1
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Strobel HA, Moss SM, Hoying JB. Isolated Fragments of Intact Microvessels: Tissue Vascularization, Modeling, and Therapeutics. Microcirculation 2024:e12852. [PMID: 38619428 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The microvasculature is integral to nearly every tissue in the body, providing not only perfusion to and from the tissue, but also homing sites for immune cells, cellular niches for tissue dynamics, and cooperative interactions with other tissue elements. As a microtissue itself, the microvasculature is a composite of multiple cell types exquisitely organized into structures (individual vessel segments and extensive vessel networks) capable of considerable dynamics and plasticity. Consequently, it has been challenging to include a functional microvasculature in assembled or fabricated tissues. Isolated fragments of intact microvessels, which retain the cellular composition and structures of native microvessels, are proving effective in a variety of vascularization applications including tissue in vitro disease modeling, vascular biology, mechanistic discovery, and tissue prevascularization in regenerative therapeutics and grafting. In this review, we will discuss the importance of recapitulating native tissue biology and the successful vascularization applications of isolated microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M Moss
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, USA
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2
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Dazzi C, Mehl J, Benamar M, Gerhardt H, Knaus P, Duda GN, Checa S. External mechanical loading overrules cell-cell mechanical communication in sprouting angiogenesis during early bone regeneration. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011647. [PMID: 37956208 PMCID: PMC10681321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis plays a key role during bone regeneration. For example, insufficient early revascularization of the injured site can lead to delayed or non-healing. During sprouting, endothelial cells are known to be mechano-sensitive and respond to local mechanical stimuli. Endothelial cells interact and communicate mechanically with their surroundings, such as outer-vascular stromal cells, through cell-induced traction forces. In addition, external physiological loads act at the healing site, resulting in tissue deformations and impacting cellular arrangements. How these two distinct mechanical cues (cell-induced and external) impact angiogenesis and sprout patterning in early bone healing remains however largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative role of externally applied and cell-induced mechanical signals in driving sprout patterning at the onset of bone healing. To investigate cellular self-organisation in early bone healing, an in silico model accounting for the mechano-regulation of sprouting angiogenesis and stromal cell organization was developed. Computer model predictions were compared to in vivo experiments of a mouse osteotomy model stabilized with a rigid or a semirigid fixation system. We found that the magnitude and orientation of principal strains within the healing region can explain experimentally observed sprout patterning, under both fixation conditions. Furthermore, upon simulating the selective inhibition of either cell-induced or externally applied mechanical cues, external mechanical signals appear to overrule the mechanical communication acting on a cell-cell interaction level. Such findings illustrate the relevance of external mechanical signals over the local cell-mediated mechanical cues and could be used in the design of fracture treatment strategies for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dazzi
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Mehl
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mounir Benamar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Centre for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Checa
- Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Giverso C, Loy N, Lucci G, Preziosi L. Cell orientation under stretch: A review of experimental findings and mathematical modelling. J Theor Biol 2023; 572:111564. [PMID: 37391125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The key role of electro-chemical signals in cellular processes had been known for many years, but more recently the interplay with mechanics has been put in evidence and attracted substantial research interests. Indeed, the sensitivity of cells to mechanical stimuli coming from the microenvironment turns out to be relevant in many biological and physiological circumstances. In particular, experimental evidence demonstrated that cells on elastic planar substrates undergoing periodic stretches, mimicking native cyclic strains in the tissue where they reside, actively reorient their cytoskeletal stress fibres. At the end of the realignment process, the cell axis forms a certain angle with the main stretching direction. Due to the importance of a deeper understanding of mechanotransduction, such a phenomenon was studied both from the experimental and the mathematical modelling point of view. The aim of this review is to collect and discuss both the experimental results on cell reorientation and the fundamental features of the mathematical models that have been proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giverso
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Nadia Loy
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Giulio Lucci
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10126, Italy.
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4
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Mandrycky CJ, Abel AN, Levy S, Marsh LM, Chassagne F, Chivukula VK, Barczay SE, Kelly CM, Kim LJ, Aliseda A, Levitt MR, Zheng Y. Endothelial Responses to Curvature-Induced Flow Patterns in Engineered Cerebral Aneurysms. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:011001. [PMID: 35838329 PMCID: PMC9445320 DOI: 10.1115/1.4054981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic factors have long been associated with clinical outcomes in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Computational studies of cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics have provided valuable estimates of the mechanical environment experienced by the endothelium in both the parent vessel and aneurysmal dome walls and have correlated them with disease state. These computational-clinical studies have recently been correlated with the response of endothelial cells (EC) using either idealized or patient-specific models. Here, we present a robust workflow for generating anatomic-scale aneurysm models, establishing luminal cultures of ECs at physiological relevant flow profiles, and comparing EC responses to curvature mediated flow. We show that flow patterns induced by parent vessel curvature produce changes in wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear stress gradients (WSSG) that are correlated with differences in cell morphology and cellular protein localization. Cells in higher WSS regions align better with the flow and display strong Notch1-extracellular domain (ECD) polarization, while, under low WSS, differences in WSSG due to curvature change were associated with less alignment and attenuation of Notch1-ECD polarization in ECs of the corresponding regions. These proof-of-concept results highlight the use of engineered cellularized aneurysm models for connecting computational fluid dynamics to the underlying endothelial biology that mediates disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Mandrycky
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ashley N. Abel
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Samuel Levy
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Laurel M. Marsh
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Sari E. Barczay
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Cory M. Kelly
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Louis J. Kim
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael R. Levitt
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104; Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ying Zheng
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
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5
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Mostert D, Groenen B, Klouda L, Passier R, Goumans MJ, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes align under cyclic strain when guided by cardiac fibroblasts. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046108. [PMID: 36567768 PMCID: PMC9771596 DOI: 10.1063/5.0108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardium is a mechanically active tissue typified by anisotropy of the resident cells [cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs)] and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Upon ischemic injury, the anisotropic tissue is replaced by disorganized scar tissue, resulting in loss of coordinated contraction. Efforts to re-establish tissue anisotropy in the injured myocardium are hampered by a lack of understanding of how CM and/or cFB structural organization is affected by the two major physical cues inherent in the myocardium: ECM organization and cyclic mechanical strain. Herein, we investigate the singular and combined effect of ECM (dis)organization and cyclic strain in a two-dimensional human in vitro co-culture model of the myocardial microenvironment. We show that (an)isotropic ECM protein patterning can guide the orientation of CMs and cFBs, both in mono- and co-culture. Subsequent application of uniaxial cyclic strain-mimicking the local anisotropic deformation of beating myocardium-causes no effect when applied parallel to the anisotropic ECM. However, when cultured on isotropic substrates, cFBs, but not CMs, orient away from the direction of cyclic uniaxial strain (strain avoidance). In contrast, CMs show strain avoidance via active remodeling of their sarcomeres only when co-cultured with at least 30% cFBs. Paracrine signaling or N-cadherin-mediated communication between CMs and cFBs was no contributing factor. Our findings suggest that the mechanoresponsive cFBs provide structural guidance for CM orientation and elongation. Our study, therefore, highlights a synergistic mechanobiological interplay between CMs and cFBs in shaping tissue organization, which is of relevance for regenerating functionally organized myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Groenen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leda Klouda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Das S, Ippolito A, McGarry P, Deshpande VS. Cell reorientation on a cyclically strained substrate. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac199. [PMID: 36712366 PMCID: PMC9802216 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic strain avoidance, the phenomenon of cell and cytoskeleton alignment perpendicular to the direction of cyclic strain of the underlying 2D substrate, is an important characteristic of the adherent cell organization. This alignment has typically been attributed to the stress-fiber reorganization although observations clearly show that stress-fiber reorganization under cyclic loading is closely coupled to cell morphology and reorientation of the cells. Here, we develop a statistical mechanics framework that couples the cytoskeletal stress-fiber organization with cell morphology under imposed cyclic straining and make quantitative comparisons with observations. The framework accurately predicts that cyclic strain avoidance stems primarily from cell reorientation away from the cyclic straining rather than cytoskeletal reorganization within the cell. The reorientation of the cell is a consequence of the cell lowering its free energy by largely avoiding the imposed cyclic straining. Furthermore, we investigate the kinetics of the cyclic strain avoidance mechanism and demonstrate that it emerges primarily due to the rigid body rotation of the cell rather than via a trajectory involving cell straining. Our results provide clear physical insights into the coupled dynamics of cell morphology and stress-fibers, which ultimately leads to cellular organization in cyclically strained tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvrangsu Das
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Trumpington St, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Alberto Ippolito
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Trumpington St, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Patrick McGarry
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
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7
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Helms F, Zippusch S, Aper T, Kalies S, Heisterkamp A, Haverich A, Böer U, Wilhelmi M. Mechanical stimulation induces vasa vasorum capillary alignment in a fibrin-based tunica adventitia. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:818-832. [PMID: 35611972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of bioartificial blood vessels with a physiological three-layered wall architecture is a long pursued goal in vascular tissue engineering. While considerable advances have been made to resemble the physiological tunica intima and media morphology and function in bioartificial vessels, only very few studies have targeted the generation of a tunica adventitia including its characteristic vascular network known as the vasa vasorum, which are essential for graft nutrition and integration. In healthy native blood vessels, capillary vasa vasorum are aligned longitudinally to the vessel axis. Thus, inducing longitudinal alignment of capillary tubes to generate a physiological tunica adventitia morphology and function may be advantageous in bioengineered vessels as well. In this study, we investigated the effect of two biomechanical stimulation parameters, longitudinal tension and physiological cyclic stretch, on tube alignment in capillary networks formed by self-assembly of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in tunica adventitia-equivalents of fibrin-based bioartificial blood vessels. Moreover, the effect of changes of the biomechanical environment on network remodeling after initial tube formation was analyzed. Both, longitudinal tension and cyclic stretch by pulsatile perfusion induced physiological capillary tube alignment parallel to the longitudinal vessel axis. This effect was even more pronounced when both biomechanical factors were applied simultaneously, which resulted in alignment of 57.2% ± 5.2% within 5° of the main vessel axis. Opposed to that, random tube orientation was observed in vessels incubated statically. Scanning electron microscopy showed that longitudinal tension also resulted in longitudinal alignment of fibrin fibrils, which may function as a guidance structure for directed capillary tube formation. Moreover, existing microvascular networks showed distinct remodeling in response to addition or withdrawal of mechanical stimulation with corresponding increase or decrease of the degree of alignment. With longitudinal tension and cyclic stretch, we identified two mechanical stimuli that facilitate the generation of a pre-vascularized tunica adventitia-equivalent with physiological tube alignment in bioartificial vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Helms
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony centre of biotechnology implant research and development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, 9177, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Sarah Zippusch
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony centre of biotechnology implant research and development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, 9177, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Aper
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, 9177, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Kalies
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Leibniz University Hannover, 26555, Institute of Quantum Optics, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Leibniz University Hannover, 26555, Institure of Quantum Optics, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Axel Haverich
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, 9177, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Böer
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, 9177, Division for Cardiothoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany;
| | - Mathias Wilhelmi
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,St Bernward Hospital, 14966, Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, Hildesheim, Niedersachsen, Germany;
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8
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LaBelle SA, Dinkins SS, Hoying JB, Budko EV, Rauff A, Strobel HA, Lin AH, Weiss JA. Matrix anisotropy promotes angiogenesis in a density-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H806-H818. [PMID: 35333118 PMCID: PMC8993529 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00072.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is necessary for wound healing, tumorigenesis, implant inosculation, and homeostasis. In each situation, matrix structure and mechanics play a role in determining whether new vasculatures can establish transport to new or hypoxic tissues. Neovessel growth and directional guidance are sensitive to three-dimensional (3-D) matrix anisotropy and density, although the individual and integrated roles of these matrix features have not been fully recapitulated in vitro. We developed a tension-based method to align 3-D collagen constructs seeded with microvessel fragments in matrices of three levels of collagen fibril anisotropy and two levels of collagen density. The extent and direction of neovessel growth from the parent microvessel fragments increased with matrix anisotropy and decreased with density. The proangiogenic effects of anisotropy were attenuated at higher matrix densities. We also examined the impact of matrix anisotropy in an experimental model of neovessel invasion across a tissue interface. Matrix density was found to dictate the success of interface crossing, whereas interface curvature and fibril alignment were found to control directional guidance. Our findings indicate that complex configurations of matrix density and alignment can facilitate or complicate the establishment or maintenance of vascular networks in pathological and homeostatic angiogenesis. Furthermore, we extend preexisting methods for tuning collagen anisotropy in thick constructs. This approach addresses gaps in tissue engineering and cell culture by supporting the inclusion of large multicellular structures in prealigned constructs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Matrix anisotropy and density have a considerable effect on angiogenic vessel growth and directional guidance. However, the current literature relies on 2-D and simplified models of angiogenesis (e.g., tubulogenesis and vasculogenesis). We present a method to align 3-D collagen scaffolds embedded with microvessel fragments to different levels of anisotropy. Neovessel growth increases with anisotropy and decreases with density, which may guide angiogenic neovessels across tissue interfaces such as during implant inosculation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A LaBelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shad S Dinkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, New Hampshire
| | - Elena V Budko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Adam Rauff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Allen H Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeffrey A Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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9
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Man K, Liu J, Phan KM, Wang K, Lee JY, Sun X, Story M, Saha D, Liao J, Sadat H, Yang Y. Dimensionality-Dependent Mechanical Stretch Regulation of Cell Behavior. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17081-17092. [PMID: 35380801 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cells are subject to mechanical stretch in vivo, which plays a critical role in the function and homeostasis of cells, tissues, and organs. Deviations from the physiologically relevant mechanical stretch are often associated with organ dysfunction and various diseases. Although mechanical stretch is provided in some in vitro cell culture models, the effects of stretch dimensionality on cells are often overlooked and it remains unclear whether and how stretch dimensionality affects cell behavior. Here we develop cell culture platforms that provide 1-D uniaxial, 2-D circumferential, or 3-D radial mechanical stretches, which recapitulate the three major types of mechanical stretches that cells experience in vivo. We investigate the behavior of human microvascular endothelial cells and human alveolar epithelial cells cultured on these platforms, showing that the mechanical stretch influences cell morphology and cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions in a stretch dimensionality-dependent manner. Furthermore, the endothelial and epithelial cells are sensitive to the physiologically relevant 2-D and 3-D stretches, respectively, which could promote the formation of endothelium and epithelium. This study underscores the importance of recreating the physiologically relevant mechanical stretch in the development of in vitro tissue/organ models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Man
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Khang Minh Phan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Jung Yeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Michael Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Hamid Sadat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76207, United States
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10
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Ferrari M, Cirisano F, Morán MC. Mammalian Cell Spheroids on Mixed Organic–Inorganic Superhydrophobic Coating. Molecules 2022; 27:1247. [PMID: 35209035 PMCID: PMC8878059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture has become a reliable method for reproducing in vitro cellular growth in more realistic physiological conditions. The surface hydrophobicity strongly influences the promotion of cell aggregate formation. In particular, for spheroid formation, highly water-repellent coatings seem to be required for the significant effects of the process. In this work, surfaces at different wettability have been compared to observe their influence on the growth and promotion of aggregates of representative mammalian cell lines, both tumoral and non-tumoral (3T3, HaCat and MCF-7 cell lines). The effect of increased hydrophobicity from TCPS to agarose hydrogel to mixed organic–inorganic superhydrophobic (SH) coating has been investigated by optical and fluorescence microscopy, and by 3D confocal profilometry, in a time scale of 24 h. The results show the role of less wettable substrates in inducing the formation of spheroid-like cell aggregates at a higher degree of sphericity for the studied cell lines.
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11
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Scandling BW, Gou J, Thomas J, Xuan J, Xue C, Gooch KJ. A Mechanistic Motor-Clutch Model That Explains Cell Shape Dynamics to Cyclic Stretch. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar27. [PMID: 35020463 PMCID: PMC9250388 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cells in the body experience cyclic mechanical loading, which can impact cellular processes and morphology. In vitro studies often report that cells reorient in response to cyclic stretch of their substrate. To explore cellular mechanisms involved in this reorientation, a computational model was developed by adapting previous computational models of the actin–myosin–integrin motor-clutch system developed by others. The computational model predicts that under most conditions, actin bundles align perpendicular to the direction of applied cyclic stretch, but under specific conditions, such as low substrate stiffness, actin bundles align parallel to the direction of stretch. The model also predicts that stretch frequency impacts the rate of reorientation and that proper myosin function is critical in the reorientation response. These computational predictions are consistent with reports from the literature and new experimental results presented here. The model suggests that the impact of different stretching conditions (stretch type, amplitude, frequency, substrate stiffness, etc.) on the direction of cell alignment can largely be understood by considering their impact on cell–substrate detachment events, specifically whether detachments preferentially occur during stretching or relaxing of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Scandling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University.,The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University
| | - Jia Gou
- Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota.,Current Affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside
| | - Jessica Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Jacqueline Xuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Chuan Xue
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota
| | - Keith J Gooch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University.,The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University
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12
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Youn J, Han H, Park SM, Kim DS. Arterial Internal Elastic Lamina-Inspired Membrane for Providing Biochemical and Structural Cues in Developing Artery-on-a-Chip. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1398-1403. [PMID: 35549015 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro artery models constructed on a membrane-based microfluidic chip, called an artery-on-a-chip, have been spotlighted as a powerful platform for studying arterial physiology. However, due to the use of a flat and porous membrane that cannot mimic the in vivo internal elastic lamina (IEL), the physiological similarity in the phenotypes and the arrangements of the endothelial cells (ECs) and aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) has been limited in the previously developed artery-on-a-chips. Herein, we developed an innovative membrane mimicking the structures of IEL by utilizing electrospun aligned silk fibroin/polycaprolactone nanofiber membranes. An arterial IEL-mimicking (AIM) membrane was about 5 μm thick and composed of orthogonally aligned nanofibers with a diameter of around 400 nm, which were highly comparable to the IEL. Such structural similarity was found to induce the ECs and SMCs to be elongated and orthogonally aligned as in the in vivo artery. In particular, the SMCs cultured on the AIM membrane maintained a healthy state showing increased αSMA mRNA expression, which was easily lost on the conventional membrane. We constructed an AIM membrane-integrated artery-on-a-chip having an orthogonal arrangement of ECs and SMCs, which was desirable but difficult to be realized with the previous artery-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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13
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Karakaya C, van Asten JGM, Ristori T, Sahlgren CM, Loerakker S. Mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:5-54. [PMID: 34613528 PMCID: PMC8807458 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) aims to create living tissues, with the ability to grow and remodel, as replacements for diseased blood vessels and heart valves. Despite promising results, the (long-term) functionality of these engineered tissues still needs improvement to reach broad clinical application. The functionality of native tissues is ensured by their specific mechanical properties directly arising from tissue organization. We therefore hypothesize that establishing a native-like tissue organization is vital to overcome the limitations of current CVTE approaches. To achieve this aim, a better understanding of the growth and remodeling (G&R) mechanisms of cardiovascular tissues is necessary. Cells are the main mediators of tissue G&R, and their behavior is strongly influenced by both mechanical stimuli and cell-cell signaling. An increasing number of signaling pathways has also been identified as mechanosensitive. As such, they may have a key underlying role in regulating the G&R of tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. A more detailed understanding of mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling may thus be crucial to advance CVTE, as it could inspire new methods to control tissue G&R and improve the organization and functionality of engineered tissues, thereby accelerating clinical translation. In this review, we discuss the organization and biomechanics of native cardiovascular tissues; recent CVTE studies emphasizing the obtained engineered tissue organization; and the interplay between mechanical stimuli, cell behavior, and cell-cell signaling. In addition, we review past contributions of computational models in understanding and predicting mechano-regulated tissue G&R and cell-cell signaling to highlight their potential role in future CVTE strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy G M van Asten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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14
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Watts K, Richardson WJ. Effects of Sex and 17 β-Estradiol on Cardiac Fibroblast Morphology and Signaling Activities In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:2564. [PMID: 34685546 PMCID: PMC8533711 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated estrogen's cardioprotective abilities in decreasing the fibrotic response of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). However, the majority of these studies are not sex-specific, and those at the cellular level utilize tissue culture plastic, a substrate with a much higher stiffness than physiological conditions. Understanding the intrinsic differences between male and female CFs under more physiologically "healthy" conditions will help to elucidate the divergences in their complex signaling networks. We aimed to do this by conducting a sex-disaggregated analysis of changes in cellular morphology and relative levels of profibrotic signaling proteins in CFs cultured on 8 kPa stiffness plates with and without 17 β-estradiol (E2). Cyclic immunofluorescent analysis indicated that there was a negligible change in cellular morphology due to sex and E2 treatment and that the differences between male and female CFs occur at a biochemical rather than structural level. Several proteins corresponding to profibrotic activity had various sex-specific responses with and without E2 treatment. Single-cell correlation analysis exhibited varied protein-protein interaction across experimental conditions. These findings demonstrate the need for further research into the dimorphisms of male and female CFs to develop better tailored sex-informed prevention and treatment interventions of cardiac fibrosis.
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15
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Dessalles CA, Leclech C, Castagnino A, Barakat AI. Integration of substrate- and flow-derived stresses in endothelial cell mechanobiology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:764. [PMID: 34155305 PMCID: PMC8217569 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining all blood vessels are subjected to large mechanical stresses that regulate their structure and function in health and disease. Here, we review EC responses to substrate-derived biophysical cues, namely topography, curvature, and stiffness, as well as to flow-derived stresses, notably shear stress, pressure, and tensile stresses. Because these mechanical cues in vivo are coupled and are exerted simultaneously on ECs, we also review the effects of multiple cues and describe burgeoning in vitro approaches for elucidating how ECs integrate and interpret various mechanical stimuli. We conclude by highlighting key open questions and upcoming challenges in the field of EC mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Dessalles
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Leclech
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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16
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Mandrycky CJ, Howard CC, Rayner SG, Shin YJ, Zheng Y. Organ-on-a-chip systems for vascular biology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:1-13. [PMID: 34118217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms involve the miniaturization of cell culture systems and enable a variety of novel experimental approaches. These range from modeling the independent effects of biophysical forces on cells to screening novel drugs in multi-organ microphysiological systems, all within microscale devices. As in living systems, the incorporation of vascular structure is a key feature common to almost all organ-on-a-chip systems. In this review we highlight recent advances in organ-on-a-chip technologies with a focus on the vasculature. We first present the developmental process of the blood vessels through which vascular cells assemble into networks and remodel to form complex vascular beds under flow. We then review self-assembled vascular models and flow systems for the study of vascular development and biology as well as pre-patterned vascular models for the generation of perfusable microvessels for modeling vascular and tissue function. We finally conclude with a perspective on developing future OOC approaches for studying different aspects of vascular biology. We highlight the fit for purpose selection of OOC models towards either simple but powerful testbeds for therapeutic development, or complex vasculature to accurately replicate human physiology for specific disease modeling and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Mandrycky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Caitlin C Howard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Samuel G Rayner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Yu Jung Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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17
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Lucci G, Preziosi L. A nonlinear elastic description of cell preferential orientations over a stretched substrate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:631-649. [PMID: 33449274 PMCID: PMC7979636 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The active response of cells to mechanical cues due to their interaction with the environment has been of increasing interest, since it is involved in many physiological phenomena, pathologies, and in tissue engineering. In particular, several experiments have shown that, if a substrate with overlying cells is cyclically stretched, they will reorient to reach a well-defined angle between their major axis and the main stretching direction. Recent experimental findings, also supported by a linear elastic model, indicated that the minimization of an elastic energy might drive this reorientation process. Motivated by the fact that a similar behaviour is observed even for high strains, in this paper we address the problem in the framework of finite elasticity, in order to study the presence of nonlinear effects. We find that, for a very large class of constitutive orthotropic models and with very general assumptions, there is a single linear relationship between a parameter describing the biaxial deformation and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\cos ^2\theta _{\mathrm{eq}}$$\end{document}cos2θeq, where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\theta _{\mathrm{eq}}$$\end{document}θeq is the orientation angle of the cell, with the slope of the line depending on a specific combination of four parameters that characterize the nonlinear constitutive equation. We also study the effect of introducing a further dependence of the energy on the anisotropic invariants related to the square of the Cauchy–Green strain tensor. This leads to departures from the linear relationship mentioned above, that are again critically compared with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Lucci
- Department of Mathematical Sciences “G.L. Lagrange”, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Mathematics “G. Peano”, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences “G.L. Lagrange” Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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18
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Abstract
The directional alignment and outgrowth of neurons is a critical step of nerve regeneration and functional recovery of nerve systems, where neurons are exposed to a complex mechanical environment with subcellular structures such as stress fibers and focal adhesions acting as the key mechanical transducer. In this paper, we investigate the effects of cyclic stretch on neuron reorientation and axon outgrowth with a feasible stretching device that controls stretching amplitude and frequency. Statistical results indicate an evident frequency and amplitude dependence of neuron reorientation, that is, neurons tend to align away from stretch direction when stretching amplitude and frequency are large enough. On the other hand, axon elongation under cyclic stretch is very close to the reference case where neurons are not stretched. A mechanochemical framework is proposed by connecting the evolution of cellular configuration to the microscopic dynamics of subcellular structures, including stress fiber, focal adhesion, and microtubule, yielding theoretical predictions that are consistent with the experimental observations. The theoretical work provides an explanation of the neuron's mechanical response to cyclic stretch, suggesting that the contraction force generated by stress fiber plays an essential role in both neuron reorientation and axon elongation. This combined experimental and theoretical study on stretch-induced neuron reorientation may have potential applications in neurodevelopment and neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lin
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Bacci C, Wong V, Barahona V, Merna N. Cardiac and lung endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress on physiological matrix stiffness and composition. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12659. [PMID: 32945052 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preconditioning of endothelial cells from different vascular beds has potential value for re-endothelialization and implantation of engineered tissues. Understanding how substrate stiffness and composition affects tissue-specific cell response to shear stress will aid in successful endothelialization of engineered tissues. We developed a platform to test biomechanical and biochemical stimuli. METHODS A novel polydimethylsiloxane-based parallel plate flow chamber enabled application of laminar fluid shear stress of 2 dynes/cm2 for 12 hours to microvascular cardiac and lung endothelial cells cultured on cardiac and lung-derived extracellular matrix. Optical imaging of cells was used to quantify cell changes in cell alignment. Analysis of integrin expression was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Application of fluid shear stress caused the greatest cell alignment in cardiac endothelial cells seeded on polystyrene and lung endothelial cells on polydimethylsiloxane. This resulted in elongation of the lung endothelial cells. αv and β3 integrin expression decreased after application of shear stress in both cell types. CONCLUSION Substrate stiffness plays an important role in regulating tissue-specific endothelial response to shear stress, which may be due to differences in their native microenvironments. Furthermore, cardiac and lung endothelial cell response to shear stress was significantly regulated by the type of coating used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydnee Bacci
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Victor Barahona
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Nick Merna
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
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20
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Argatov I, Papangelo A, Ciavarella M. Elliptical adhesive contact under biaxial stretching. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190507. [PMID: 32082057 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesive contact of the Hertzian indenter with an incompressible elastic substrate bi-directionally stretched along the indenter principal planes of curvature is considered in the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theoretical framework. An approximate model is constructed by examining energy release rate conditions only on the edges of the minor and major axes of the contact ellipse. The effect of weak coupling between fracture modes I and II is introduced using a phenomenological mode-mixity function. This study was motivated by the need to model a passive-adhesive mechanism in cell mechanics on stretchable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Argatov
- Faculty of Technology and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Papangelo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,Hamburg University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 1, Hamburg 21073, Germany
| | - M Ciavarella
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,Hamburg University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 1, Hamburg 21073, Germany
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21
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Mohamed MA, Fallahi A, El-Sokkary AM, Salehi S, Akl MA, Jafari A, Tamayol A, Fenniri H, Khademhosseini A, Andreadis ST, Cheng C. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for manipulation of cell microenvironment: From chemistry to biofabrication technology. Prog Polym Sci 2019; 98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Mierke CT. The Role of the Optical Stretcher Is Crucial in the Investigation of Cell Mechanics Regulating Cell Adhesion and Motility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:184. [PMID: 31552247 PMCID: PMC6736998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells, tissues, and the surrounding extracellular matrix environment play important roles in the process of cell adhesion and migration. In physiological and pathological processes of the cells, such as wound healing and cancer, the capacity to migrate through the extracellular matrix is crucial. Hence biophysical techniques were used to determine the mechanical properties of cells that facilitate the various migratory capacities. Since the field of mechanobiology is rapidly growing, the reliable and reproducible characterization of cell mechanics is required that facilitates the adhesion and migration of cells. One of these cell mechanical techniques is the optical stretching device, which was originally developed to investigate the mechanical properties of cells, such as the deformation of single cells in suspension. After discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, the latest findings in optical stretching-based cell mechanics are presented in this review. Finally, the mechanical properties of cells are correlated with their migratory potential and it is pointed out how the inhibition of biomolecules that contribute to the to the maintenance of cytoskeletal structures in cells affect their mechanical deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Biological Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Chagnon-Lessard S, Godin M, Pelling AE. Time dependence of cellular responses to dynamic and complex strain fields. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:4-15. [PMID: 30778578 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposing cells to an unconventional sequence of physical cues can reveal subtleties of cellular sensing and response mechanisms. We investigated the mechanoresponse of cyclically stretched fibroblasts under a spatially non-uniform strain field which was subjected to repeated changes in stretching directions over 55 h. A polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic stretcher array optimized for complex staining procedures and imaging was developed to generate biologically relevant strain and strain gradient amplitudes. We demonstrated that cells can successfully reorient themselves repeatedly, as the main cyclical stretching direction is consecutively switched between two perpendicular directions every 11 h. Importantly, from one reorientation to the next, the extent to which cells reorient themselves perpendicularly to the local strain direction progressively decreases, while their tendency to align perpendicularly to the strain gradient direction increases. We demonstrate that these results are consistent with our finding that cellular responses to strains and strain gradients occur on two distinct time scales, the latter being slower. Overall, our results reveal the absence of major irreversible cellular changes that compromise the ability to sense and reorient to changing strain directions under the conditions of this experiment. On the other hand, we show how the history of strain field dynamics can influence the cellular realignment behavior, due to the interplay of complex time-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Godin
- Department of Physics, STEM Building 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Site Building, 800 King Edward Avenue, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew E Pelling
- Department of Physics, STEM Building 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biology, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institute for Science Society and Policy, Simard Hall, 60 University, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,SymbioticA, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Abstract
The vascular mechanical microenvironment consists of a mixture of spatially and temporally changing mechanical forces. This exposes vascular endothelial cells to both hemodynamic forces (fluid flow, cyclic stretching, lateral pressure) and vessel forces (basement membrane mechanical and topographical properties). The vascular mechanical microenvironment is "complex" because these forces are dynamic and interrelated. Endothelial cells sense these forces through mechanosensory structures and transduce them into functional responses via mechanotransduction pathways, culminating in behavior directly affecting vascular health. Recent in vitro studies have shown that endothelial cells respond in nuanced and unique ways to combinations of hemodynamic and vessel forces as compared to any single mechanical force. Understanding the interactive effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial behavior offers the opportunity to design future biomaterials and biomedical devices from the bottom-up by engineering for the cellular response. This review describes and defines (1) the blood vessel structure, (2) the complex mechanical microenvironment of the vascular endothelium, (3) the process in which vascular endothelial cells sense mechanical forces, and (4) the effect of mechanical forces on vascular endothelial cells with specific attention to recent works investigating the influence of combinations of mechanical forces. We conclude this review by providing our perspective on how the field can move forward to elucidate the effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Computational Engineering, University of Florida, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Cell and Tissue Science and Engineering, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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25
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Chen K, Vigliotti A, Bacca M, McMeeking RM, Deshpande VS, Holmes JW. Role of boundary conditions in determining cell alignment in response to stretch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:986-991. [PMID: 29343646 PMCID: PMC5798351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715059115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to orient in response to mechanical stimuli is essential to embryonic development, cell migration, mechanotransduction, and other critical physiologic functions in a range of organs. Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and osteoblasts all orient perpendicular to an applied cyclic stretch when plated on stretchable elastic substrates, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. However, many of these same cells orient parallel to stretch in vivo and in 3D culture, and a compelling explanation for the different orientation responses in 2D and 3D has remained elusive. Here, we conducted a series of experiments designed specifically to test the hypothesis that differences in strains transverse to the primary loading direction give rise to the different alignment patterns observed in 2D and 3D cyclic stretch experiments ("strain avoidance"). We found that, in static or low-frequency stretch conditions, cell alignment in fibroblast-populated collagen gels correlated with the presence or absence of a restraining boundary condition rather than with compaction strains. Cyclic stretch could induce perpendicular alignment in 3D culture but only at frequencies an order of magnitude greater than reported to induce perpendicular alignment in 2D. We modified a published model of stress fiber dynamics and were able to reproduce our experimental findings across all conditions tested as well as published data from 2D cyclic stretch experiments. These experimental and model results suggest an explanation for the apparently contradictory alignment responses of cells subjected to cyclic stretch on 2D membranes and in 3D gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Andrea Vigliotti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Innovative Material Laboratory, Italian Aerospace Research Center, 81043 Capua, Italy
| | - Mattia Bacca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Robert M McMeeking
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Vikram S Deshpande
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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26
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Abstract
The focus of this paper is to describe the mechanism and behavior of two-dimensional in vitro cell stretch platforms, as well as discussing designs for the evaluation of mechanical properties of cells. It is extremely important to understand the cellular response to extrinsic mechanical forces as living biological system is constantly subjected to mechanical forces in vivo. In addition, this mechanistic understanding of cellular response will provide valuable information towards the design and fabrication of bioengineered tissues and organs, which are expected to replace and/or aid bodily functions. This paper will primarily focus on the development, advantages and limitations of two-dimensional cell stretch platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. GHAZIZADEH
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - S. ARAVAMUDHAN
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Khayamian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Thin Film and Nanoelectronic Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ansaryan
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Thin Film and Nanoelectronic Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Moghtaderi
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Thin Film and Nanoelectronic Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdolahad
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano Bio Electronic Devices Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Nano Electronic Center of Excellence, Thin Film and Nanoelectronic Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sethi K, Cram EJ, Zaidel-Bar R. Stretch-induced actomyosin contraction in epithelial tubes: Mechanotransduction pathways for tubular homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:146-52. [PMID: 28610943 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many tissues in our body have a tubular shape and are constantly exposed to various stresses. Luminal pressure imposes tension on the epithelial and myoepithelial or smooth muscle cells surrounding the lumen of the tubes. Contractile forces generated by actomyosin assemblies within these cells oppose the luminal pressure and must be calibrated to maintain tube diameter homeostasis and tissue integrity. In this review, we discuss mechanotransduction pathways that can lead from sensation of cell stretch to activation of actomyosin contractility, providing rapid mechanochemical feedback for proper tubular tissue function.
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Holle AW, Kalafat M, Ramos AS, Seufferlein T, Kemkemer R, Spatz JP. Intermediate filament reorganization dynamically influences cancer cell alignment and migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45152. [PMID: 28338091 DOI: 10.1038/srep45152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between a cancer cell and its extracellular matrix (ECM) have been the focus of an increasing amount of investigation. The role of the intermediate filament keratin in cancer has also been coming into focus of late, but more research is needed to understand how this piece fits in the puzzle of cytoskeleton-mediated invasion and metastasis. In Panc-1 invasive pancreatic cancer cells, keratin phosphorylation in conjunction with actin inhibition was found to be sufficient to reduce cell area below either treatment alone. We then analyzed intersecting keratin and actin fibers in the cytoskeleton of cyclically stretched cells and found no directional correlation. The role of keratin organization in Panc-1 cellular morphological adaptation and directed migration was then analyzed by culturing cells on cyclically stretched polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, nanoscale grates, and rigid pillars. In general, the reorganization of the keratin cytoskeleton allows the cell to become more ‘mobile’- exhibiting faster and more directed migration and orientation in response to external stimuli. By combining keratin network perturbation with a variety of physical ECM signals, we demonstrate the interconnected nature of the architecture inside the cell and the scaffolding outside of it, and highlight the key elements facilitating cancer cell-ECM interactions.
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Khademolhosseini F, Liu CC, Lim CJ, Chiao M. A magnetically actuated cellular strain assessment tool for quantitative analysis of strain induced cellular reorientation and actin alignment. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:085004. [PMID: 27587150 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available cell strain tools, such as pneumatically actuated elastomer substrates, require special culture plates, pumps, and incubator setups. In this work, we present a magnetically actuated cellular strain assessment tool (MACSAT) that can be implemented using off-the-shelf components and conventional incubators. We determine the strain field on the MACSAT elastomer substrate using numerical models and experimental measurements and show that a specific region of the elastomer substrate undergoes a quasi-uniaxial 2D stretch, and that cells confined to this region of the MACSAT elastomer substrate undergo tensile, compressive, or zero axial strain depending on their angle of orientation. Using the MACSAT to apply cyclic strain on endothelial cells, we demonstrate that actin filaments within the cells reorient away from the stretching direction, towards the directions of minimum axial strain. We show that the final actin orientation angles in strained cells are spread over a region of compressive axial strain, confirming previous findings on the existence of a varied pre-tension in the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton. We also demonstrate that strained cells exhibit distinctly different values of actin alignment coherency compared to unstrained cells and therefore propose that this parameter, i.e., the coherency of actin alignment, can be used as a new readout to determine the occurrence/extent of actin alignment in cell strain experiments. The tools and methods demonstrated in this study are simple and accessible and can be easily replicated by other researchers to study the strain response of other adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Khademolhosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z4, Canada
| | - C-C Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-1M9, Canada
| | - C J Lim
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-4H4, Canada
| | - M Chiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T-1Z4, Canada
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Sinha R, Le Gac S, Verdonschot N, van den Berg A, Koopman B, Rouwkema J. Endothelial cell alignment as a result of anisotropic strain and flow induced shear stress combinations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29510. [PMID: 27404382 PMCID: PMC4941569 DOI: 10.1038/srep29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are continuously exposed in vivo to cyclic strain and shear stress from pulsatile blood flow. When these stimuli are applied in vitro, ECs adopt an appearance resembling their in vivo state, most apparent in their alignment (perpendicular to uniaxial strain and along the flow). Uniaxial strain and flow perpendicular to the strain, used in most in vitro studies, only represent the in vivo conditions in straight parts of vessels. The conditions present over large fractions of the vasculature can be better represented by anisotropic biaxial strains at various orientations to flow. To emulate these biological complexities in vitro, we have developed a medium-throughput device to screen for the effects on cells of variously oriented anisotropic biaxial strains and flow combinations. Upon the application of only strains for 24 h, ECs (HUVECs) aligned perpendicular to the maximum principal strain and the alignment was stronger for a higher maximum:minimum principal strain ratio. A 0.55 Pa shear stress, when applied alone or with strain for 24 h, caused cells to align along the flow. Studying EC response to such combined physiological mechanical stimuli was not possible with existing platforms and to our best knowledge, has not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sinha
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Verdonschot
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Lab, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS, Lab on a chip group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Koopman
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Coakley DN, Shaikh FM, O'sullivan K, Kavanagh EG, Grace PA, Mcgloughlin TM. Design and Evaluation of a Novel Subatmospheric Pressure Bioreactor for the Preconditioning of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Constructs. Int J Artif Organs 2016; 39:77-83. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The pre-conditioning of tissue-engineered vascular scaffolds with mechanical stimuli is being recognised as an essential step in producing a functional vascular construct. In this study we design and evaluate a novel bioreactor, which exerts a mechanical strain on developing vascular scaffolds via subatmospheric pressure. Methods We design and construct a bioreactor, which exerts subatmospheric pressure via a vacuum assisted closure unit. Vascular scaffolds seeded with human umbilical endothelial cells were evaluated for structural integrity, microbial contamination, cellular viability, von Willebrand factor (VWF) production, cell proliferation and morphology under a range of subatmospheric pressures (75-200mmHg). Results The bioreactor produced sustained subatmospheric pressures, which exerted a mechanical strain on the vascular scaffold. No microbial contamination was found during the study. The structural integrity of the vascular construct was maintained. There was no difference in cellular viability between control or subatmospheric pressure groups (p = 0.817). Cells continued to produce VWF under a range of subatmospheric pressures. Cells subjected to subatmospheric pressures of 125mmHg and 200mmHg exhibited higher levels of growth than cells in atmospheric pressure at 24 (p≤0.016) and 48 hour (p≤0.001). Negative pressure affected cellular morphology, which were more organised, elongated and expanded when exposed to subatmospheric pressure. Conclusions We have constructed and validated a novel subatmospheric bioreactor. The bioreactor maintained a continuous subatmospheric pressure to the vascular scaffolds in a stable, sterile and constant environment. The bioreactor exerted a strain on the vascular sheets, which was shown to alter cellular morphology and enhance cellular proliferation.
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Abstract
Extracellular mechanophysical signals from both static substrate cue and dynamic mechanical loading have strong potential to regulate cell functions. Most of the studies have adopted either static or dynamic cue and shown that each cue can regulate cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation, lineage commitment, and differentiation. However, there is limited information on the integrative control of cell functions by the static and dynamic mechanophysical signals. For example, a majority of dynamic loading studies have tested mechanical stimulation of cells utilizing cultures on flat surfaces without any surface modification. While these approaches have provided significant information on cell mechanotransduction, obtained outcomes may not correctly recapitulate complex cellular mechanosensing milieus in vivo. Several pioneering studies documented cellular response to mechanical stimulations upon cultures with biomimetic substrate modifications. In this min-review, we will highlight key findings on the integrative role of substrate cue (topographic, geometric, etc.) and mechanical stimulation (stretch, fluid shear) in modulating cell function and fate. The integrative approaches, though not fully established yet, will help properly understand cell mechanotransduction under biomimetic mechanophysical environments. This may further lead to advanced functional tissue engineering and regenerative medicine protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nahid Andalib
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, W317.3 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0526 USA
| | - Yuris Dzenis
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, W317.3 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0526 USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, P.O. Box 843067, Richmond, VA 23284-3067 USA
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, W317.3 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0526 USA
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Lei Y, Ferdous Z. Design considerations and challenges for mechanical stretch bioreactors in tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:543-53. [PMID: 26929197 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in average life expectancy and growing aging population, lack of functional grafts for replacement surgeries has become a severe problem. Engineered tissues are a promising alternative to this problem because they can mimic the physiological function of the native tissues and be cultured on demand. Cyclic stretch is important for developing many engineered tissues such as hearts, heart valves, muscles, and bones. Thus a variety of stretch bioreactors and corresponding scaffolds have been designed and tested to study the underlying mechanism of tissue formation and to optimize the mechanical conditions applied to the engineered tissues. In this review, we look at various designs of stretch bioreactors and common scaffolds and offer insights for future improvements in tissue engineering applications. First, we summarize the requirements and common configuration of stretch bioreactors. Next, we present the features of different actuating and motion transforming systems and their applications. Since most bioreactors must measure detailed distributions of loads and deformations on engineered tissues, techniques with high accuracy, precision, and frequency have been developed. We also cover the key points in designing culture chambers, nutrition exchanging systems, and regimens used for specific tissues. Since scaffolds are essential for providing biophysical microenvironments for residing cells, we discuss materials and technologies used in fabricating scaffolds to mimic anisotropic native tissues, including decellularized tissues, hydrogels, biocompatible polymers, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we present the potential future directions for improving stretch bioreactors and scaffolds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:543-553, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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McKayed K, Prendergast PJ, Campbell VA. Aging enhances the vulnerability of mesenchymal stromal cells to uniaxial tensile strain-induced apoptosis. J Biomech 2016; 49:458-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Cells in various tissues are subjected to mechanical stress and strain that have profound effects on cell architecture and function. The specific response of the cell to applied strain depends on multiple factors, including cell contractility, spatial and temporal strain pattern, and substrate dimensionality and rigidity. Recent work has demonstrated that the cell response to applied strain depends on a complex combination of these factors, but the way these factors interact to elicit a specific response is not intuitive. We submit that an understanding of the integrated response of a cell to these factors will provide new insight into mechanobiology and contribute to the effective design of deformable engineered scaffolds meant to provide appropriate mechanical cues to the resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA.
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37
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Jufri NF, Mohamedali A, Avolio A, Baker MS. Mechanical stretch: physiological and pathological implications for human vascular endothelial cells. Vasc Cell 2015; 7:8. [PMID: 26388991 PMCID: PMC4575492 DOI: 10.1186/s13221-015-0033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are subjected to hemodynamic forces such as mechanical stretch due to the pulsatile nature of blood flow. Mechanical stretch of different intensities is detected by mechanoreceptors on the cell surface which enables the conversion of external mechanical stimuli to biochemical signals in the cell, activating downstream signaling pathways. This activation may vary depending on whether the cell is exposed to physiological or pathological stretch intensities. Substantial stretch associated with normal physiological functioning is important in maintaining vascular homeostasis as it is involved in the regulation of cell structure, vascular angiogenesis, proliferation and control of vascular tone. However, the elevated pressure that occurs with hypertension exposes cells to excessive mechanical load, and this may lead to pathological consequences through the formation of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and/or apoptosis. These processes are activated by downstream signaling through various pathways that determine the fate of cells. Identification of the proteins involved in these processes may help elucidate novel mechanisms involved in vascular disease associated with pathological mechanical stretch and could provide new insight into therapeutic strategies aimed at countering the mechanisms’ negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul F Jufri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, F10A, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, F7B Building Research Park Drive, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Alberto Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, F10A, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Mark S Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, F10A, 2 Technology Place, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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Abstract
It is widely known that mechanical signals such as force, geometry, and substrate elasticity can be utilized by cells to regulate their structures, functions, and behaviors. However, the exact nature of the underlying mechanisms of cellular mechanosensing is unclear. Recently, extensive experiments on cellular reorientation dynamics on a substrate under biaxial cyclic stretches were performed, and the measured behaviors were found to be incompatible with existing theories. Here, we show that a theoretical model based on both tensile and shearing forces on focal adhesions (FAs) is capable of reproducing the new experimental data. This work provides important mechanistic insights into how behaviors of FAs can strongly affect cellular reorientation dynamics on a cyclically stretched substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- †Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- †Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Huajian Gao
- ‡School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Abstract
Transmission of mechanical force is crucial for normal cell development and functioning. However, the process of mechanotransduction cannot be studied in isolation from cell mechanics. Thus, in order to understand how cells 'feel', we must first understand how they deform and recover from physical perturbations. Owing to its versatility, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a popular tool to study intrinsic cellular mechanical properties. Used to directly manipulate and examine whole and subcellular reactions, AFM allows for top-down and reconstitutive approaches to mechanical characterization. These studies show that the responses of cells and their components are complex, and largely depend on the magnitude and time scale of loading. In this review, we generally describe the mechanotransductive process through discussion of well-known mechanosensors. We then focus on discussion of recent examples where AFM is used to specifically probe the elastic and inelastic responses of single cells undergoing deformation. We present a brief overview of classical and current models often used to characterize observed cellular phenomena in response to force. Both simple mechanistic models and complex nonlinear models have been used to describe the observed cellular behaviours, however a unifying description of cell mechanics has not yet been resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Haase
- Department of Physics, Centre for Interdisciplinary NanoPhysics, MacDonald Hall, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew E Pelling
- Department of Physics, Centre for Interdisciplinary NanoPhysics, MacDonald Hall, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Biology, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Institute for Science Society and Policy, Desmarais Building, 55 Laurier Ave. East, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Greiner AM, Biela SA, Chen H, Spatz JP, Kemkemer R. Temporal responses of human endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to uniaxial cyclic tensile strain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1298-309. [PMID: 25687334 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215570191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiology of vascular cells depends on stimulating mechanical forces caused by pulsatile flow. Thus, mechano-transduction processes and responses of primary human endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been studied to reveal cell-type specific differences which may contribute to vascular tissue integrity. Here, we investigate the dynamic reorientation response of ECs and SMCs cultured on elastic membranes over a range of stretch frequencies from 0.01 to 1 Hz. ECs and SMCs show different cell shape adaptation responses (reorientation) dependent on the frequency. ECs reveal a specific threshold frequency (0.01 Hz) below which no responses is detectable while the threshold frequency for SMCs could not be determined and is speculated to be above 1 Hz. Interestingly, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions system, as well as changes in the focal adhesion area, can be observed for both cell types and is dependent on the frequency. RhoA and Rac1 activities are increased for ECs but not for SMCs upon application of a uniaxial cyclic tensile strain. Analysis of membrane protrusions revealed that the spatial protrusion activity of ECs and SMCs is independent of the application of a uniaxial cyclic tensile strain of 1 Hz while the total number of protrusions is increased for ECs only. Our study indicates differences in the reorientation response and the reaction times of the two cell types in dependence of the stretching frequency, with matching data for actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion realignment, RhoA/Rac1 activities, and membrane protrusion activity. These are promising results which may allow cell-type specific activation of vascular cells by frequency-selective mechanical stretching. This specific activation of different vascular cell types might be helpful in improving strategies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Greiner
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah A Biela
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cell- and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
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Chen L, Chen S, Gao H. Biomimetic study of rolling transport through smooth muscle contraction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Figueroa DS, Kemeny SF, Clyne AM. Glycated Collagen Decreased Endothelial Cell Fibronectin Alignment in Response to Cyclic Stretch Via Interruption of Actin Alignment. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:101010. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a defining characteristic of diabetes, and uncontrolled blood glucose in diabetes is associated with accelerated cardiovascular disease. Chronic hyperglycemia glycates extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen, which can lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. In healthy conditions, endothelial cells respond to mechanical stimuli such as cyclic stretch (CS) by aligning their actin cytoskeleton. Other cell types, specifically fibroblasts, align their ECM in response to CS. We previously demonstrated that glycated collagen inhibits endothelial cell actin alignment in response to CS. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glycated collagen on ECM remodeling and protein alignment in response to stretch. Porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) seeded on native or glycated collagen coated elastic substrates were exposed to 10% CS. Cells on native collagen aligned subcellular fibronectin fibers in response to stretch, whereas cells on glycated collagen did not. The loss of fibronectin alignment was due to inhibited actin alignment in response to CS, since fibronectin alignment did not occur in cells on native collagen when actin alignment was inhibited with cytochalasin. Further, while ECM protein content did not change in cells on native or glycated collagen in response to CS, degradation activity decreased in cells on glycated collagen. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and membrane-associated type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) protein levels decreased, and therefore MMP-2 activity also decreased. These MMP changes may relate to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk) phosphorylation inhibition with CS, which has previously been linked to focal adhesion kinase (FAK). These data demonstrate the importance of endothelial cell actin tension in remodeling and aligning matrix proteins in response to mechanical stimuli, which is critical to vascular remodeling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle S. Figueroa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven F. Kemeny
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:
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Dunne LW, Iyyanki T, Hubenak J, Mathur AB. Characterization of dielectrophoresis-aligned nanofibrous silk fibroin-chitosan scaffold and its interactions with endothelial cells for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3630-40. [PMID: 24821141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aligned three-dimensional nanofibrous silk fibroin-chitosan (eSFCS) scaffolds were fabricated using dielectrophoresis (DEP) by investigating the effects of alternating current frequency, the presence of ions, the SF:CS ratio and the post-DEP freezing temperature. Scaffolds were characterized with polarized light microscopy to analyze SF polymer chain alignment, atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the apparent elastic modulus, and scanning electron microscopy and AFM to analyze scaffold topography. The interaction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with eSFCS scaffolds was assessed using immunostaining to assess cell patterning and AFM to measure the apparent elastic modulus of the cells. The eSFCS (50:50) samples prepared at 10MHz with NaCl had the highest percentage of aligned area as compared to other conditions. As DEP frequency increased from 100kHz to 10MHz, fibril sizes decreased significantly. eSFCS (50:50) scaffolds fabricated at 10MHz in the presence of 5mM NaCl had a fibril size of 77.96±4.69nm and an apparent elastic modulus of 39.9±22.4kPa. HUVECs on eSFCS scaffolds formed aligned and branched capillary-like vascular structures. The elastic modulus of HUVEC cultured on eSFCS was 6.36±2.37kPa. DEP is a potential tool for fabrication of SFCS scaffolds with aligned nanofibrous structures that can guide vasculature in tissue engineering and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina W Dunne
- Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tejaswi Iyyanki
- Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin Hubenak
- Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anshu B Mathur
- Tissue Regeneration and Molecular Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Epithelial cells of the lung are located at the interface between the environment and the organism and serve many important functions including barrier protection, fluid balance, clearance of particulate, initiation of immune responses, mucus and surfactant production, and repair following injury. Because of the complex structure of the lung and its cyclic deformation during the respiratory cycle, epithelial cells are exposed to continuously varying levels of mechanical stresses. While normal lung function is maintained under these conditions, changes in mechanical stresses can have profound effects on the function of epithelial cells and therefore the function of the organ. In this review, we will describe the types of stresses and strains in the lungs, how these are transmitted, and how these may vary in human disease or animal models. Many approaches have been developed to better understand how cells sense and respond to mechanical stresses, and we will discuss these approaches and how they have been used to study lung epithelial cells in culture. Understanding how cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical stresses will contribute to our understanding of the role of lung epithelial cells during normal function and development and how their function may change in diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, emphysema, and fibrosis.
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Shojaei S, Tafazzoli-Shahdpour M, Shokrgozar MA, Haghighipour N. Effects of mechanical and chemical stimuli on differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into endothelial cells. Int J Artif Organs. 2013;36:663-673. [PMID: 23918273 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that application of the micromechanical environment that target cells experience in vivo enhances functionality of differentiated cells. Vascular endothelial cells, functioning at the interface of the blood-vessel wall, are vital to the performance of the cardiovascular system. They are subject to shear and tensile stresses induced by blood flow and pressure, respectively. This study investigated effects of shear/tensile stresses on endothelial differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) utilizing a custom-made bioreactor capable of applying both shear and tensile stresses. The loading values of 10% cyclic stretch, 0-2.5 dyn/cm² cyclic shear stress, and combined loadings were used. To examine the extent of mechanical and chemical stimuli in acquisition of endothelial characteristics by ASCs, the expression of three major endothelial genes were quantified when ASCs were treated by three loading regimes and endothelial growth factor for three different durations (1, 2, and 7 days). In general, cyclic stretch decreased expression of FLK-1 and vWF, while cyclic shear elevated expression levels. The combined loading regime had minor effects on the expression of the two markers. All types of loadings significantly enhanced the expression level of VE-cadherin with the most prominent increase by combined loading. It was concluded that applying different loading regimes assists in adjusting the expression level of endothelial markers to achieve functional endothelial cells for cardiovascular engineering.
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Ní Ghriallais R, Bruzzi M. Effects of knee flexion on the femoropopliteal artery: a computational study. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1620-8. [PMID: 23810284 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During knee flexion, the muscles of the upper leg impose various loads on the underlying femoropopliteal artery resulting in radial compression, bending, torsion, axial extension and axial compression. Measuring the dynamic force environment of the femoropopliteal artery and quantifying its resulting deformation characteristics is an essential input to peripheral device design. The goal of this study was to create an anatomically accurate, three dimensional finite element model capable of capturing the loading conditions and deformation characteristics of the femoropopliteal artery during knee flexion. Three dimensional geometries of the muscle, bone, arterial and soft tissues of the leg were constructed from CT scan data and meshed for finite element analysis. Knee flexion was simulated and deformation characteristics of length change (axial compression), curvature, radial compression and axial twist were quantified and compared to previous experimental studies. The model predicts 8.23% shortening and an average curvature of 0.294±0.26 cm(-1) in the vessel after knee flexion, with maximum stresses of 61.17 kPa and maximum strains of 0.16%. The model created replicates known in vivo deformation characteristics seen previously in angiographic images and for the first time associates femoropopliteal artery deformation characteristics with stress and strain levels within the arterial tissue.
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Abstract
We report a theoretical study on the cyclic stretch-induced reorientation of spindle-shaped cells. Specifically, by taking into account the evolution of sub-cellular structures like the contractile stress fibers and adhesive receptor-ligand clusters, we develop a mechanochemical model to describe the dynamics of cell realignment in response to cyclically stretched substrates. Our main hypothesis is that cells tend to orient in the direction where the formation of stress fibers is energetically most favorable. We show that, when subjected to cyclic stretch, the final alignment of cells reflects the competition between the elevated force within stress fibers that accelerates their disassembly and the disruption of cell-substrate adhesion as well, and an effectively increased substrate rigidity that promotes more stable focal adhesions. Our model predictions are consistent with various observations like the substrate rigidity dependent formation of stable adhesions and the stretching frequency, as well as stretching amplitude, dependence of cell realignment. This theory also provides a simple explanation on the regulation of protein Rho in the formation of stretch-induced stress fibers in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haipei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiqiu Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Mavi MF, Ji JY. Endothelial Wound Recovery is Influenced by Treatment with Shear Stress, Wound Direction, and Substrate. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6:310-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Chen B, Kemkemer R, Deibler M, Spatz J, Gao H. Cyclic stretch induces cell reorientation on substrates by destabilizing catch bonds in focal adhesions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48346. [PMID: 23152769 PMCID: PMC3495948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A minimal model of cellular mechanosensing system that consists of a single stress fiber adhering on a substrate via two focal adhesions made of catch bonds is adopted to investigate the phenomena of cell reorientation on substrates induced by an applied uniaxial cyclic stretch. The model indicates that the catch bonds in the focal adhesions experience a periodically oscillating internal force with amplitude and frequency controlled by two intrinsic clocks of the stress fiber, one associated with localized activation and the other with homogeneous activation of sarcomere units along the stress fiber. It is shown that this oscillating force due to cyclic stretch tends to destabilize focal adhesions by reducing the lifetime of catch bonds. The resulting slide or relocation of focal adhesions then causes the associated stress fiber to shorten and rotate to configurations nearly perpendicular to the stretching direction. These predicted behaviors from our model are consistent with a wide range of experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Mechanics, Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Deibler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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