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Minnow YVT, Schramm VL, Almo SC, Ghosh A. Phosphate Binding in PNP Alters Transition-State Analogue Affinity and Subunit Cooperativity. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3116-3125. [PMID: 37812583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) catalyze the phosphorolysis of 6-oxypurine nucleosides with an HPO42- dianion nucleophile. Nucleosides and phosphate occupy distinct pockets in the PNP active site. Evaluation of the HPO42- site by mutagenesis, cooperative binding studies, and thermodynamic and structural analysis demonstrate that alterations in the HPO42- binding site can render PNP inactive and significantly impact subunit cooperativity and binding to transition-state analogue inhibitors. Cooperative interactions between the cationic transition-state analogue and the anionic HPO42- nucleophile demonstrate the importance of reforming the transition-state ensemble for optimal inhibition with transition-state analogues. Altered phosphate binding in the catalytic site mutants helps to explain one of the known lethal PNP deficiency syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoba V T Minnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Agnidipta Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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Evans GB, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. The transition to magic bullets - transition state analogue drug design. Medchemcomm 2018; 9:1983-1993. [PMID: 30627387 PMCID: PMC6295874 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of industry partnerships, most academic groups lack the infrastructure to rationally design and build drugs via methods used in industry. Instead, academia needs to work smarter using mechanism-based design. Working smarter can mean the development of new drug discovery paradigms and then demonstrating their utility and reproducibility to industry. The collaboration between Vern Schramm's group at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA and Peter Tyler at the Ferrier Research Institute at The Victoria University of Wellington, NZ has refined a drug discovery process called transition state analogue design. This process has been applied to several biomedically relevant nucleoside processing enzymes. In 2017, Mundesine®, conceived using transition state analogue design, received market approval for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma in Japan. This short review looks at a brief history of transition state analogue design, the fundamentals behind the development of this process, and the success of enzyme inhibitors produced using this drug design methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Evans
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY 10461 , USA
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Rd , Lower Hutt , 5010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 463 0048
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Abid H, Harigua-Souiai E, Mejri T, Barhoumi M, Guizani I. Leishmania infantum 5'-Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase presents relevant structural divergence to constitute a potential drug target. BMC Struct Biol 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 29258562 PMCID: PMC5738077 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-017-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), an enzyme involved in purine and polyamine metabolism and in the methionine salvage pathway, is considered as a potential drug target against cancer and trypanosomiasis. In fact, Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites lack de novo purine pathways and rely on purine salvage pathways to meet their requirements. Herein, we propose the first comprehensive bioinformatic and structural characterization of the putative Leishmania infantum MTAP (LiMTAP), using a comparative computational approach. RESULTS Sequence analysis showed that LiMTAP shared higher identity rates with the Trypanosoma brucei (TbMTAP) and the human (huMTAP) homologs as compared to the human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (huPNP). Motifs search using MEME identified more common patterns and higher relatedness of the parasite proteins to the huMTAP than to the huPNP. The 3D structures of LiMTAP and TbMTAP were predicted by homology modeling and compared to the crystal structure of the huMTAP. These models presented conserved secondary structures compared to the huMTAP, with a similar topology corresponding to the Rossmann fold. This confirmed that both LiMTAP and TbMTAP are members of the NP-I family. In comparison to the huMTAP, the 3D model of LiMTAP showed an additional α-helix, at the C terminal extremity. One peptide located in this specific region was used to generate a specific antibody to LiMTAP. In comparison with the active site (AS) of huMTAP, the parasite ASs presented significant differences in the shape and the electrostatic potentials (EPs). Molecular docking of 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) and 5'-hydroxyethylthio-adenosine (HETA) on the ASs on the three proteins predicted differential binding modes and interactions when comparing the parasite proteins to the human orthologue. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted significant structural peculiarities, corresponding to functionally relevant sequence divergence in LiMTAP, making of it a potential drug target against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Abid
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/ LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/ LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thouraya Mejri
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/ LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/ LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (LR11IPT04/ LR16IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Shemesh Y, Yavin E. Postsynthetic conjugation of RNA to carboxylate and dicarboxylate molecules. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2015; 34:753-62. [PMID: 26422297 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1073299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylates and dicarboxylates are important phosphate mimics. Herein, we present a simple synthetic route for the preparation of RNA carboxylate/dicarboxylate conjugates, starting from suitably protected NH2- and COOH-containing molecules that are coupled to the RNA on the solid support. The key point in our method was the use of trimethylsilylethanol (TMSE-OH) protecting group, which is removed simultaneously with the silyl protecting group on the 2'-OH of the RNA ribose (e.g. t-Butyldimethylsilyl) during the final RNA cleavage/deprotection steps. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by preparing different RNA-phosphate mimics oligos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Shemesh
- a School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Hadassah Ein-Kerem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Eylon Yavin
- a School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Hadassah Ein-Kerem , Jerusalem , Israel
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5
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Temburnikar KW, Ross CR, Wilson GM, Balzarini J, Cawrse BM, Seley-Radtke KL. Antiproliferative activities of halogenated pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4354-63. [PMID: 26122770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro evaluation of the halogenated pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines identified antiproliferative activities in compounds 1 and 2 against four different cancer cell lines. Upon screening of a series of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines, the 2,4-Cl compound 1 was found to exhibit antiproliferative activity at low micromolar concentrations. Introduction of iodine at C7 resulted in significant enhancement of potency by reducing the IC50 into sub-micromolar levels, thereby suggesting the importance of a halogen at C7. This finding was further supported by an increased antiproliferative effect for 4 as compared to 3. Cell-cycle and apoptosis studies conducted on the two potent compounds 1 and 2 showed differences in their cytotoxic mechanisms in triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, wherein compound 1 induced cells to accumulate at the G2/M stage with little evidence of apoptotic death. In contrast, compound 2 robustly induced apoptosis with concomitant G2/M cell cycle arrest in this cell model.
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: structural variations around phosphonate anchor and spacer of fosmidomycin, a potent inhibitor of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3203-7. [PMID: 20429517 DOI: 10.1021/jo9024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin and its analogue FR-900098 are potent inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reducto-isomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. This paper describes the synthesis of analogues of the two reverse phosphonohydroxamic acids 3 and 4, in which the length of the carbon spacer is modified, the N-methyl group of 3 is replaced by an ethyl group, and the phosphate group is replaced by potential isosteric moieties, i.e., sulfonate or carboxylate functionalities. The potential of the synthesized analogues to inhibit the E. coli DXR was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zinglé
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Byun Y, Vogel SR, Phipps AJ, Carnrot C, Eriksson S, Tiwari R, Tjarks W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of inhibitors of thymidine monophosphate kinase from Bacillus anthracis. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008; 27:244-60. [PMID: 18260009 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701845238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen lipophilic thymidine phosphate-mimicking compounds were designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors of thymidine monophosphate kinase of Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive bacterium that causes anthrax. These thymidine analogues were substituted at the 5'-postion with sulfonamide-, amide-, (thio)urea-, or triazole groups, which served as lipophilic surrogates for phosphate. Three of the tested compounds produced inhibition of B. anthracis Sterne growth and/or thymidine monophosphate activity. Additional studies will be necessary to elucidate the potential of this type of B. anthracis thymidine monophosphate inhibitors as novel antibiotics in the treatment of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Byun
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Exploring the other side of biologically relevant chemical space: Insights into carboxylic, sulfonic and phosphonic acid bioisosteric relationships. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:728-39. [PMID: 17544772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioisosteric replacements have been widely and successfully applied to develop bioisosteric series of biologically active compounds in medicinal chemistry. In this work, the concept of bioisosterism is revisited using a novel approach based on charting the "other side" of biologically relevant chemical space. This space is composed by the ensemble of binding sites of protein structures. Explorations into the "other side" of biologically relevant chemical space are exploited to gain insight into the principles that rules molecular recognition and bioisosteric relationships of molecular fragments. We focused, in particular, on the construction of the "other side" of chemical space covered by binding sites of small molecules containing carboxylic, sulfonic, and phosphonic acidic groups. The analysis of differences in the occupation of that space by distinct types of binding sites unveils how evolution has worked in assessing principles that rule the selectivity of molecular recognition, and improves our knowledge on the molecular basis of bioisosteric relationships among carboxylic, sulfonic, and phosphonic acidic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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9
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Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency disorder in which the specific molecular defect was identified. Clinically, a lack of PNP manifests as profound T-cell deficiency with minor or variable changes in the humoral system. Biochemically, the absence of PNP results in an increase in plasma deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and a T-cell-specific increase in intracellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). This observation has been the impetus for the search for either inhibitors of the enzyme or PNP-resistant dGuo analogues as potential anti-T-cell-lineage agents over the past 30 years. Forodesine (an inhibitor of PNP) and nelarabine (a PNP-resistant dGuo analogue) proved to be T-cell selective when tested in clinic. This review summarises the preclinical, clinical and pharmacokinetic investigations with these novel agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Arabinonucleosides/chemistry
- Arabinonucleosides/pharmacology
- Arabinonucleosides/therapeutic use
- Child
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Deoxyguanosine/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/enzymology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Purine Nucleosides
- Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidinones/chemistry
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidinones/therapeutic use
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukaemia, Unit 428, 1515 Holcombe Boulevad, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Hikishima S, Isobe M, Koyanagi S, Soeda S, Shimeno H, Shibuya S, Yokomatsu T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9-(5′,5′-difluoro-5′-phosphonopentyl)guanine derivatives for PNP-inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1660-70. [PMID: 16263289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
9-(5',5'-Difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)guanine (DFPP-G) and its hypoxanthine analogue (DFPP-H) were modified by introducing a methyl group to all possible positions of the linker connecting a purine and difluoromethylenephosphonic acid moiety to evaluate the effects of the methyl group on inhibition against purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The methyl group on the linker affected the inhibition in a positional-dependent manner. Inhibitory potency of alpha-methyl and beta-methyl-substituted analogues of DFPP-H increased by about 600- to 1000-fold upon converting to cyclopropane nucleotide analogue (+/-)-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Hikishima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan
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11
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Castilho MS, Postigo MP, de Paula CBV, Montanari CA, Oliva G, Andricopulo AD. Two- and three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships for a series of purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:516-27. [PMID: 16203153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, and hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) studies were conducted on a series of 52 training set inhibitors of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Significant cross-validated correlation coefficients (CoMFA, q(2)=0.68; CoMSIA, q(2)=0.66; and HQSAR, q(2)=0.70) were obtained, indicating the potential of the models for untested compounds. The models were then used to predict the inhibitory potency of 16 test set compounds that were not included in the training set, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final QSAR models along with the information gathered from 3D contour and 2D contribution maps should be useful for the design of novel inhibitors of PNP having improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo S Castilho
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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12
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Basso LA, da Silva LHP, Fett-Neto AG, de Azevedo WF, Moreira IDS, Palma MS, Calixto JB, Astolfi Filho S, dos Santos RR, Soares MBP, Santos DS. The use of biodiversity as source of new chemical entities against defined molecular targets for treatment of malaria, tuberculosis, and T-cell mediated diseases: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:475-506. [PMID: 16302058 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern approach to the development of new chemical entities against complex diseases, especially the neglected endemic diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, is based on the use of defined molecular targets. Among the advantages, this approach allows (i) the search and identification of lead compounds with defined molecular mechanisms against a defined target (e.g. enzymes from defined pathways), (ii) the analysis of a great number of compounds with a favorable cost/benefit ratio, (iii) the development even in the initial stages of compounds with selective toxicity (the fundamental principle of chemotherapy), (iv) the evaluation of plant extracts as well as of pure substances. The current use of such technology, unfortunately, is concentrated in developed countries, especially in the big pharma. This fact contributes in a significant way to hamper the development of innovative new compounds to treat neglected diseases. The large biodiversity within the territory of Brazil puts the country in a strategic position to develop the rational and sustained exploration of new metabolites of therapeutic value. The extension of the country covers a wide range of climates, soil types, and altitudes, providing a unique set of selective pressures for the adaptation of plant life in these scenarios. Chemical diversity is also driven by these forces, in an attempt to best fit the plant communities to the particular abiotic stresses, fauna, and microbes that co-exist with them. Certain areas of vegetation (Amazonian Forest, Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forest, Cerrado-Brazilian Savanna, and Caatinga) are rich in species and types of environments to be used to search for natural compounds active against tuberculosis, malaria, and chronic-degenerative diseases. The present review describes some strategies to search for natural compounds, whose choice can be based on ethnobotanical and chemotaxonomical studies, and screen for their ability to bind to immobilized drug targets and to inhibit their activities. Molecular cloning, gene knockout, protein expression and purification, N-terminal sequencing, and mass spectrometry are the methods of choice to provide homogeneous drug targets for immobilization by optimized chemical reactions. Plant extract preparations, fractionation of promising plant extracts, propagation protocols and definition of in planta studies to maximize product yield of plant species producing active compounds have to be performed to provide a continuing supply of bioactive materials. Chemical characterization of natural compounds, determination of mode of action by kinetics and other spectroscopic methods (MS, X-ray, NMR), as well as in vitro and in vivo biological assays, chemical derivatization, and structure-activity relationships have to be carried out to provide a thorough knowledge on which to base the search for natural compounds or their derivatives with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Augusto Basso
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brasil.
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13
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de Azevedo WF, dos Santos GC, dos Santos DM, Olivieri JR, Canduri F, Silva RG, Basso LA, Renard G, da Fonseca IO, Mendes MA, Palma MS, Santos DS. Docking and small angle X-ray scattering studies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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de Azevedo WF, Canduri F, dos Santos DM, Silva RG, de Oliveira JS, de Carvalho LPS, Basso LA, Mendes MA, Palma MS, Santos DS. Crystal structure of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 2.3A resolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:545-52. [PMID: 12914785 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes the phosphorolysis of the N-ribosidic bonds of purine nucleosides and deoxynucleosides. In human, PNP is the only route for degradation of deoxyguanosine and genetic deficiency of this enzyme leads to profound T-cell mediated immunosuppression. PNP is therefore a target for inhibitor development aiming at T-cell immune response modulation and its low resolution structure has been used for drug design. Here we report the structure of human PNP solved to 2.3A resolution using synchrotron radiation and cryocrystallographic techniques. This structure allowed a more precise analysis of the active site, generating a more reliable model for substrate binding. The higher resolution data allowed the identification of water molecules in the active site, which suggests binding partners for potential ligands. Furthermore, the present structure may be used in the new structure-based design of PNP inhibitors.
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15
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Abstract
Newborns with a genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) are normal, but exhibit a specific T-cell immunodeficiency during the first years of development. All other cell and organ systems remain functional. The biological significance of human PNP is degradation of deoxyguanosine, and apoptosis of T-cells occurs as a consequence of the accumulation of deoxyguanosine in the circulation, and dGTP in the cells. Control of T-cell proliferation is desirable in T-cell cancers, autoimmune diseases, and tissue transplant rejection. The search for powerful inhibitors of PNP as anti-T-cell agents has culminated in the immucillins. These inhibitors have been developed from knowledge of the transition state structure for the reactions catalyzed by PNP, and inhibit with picomolar dissociation constants. Immucillin-H (Imm-H) causes deoxyguanosine-dependent apoptosis of rapidly dividing human T-cells, but not other cell types. Human T-cell leukemia cells, and stimulated normal T-cells are both highly sensitive to the combination of Imm-H to block PNP and deoxyguanosine. Deoxyguanosine is the cytotoxin, and Imm-H alone has low toxicity. Single doses of Imm-H to mice cause accumulation of deoxyguanosine in the blood, and its administration prolongs the life of immunodeficient mice in a human T-cell tissue xenograft model. Immucillins are capable of providing complete control of in vivo PNP levels and hold promise for treatment of proliferative T-cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forch. 308, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The reversible phosphorolysis of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides is an important biochemical reaction in the salvage pathway, which provides an alternative to the de novo purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways. Structural studies in our laboratory and by others have revealed that only two folds exist that catalyse the phosphorolysis of all nucleosides, and provide the basis for defining two families of nucleoside phosphorylases. The first family (nucleoside phosphorylase-I) includes enzymes that share a common single-domain subunit, with either a trimeric or a hexameric quaternary structure, and accept a range of both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside substrates. Despite differences in substrate specificity, amino acid sequence and quaternary structure, all members of this family share a characteristic subunit topology. We have also carried out a sequence motif study that identified regions of the common subunit fold that are functionally significant in differentiating the various members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family. Although the substrate-binding sites are arranged similarly for all members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family, a comparison of the active sites from the known structures of this family indicates significant differences between the trimeric and hexameric family members. Sequence comparisons also suggest structural identity between the nucleoside phosphorylase-I family and both 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase and AMP nucleosidase. Members of the second family of nucleoside phosphorylases (nucleoside phosphorylase-II) share a common two-domain subunit fold and a dimeric quaternary structure, share a significant level of sequence identity (>30%) and are specific for pyrimidine nucleosides. Members of this second family accept both thymidine and uridine substrates in lower organisms, but are specific for thymidine in mammals and other higher organisms. A possible relationship between nucleoside phosphorylase-II and anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase has been identified through sequence comparisons. Initial studies in our laboratory suggested that members of the nucleoside phosphorylase-II family require significant domain movements in order for catalysis to proceed. A series of recent structures has confirmed our hypothesis and provided details of these conformational changes. Structural studies of the nucleoside phosphorylases have resulted in a wealth of information that begins to address fundamental biological questions, such as how Nature makes use of the intricate relationships between structure and function, and how biological processes have evolved over time. In addition, the therapeutic potential of suppressing the nucleoside phosphorylase activity in either family of enzymes has motivated efforts to design potent inhibitors. Several research groups have synthesized a variety of nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors that are at various stages of preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pugmire
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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De Jong RL, Davidson JG, Dozeman GJ, Fiore PJ, Giri P, Kelly ME, Puls TP, Seamans RE. The Chemical Development of CI-972 and CI-1000: A Continuous Nitration, A MgCl2/Et3N-Mediated C-Alkylation of a Chloronitropyrimidine, A Catalytic Protodediazotization of a Diazonium Salt, and an Air Oxidation of an Amine. Org Process Res Dev 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/op000298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randall L. De Jong
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - James G. Davidson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Gary J. Dozeman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Philip J. Fiore
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Punam Giri
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Margaret E. Kelly
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Timothy P. Puls
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
| | - Ronald E. Seamans
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Holland Laboratories, 188 Howard Avenue, Holland, Michigan 49424, U.S.A
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18
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Abstract
The ubiquitous purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) play a key role in the purine salvage pathway, and PNP deficiency in humans leads to an impairment of T-cell function, usually with no apparent effects on B-cell function. This review updates the properties of the enzymes from eukaryotes and a wide range of prokaryotes, including a tentative classification of the enzymes from various sources, based on three-dimensional structures in the solid state, subunit composition, amino acid sequences, and substrate specificities. Attention is drawn to the compelling need of quantitative experimental data on subunit composition in solution, binding constants, and stoichiometry of binding; order of ligand binding and release; and its possible relevance to the complex kinetics exhibited with some substrates. Mutations responsible for PNP deficiency are described, as well as clinical methods, including gene therapy, for corrections of this usually fatal disease. Substrate discrimination between enzymes from different sources is also being profited from for development of tumour-directed gene therapy. Detailed accounts are presented of design of potent inhibitors, largely nucleosides and acyclonucleosides, their phosphates and phosphonates, particularly of the human erythrocyte enzyme, some with Ki values in nanomolar and picomolar range, intended for induction of the immunodeficient state for clinical applications, such as prevention of host-versus-graft response in organ transplantations. Methods of assay of PNP activity are reviewed. Also described are applications of PNP from various sources as tools for the enzymatic synthesis of otherwise inaccessible therapeutic nucleoside analogues, as coupling enzymes for assays of orthophosphate in biological systems in the micromolar and submicromolar ranges, and for coupled assays of other enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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19
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Bookser BC, Kasibhatla SR, Erion MD. AMP deaminase inhibitors. 4. Further N3-substituted coformycin aglycon analogues: N3-alkylmalonates as ribose 5'-monophosphate mimetics. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1519-24. [PMID: 10780908 DOI: 10.1021/jm9905413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AMP deaminase (AMPDA) inhibitors increase the levels of extracellular adenosine and preserve intracellular adenylate pools in cellular models of ATP depletion and therefore represent a potential new class of antiischemic drugs. Recently we reported that replacement of the ribose 5'-monophosphate component of the very potent transition-state analogue AMPDA inhibitor coformycin monophosphate (1) with a simple alkylcarboxy group resulted in potent, selective, and cell-penetrating AMPDA inhibitors. Here we report that replacement of this alkylcarboxy group with an alpha-substituted alkylmalonic acid resulted in enhanced inhibitor potency. The lead compound, 3-(5, 5-dicarboxy-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-n-hexyl)coformycin aglycon (21), exhibited an AMPDA K(i) of 0.029 microM which is (3 x 10(5))-fold lower than the K(M) for the natural substrate AMP. A comparison of inhibitory potencies shows that the diacid analogues with alpha-benzyl substituents are 2-10-fold more inhibitory than similar monoacid-monoester, monoester-monoamide, or diester derivatives. Finally, these diacid analogues are 2-40-fold more potent inhibitors than the corresponding monocarboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Bookser
- Metabasis Therapeutics Inc., 9390 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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20
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Esteban-Gamboa A, Balzarini J, Esnouf R, De Clercq E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Design, synthesis, and enzymatic evaluation of multisubstrate analogue inhibitors of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2000; 43:971-83. [PMID: 10715161 DOI: 10.1021/jm9911377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of acyclic phosphonate derivatives of thymine has been synthesized and tested as multisubstrate analogue inhibitors of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. The compounds synthesized include 1-(phosphonoalkyl)thymines with six to nine methylenes (1-4, respectively); 1-[(Z)-4-phosphonomethoxy-2-butenyl]thymine (5) and its butyl and 2,3-cis-dihydroxybutyl derivatives (6 and 7, respectively); 1-[(Z)-(4-(phosphonomethoxy)methoxy)-2-butenyl]thymine (8) and also its butyl and 2,3-cis-dihydroxybutyl analogues (9 and 10); and 1-[((Z)-4-(phosphonomethoxy)-2-butenoxy)methyl]thymine (11). Evaluation of these compounds against E. coli revealed significant enzymatic inhibition by 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 at a concentration of 1000 microM, 3 and 4 being the most potent. Replacement of the thymine base in 3 by 6-amino-5-bromouracil and 7-deazaxanthine afforded compounds 12 and 13, which showed a pronounced improvement of TPase inhibition, comparable to 7-deazaxanthine. When inorganic phosphate was used as a variable substrate, compounds 12 and 13 displayed competitive kinetics with respect to phosphate, indicating a direct interaction of these compounds with the phosphate binding site. Also compounds 12 and 13 were found to be competitive inhibitors of TPase against thymidine as a variable substrate. These results are consistent with the compounds being multisubstrate analogue inhibitors of E. coli TPase, and they represent the first example of such TPase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esteban-Gamboa
- Instituto de Química Médica, C.S.I.C., Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Tebbe J, Bzowska A, Wielgus-Kutrowska B, Schröder W, Kazimierczuk Z, Shugar D, Saenger W, Koellner G. Crystal structure of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Cellulomonas sp. and its implication for the mechanism of trimeric PNPs. J Mol Biol 1999; 294:1239-55. [PMID: 10600382 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Cellulomonas sp. has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The binary complex of the enzyme with orthophosphate was crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a=64.1 A, b=108.9 A, c=119.3 A and an enzymatically active trimer in the asymmetric unit. X-ray data were collected at 4 degrees C using synchrotron radiation (EMBL/DESY, Hamburg). The structure was solved by molecular replacement, with the calf spleen PNP structure as a model, and refined at 2.2 A resolution. The ternary "dead-end" complex of the enzyme with orthophosphate and 8-iodoguanine was obtained by soaking crystals of the binary orthophosphate complex with the very weak substrate 8-iodoguanosine. Data were collected at 100 K with CuKalpha radiation, and the three-dimensional structure refined at 2.4 A resolution. Although the sequence of the Cellulomonas PNP shares only 33 % identity with the calf spleen enzyme, and almost no identity with the hexameric Escherichia coli PNP, all three enzymes have many common structural features, viz. the nine-stranded central beta-sheet, the positions of the active centres, and the geometrical arrangement of the ligands in the active centres. Some similarities of the surrounding helices also prevail. In Cellulomonas PNP, each of the three active centres per trimer is occupied by orthophosphate, and by orthophosphate and base, respectively, and small structural differences between monomers A, B and C are observed. This supports cooperativity between subunits (non-identity of binding sites) rather than existence of more than one binding site per monomer, as previously suggested for binding of phosphate by mammalian PNPs. The phosphate binding site is located between two conserved beta- and gamma-turns and consists of Ser46, Arg103, His105, Gly135 and Ser223, and one or two water molecules. The guanine base is recognized by a zig-zag pattern of possible hydrogen bonds, as follows: guanine N-1...Glu204 O(epsilon1)...guanine NH2...Glu204 O(epsilon2). The exocyclic O6 of the base is bridged via a water molecule to Asn246 N(delta), which accounts for the inhibitory, but lack of substrate, activity of adenosine. An alternative molecular mechanism for catalysis by trimeric PNPs is proposed, in which the key catalytic role is played by Glu204 (Glu201 in the calf and human enzymes), while Asn246 (Asn243 in the mammalian enzymes) supports binding of 6-oxopurines rather than catalysis. This mechanism, in contrast to that previously suggested, is consistent with the excellent substrate properties of N-7 substituted nucleosides, the specificity of trimeric PNPs versus 6-oxopurine nucleosides and the reported kinetic properties of Glu201/Ala and Asn243/Ala point variants of human PNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tebbe
- Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, Berlin, D-14195, Germany
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22
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Cheng J, Farutin V, Wu Z, Jacob-Mosier G, Riley B, Hakimi R, Cordes EH. Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase-Catalyzed, Phosphate-Independent Hydrolysis of 2-Amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine Ribonucleoside. Bioorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/bioo.1999.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Farutin V, Masterson L, Andricopulo AD, Cheng J, Riley B, Hakimi R, Frazer JW, Cordes EH. Structure-activity relationships for a class of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2422-31. [PMID: 10395483 DOI: 10.1021/jm990037y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Values of inhibition constants, Ki, for a family of structurally related, competitive inhibitors of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) have been determined employing both inosine as substrate and a manual assay and 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine ribonucleoside (MESG) as substrate and a robot-based enzyme kinetics facility. Several of the values determined robotically were confirmed employing the same substrate and a manual assay. Surprisingly, for many of the inhibitors examined, values of Ki determined with MESG as substrate are smaller than those obtained employing inosine as substrate by a factor that varies from less than 2 to 10. Values of concentrations required for 50% inhibition of PNP, IC50, have also been determined for the same family of inhibitors employing inosine as substrate. Values of IC50ino and those for Kiino and Kimesg for subsets of the inhibitors have been employed as training sets to create quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) which have substantial power to predict values of IC50 and Ki for inhibitors outside the training set. These QSAR models should be useful in guiding future medicinal chemistry efforts designed to discover inhibitors of PNP having increased potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Farutin
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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24
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25
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Stankovic CJ, Plummer MS, Sawyer TK. Peptidomimetic ligands for src Homology-2 Domains. Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics Volume 1. Elsevier; 1997. pp. 127-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(97)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Patani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0789
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DeWitte RS, Shakhnovich EI. SMoG: de Novo Design Method Based on Simple, Fast, and Accurate Free Energy Estimates. 1. Methodology and Supporting Evidence. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja960751u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. DeWitte
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eugene I. Shakhnovich
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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28
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Li R, Chen X, Gong B, Selzer PM, Li Z, Davidson E, Kurzban G, Miller RE, Nuzum EO, McKerrow JH, Fletterick RJ, Gillmor SA, Craik CS, Kuntz ID, Cohen FE, Kenyon GL. Structure-based design of parasitic protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:1421-7. [PMID: 8894100 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To streamline the preclinical phase of pharmaceutical development, we have explored the utility of structural data on the molecular target and synergy between computational and medicinal chemistry. We have concentrated on parasitic infectious diseases with a particular emphasis on the development of specific noncovalent inhibitors of proteases that play a key role in the parasites' life cycles. Frequently, the structure of the enzyme target of pharmaceutical interest is not available. In this setting we have modeled the structure of the relevant enzyme by virtue of its sequence similarity with proteins of known structure. For example, we have constructed a homology-based model of falcipain, the trophozoite cysteine protease, and used the computational ligand identification algorithm DOCK to identify in compuo enzyme inhibitors including oxalic bis(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl-methylene)hydrazide (1) [Ring, C. S.; Sun, E.; McKerow, J. H.; Lee, G.; Rosenthal, P. J., Kuntz, I. D.; Cohen, F. E., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 3583]. Compound 1 inhibits falcipain (IC50 6 microM) and the organism in vitro as judged by hypoxanthine uptake (IC50 7 microM). Following this lead, to date, we have identified potent bis arylacylhydrazides (IC50 150 nM) and chalcones (IC50 200 nM) that are active against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of malaria. In a second example, cruzain, the crystallographically determined structure of a papain-like cysteine protease, resolved to 2.35 A, was available. Aided by DOCK, we have identified a family of bis-arylacylhydrazides that are potent inhibitors of cruzain (IC50 600 microM). These compounds represent useful leads for pharmaceutical development over strict enzyme inhibition criteria in a structure-based design program.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA, USA
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29
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Cohen NC, Tschinke V. Generation of new-lead structures in computer-aided drug design. Prog Drug Res 1995; 45:205-243. [PMID: 8545538 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7164-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N C Cohen
- Research Department, Pharmaceutical Division, CIBA-GEIGY Limited, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
There are now many successful examples of the design of new ligands based on knowledge of target protein structures. In most cases those ligands are unsuitable as drugs because of problems of toxicity, stability or bioavailability. The past twelve months have also seen the description of the structures of many proteins which are either known to be targets for existing drugs or have clear potential to be utilized in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Colman
- Biomolecular Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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31
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