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Dalla Valle C, Sandri F, Zecca M, Rastrelli F, Campestrini S, Centomo P. Synthesis of Ion-Exchange Catalysts by Introduction of Fluorinated Ponytails into Novel Mesoporous Polymers. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16103808. [PMID: 37241434 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic procedure for the functionalisation of styrenic cross-linked polymers with perfluorinated acyl chains has been reported. The effective significant grafting of the fluorinated moieties is supported by {1H}-13C and {19F}-13C NMR characterisations. This kind of polymer appears promising as catalytic support for a variety of reactions requiring a highly lipophilic catalyst. Indeed, the improved lipophilicity of the materials resulted in enhanced catalytic properties of the corresponding sulfonic materials in the reaction of esterification of a solution in a vegetable oil of stearic acid with methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dalla Valle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sandri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sandro Campestrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Centomo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Koler A, Brus J, Krajnc P. RAFT Polymerisation and Hypercrosslinking Improve Crosslink Homogeneity and Surface Area of Styrene Based PolyHIPEs. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102255. [PMID: 37242829 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of a polymerisation mechanism (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; RAFT vs. free radical polymerisation; FRP) on the porous structure of highly porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) polymers was investigated. The highly porous polymers were synthesised via high internal phase emulsion templating (polymerizing the continuous phase of a high internal phase emulsion), utilising either FRP or RAFT processes. Furthermore, residual vinyl groups in the polymer chains were used for the subsequent crosslinking (hypercrosslinking) applying di-tert-butyl peroxide as the source of radicals. A significant difference in the specific surface area of polymers prepared by FRP (between 20 and 35 m2/g) and samples prepared by RAFT polymerisation (between 60 and 150 m2/g) was found. Based on the results from gas adsorption and solid state NMR, it could be concluded that the RAFT polymerisation affects the homogeneous distribution of the crosslinks in the highly crosslinked styrene-co-divinylbenzene polymer network. During the initial crosslinking, RAFT polymerisation leads to the increase in mesopores with diameters between 2 and 20 nm, resulting in good accessibility of polymer chains during the hypercrosslinking reaction, which is reflected in increased microporosity. The fraction of micropores created during the hypercrosslinking of polymers prepared via RAFT is around 10% of the total pore volume, which is up to 10 times more than for polymers prepared by FRP. Specific surface area, mesopore surface area, and total pore volume after hypercrosslinking reach almost the same values, regardless of the initial crosslinking. The degree of hypercrosslinking was confirmed by determination of the remaining double bonds by solid-state NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeja Koler
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jiři Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Thanh NH, Shaariikhuu E, Nguyen TX, Hossain MS, Tae EL, Reddy GD, Yoon KB. Cross‐linked polystyrene and polydivinylbenzene release significant amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at ambient temperature. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eunju Lee Tae
- Department of Chemistry Sogang University Seoul Korea
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Lin K, Mdlovu NV, Chan H, Wu KC, Wu JC, Huang Y. Preparation and characterization of mesoporous polymer-based solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification of palmitic oils. Catal Today 2022; 397-399:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yavuz MS, Citir M. Highly efficient chlorinated solvent uptake by novel covalent organic networks via thiol-ene chemistry. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 79:6343-6356. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhou J, Liu Z, Heng Z, Zhang H, He J, Ge Y, Chen Y, Zou H, Liang M. Utilizing the “Dangling Group Effect” Caused by the Cross-Linked Network Topology Transformation to Prepare High-Performance and Deformable Resins and Composites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Zhuodong Liu
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Zhengguang Heng
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Haoruo Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Junliang He
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ge
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
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Altuna-Ruiz de Eguino A, Cormack PAG, Prunet J. Olefin Cross Metathesis as a Versatile Method for the Facile Functionalization of Porous Polymers. Org Lett 2020; 22:2481-2485. [PMID: 32129631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olefin cross metathesis has been employed for the first time for the postpolymerization chemical modification of porous polymers. High quality microspheres of poly(divinylbenzene) were synthesized by the precipitation polymerization of divinylbenzene-55 in porogenic solvents, and the olefin cross metathesis reactions of the pendent (polymer-bound) vinyl groups not consumed by polymerization were performed with diverse coupling partners in dichloromethane using the Grubbs 2 catalyst, leading to microspheres decorated with a wide range of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Altuna-Ruiz de Eguino
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.,WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Peter A G Cormack
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Mella C, Torres CC, Pecchi G, Campos CH. Mesoporous Palladium N,N'-Bis(3-Allylsalicylidene)o-Phenylenediamine-Methyl Acrylate Resins as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Heck Coupling Reaction. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12162612. [PMID: 31426313 PMCID: PMC6721152 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Palladium N,N'-bis(3-allylsalicylidene)o-phenylenediamine complex (PdAS) immobilized onto mesoporous polymeric methyl acrylate (MA) based resins (PdAS(x)-MA, x = 1, 2, 5, or 10 wt.%) were successfully prepared as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck reaction. The catalysts were synthesized via radical suspension polymerization using PdAS as a metal chelate monomer, divinylbenzene and MA as co-monomers. The effect of the PdAS(x) content on the physicochemical properties of the resins is also reported. The catalysts were characterized by using a range of analytical techniques. The large surface area (>580 m2·g-1) and thermal stability (up to 250 °C) of the PdAS(x)-MA materials allows their application as catalysts in the C-C coupling reaction between iodobenzene and MA in the presence of trimethylamine at 120 °C using DMF as the solvent. The PdAS(10)-MA catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic performance with no significant catalytic loss being observed after five reuses, thereby indicating excellent catalyst stability in the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mella
- Depto. Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile
| | - Cecilia C Torres
- Depto. de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4300866, Chile
| | - Gina Pecchi
- Depto. Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile
- Millenium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Santiago 8340518, Chile
| | - Cristian H Campos
- Depto. Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile.
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10
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Altava B, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Chiral catalysts immobilized on achiral polymers: effect of the polymer support on the performance of the catalyst. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2722-2771. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Achiral polymeric supports can have important positive effects on the activity, stability and selectivity of supported chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Altava
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- University Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | - M. Isabel Burguete
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- University Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
| | | | - Santiago V. Luis
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
- University Jaume I
- Castellón
- Spain
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12
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Chen L, Wang L, Pan T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang D. Calibration of solid state NMR carbon structural parameters and application in coal structure analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 45:1153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-5813(17)30053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Sala RL, Oliveira Xavier TP, Venâncio T, Arantes TM, Paranhos CM, Camargo ER. Dynamic and structural correlations in nanocomposites of silica with modified surface and carboxylated nitrile rubber. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 466:247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Hanková L, Holub L, Meng X, Xiao FS, Jeřábek K. Role of water as a coporogen in the synthesis of mesoporous poly(divinylbenzenes). J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libuše Hanková
- Department of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR; v.v.i. 165 02 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Holub
- Department of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR; v.v.i. 165 02 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Feng-Shou Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310028 China
| | - Karel Jeřábek
- Department of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR; v.v.i. 165 02 Prague Czech Republic
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Sevšek U, Brus J, Jeřabek K, Krajnc P. Post polymerisation hypercrosslinking of styrene/divinylbenzene poly(HIPE)s: Creating micropores within macroporous polymer. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Albuszis M, Roth PJ, Pauer W, Moritz HU. Macroporous uniform azide- and alkyne-functional polymer microspheres with tuneable surface area: synthesis, in-depth characterization and click-modification. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00709c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With surface areas of up to 467 m2 g−1, crosslinked azide- and alkyne-functional poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) microparticles enable versatile modification throughout the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Albuszis
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Werner Pauer
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Moritz
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Liguori F, Coiai S, Passaglia E, Barbaro P. Strong Cation Exchange with Innocence: Synthesis and Characterization of Borate Containing Resins and Macroporous Monoliths. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401120v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici,
Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Serena Coiai
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici,
UOS Pisa, via Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici,
UOS Pisa, via Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici,
Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Wang L, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhu L, Zhang H, Liu F, Zheng D, Meng X, Shi X, Xiao FS. Copper-Incorporated Porous Polydivinylbenzene as Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst in Ullmann Biaryl Ether Coupling. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kalidhasan S, Kumar ASK, Rajesh V, Rajesh N. An efficient ultrasound assisted approach for the impregnation of room temperature ionic liquid onto Dowex 1×8 resin matrix and its application toward the enhanced adsorption of chromium (VI). J Hazard Mater 2012; 213-214:249-257. [PMID: 22365143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The work discussed in this paper is based on the utilization of ultrasound in conjunction with an ionic liquid (Aliquat 336) impregnated Dowex 1×8 resin for the effective adsorption of chromium. Ionic liquids are known for their selectivity toward metal extraction and ultrasonic medium offers efficient energy transfer for impregnating the ionic liquid in the resin matrix. The molecular interaction between the ionic liquid impregnated resin and chromium was studied through various physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The influence of various analytical parameters on the adsorption of Cr(VI) such as pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and interference of foreign ions was studied in detail. Chromium (VI) was quantitatively adsorbed in the pH range of 3.5-4, with a high adsorption capacity of 230.9 mg g(-1) in conformity with the Langmuir isotherm model. The study of thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. The adsorbent could be regenerated using 1 mol L(-1) HCl-0.28 mol L(-1) ascorbic acid mixture. Chromium could be effectively detoxified from an industrial effluent and finally the developed method was validated with the analysis of a certified reference material (BCR-715). The obtained results indicated that the ultrasonic assisted impregnation of the room temperature ionic liquid significantly enhances and improves the removal efficiency of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalidhasan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R. R. Dist 500 078, AP, India
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Ni L, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Brendlé J, Vidal L, Rigolet S. Photoinduced synthesis and ordering of lamellar n-alkylsiloxane films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Elsherbiny AS, Egelhaaf HJ, Oelkrug D. Accessibility and shielding of silanol surface centers on porous silica beads; UV/vis absorption and fluorescence studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar ASK, Rajesh N, Kalidhasan S, Rajesh V. An enhanced adsorption methodology for the detoxification of chromium using n-octylamine impregnated Amberlite XAD-4 polymeric sorbent. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2011; 46:1598-1610. [PMID: 22029702 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.609460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of heavy metals requires the development of efficient adsorbents. Macroporous polystyrene divinyl benzene based resins are known for their excellent surface characteristics for the effective adsorption of metals. In this paper, we propose an effective adsorption procedure for chromium (VI) using aliphatic primary amine as a guest in Amberlite XAD-4 polymeric sorbent as the host. The adsorption of chromium was quantitative at pH 2.5. The adsorption process was in accordance with pseudo second order kinetics and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 75.93 mg g(-1) with good adherence to Langmuir isotherm model. The free energy change ΔG(0) increased with temperature and the negative ΔH(0) and ΔS(0) values indicate the exothermic nature of adsorption and decreased randomness at the adsorbent-solution interface. In aqueous medium, the water molecules surround the hydrophobic host polymeric matrix and this cage effect is responsible for the reduction in entropy of the system. The regeneration of the adsorbent was effective in alkaline medium and the efficacy of the adsorbent was tested for the removal of chromium from tannery waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, India
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Men’shikova AY, Moskalenko YE, Gribanov AV, Shevchenko NN, Faraonova VB, Yakimanskii AV, Goikhman MY, Loretsyan NL, Koshkin AV, Alfimov MV. Sorption of vapors of aromatic compounds by cross-linked polymer particles containing luminophores: A spectroscopic study. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427210110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zeng X, Yu T, Wang P, Yuan R, Wen Q, Fan Y, Wang C, Shi R. Preparation and characterization of polar polymeric adsorbents with high surface area for the removal of phenol from water. J Hazard Mater 2010; 177:773-780. [PMID: 20083347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of methyl methacrylate (MMA)/divinylbenzene (DVB) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)/DVB copolymers via suspension polymerization yielded precursors which possess residual vinyl groups. Post-crosslinking of appropriate dichloroethane swollen precursors without external crosslinking agent in the presence of anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) yielded post-crosslinked resins with high surface area and suitable polarity. FT-IR spectrum indicated that increasing the proportion of MMA or EGDMA in monomer mixtures notably reduces the amount of the pendant vinyl groups onto the matrix of the precursors. Furthermore, the pendant vinyl groups of precursors were almost absent when the content of MMA and EGDMA increased to 40 mol% and 20 mol% in the monomers, respectively. The specific surface areas and pore volumes of copolymers showed a remarkable increase after post-crosslinking. Experimental results showed that isotherms of phenol adsorption onto these polymeric adsorbents could be represented by Freundlich model and Langmuir model reasonably. PDE-5 pc exhibited higher adsorption capacity of phenol than other adsorbents, which resulted from synergistic effect of larger specific surface area and polar groups onto the network. Column adsorption/desorption dynamic curves suggested that PDE-5 pc is a potential candidate for treatment of chemical effluent containing phenol and phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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van Berkel KY, Hawker CJ. Tailored Composite Polymer-Metal Nanoparticles by Miniemulsion Polymerization and Thiol-ene Functionalization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 2010; 48:1594-1606. [PMID: 20657708 PMCID: PMC2908426 DOI: 10.1002/pola.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and modular synthetic approach, based on miniemulsion polymerization, has been developed for the fabrication of composite polymer-metal nanoparticle materials. The procedure produces well-defined composite structures consisting of gold, silver or MnFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles (∼10 nm in diameter) encapsulated within larger spherical nanoparticles of poly(divinylbenzene) (∼100 nm in diameter). This methodology readily permits the incorporation of multiple metal domains into a single polymeric particle, while still preserving the useful optical and magnetic properties of the metal nanoparticles. The morphology of the composite particles is retained upon increasing the inorganic content, and also upon redispersion in organic solvents. Finally, the ability to tailor the surface chemistry of the composite nanoparticles and incorporate steric stabilizing groups using simple thiol-ene chemistry is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Y. van Berkel
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Aleksieva K, Xu J, Wang LM, Sassi A, Pientka Z, Zhang Z, Jerabek K. Effects of post-crosslinking of macroreticular styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers on their morphology. POLYMER 2006; 47:6544-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fontanals N, Cortés J, Galià M, Maria Marcé R, Cormack PAG, Borrull F, Sherrington DC. Synthesis of Davankov-type hypercrosslinked resins using different isomer compositions of vinylbenzyl chloride monomer, and application in the solid-phase extraction of polar compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mandoli A, Orlandi S, Pini D, Salvadori P. Insoluble polystyrene-bound bis(oxazoline): batch and continuous-flow heterogeneous enantioselective glyoxylate–ene reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Drake R, Sherrington DC, Thomson SJ. High surface area polystyrene resin-supported Pt alkene hydrosilylation catalysts: ultimate performance and `sting in the tail'. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004; 60:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lenzi F, Sannino A, Borriello A, Porro F, Capitani D, Mensitieri G. Probing the degree of crosslinking of a cellulose based superabsorbing hydrogel through traditional and NMR techniques. POLYMER 2003; 44:1577-88. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cameron NR. Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion Monoliths. Monolithic Materials - Preparation, Properties and Applications. Elsevier; 2003. pp. 255-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(03)80028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Brack HP, Fischer D, Peter G, Slaski M, Scherer GG. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic investigation of crosslinked polystyrenes and radiation-grafted films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Durie S, Jerabek K, Mason C, Sherrington DC. One-Pot Synthesis of Branched Poly(styrene−divinylbenzene) Suspension Polymerized Resins. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0209794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Durie
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, and Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rosvojova 135 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - K. Jerabek
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, and Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rosvojova 135 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - C. Mason
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, and Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rosvojova 135 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - D. C. Sherrington
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, and Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rosvojova 135 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Smernik RJ, Baldock JA, Oades JM, Whittaker AK. Determination of T1rhoH relaxation rates in charred and uncharred wood and consequences for NMR quantitation. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2002; 22:50-70. [PMID: 12421089 DOI: 10.1006/snmr.2002.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The performance of three different techniques for determining proton rotating frame relaxation rates (T1rhoH) in charred and uncharred woods is compared. The variable contact time (VCT) experiment is shown to over-estimate T1rhoH. particularly for the charred samples, due to the presence of slowly cross-polarizing 13C nuclei. The variable spin (VSL) or delayed contact experiment is shown to overcome these problems; however, care is needed in the analysis to ensure rapidly relaxing components are not overlooked. T1rhoH is shown to be non-uniform for both charred and uncharred wood samples; a rapidly relaxing component (T1rhoH = 0.46-1.07 ms) and a slowly relaxing component (T1rhoH = 3.58-7.49) is detected in each sample. T1rhoH for each component generally decreases with heating temperature (degree of charring) and the proportion of rapidly relaxing component increases. Direct T1rhoH determination (via 1H detection) shows that all samples contain an even faster relaxing component (0.09-0.24 ms) that is virtually undetectable by the indirect (VCT and VSL) techniques. A new method for correcting for T1rhoH signal losses in spin counting experiments is developed to deal with the rapidly relaxing component detected in the VSL experiment. Implementation of this correction increased the proportion of potential 13C CPMAS NMR signal that can be accounted for by up to 50% for the charred samples. An even greater proportion of potential signal can be accounted for if the very rapidly relaxing component detected in the direct T1rhoH determination is included; however, it must be kept in mind that this experiment also detects 1H pools which may not be involved in 1H-13C cross-polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Smernik
- Department of Soil and Water, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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Zhou C, Yan J, Cao Z. Postcrosslinking of macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers via pendant vinyl groups: Effect of the starting copolymers on the pore structure of the postcrosslinked products. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Altava B, Burguete M, Garcı́a-verdugo E, Luis S, Vicent M. The use of NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of polymer-supported reagents and catalysts. Tetrahedron 2001; 57:8675-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sherrington DC. Polymer-supported reagents, catalysts, and sorbents: Evolution and exploitation?A personalized view. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Capitani D, Del Nobile MA, Mensitieri G, Sannino A, Segre AL. 13C Solid-State NMR Determination of Cross-Linking Degree in Superabsorbing Cellulose-Based Networks. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9914117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capitani
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and NMR Service, CNR, Research Area of Rome, via Salaria km 29.300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; and Institute for Composite Materials Technology (ITMC), CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Alessandro Del Nobile
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and NMR Service, CNR, Research Area of Rome, via Salaria km 29.300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; and Institute for Composite Materials Technology (ITMC), CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mensitieri
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and NMR Service, CNR, Research Area of Rome, via Salaria km 29.300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; and Institute for Composite Materials Technology (ITMC), CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and NMR Service, CNR, Research Area of Rome, via Salaria km 29.300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; and Institute for Composite Materials Technology (ITMC), CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Segre
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and NMR Service, CNR, Research Area of Rome, via Salaria km 29.300, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; and Institute for Composite Materials Technology (ITMC), CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hudson
- Biosearch Technologies, Inc., Novato, California 94949, USA.
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Cooper AI, Hems WP, Holmes AB. Synthesis of Highly Cross-Linked Polymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Heterogeneous Polymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Cooper
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis (Department of Chemistry), University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - William P. Hems
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis (Department of Chemistry), University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - Andrew B. Holmes
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis (Department of Chemistry), University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
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Abstract
The nature of the polymer support plays an integral role in solid phase organic synthesis. Combinatorial and highly parallel synthetic strategies have stimulated the development of new polymer support materials with compositions and properties that allow a broader spectrum of organic transformations. Extension of solid phase organic synthesis to encoded microreactors provides an efficient methodology for preparing large numbers of discrete compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Labadie
- Argonaut Technologies, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, and Istituto di Strutturistica Chimica and NMR Service, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, C.P. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Capitani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, and Istituto di Strutturistica Chimica and NMR Service, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, C.P. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Crescenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, and Istituto di Strutturistica Chimica and NMR Service, CNR, Area della Ricerca di Roma, C.P. 10, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
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Law R, Sherrington D. Crosslinked Polymers. Solid State NMR of Polymers. Elsevier; 1998. pp. 509-88. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6881(98)80023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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