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João J, Prazeres DMF. Manufacturing of non-viral protein nanocages for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1200729. [PMID: 37520292 PMCID: PMC10374429 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1200729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein nanocages are highly ordered nanometer scale architectures, which are typically formed by homo- or hetero-self-assembly of multiple monomers into symmetric structures of different size and shape. The intrinsic characteristics of protein nanocages make them very attractive and promising as a biological nanomaterial. These include, among others, a high surface/volume ratio, multi-functionality, ease to modify or manipulate genetically or chemically, high stability, mono-dispersity, and biocompatibility. Since the beginning of the investigation into protein nanocages, several applications were conceived in a variety of areas such as drug delivery, vaccine development, bioimaging, biomineralization, nanomaterial synthesis and biocatalysis. The ability to generate large amounts of pure and well-folded protein assemblies is one of the keys to transform nanocages into clinically valuable products and move biomedical applications forward. This calls for the development of more efficient biomanufacturing processes and for the setting up of analytical techniques adequate for the quality control and characterization of the biological function and structure of nanocages. This review concisely covers and overviews the progress made since the emergence of protein nanocages as a new, next-generation class of biologics. A brief outline of non-viral protein nanocages is followed by a presentation of their main applications in the areas of bioengineering, biotechnology, and biomedicine. Afterwards, we focus on a description of the current processes used in the manufacturing of protein nanocages with particular emphasis on the most relevant aspects of production and purification. The state-of-the-art on current characterization techniques is then described and future alternative or complementary approaches in development are also discussed. Finally, a critical analysis of the limitations and drawbacks of the current manufacturing strategies is presented, alongside with the identification of the major challenges and bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge João
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte Miguel F. Prazeres
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Anand DV, Wei RKJ, Xia K. Coarse-Grained Models for Vault Normal Model Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2671:307-318. [PMID: 37308652 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3222-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that the molecular complex of vault has large conformational changes at its shoulder and cap regions in solution. From the comparison of two configuration structures, it has been found that the shoulder region can twist and move outward, while the cap region will rotate and push upward correspondingly. To further understand these experimental results, in this paper, we study the vault dynamics for the first time. Since vault has an extremely large-sized structure with around 63,336 Cα atoms, traditional normal mode method with the Cα coarse-grained representation will fall short. We employ a newly invented multiscale virtual particle-based anisotropic network model (MVP-ANM). To reduce the complexity, the 39-folder vault structure is coarse-grained to about 6000 virtual particles, which significantly reduces the computational cost while still maintaining the basic structure information. Among the 14 low frequency eigenmodes from Mode 7 to Mode 20, two eigenmodes, i.e., Mode 9 and Mode 20, are found to be directly associated with the experimental observations. In Mode 9, shoulder region undergoes a significant expansion while the cap part is lifted upward. In Mode 20, a clear rotation of both shoulder and cap regions is well observed. Our results are consistent with the experimental observations. More importantly, these low frequency eigenmodes indicate that the vault waist, shoulder and lower cap regions are the most likely regions for the opening of the vault particle. And the opening mechanism is highly likely to be rotation and expansion at these regions. As far as we know, this is the first work to provide the normal mode analysis for the vault complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vijay Anand
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ronald Koh Joon Wei
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelin Xia
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Lohner P, Zmyslia M, Thurn J, Pape JK, Gerasimaitė R, Keller‐Findeisen J, Groeer S, Deuringer B, Süss R, Walther A, Hell SW, Lukinavičius G, Hugel T, Jessen‐Trefzer C. Inside a Shell—Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lohner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Mariia Zmyslia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Johann Thurn
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II University of Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jasmin K. Pape
- Department of NanoBiophotonics Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Rūta Gerasimaitė
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group Department of NanoBiophotonics Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jan Keller‐Findeisen
- Department of NanoBiophotonics Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Saskia Groeer
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry A3BMS Lab: Adaptive, Active and Autonomous Bioinspired Material Systems University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Hermann Staudinger Building 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Benedikt Deuringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy University of Freiburg Sonnenstraße 5 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy University of Freiburg Sonnenstraße 5 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Department of Chemistry, A3BMS Lab University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Goettingen Germany
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Jahnstraße 29 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging Group Department of NanoBiophotonics Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II University of Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen‐Trefzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology University of Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
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4
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Lohner P, Zmyslia M, Thurn J, Pape JK, Gerasimaitė R, Keller‐Findeisen J, Groeer S, Deuringer B, Süss R, Walther A, Hell SW, Lukinavičius G, Hugel T, Jessen‐Trefzer C. Inside a Shell-Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23835-23841. [PMID: 34418246 PMCID: PMC8596989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of chemical reactions inside cells are a fundamental requirement for life. Encapsulins are self-assembling protein-based nanocompartments from the prokaryotic repertoire that present a highly attractive platform for intracellular compartmentalization of chemical reactions by design. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and 3D-MINFLUX analysis, we analyze fluorescently labeled encapsulins on a single-molecule basis. Furthermore, by equipping these capsules with a synthetic ruthenium catalyst via covalent attachment to a non-native host protein, we are able to perform in vitro catalysis and go on to show that engineered encapsulins can be used as hosts for transition metal catalysis inside living cells in confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lohner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 1979104FreiburgGermany
| | - Mariia Zmyslia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 1979104FreiburgGermany
| | - Johann Thurn
- Institute of Physical Chemistry IIUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Jasmin K. Pape
- Department of NanoBiophotonicsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Fassberg 1137077GoettingenGermany
| | - Rūta Gerasimaitė
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging GroupDepartment of NanoBiophotonicsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Fassberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Jan Keller‐Findeisen
- Department of NanoBiophotonicsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Fassberg 1137077GoettingenGermany
| | - Saskia Groeer
- Institute for Macromolecular ChemistryA3BMS Lab: Adaptive, Active and Autonomous Bioinspired Material SystemsUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 31, Hermann Staudinger Building79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Benedikt Deuringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmacyUniversity of FreiburgSonnenstraße 579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Regine Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmacyUniversity of FreiburgSonnenstraße 579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
- Department of Chemistry, A3BMS LabUniversity of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonicsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Fassberg 1137077GoettingenGermany
- Department of Optical NanoscopyMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Gražvydas Lukinavičius
- Chromatin Labeling and Imaging GroupDepartment of NanoBiophotonicsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryAm Fassberg 1137077GöttingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry IIUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Claudia Jessen‐Trefzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 1979104FreiburgGermany
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5
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Goel D, Sinha S. Naturally occurring protein nano compartments: basic structure, function, and genetic engineering. Nano Ex 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac2c93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Enzyme engineering is an indispensable tool in the field of synthetic biology, where enzymes are challenged to carry out novel or improved functions. Achieving these goals sometimes goes beyond modifying the primary sequence of the enzyme itself. The use of protein or nucleic acid scaffolds to enhance enzyme properties has been reported for applications such as microbial production of chemicals, biosensor development and bioremediation. Key advantages of using these assemblies include optimizing reaction conditions, improving metabolic flux and increasing enzyme stability. This review summarizes recent trends in utilizing genetically encodable scaffolds, developed in line with synthetic biology methodologies, to complement the purposeful deployment of enzymes. Current molecular tools for constructing these synthetic enzyme-scaffold systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Bo Xue
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-8624
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7
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Frascotti G, Galbiati E, Mazzucchelli M, Pozzi M, Salvioni L, Vertemara J, Tortora P. The Vault Nanoparticle: A Gigantic Ribonucleoprotein Assembly Involved in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Phenomena and an Ideal Nanovector for Drug Delivery and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040707. [PMID: 33572350 PMCID: PMC7916137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent decades, a molecular complex referred to as vault nanoparticle has attracted much attention by the scientific community, due to its unique properties. At the molecular scale, it is a huge assembly consisting of 78 97-kDa polypeptide chains enclosing an internal cavity, wherein enzymes involved in DNA integrity maintenance and some small noncoding RNAs are accommodated. Basically, two reasons justify this interest. On the one hand, this complex represents an ideal tool for the targeted delivery of drugs, provided it is suitably engineered, either chemically or genetically; on the other hand, it has been shown to be involved in several cellular pathways and mechanisms that most often result in multidrug resistance. It is therefore expected that a better understanding of the physiological roles of this ribonucleoproteic complex may help develop new therapeutic strategies capable of coping with cancer progression. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge. Abstract The vault nanoparticle is a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of 78 individual 97 kDa-“major vault protein” (MVP) molecules that form two symmetrical, cup-shaped, hollow halves. It has a huge size (72.5 × 41 × 41 nm) and an internal cavity, wherein the vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP), telomerase-associated protein-1 (TEP1), and some small untranslated RNAs are accommodated. Plenty of literature reports on the biological role(s) of this nanocomplex, as well as its involvement in diseases, mostly oncological ones. Nevertheless, much has still to be understood as to how vault participates in normal and pathological mechanisms. In this comprehensive review, current understanding of its biological roles is discussed. By different mechanisms, vault’s individual components are involved in major cellular phenomena, which result in protection against cellular stresses, such as DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, hypoxia, hyperosmotic, and oxidative conditions. These diverse cellular functions are accomplished by different mechanisms, mainly gene expression reprogramming, activation of proliferative/prosurvival signaling pathways, export from the nucleus of DNA-damaging drugs, and import of specific proteins. The cellular functions of this nanocomplex may also result in the onset of pathological conditions, mainly (but not exclusively) tumor proliferation and multidrug resistance. The current understanding of its biological roles in physiological and pathological processes should also provide new hints to extend the scope of its exploitation as a nanocarrier for drug delivery.
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Berckman EA, Hartzell EJ, Mitkas AA, Sun Q, Chen W. Biological Assembly of Modular Protein Building Blocks as Sensing, Delivery, and Therapeutic Agents. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:35-62. [PMID: 32155350 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101519-121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nature has evolved a wide range of strategies to create self-assembled protein nanostructures with structurally defined architectures that serve a myriad of highly specialized biological functions. With the advent of biological tools for site-specific protein modifications and de novo protein design, a wide range of customized protein nanocarriers have been created using both natural and synthetic biological building blocks to mimic these native designs for targeted biomedical applications. In this review, different design frameworks and synthetic decoration strategies for achieving these functional protein nanostructures are summarized. Key attributes of these designer protein nanostructures, their unique functions, and their impact on biosensing and therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Berckman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Emily J Hartzell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Alexander A Mitkas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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9
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Muñoz-Juan A, Carreño A, Mendoza R, Corchero JL. Latest Advances in the Development of Eukaryotic Vaults as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E300. [PMID: 31261673 PMCID: PMC6680493 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) is one of the most promising approaches to overcome some of the drawbacks of drug-based therapies, such as improper biodistribution and lack of specific targeting. Some of the most attractive candidates as DDSs are naturally occurring, self-assembling protein nanoparticles, such as viruses, virus-like particles, ferritin cages, bacterial microcompartments, or eukaryotic vaults. Vaults are large ribonucleoprotein nanoparticles present in almost all eukaryotic cells. Expression in different cell factories of recombinant versions of the "major vault protein" (MVP) results in the production of recombinant vaults indistinguishable from native counterparts. Such recombinant vaults can encapsulate virtually any cargo protein, and they can be specifically targeted by engineering the C-terminus of MVP monomer. These properties, together with nanometric size, a lumen large enough to accommodate cargo molecules, biodegradability, biocompatibility and no immunogenicity, has raised the interest in vaults as smart DDSs. In this work we provide an overview of eukaryotic vaults as a new, self-assembling protein-based DDS, focusing in the latest advances in the production and purification of this platform, its application in nanomedicine, and the current preclinical and clinical assays going on based on this nanovehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muñoz-Juan
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aida Carreño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa Mendoza
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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10
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Fiedler JD, Fishman MR, Brown SD, Lau J, Finn MG. Multifunctional Enzyme Packaging and Catalysis in the Qβ Protein Nanoparticle. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3945-3957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Fiedler
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maxwell R. Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene Lau
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Abstract
In recent years, the practical application of protein-based nanoparticles (PNPs) has expanded rapidly into areas like drug delivery, vaccine development, and biocatalysis. PNPs possess unique features that make them attractive as potential platforms for a variety of nanobiotechnological applications. They self-assemble from multiple protein subunits into hollow monodisperse structures; they are highly stable, biocompatible, and biodegradable; and their external components and encapsulation properties can be readily manipulated by chemical or genetic strategies. Moreover, their complex and perfect symmetry have motivated researchers to mimic their properties in order to create de novo protein assemblies. This review focuses on recent advances in the bioengineering and bioconjugation of PNPs and the implementation of synthetic biology concepts to exploit and enhance PNP's intrinsic properties and to impart them with novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Diaz
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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12
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Yu K, Yau YH, Sinha A, Tan T, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH, Lee H, Shochat SG, Lim S. Modulation of the Vault Protein-Protein Interaction for Tuning of Molecular Release. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14816. [PMID: 29093465 PMCID: PMC5665922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaults are naturally occurring ovoid nanoparticles constructed from a protein shell that is composed of multiple copies of major vault protein (MVP). The vault-interacting domain of vault poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (INT) has been used as a shuttle to pack biomolecular cargo in the vault lumen. However, the interaction between INT and MVP is poorly understood. It is hypothesized that the release rate of biomolecular cargo from the vault lumen is related to the interaction between MVP and INT. To tune the release of molecular cargos from the vault nanoparticles, we determined the interactions between the isolated INT-interacting MVP domains (iMVP) and wild-type INT and compared them to two structurally modified INT: 15-amino acid deletion at the C terminus (INTΔC15) and histidine substituted at the interaction surface (INT/DSA/3 H) to impart a pH-sensitive response. The apparent affinity constants determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology are 262 ± 4 nM for iMVP/INT, 1800 ± 160 nM for iMVP/INTΔC15 at pH 7.4. The INT/DSA/3 H exhibits stronger affinity to iMVP (KDapp = 24 nM) and dissociates at a slower rate than wild-type INT at pH 6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yu
- Bioengineering Division, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ameya Sinha
- Bioengineering Division, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Tabitha Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Valerie A Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Jukjeon, Yongin, 448-701, South Korea
| | - Susana G Shochat
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Division, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Sierin Lim
- Bioengineering Division, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore. .,NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore.
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13
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Benner NL, Zang X, Buehler DC, Kickhoefer VA, Rome ME, Rome LH, Wender PA. Vault Nanoparticles: Chemical Modifications for Imaging and Enhanced Delivery. ACS Nano 2017; 11:872-881. [PMID: 28029784 PMCID: PMC5372831 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vault nanoparticles represent promising vehicles for drug and probe delivery. Innately found within human cells, vaults are stable, biocompatible nanocapsules possessing an internal volume that can encapsulate hundreds to thousands of molecules. They can also be targeted. Unlike most nanoparticles, vaults are nonimmunogenic and monodispersed and can be rapidly produced in insect cells. Efforts to create vaults with modified properties have been, to date, almost entirely limited to recombinant bioengineering approaches. Here we report a systematic chemical study of covalent vault modifications, directed at tuning vault properties for research and clinical applications, such as imaging, targeted delivery, and enhanced cellular uptake. As supra-macromolecular structures, vaults contain thousands of derivatizable amino acid side chains. This study is focused on establishing the comparative selectivity and efficiency of chemically modifying vault lysine and cysteine residues, using Michael additions, nucleophilic substitutions, and disulfide exchange reactions. We also report a strategy that converts the more abundant vault lysine residues to readily functionalizable thiol terminated side chains through treatment with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent). These studies provide a method to doubly modify vaults with cell penetrating peptides and imaging agents, allowing for in vitro studies on their enhanced uptake into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel C. Buehler
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael E. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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14
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Bhaskar S, Lim S. Engineering protein nanocages as carriers for biomedical applications. NPG Asia Mater 2017; 9:e371. [PMID: 32218880 PMCID: PMC7091667 DOI: 10.1038/am.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanocages have been explored as potential carriers in biomedicine. Formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits, the caged structure has three surfaces that can be engineered: the interior, the exterior and the intersubunit. Therapeutic and diagnostic molecules have been loaded in the interior of nanocages, while their external surfaces have been engineered to enhance their biocompatibility and targeting abilities. Modifications of the intersubunit interactions have been shown to modulate the self-assembly profile with implications for tuning the molecular release. We review natural and synthetic protein nanocages that have been modified using chemical and genetic engineering techniques to impart non-natural functions that are responsive to the complex cellular microenvironment of malignant cells while delivering molecular cargos with improved efficiencies and minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyamoorthy Bhaskar
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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15
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Llauró A, Guerra P, Kant R, Bothner B, Verdaguer N, de Pablo PJ. Decrease in pH destabilizes individual vault nanocages by weakening the inter-protein lateral interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34143. [PMID: 27739422 PMCID: PMC5064368 DOI: 10.1038/srep34143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vault particles are naturally occurring proteinaceous cages with promising application as molecular containers. The use of vaults as functional transporters requires a profound understanding of their structural stability to guarantee the protection and controlled payload delivery. Previous results performed with bulk techniques or at non-physiological conditions have suggested pH as a parameter to control vault dynamics. Here we use Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to monitor the structural evolution of individual vault particles while changing the pH in real time. Our experiments show that decreasing the pH of the solution destabilize the barrel region, the central part of vault particles, and leads to the aggregation of the cages. Additional analyses using Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) are consistent with our single molecule AFM experiments. The observed topographical defects suggest that low pH weakens the bonds between adjacent proteins. We hypothesize that the observed effects are related to the strong polar character of the protein-protein lateral interactions. Overall, our study unveils the mechanism for the influence of a biologically relevant range of pHs on the stability and dynamics of vault particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Llauró
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, UAM, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Guerra
- Structural Biology Unit, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC. Baldiri I Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Núria Verdaguer
- Structural Biology Unit, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC. Baldiri I Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, UAM, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049-Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC UAM, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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16
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Polka JK, Hays SG, Silver PA. Building Spatial Synthetic Biology with Compartments, Scaffolds, and Communities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a024018. [PMID: 27270297 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional views of synthetic biology often treat the cell as an unstructured container in which biological reactions proceed uniformly. In reality, the organization of biological molecules has profound effects on cellular function: not only metabolic, but also physical and mechanical. Here, we discuss a variety of perturbations available to biologists in controlling protein, nucleotide, and membrane localization. These range from simple tags, fusions, and scaffolds to heterologous expression of compartments and other structures that confer unique physical properties to cells. Next, we relate these principles to those guiding the spatial environments outside of cells such as the extracellular matrix. Finally, we discuss new directions in building intercellular organizations to create novel symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Polka
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephanie G Hays
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Corchero JL, Vázquez E, García-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. Recombinant protein materials for bioengineering and nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2817-28. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential macromolecules supporting life. Being efficient catalyzers and offering specific cross-molecular contacts, proteins are largely exploited in biotechnology and biomedicine as therapeutics, in industrial catalysis or as molecular reagents. Recombinant enzymes, hormones, immunogens and antibodies are produced aiming to different applications, on the basis of their ability to interact with or modify substrates or biological targets. In nature, proteins also perform task-specific architectonic roles, and they can organize in supramolecular complexes with intriguing physical properties such as elasticity and adhesiveness, and with regulatable stiffness, flexibility and mechanical strength. Proteins have recently gained interest as materials for bioengineering and nanomedicine as they can combine these features with functionality, biocompatibility and degradability in unusually versatile composites. We revise here the fundamental properties of the diverse categories of emerging protein materials resulting from biological synthesis and how they can be genetically re-designed to engineer the interplay between mechanical and biological properties in a medically oriented exploitable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Corchero
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena García-Fruitós
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Vaults are very large oligomeric ribonucleoproteins conserved among a variety of species. The rat vault 3D structure shows an ovoid oligomeric particle, consisting of 78 major vault protein monomers, each of approximately 861 amino acids. Vaults are probably the largest ribonucleoprotein structures in eukaryote cells, being approximately 70 nm in length with a diameter of 40 nm—the size of three ribosomes and with a lumen capacity of 50 million Å3. We use both protein sequences and inferred ancestral sequences for in silico virtual resurrection of tertiary and quaternary structures to search for vaults in a wide variety of eukaryotes. We find that the vault’s phylogenetic distribution is widespread in eukaryotes, but is apparently absent in some notable model organisms. Our conclusion from the distribution of vaults is that they were present in the last eukaryote common ancestor but they have apparently been lost from a number of groups including fungi, insects, and probably plants. Our approach of inferring ancestral 3D and quaternary structures is expected to be useful generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Daly
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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19
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Schreiber A, Schiller SM. Nanobiotechnology of protein-based compartments: steps toward nanofactories. Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 2013. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.13.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Ferrer-Miralles N, Rodríguez-Carmona E, Corchero JL, García-Fruitós E, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Engineering protein self-assembling in protein-based nanomedicines for drug delivery and gene therapy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:209-21. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.833163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Yang J, Srinivasan A, Sun Y, Mrazek J, Shu Z, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH. Vault nanoparticles engineered with the protein transduction domain, TAT48, enhances cellular uptake. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:151-8. [PMID: 22785558 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20119d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaults are naturally-occurring ribonucleoprotein particles found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They were named for their morphological resemblance to the vaulted ceilings of gothic cathedrals. These ubiquitous nanoparticles are quite abundant with 10(4)-10(6) copies found in the cytoplasm depending on cell type. The structural shell of the particle can self-assemble from 78 copies of a single protein, the major vault protein. This finding has allowed vaults to be bioengineered, resulting in a variety of new functions and capabilities directed toward overcoming many limitations posed by current gene and drug delivery systems. In this study, we demonstrate that recombinant vaults, with the addition of a cell penetration peptide, TAT, can be rapidly delivered to cells in vitro with significantly elevated binding and uptake efficiency. This TAT-vault nanoparticle could be a valuable tool for improving the retention and penetration of therapeutic drugs at tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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22
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Abstract
Vaults are naturally occurring nanoparticles found widely in eukaryotes. The particles can be produced in large quantities and are assembled in situ from multiple copies of the single structural protein following expression. Using molecular engineering, recombinant vaults can be functionally modified and targeted, and their contents can be controlled by packaging. Here, we review the development of engineered vaults as a platform for a wide variety of therapeutic applications and we examine future directions for this unique nanoparticle system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Synthetic modification of a recombinant protein cage called a vault with stimuli-responsive smart polymers provides access to a new class of biohybrid materials; the polymer nanocapsules retain the structure of the protein cage and exhibit the responsive nature of the polymer. Vaults are naturally occurring ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein particles 41 × 41 × 72.5 nm composed of a protein shell enclosing multiple copies of two proteins and multiple copies of one or more small untranslated RNAs. Recombinant vaults are structurally identical but lack the vault content. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm), a polymer responsive to heat, was conjugated to recombinant vaults that were composed of ~78 copies of the major vault protein (MVP) modified to contain a cysteine rich region at the N-terminus (CP-MVP). The polymer was synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to have a dansyl group at the alpha end and modified to have a thiol-reactive pyridyl disulfide at the omega end, which readily coupled to CP-MVP vaults. The resulting vault nanocapsules underwent reversible aggregation upon heating above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer as determined by electron microscopy (EM), dynamic light scattering experiments, and UV-vis turbidity analysis. The vault structure remained entirely intact throughout the phase transition; suggesting its use in a myriad of biomedical and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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24
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Yang J, Nagasawa DT, Spasic M, Amolis M, Choy W, Garcia HM, Prins RM, Liau LM, Yang I. Endogenous Vaults and Bioengineered Vault Nanoparticles for Treatment of Glioblastomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:451-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Casañas A, Guerra P, Fita I, Verdaguer N. Vault particles: a new generation of delivery nanodevices. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:972-7. [PMID: 22677067 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vault particles possess many attributes that can be exploited in nanobiotechnology, particularly in the creation of drug delivery nanodevices. These include self-assembly, 100 nm size range, a dynamic structure that may be controlled for manipulation of drug release kinetics and natural presence in humans ensuring biocompatibility. The flexibility and the adaptability of this system have been greatly enhanced by the emerging atomic-level information and improved comprehension of vault structure and dynamics. It seems likely that this information will allow their specific tailoring to the individual requirements of each drug and target tissue. These properties provide vaults with an enormous potential as a versatile delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Casañas
- Institut de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Lee H, DeLoache WC, Dueber JE. Spatial organization of enzymes for metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2012; 14:242-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Chemical reactions are traditionally carried out in bulk solution, but in nature confined spaces, like cell organelles, are used to obtain control in time and space of conversion. One way of studying these reactions in confinement is the development and use of small reaction vessels dispersed in solution, such as vesicles and micelles. The utilization of protein cages as reaction vessels is a relatively new field and very promising as these capsules are inherently monodisperse, in that way providing uniform reaction conditions, and are readily accessible to both chemical and genetic modifications. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the different kinds of nanoscale protein cages that have been employed as confined reaction spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bode
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
The vault nanoparticle is one of the largest known ribonucleoprotein complexes in the sub-100 nm range. Highly conserved and almost ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes, vaults form a large nanocapsule with a barrel-shaped morphology surrounding a large hollow interior. These properties make vaults an ideal candidate for development into a drug delivery vehicle. In this study, the first example of using vaults towards this goal is reported. Recombinant vaults are engineered to encapsulate the highly insoluble and toxic hydrophobic compound all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) using a vault-binding lipoprotein complex that forms a lipid bilayer nanodisk. These recombinant vaults offer protection to the encapsulated ATRA from external elements. Furthermore, a cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction shows the vault-binding lipoprotein complex sequestered within the vault lumen. Finally, these ATRA-loaded vaults show enhanced cytotoxicity against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. The ability to package therapeutic compounds into the vault is an important achievement toward their development into a viable and versatile platform for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Buehler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel B. Toso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering Program, 609 Charles E. Young Dr. South, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering Program, 609 Charles E. Young Dr. South, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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29
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Yang J, Kickhoefer VA, Ng BC, Gopal A, Bentolila LA, John S, Tolbert SH, Rome LH. Vaults are dynamically unconstrained cytoplasmic nanoparticles capable of half vault exchange. ACS Nano 2010; 4:7229-7240. [PMID: 21121616 PMCID: PMC3020078 DOI: 10.1021/nn102051r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaults are naturally occurring ribonucleoprotein particles with an enormous interior volume, large enough to encapsulate hundreds of proteins. They are highly conserved and are present in nearly all eukaryotic cells ranging from 10(4) to 10(7) particles per cell. Recombinant vaults can be produced in vitro and engineered to allow cell targeting and protein packaging. These nanometer-sized particles have many desirable characteristics that may give them advantages for use as drug delivery vehicles. Using photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PAGFP) labeled vaults, we demonstrate that the particles rapidly diffuse throughout the cytoplasm following single pixel photoactivation in live cells. Their in vivo movement remained relatively unchanged despite exposure to a variety of cellular stresses, suggesting that vaults are largely unconstrained in the cytoplasm. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was observed from polyethylene glycol (PEG) fused hybrid cells that expressed either CFP or YFP labeled vaults, indicating that vaults can exchange major vault protein (MVP) subunits in vivo. Investigation into the mechanism of this exchange in vitro using recombinant vaults demonstrated that they were capable of rapidly separating at the particle waist and reassembling back into whole vaults, supporting a half vault exchange mechanism. This data suggests a means whereby vaults can functionally interact with their cellular environment and deliver materials packaged within their interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Benny C. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Ajaykumar Gopal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Laurent A. Bentolila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Scott John
- Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Sarah H. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
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30
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Abstract
Packaged molecular machines are available in large amounts using dual expression vectors that guide the preparation of Qβ virus-like particles encapsulating multiple copies of functional enzymes. Packaging is promoted by RNA aptamer sequences that bridge between the coat protein and a peptide tag fused to the desired cargo. Peptidase E and luciferase were thus encapsulated and shown to be catalytically active inside the particle. The encapsulated enzymes are less sensitive to inactivation by heating and surface adsorption than the corresponding free enzymes. This system represents a modular way to marry catalytic activity with robust scaffolding for the development of multifunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Fiedler
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Steven D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Jolene Lau
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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31
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32
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Abstract
The topic of the special series of reviews in this issue will be nanobiology and nanomedicine, with a focus on the impact of nanotechnology on children and their health; hence, the title of this collection and this introduction, Nanopediatrics: Enabling Personalized Medicine for Children. We will address what is meant when we discuss these nanodisciplines and why we developed a NanoPediatrics Program at University of California, Los Angeles. We will consider the implications of these nanodisciplines for individuals and society. The nature of research, diagnosis, and screening in nanomedicine and nanopediatrics will be illustrated by selected projects in nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics by our group and our collaborators, and the combined use of diagnostics and therapeutics in a single nanodevice referred to as "theranostics." We will conclude this introductory review with a summary of the reasons for developing the discipline of nanopediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R B McCabe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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