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Swann WA, Yadav A, Colvin NB, Freundl NK, Li CW. Diastereoselective Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted Olefins using a Heterogeneous Pt-Ni Alloy Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317710. [PMID: 38407502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Stereoselective hydrogenation of tetrasubstituted olefins is an attractive method to access compounds with two contiguous stereocenters. However, homogeneous catalysts for enantio- and diastereoselective hydrogenation exhibit low reactivity toward tetrasubstituted olefins due to steric crowding between the ligand scaffold and the substrate. Monometallic heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, provide accessible surface active sites for hindered olefins but exhibit unpredictable and inconsistent stereoinduction. In this work, we develop a Pt-Ni bimetallic alloy catalyst that can diastereoselectively hydrogenate unactivated, sterically-bulky tetrasubstituted olefins, utilizing the more oxophilic Ni atoms to adsorb a hydroxyl directing group and direct facially-selective hydrogen addition to the olefin via the Pt atoms. Structure-activity studies on several Pt-Ni compositions underscore the importance of exposing a uniform PtNi alloy surface to achieve high diastereoselectivity and minimize side reactions. The optimized Pt-Ni/SiO2 catalyst exhibits good functional group tolerance and broad scope for tetrasubstituted olefins in a cyclopentene scaffold, generating cyclopentanol products with three contiguous stereocenters. The synthetic utility of the method is demonstrated in a four-step synthesis of (1R,2S)-(+)-cis-methyldihydrojasmonate with high yield and enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Swann
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anish Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas B Colvin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nicole K Freundl
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christina W Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Timmann S, Wu TH, Golz C, Alcarazo M. Reactivity of α-diazo sulfonium salts: rhodium-catalysed ring expansion of indenes to naphthalenes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5938-5943. [PMID: 38665534 PMCID: PMC11040645 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the presence of catalytic amounts of the paddlewheel dirhodium complex Rh2(esp)2, α-diazo dibenzothiophenium salts generate highly electrophilic Rh-coordinated carbenes, which evolve differently depending on their substitution pattern. Keto-moieties directly attached to the azomethinic carbon promote carbene insertion into one of the adjacent C-S bonds, giving rise to highly electrophilic dibenzothiopyrilium salts. This intramolecular pathway is not operative when the carbene carbon bears ester or trifluoromethyl substituents; in fact, these species react with olefins delivering easy to handle cyclopropyl-substituted sulfonium salts. When indenes are the olefins of choice, the initially formed cyclopropyl rings smoothly open with concomitant departure of dibenzothiophene, enabling access to a series of 2-functionalized naphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Timmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tun-Hui Wu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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3
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Niu C, Zhang Z, Li Q, Cheng Z, Jiao N, Zhang C. Selective Ring-Opening Amination of Isochromans and Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401318. [PMID: 38459760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The molecular structure-editing through selective C-C bond cleavage allows for the precise modification of molecular structures and opens up new possibilities in chemical synthesis. By strategically cleaving C-C bonds and editing the molecular structure, more efficient and versatile pathways for the synthesis of complex compounds could be designed, which brings significant implications for drug development and materials science. o-Aminophenethyl alcohols and amines are the essential key motifs in bioactive and functional material molecules. The traditional synthesis of these compounds usually requires multiple steps which could generate inseparable isomers and induce low efficiencies. By leveraging a molecular editing strategy, we herein reported a selective ring-opening amination of isochromans and tetrahydroisoquinolines for the efficient synthesis of o-aminophenethyl alcohols and amines. This innovative chemistry allows for the precise cleavage of C-C bonds under mild transition metal-free conditions. Notably, further synthetic application demonstrated that our method could provide an efficient approach to essential components of diverse bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Niu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
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4
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Nan J, Huang Q, Men X, Yang S, Wang J, Ma Y. Palladium-catalyzed denitrogenation/vinylation of benzotriazinones with vinylene carbonate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3571-3574. [PMID: 38469678 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00059e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel Pd-catalyzed denitrogenation/vinylation of benzotriazinones using vinylene carbonate as the vinylation reagent is reported. This transformation demonstrates an unprecedented skeletal editing approach, effectively converting NN to CC fragments in situ and synthesizing a collection of isoquinolinones with broad-spectrum functional group tolerance. Moreover, the quite concise reaction system and late-stage modification of bioactive molecules comprehensively underscore the practical potential of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Nan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Therapeutics Research, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xinran Men
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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5
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Xin H, Yang M, Guan C, Li J, Gao P, Yang X, Duan XH, Guo LN. Iron-Catalyzed Cyanide-Free Synthesis of Alkyl Nitriles: Oxidative Deconstruction of Cycloalkanones with Ammonium Salts and Aerobic Oxidation. Org Lett 2024; 26:2266-2270. [PMID: 38451860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A sustainable, cyanide-free synthesis of alkyl nitriles via the aerobic oxidative deconstruction of unstrained cycloalkanones with ammonium salts has been developed. Using inexpensive and stable ammonium salts as the nitrogen source, a variety of alkyl nitriles containing a distal carbonyl group were obtained in good yields under visible-light-promoted iron catalysis. This protocol is characterized by mild conditions, abundant and environmentally benign materials, and high atom and step economy with minimal waste generation. The primary mechanism study revealed that 1O2 is likely to be involved in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xin
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Cheng Guan
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jialong Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pin Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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6
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Li L, Chen H, Liu M, Zhu Q, Zhang H, de Ruiter G, Bi X. Silver-Catalyzed Dearomative Skeletal Editing of Indazoles by Donor Carbene Insertion. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304227. [PMID: 38199953 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of heterocyclic scaffolds in drug-related molecules, converting these highly modular heterocyclic scaffolds into structural diversified and dearomatized analogs is an ideal strategy for improving their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we described an efficient method for silver carbene-mediated dearomative N-N bond cleavage leading to skeletal hopping between indazole and 1,2-dihydroquinazoline via a highly selective single-carbon insertion procedure. Using this methodology, a series of dihydroquinazoline analogues with diarylmethylene-substituted quaternary carbon centers were constructed with excellent yields and good functional group compatibility, which was further illustrated by the late-stage diversification of important pharmaceutically active ingredients. DFT calculations indicated that the silver catalyst not only induces the formation of the silver carbene, but also activates the diazahexatriene intermediate, which plays a crucial role in the formation of the C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Qingwen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
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7
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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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8
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Bhattacharjee S, Hajra A. Skeletal Editing through Molecular Recombination of 2H-Indazoles to Azo-Linked-Quinazolinones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303240. [PMID: 38019105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A new protocol by the combinatory use of two equivalent of indazoles starting material with one being the carbon source via its C3-reactivity and the other, the coupling partner has been developed for the selectfluor-mediated single atom skeletal editing of 2H-indazoles. The azo-linked-2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4-one derivatives were obtained through a carbon atom insertion between the two nitrogens of the indazole ring and simultaneous oxidation at C3 position of both indazole moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the amidic carbonyl oxygen of the product is derived from water and the reaction proceeds through in-situ generated N-centred indazolone radical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvam Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
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9
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He Y, Wang J, Zhu T, Zheng Z, Wei H. Nitrogen atom insertion into arenols to access benzazepines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2612-2617. [PMID: 38362409 PMCID: PMC10866339 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in site-selective molecular editing have enabled structural modification on complex molecules. However, thus far, their applications have been restricted to C-H functionalization chemistry. The modification of the underlying molecular skeleton remains limited. Here, we describe a skeletal editing approach that provides access to benzazepine structures through direct nitrogen atom insertion into arenols. Using widely available arenols as benzazepine precursors, this alternative approach allowed the streamlined assembly of benzazepines with broad functional group tolerance. Experimental mechanistic studies support a reaction pathway involving dearomatizative azidation and then aryl migration. This study further highlights the potential for carbon-nitrogen transmutation sequences through combinations with oxidative carbon atom deletion, providing an alternative for the development of N-heteroarenes and demonstrating significant potential in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Zhaojing Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
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10
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Guerzoni MG, van Ingen Y, Babaahmadi R, Wirth T, Richards E, Melen RL. An un-forgotten classic: the nitro-Mannich reaction between nitrones and silyl nitronates catalysed by B(C 6F 5) 3. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2648-2654. [PMID: 38362430 PMCID: PMC10866342 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the B(C6F5)3-catalysed nitro-Mannich reaction between nitrones and silyl nitronates, affording silyl-protected α-nitro hydroxylamines with yields up to 99% and diastereoselectivities up to 99 : 1. Crucially, the obtained products can be converted into 1,2-diamines under simple reductive conditions. This work provides a new orthogonal method to the existing routes for the instalment of a nitro moiety under Lewis acid catalysed conditions, and expands the state-of-the-art substrate scope with respect to the silyl nitronates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Guerzoni
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Rasool Babaahmadi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Emma Richards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales UK
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub Maindy Road, Cathays Cardiff CF24 4HQ Cymru/Wales UK
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11
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Guo H, Qiu S, Xu P. One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Indoles and Pyrroles: A Straightforward Access to 3-Fluorinated Quinolines and Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202317104. [PMID: 38079290 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
3-Fluorinated quinolines and pyridines are prevalent pharmacophores, yet their synthesis is often challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that dibromofluoromethane as bromofluorocarbene source enables the one-carbon ring expansion of readily available indoles and pyrroles to structurally diverse 3-fluorinated quinolines and pyridines. This straightforward protocol requires only a short reaction time of ten minutes and can be performed under air atmosphere. Preliminary investigations reveal that this strategy can also be applied to the synthesis of other valuable azines by using different 1,1-dibromoalkanes as bromocarbene sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shiqin Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
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12
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Reisenbauer JC, Paschke ASK, Krizic J, Botlik BB, Finkelstein P, Morandi B. Direct Access to Quinazolines and Pyrimidines from Unprotected Indoles and Pyrroles through Nitrogen Atom Insertion. Org Lett 2023; 25:8419-8423. [PMID: 37983173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-atom insertion reactions have opened up new synthetic approaches for molecular diversification. Developing innovative strategies to directly transform biologically relevant molecules, without any prefunctionalization, is key to further expanding the scope and utility of such transformations. Herein, the direct access to quinazolines and pyrimidines from the corresponding unprotected 1H-indoles and 1H-pyrroles is reported, relying on the implementation of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS) as a novel nitrogen atom source in combination with commercially available hypervalent iodine reagents. Further application of this strategy in late-stage settings demonstrates its potential in lead structure diversification campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelena Krizic
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bence B Botlik
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Singh S, Chakrabortty G, Raha Roy S. Skeletal rearrangement through photocatalytic denitrogenation: access to C-3 aminoquinolin-2(1 H)-ones. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12541-12547. [PMID: 38020365 PMCID: PMC10646921 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of an amine group to a heteroaromatic system is a challenging synthetic process, yet it is an essential one in the development of many bioactive molecules. Here, we report an alternative method for the synthesis of 3-amino quinolin-2(1H)-one that overcomes the limitations of traditional methods by editing the molecular skeleton via a cascade C-N bond formation and denitrogenation process. We used TMSN3 as an aminating agent and a wide variety of 3-ylideneoxindoles as synthetic precursors for the quinolin-2(1H)-one backbone, which demonstrates remarkable tolerance of sensitive functional groups. The control experiments showed that the triazoline intermediate plays a significant role in the formation of the product. The spectroscopic investigation further defined the potential reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Gopal Chakrabortty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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14
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Abstract
When searching for the ideal molecule to fill a particular functional role (for example, a medicine), the difference between success and failure can often come down to a single atom1. Replacing an aromatic carbon atom with a nitrogen atom would be enabling in the discovery of potential medicines2, but only indirect means exist to make such C-to-N transmutations, typically by parallel synthesis3. Here, we report a transformation that enables the direct conversion of a heteroaromatic carbon atom into a nitrogen atom, turning quinolines into quinazolines. Oxidative restructuring of the parent azaarene gives a ring-opened intermediate bearing electrophilic sites primed for ring reclosure and expulsion of a carbon-based leaving group. Such a 'sticky end' approach subverts existing atom insertion-deletion approaches and as a result avoids skeleton-rotation and substituent-perturbation pitfalls common in stepwise skeletal editing. We show a broad scope of quinolines and related azaarenes, all of which can be converted into the corresponding quinazolines by replacement of the C3 carbon with a nitrogen atom. Mechanistic experiments support the critical role of the activated intermediate and indicate a more general strategy for the development of C-to-N transmutation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colin Stein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Reactions capable of transposing the oxidation levels of adjacent carbon atoms enable rapid and fundamental alteration of a molecule's reactivity. Herein, we report the 1,2-transposition of the carbon atom oxidation level in cyclic and acyclic tertiary amides, resulting in the one-pot synthesis of 1,2- and 1,3-oxygenated tertiary amines. This oxidation level transfer was facilitated by the careful orchestration of an iridium-catalyzed reduction with the functionalization of transiently formed enamine intermediates. A novel 1,2-carbonyl transposition is described, and the breadth of this redox transposition strategy has been further explored by the development of aminoalcohol and enaminone syntheses. The diverse β-functionalized amine products were shown to be multifaceted and valuable synthetic intermediates, accessing challenging biologically relevant motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. A. Shennan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Alonso
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Rossini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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16
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Abstract
In this study, we describe the direct insertion of an intramolecular nitrogen atom into an aromatic C-C bond. In this transformation, carbamoyl azides are activated by a Rh catalyst and subsequently directly inserted into the C-C bond of an arene ring to access fused azepine products. This transformation is challenging, owing to the existence of a competitive C-H amination pathway. The use of a paddlewheel dirhodium complex Rh2(esp)2 effectively inhibited the undesired C-H insertion. Density functional theory calculations were performed to reveal the reaction mechanism and origin of the chemoselectivity of the Rh-catalyzed reactions. The novel fused azepine products are highly robust and allow for downstream diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jinghao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tianyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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17
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Sandvoß A, Wahl JM. From Cycloalkanols to Heterocycles via Nitrogen Insertion. Org Lett 2023; 25:5795-5799. [PMID: 37503963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cyclic alcohols are found to undergo nitrogen insertion by subjection to O-mesitylsulfonylhydroxylamine. Critical to a successful process is the use of fluorinated alcoholic solvents, which ensures sufficient substrate activation to allow engagement with the ambiphilic aminating agent. This transition-metal-free nitrogen insertion provides access to a variety of medicinally relevant heterocycles such as pyrrolidenes, quinolines, and benzazepines (24 examples). Furthermore, combination with a photochemical Norrish-Yang-type cyclization allows an unprecedented access to indoles from ortho-substituted acetophenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sandvoß
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes M Wahl
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Wang H, Shao H, Das A, Dutta S, Chan HT, Daniliuc C, Houk KN, Glorius F. Dearomative ring expansion of thiophenes by bicyclobutane insertion. Science 2023; 381:75-81. [PMID: 37410837 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal ring enlargement is gaining renewed interest in synthetic chemistry and has recently focused on insertion of one or two atoms. Strategies for heterocyclic expansion through small-ring insertion remain elusive, although they would lead to the efficient formation of bicyclic products. Here, we report a photoinduced dearomative ring enlargement of thiophenes by insertion of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes to produce eight-membered bicyclic rings under mild conditions. The synthetic value, broad functional-group compatibility, and excellent chemo- and regioselectivity were demonstrated by scope evaluation and product derivatization. Experimental and computational studies point toward a photoredox-induced radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ankita Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hok Tsun Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Finkelstein P, Reisenbauer JC, Botlik BB, Green O, Florin A, Morandi B. Nitrogen atom insertion into indenes to access isoquinolines. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2954-2959. [PMID: 36937579 PMCID: PMC10016357 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a convenient protocol for a nitrogen atom insertion into indenes to afford isoquinolines. The reaction uses a combination of commercially available phenyliodine(iii) diacetate (PIDA) and ammonium carbamate as the nitrogen source to furnish a wide range of isoquinolines. Various substitution patterns and commonly used functional groups are well tolerated. The operational simplicity renders this protocol broadly applicable and has been successfully extended towards the direct interconversion of cyclopentadienes into the corresponding pyridines. Furthermore, this strategy enables the facile synthesis of 15N labelled isoquinolines, using 15NH4Cl as a commercial 15N source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Finkelstein
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Julia C Reisenbauer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bence B Botlik
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ori Green
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Andri Florin
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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