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Mansberg K, Kull K, Salupere R, Prükk T, Margus B, Kariis T, Remmel T, Suurmaa K, Ott K, Jaago K, Šmidt J. A Population-Based Surveillance Study on the Epidemiology of Hepatitis C in Estonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54010009. [PMID: 30344240 PMCID: PMC6037246 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients serve as a reservoir for transmission of the disease to others and are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the epidemiological data of high rate HCV infection have been obtained in many countries, such data are insufficient in Estonia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze country-specific data on HCV patients. Materials and methods: Data about age, gender, diagnosis, possible risk factors, coinfections, HCV genotypes, liver fibrosis stages and extrahepatic manifestations were collected from 518 patients. Results: The most common risk factors for hepatitis C were injection drug use and tattooing in the 30–39 and 40–49 year age groups, and blood transfusion in the 50–59 and 60–69 year age groups. The other risk factors established were profession-related factors and sexual contact. The prevailing viral genotype among the HCV infected patients was genotype 1 (69% of the patients) followed by genotype 3 (25%). Genotypes 1 and 3 correlated with blood transfusions before 1994, drug injections and tattooing. Conclusions: Our study provides the best representation of genotype distribution across Estonia. As a result of the study, valuable data has been collected on hepatitis C patients in Estonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairi Mansberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
- Internal Disease Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Karin Kull
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
- Internal Disease Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Riina Salupere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
- Internal Disease Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiina Prükk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
- Internal Disease Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Benno Margus
- Department of Gastroenterology, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Kariis
- Department of Gastroenterology, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Triin Remmel
- Department of Gastroenterology, East Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Külliki Suurmaa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectios Diseases Clinic, West Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Kristi Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectios Diseases Clinic, West Tallinn Central Hospital, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Krista Jaago
- Internal Disease Clinic, Pärnu Hospital, 80010 Pärnu, Estonia.
| | - Jelena Šmidt
- Internal Disease Clinic, East Viru Central Hospital, 31024 Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.
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Qi Y, Chen Q, Hao F, Wan Z, Guo H, Lu R, Mao L, Du H, Lu J, Zhang C. Subtype distribution of hepatitis C virus in Jiangsu, China. J Med Virol 2015; 88:498-505. [PMID: 26288243 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution varied by regions and transmission modes. In this study, we investigated HCV genotype distribution in five cities of Jiangsu, China, all of which are located in the Yangtze River Delta Region. A total of 363 samples were collected during 2011-2012. C/E2 and NS5B fragments of HCV were amplified using a multiple RT-nested PCR strategy and subjected to sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed for HCV genotyping. Among 106 PCR positive cases, HCV subtypes 1a (0.9%), 1b (61.3%), 2a (15.1%), 3a (4.7%), 3b (9.4%), 6a (6.6%), and 6n (1.9%) were detected. Together with our previous data, we found that HCV subtypes were more among injection drug users (IDUs) (nine) than among general population (GP) (six), and the most common subtype among GP was 1b (73.9%), followed by 2a (14.5%), while the top four common subtypes among IDUs were 3a, 1b, 3b, and 6a, with similar prevalence rates (24.4%, 22.7%, 20.9%, and 17.4%, respectively). There were nine HCV subtypes prevalent among IDUs in Jiangsu, more than those in Xinjiang, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hong Kong. The top four common subtypes among IDUs in Jiangsu covered all the two most common HCV subtypes (except 6n subtype) observed in six targeted provinces/region. These results suggested that Jiangsu may be an important gathering place for various HCV subtypes and the gathering may be involved in the large scale of population migration from other regions of China to Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinle Qi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Pathogen Diagnostic Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Hao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Zhenjiang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Du
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Pathogen Diagnostic Center, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Brjalin V, Salupere R, Tallo T, Kuznetsova T, Priimägi L, Tefanova V. Predictors of treatment response in patients with hepatitis C 1b genotype. Open Med (Wars) 2013; 8:822-9. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-013-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Tallo T, Norder H, Tefanova V, Krispin T, Schmidt J, Ilmoja M, Orgulas K, Pruunsild K, Priimägi L, Magnius LO. Genetic characterization of hepatitis C virus strains in Estonia: fluctuations in the predominating subtype with time. J Med Virol 2007; 79:374-82. [PMID: 17311333 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in intravenous drug use in young adults in Estonia with an increased incidence of both hepatitis B and C as a consequence. Since genetic data are limited regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) strains in Estonia, the aim of the study was to characterize HCV strains in different risk groups to determine their relatedness to strains from other geographical regions. Three hundred fifty-three anti-HCV positive sera collected during 1994-2004 from hospitalized patients, blood donors and health care workers were used as source of HCV RNA. Two hundred nine (59%) of the sera were positive for HCV RNA by PCR directed to the 5'-UTR region. For 174 strains the HCV subtype was determined by analyses of the NS5B and/or the 5'UTR-core regions. 1b (71%) was the most common subtype followed by 3a (24%), 2c (2%), 1a (1%), and 2a (1%). The 1b and 3a strains were similar to strains from other regions of the former USSR. Within genotype 1b there were several HCV lineages. However, for 3a there seemed to be two separate introductions into Estonia. There was a relative shift from subtype 1b to 3a in 1999-2000 with a further replacement of 3a with 1b in intravenous drug users in 2001 and onwards (P < 0.05). However, both subtypes were found to co-circulate in the community independent of risk factors. One patient was infected with the 2k/1b recombinant presumed to originate from St. Petersburg being the first isolate of this recombinant recovered outside Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tallo
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
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Abstract
AIM: To determine the prevalence of several autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C patients, and to find out whether the pattern of autoantibodies was associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes.
METHODS: Sera from 90 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C were investigated on the presence of anti-nuclear (ANA), anti-mitochondrial (AMA), anti-smooth muscle (SMA), anti-liver-kidney microsomal type 1 (LKMA1), anti-parietal cell (PCA), anti-thyroid microsomal (TMA), and anti-reticulin (ARA) autoantibodies. The autoantibodies were identified by indirect immunofluorescence. HCV genotypes were determined by a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the amplified 5’ noncoding genome region.
RESULTS: Forty-six (51.1%) patients were positive for at least one autoantibody. Various antibodies were presented as follows: ANA in 13 (14.4%) patients, SMA in 39 (43.3%), TMA in 2 (2.2%), and ARA in 1 (1.1%) patients. In 9 cases, sera were positive for two autoantibodies (ANA and SMA). AMA, PCA and LKMA1 were not detected in the observed sera. HCV genotypes were distributed as follows: 1b in 66 (73.3%) patients, 3a in 18 (20.0%), and 2a in 6 (6.7%) patients.
CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of ANA and SMA can be found in chronic hepatitis C patients. Autoantibodies are present at low titre (1:10) in most of the cases. Distribution of the autoantibodies show no differences in the sex groups and between patients infected with different HCV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zusinaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 6, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
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