM3 : Metabolite Synthesis and Discovering New P450 Reaction Types. Chemistry 2015; 21:15039-47. [PMID: 26311271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is intense interest in late-stage catalytic C-H bond functionalization as an integral part of synthesis. Effective catalysts must have a broad substrate range and tolerate diverse functional groups. Drug molecules provide a good test of these attributes of a catalyst. A library of P450BM3 mutants developed from four base mutants with high activity for hydrocarbon oxidation produced human metabolites of a panel of drugs that included neutral (chlorzoxazone, testosterone), cationic (amitriptyline, lidocaine) and anionic (diclofenac, naproxen) compounds. No single mutant was active for all the tested drugs but multiple variants in the library showed high activity with each compound. The high conversions enabled full product characterization that led to the discovery of the new P450 reaction type of oxidative decarboxylation of an α-hydroxy carboxylic acid and the formation a protected imine from an amine, offering a novel route to α-functionalization of amines. The substrate range and varied product profiles suggest that this library of enzymes is a good basis for developing late-stage C-H activation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QR (UK)
| | - Jake A Yorke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QR (UK)
| | - Emily Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QR (UK)
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (P. R. China)
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (P. R. China).
| | - Luet Lok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QR (UK).
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ilie A, Agudo R, Roiban GD, Reetz MT. P450-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation of disubstituted cyclohexanes: creation of three centers of chirality in a single CH-activation event. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
39
|
Hrycay EG, Bandiera SM. Monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 851:1-61. [PMID: 26002730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in bacterial, archaeal and mammalian systems. CYP enzymes catalyze monooxygenation reactions by inserting one oxygen atom from O2 into an enormous number and variety of substrates. The catalytic versatility of CYP stems from its ability to functionalize unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds of substrates through monooxygenation. The oxidative prowess of CYP in catalyzing monooxygenation reactions is attributed primarily to a porphyrin π radical ferryl intermediate known as Compound I (CpdI) (Por•+FeIV=O), or its ferryl radical resonance form (FeIV-O•). CYP-mediated hydroxylations occur via a consensus H atom abstraction/oxygen rebound mechanism involving an initial abstraction by CpdI of a H atom from the substrate, generating a highly-reactive protonated Compound II (CpdII) intermediate (FeIV-OH) and a carbon-centered alkyl radical that rebounds onto the ferryl hydroxyl moiety to yield the hydroxylated substrate. CYP enzymes utilize hydroperoxides, peracids, perborate, percarbonate, periodate, chlorite, iodosobenzene and N-oxides as surrogate oxygen atom donors to oxygenate substrates via the shunt pathway in the absence of NAD(P)H/O2 and reduction-oxidation (redox) auxiliary proteins. It has been difficult to isolate the historically elusive CpdI intermediate in the native NAD(P)H/O2-supported monooxygenase pathway and to determine its precise electronic structure and kinetic and physicochemical properties because of its high reactivity, unstable nature (t½~2 ms) and short life cycle, prompting suggestions for participation in monooxygenation reactions of alternative CYP iron-oxygen intermediates such as the ferric-peroxo anion species (FeIII-OO-), ferric-hydroperoxo species (FeIII-OOH) and FeIII-(H2O2) complex.
Collapse
|
40
|
Roiban GD, Reetz MT. Expanding the toolbox of organic chemists: directed evolution of P450 monooxygenases as catalysts in regio- and stereoselective oxidative hydroxylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2208-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) have been used for more than six decades as catalysts for the CH-activating oxidative hydroxylation of organic compounds with formation of added-value products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Agudo R, Roiban GD, Lonsdale R, Ilie A, Reetz MT. Biocatalytic route to chiral acyloins: P450-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective α-hydroxylation of ketones. J Org Chem 2014; 80:950-6. [PMID: 25495724 DOI: 10.1021/jo502397s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
P450-BM3 and mutants of this monooxygenase generated by directed evolution are excellent catalysts for the oxidative α-hydroxylation of ketones with formation of chiral acyloins with high regioselectivity (up to 99%) and enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). This constitutes a new route to a class of chiral compounds that are useful intermediates in the synthesis of many kinds of biologically active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Agudo
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhou L, Wu W, Huang T, Liao Y, Lin L, Feng X. Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Mandelic Acid Esters by N , N′ -Dioxide-Scandium-Complex-Catalyzed Enantiomer-Selective Acylation. Chemistry 2014; 20:15884-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
43
|
Venkataraman H, Verkade-vreeker MC, Capoferri L, Geerke DP, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN. Application of engineered cytochrome P450 mutants as biocatalysts for the synthesis of benzylic and aromatic metabolites of fenamic acid NSAIDs. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5613-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Doble MV, Ward AC, Deuss PJ, Jarvis AG, Kamer PC. Catalyst design in oxidation chemistry; from KMnO4 to artificial metalloenzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5657-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
45
|
Li A, Wu S, Adams JP, Snajdrova R, Li Z. Asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes and benzylic hydroxylation with P450tol monooxygenase from Rhodococcus coprophilus TC-2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8771-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Kolev JN, Zaengle JM, Ravikumar R, Fasan R. Enhancing the efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 oxidation catalysts by unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1001-10. [PMID: 24692265 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective strategies for modulating the reactivity and selectivity of cytochrome P450 enzymes represents a key step toward expediting the use of these biocatalysts for synthetic applications. We have investigated the potential of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis to aid efforts in this direction. Four unnatural amino acids with diverse aromatic side chains were incorporated at 11 active-site positions of a substrate-promiscuous CYP102A1 variant. The resulting "uP450s" were then tested for their catalytic activity and regioselectivity in the oxidation of two representative substrates: a small-molecule drug and a natural product. Large shifts in regioselectivity resulted from these single mutations, and in particular, for para-acetyl-Phe substitutions at positions close to the heme cofactor. Screening this mini library of uP450s enabled us to identify P450 catalysts for the selective hydroxylation of four aliphatic positions in the target substrates, including a C(sp(3))-H site not oxidized by the parent enzyme. Furthermore, we discovered a general activity-enhancing effect of active-site substitutions involving the unnatural amino acid para-amino-Phe, which resulted in P450 catalysts capable of supporting the highest total turnover number reported to date on a complex molecule (34,650). The functional changes induced by the unnatural amino acids could not be reproduced by any of the 20 natural amino acids. This study thus demonstrates that unnatural amino acid mutagenesis constitutes a promising new strategy for improving the catalytic activity and regioselectivity of P450 oxidation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Kolev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY 14620 (USA)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Nagaoka H. The application of a cytochrome P450 enzyme eluted from encapsulated biomaterials for the catalysis of enantioselective oxidation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45936e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagaoka
- Sanyo Shokuhin Co., Ltd. R & D, 555-4 Asakura, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0811, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yan PC, Xie JH, Zhang XD, Chen K, Li YQ, Zhou QL, Che DQ. Direct asymmetric hydrogenation of α-keto acids by using the highly efficient chiral spiro iridium catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15987-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Ir/SpiroPAP catalyzed direct asymmetric hydrogenation of α-keto acids under mild reaction conditions has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Cha Yan
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Taizhou City, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Dong Zhang
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Taizhou City, P. R. China
| | - Kang Chen
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Taizhou City, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Li
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Taizhou City, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Da-Qing Che
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Taizhou City, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|