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Pérez-Méndez N, Fernández MM, van Doorn L, Català-Forner MM, Martínez L, Garibaldi LA. Bottom-up effects of woodland eutrophication: Interacting limiting nutrients determine herbivory frequency in northwestern Patagonia. Sci Total Environ 2022; 816:151608. [PMID: 34774949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment disrupts plant-animal interactions and ecosystem functioning globally. In woodland systems, the mechanisms of bottom-up turnover on plant-herbivore interactions remain understudied. Here, we performed a full-factorial field experiment to evaluate the interactive effects of nutrient addition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or potassium) on the assemblage of foliar herbivores and the interaction frequency with Berberis microphylla, a dominant shrub species in Patagonian woodlands. Additionally, we assessed whether these effects could be mediated by changes in vegetative traits and microhabitat characteristics (i.e., canopy cover) that may ultimately influence the foraging behavior of herbivores. The addition of nitrogen reduced the herbivory frequency by 41%, yet this effect was diluted in the presence of potassium. We found no effects of phosphorus addition. Our results suggest that the impact of multiple nutrient additions (N and K) on herbivory patterns could be mediated by changes in two important foliar traits, leaf size and leaf density. This study shows how multiple nutrient addition can change the magnitude of antagonistic plant-animal interactions in woodlands. Since herbivory by arthropods has a relevant role in net primary productivity, our results highlight the importance of buffering human-driven woodland eutrophication to maintain important ecological functions (e.g., herbivory) associated with antagonistic plant-animal interactions and avoiding ecosystem dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pérez-Méndez
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA-Amposta, Carretera de Balada, Km1, 43870 Amposta, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M M Fernández
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Dept. of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - L van Doorn
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Wageningen University & Research, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M M Català-Forner
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA-Amposta, Carretera de Balada, Km1, 43870 Amposta, Tarragona, Spain
| | - L Martínez
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - L A Garibaldi
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Río Negro, Argentina
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Wang N, Ji T, Liu X, Li Q, Sairebieli K, Wu P, Song H, Wang H, Du N, Zheng P, Wang R. Defoliation Significantly Suppressed Plant Growth Under Low Light Conditions in Two Leguminosae Species. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:777328. [PMID: 35069632 PMCID: PMC8776832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings in regenerating layer are frequently attacked by herbivorous insects, while the combined effects of defoliation and shading are not fully understood. In the present study, two Leguminosae species (Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa) were selected to study their responses to combined light and defoliation treatments. In a greenhouse experiment, light treatments (L+, 88% vs L-, 8% full sunlight) and defoliation treatments (CK, without defoliation vs DE, defoliation 50% of the upper crown) were applied at the same time. The seedlings' physiological and growth traits were determined at 1, 10, 30, and 70 days after the combined treatment. Our results showed that the effects of defoliation on growth and carbon allocation under high light treatments in both species were mainly concentrated in the early stage (days 1-10). R. pseudoacacia can achieve growth recovery within 10 days after defoliation, while A. fruticosa needs 30 days. Seedlings increased SLA and total chlorophyll concentration to improve light capture efficiency under low light treatments in both species, at the expense of reduced leaf thickness and leaf lignin concentration. The negative effects of defoliation treatment on plant growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) concentration in low light treatment were significantly higher than that in high light treatment after recovery for 70 days in R. pseudoacacia, suggesting sufficient production of carbohydrate would be crucial for seedling growth after defoliation. Plant growth was more sensitive to defoliation and low light stress than photosynthesis, resulting in NSCs accumulating during the early period of treatment. These results illustrated that although seedlings could adjust their resource allocation strategy and carbon dynamics in response to combined defoliation and light treatments, individuals grown in low light conditions will be more suppressed by defoliation. Our results indicate that we should pay more attention to understory seedlings' regeneration under the pressure of herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianyu Ji
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kulihong Sairebieli
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Tullus A, Rusalepp L, Lutter R, Rosenvald K, Kaasik A, Rytter L, Kontunen-Soppela S, Oksanen E. Climate and Competitive Status Modulate the Variation in Secondary Metabolites More in Leaves Than in Fine Roots of Betula pendula. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:746165. [PMID: 34899775 PMCID: PMC8655902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have many important functions; they also determine the productivity and resilience of trees under climate change. The effects of environmental factors on secondary metabolites are much better understood in above-ground than in below-ground part of the tree. Competition is a crucial biotic stress factor, but little is known about the interaction effect of climate and competition on the secondary chemistry of trees. Moreover, competition effect is usually overlooked when analyzing the sources of variation in the secondary chemistry. Our aim was to clarify the effects of competitive status, within-crown light environment, and climate on the secondary chemistry of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). We sampled leaves (from upper and lower crown) and fine roots from competitively dominant and suppressed B. pendula trees in plantations along a latitudinal gradient (56-67° N) in Fennoscandia, with mean annual temperature (MAT) range: -1 to 8°C. Secondary metabolites in leaves (SML) and fine roots (SMFR) were determined with an HPLC-qTOF mass spectrometer. We found that SML content increased significantly with MAT. The effect of competitive stress on SML strengthened in colder climates (MAT<4°C). Competition and shade initiated a few similar responses in SML. SMFR varied less with MAT. Suppressed trees allocated relatively more resources to SML in warmer climates and to SMFR in colder ones. Our study revealed that the content and profile of secondary metabolites (mostly phenolic defense compounds and growth regulators) in leaves of B. pendula varied with climate and reflected the trees' defense requirements against herbivory, exposure to irradiance, and competitive status (resource supply). The metabolic profile of fine roots reflected, besides defense requirements, also different below-ground competition strategies in warmer and colder climates. An increase in carbon assimilation to secondary compounds can be expected at northern latitudes due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Tullus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Linda Rusalepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Rosenvald
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Ferreira V, Elosegi A, D. Tiegs S, von Schiller D, Young R. Organic Matter Decomposition and Ecosystem Metabolism as Tools to Assess the Functional Integrity of Streams and Rivers–A Systematic Review. Water 2020; 12:3523. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Streams and rivers provide important services to humans, and therefore, their ecological integrity should be a societal goal. Although ecological integrity encompasses structural and functional integrity, stream bioassessment rarely considers ecosystem functioning. Organic matter decomposition and ecosystem metabolism are prime candidate indicators of stream functional integrity, and here we review each of these functions, the methods used for their determination, and their strengths and limitations for bioassessment. We also provide a systematic review of studies that have addressed organic matter decomposition (88 studies) and ecosystem metabolism (50 studies) for stream bioassessment since the year 2000. Most studies were conducted in temperate regions. Bioassessment based on organic matter decomposition mostly used leaf litter in coarse-mesh bags, but fine-mesh bags were also common, and cotton strips and wood were frequent in New Zealand. Ecosystem metabolism was most often based on the open-channel method and used a single-station approach. Organic matter decomposition and ecosystem metabolism performed well at detecting environmental change (≈75% studies), with performances varying between 50 and 100% depending on the type of environmental change; both functions were sensitive to restoration practices in 100% of the studies examined. Finally, we provide examples where functional tools are used to complement the assessments of stream ecological integrity. With this review, we hope to facilitate the widespread incorporation of ecosystem processes into bioassessment programs with the broader aim of more effectively managing stream and river ecosystems.
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Poeydebat C, Jactel H, Moreira X, Koricheva J, Barsoum N, Bauhus J, Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Francisco M, Gottschall F, Gravel D, Mason B, Muiruri E, Muys B, Nock C, Paquette A, Ponette Q, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Stokes V, Staab M, Verheyen K, Castagneyrol B. Climate affects neighbour-induced changes in leaf chemical defences and tree diversity-herbivory relationships. Funct Ecol 2020; 35:67-81. [PMID: 33746332 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Associational resistance theory predicts that insect herbivory decreases with increasing tree diversity in forest ecosystems. However, the generality of this effect and its underlying mechanisms are still debated, particularly since evidence has accumulated that climate may influence the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity and herbivory.We quantified insect leaf herbivory and leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) of silver birch Betula pendula in pure and mixed plots with different tree species composition across 12 tree diversity experiments in different climates. We investigated whether the effects of neighbouring tree species diversity on insect herbivory in birch, that is, associational effects, were dependent on the climatic context, and whether neighbour-induced changes in birch chemical defences were involved in associational resistance to insect herbivory.We showed that herbivory on birch decreased with tree species richness (i.e. associational resistance) in colder environments but that this relationship faded as mean annual temperature increased.Birch leaf chemical defences increased with tree species richness but decreased with the phylogenetic distinctiveness of birch from its neighbours, particularly in warmer and more humid environments.Herbivory was negatively correlated with leaf chemical defences, particularly when birch was associated with closely related species. The interactive effect of tree diversity and climate on herbivory was partially mediated by changes in leaf chemical defences.Our findings confirm that tree species diversity can modify the leaf chemistry of a focal species, hence its quality for herbivores. They further stress that such neighbour-induced changes are dependent on climate and that tree diversity effects on insect herbivory are partially mediated by these neighbour-induced changes in chemical defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poeydebat
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
| | | | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Felix Gottschall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Bill Mason
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin Midlothian, UK
| | - Evalyne Muiruri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Bart Muys
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles Nock
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Biology, Department of Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering & Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Victoria Stokes
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin Midlothian, UK
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
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Uyi OO. Light environments affect herbivory patterns but not reproductive performance of a multivoltine specialist moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16868. [PMID: 33037317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unravelling the responses of insect herbivores to light-environment-mediated variation in the traits of their host plants is central to our understanding of the nutritional ecology of, and factors driving the population dynamics in, these species. This study examined the effect of light environment (shaded vs full-sun habitat) on leaf toughness and leaf nutritional quality in Chromolaena odorata (an invasive species in West Africa) and related these attributes to the abundance, herbivory patterns and reproductive performance of a multivoltine specialist moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (a biological control agent). In this system, plants growing in shaded areas in the field experienced more herbivory and had higher herbivore abundance than those growing in full-sun. In the laboratory, P. pseudoinsulata larvae consumed significantly greater amounts of shaded foliage relative to full-sun foliage. However, reproductive performance metrics such as mating success, pre-oviposition period, number of eggs laid, duration of egg laying, egg hatchability, and adult longevity in P. pseudoinsulata did not differ according to foliage types. Reduced leaf toughness, increased water and nitrogen contents in shaded leaves coincided with increased leaf consumption by the larvae of P. pseudoinsulata. In summary, this study showed for the first time that light environments affect herbivory patterns but not reproductive performance of P. pseudoinsulata and hypothesized that high foliar nitrogen and water contents in shaded leaves resulted in feedback and necessity consumption patterns.
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Weaver AK, Hood GR, Foster M, Egan SP. Trade-off between fecundity and survival generates stabilizing selection on gall size. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10207-10218. [PMID: 33005376 PMCID: PMC7520187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions within multitrophic communities are fundamental to the evolution of individual species that reside within them. One common outcome of species interactions are fitness trade-offs, where traits adaptive in some circumstances are maladaptive in others. Here, we identify a fitness trade-off between fecundity and survival in the cynipid wasp Callirhytis quercusbatatoides that induces multichambered galls on the stem of its host plant Quercus virginiana. We first quantified this trade-off in natural populations by documenting two relationships: a positive association between the trait gall size and fecundity, as larger galls contain more offspring, and a negative association between gall size and survival, as larger galls are attacked by birds at a higher rate. Next, we performed a field-based experimental evolution study where birds were excluded from the entire canopy of 11 large host trees for five years. As a result of the five-year release from avian predators, we observed a significant shift to larger galls per tree. Overall, our study demonstrates how two opposing forces of selection can generate stabilizing selection on a critical phenotypic trait in wild populations, and how traits can evolve rapidly in the predicted direction when conditions change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | | | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA
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Rocha S, Caldeira MC, Burban C, Kerdelhué C, Branco M. Shifted phenology in the pine processionary moth affects the outcome of tree-insect interaction. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:68-76. [PMID: 31190650 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean and temperate regions, an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events has been recorded, probably due to climate change. In consequence, trees will more frequently experience hydric stress, a condition that can be expected to affect insect-tree interactions, while adaptation mechanisms may be further in course. The effect of tree water stress on the performance of two allochronic populations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa was here studied. Namely, we compared a unique population of this insect, in which the larvae develop in the summer (SP), with the typical population having winter larval development (WP), to test the adaptation hypothesis to host plant status. Larvae of each population were fed on needles of young potted Pinus pinaster plants under two water supply regimes: (i) well-watered (control) and (ii) subjected to 3 months of drought stress. Compared to control, stressed plants had higher amounts of soluble sugars, phenols, and higher C/N ratio, whereas water content and chlorophylls concentrations were lower. In general, T. pityocampa larvae had lower performances on water-stressed plants, as shown by lower survival rates, lower needle consumption, and longer development times. Yet, the detrimental effects of tree stress were only significant for the WP larvae, while SP larvae were able to overcome such conditions. Results demonstrate that tree water stress can negatively affect T. pityocampa populations. Furthermore, the evidence is also provided that responses to the physiological condition of the host trees may occur at the population level, as a result of adaptation mechanisms driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rocha
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Burban
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - C Kerdelhué
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, 34988 Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| | - M Branco
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Zorić AS, Morina F, Toševski I, Tosti T, Jović J, Krstić O, Veljović-Jovanović S. Resource allocation in response to herbivory and gall formation in Linaria vulgaris. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 135:224-232. [PMID: 30578998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose and its precursor, trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), are essential regulators of plant response to abiotic and biotic stress. Here we used the specific host-insect interaction between Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae) and stem-galling weevil, Rhinusa pilosa (Mecinini, Curculionidae) with the aim to distinguish carbohydrate allocation patterns in response to herbivory, gall formation (G1, 24 h after oviposition), and gall development (G2, 7 days after oviposition) under controlled conditions. The hypothesis is that herbivory and galling induce distinct responses in both leaves and stems, and that shifts in carbon allocations are regulated by signaling sugars. Systemic response to herbivory was accumulation of T6P and maltose. The main feature of G1 in the stems was accumulation of trehalose, accompanied by increased T6P, turanose and glucose content, oppositely to the leaves. In G2, galls had 3-folds higher weight than controls, with further accumulation of fructose, glucose, turanose, and total water-insoluble carbohydrates (TIC), while the sucrose/hexose ratio decreased. Analysis of fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic (OJIP) transients in G2 showed a slight decrease in quantum yield of electron transport flux from QA to QB, and towards photosystem I acceptor side, correlated with the decreased content of photosynthetic pigments and hexoses accumulation. Redistribution of photosynthates, and accumulation of T6P were induced in response to herbivory, indicating its signaling role. The results support the hypothesis that R. pilosa can induce plant reprogramming towards the accumulation of beneficial carbohydrates in developing gall by mechanisms which include both T6P and trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sedlarević Zorić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filis Morina
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI, Delémont, Switzerland; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Department of Plant Pests, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Jović
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Department of Plant Pests, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Oliver Krstić
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Department of Plant Pests, Zemun, Serbia
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Castillo-Mendoza E, Salinas-Sánchez D, Valencia-Cuevas L, Zamilpa A, Tovar-Sánchez E. Natural hybridisation among Quercus glabrescens, Q. rugosa and Q. obtusata (Fagaceae): Microsatellites and secondary metabolites markers. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:110-121. [PMID: 30117248 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural hybridisation has significant ecological, genetic and evolutionary consequences altering morphological and chemical characters of individuals. Quercus glabrescens, Q. rugosa and Q. obtusata are white oak species well separated by their morphological characters when they occur in allopatry in Mexican temperate forests. However, in sympatry, individuals with atypical morphology have been observed, suggesting hybridisation events. In this study, we determined, with microsatellites and secondary metabolites, if interspecific gene flow occurs when these three oak species coexist in sympatry. In total, 180 individuals belonging to seven populations [three allopatric (one for each parental species) and four sympatric sites] were analysed. Allopatric populations represent well-defined genetic groups and the sympatric populations showed genetic evidence of hybridisation between Q. glabrescens × Q. rugosa and Q. glabrescens × Q. obtusata. The hybridisation percentage varied between sites and combination of involved species. We registered the presence of unique flavonoid compounds for Q. glabrescens (caffeic acid and flavonol 2), Q. rugosa (flavonol 5) and Q. obtusata (flavonol 1). Three compounds (quercetin rhamnoside, flavonol 3 and alkyl coumarate) were expressed in all taxa. Finally, the hybrid genotypes identified in this study (Q. glabrescens × Q. rugosa and Q. glabrescens × Q. obtusata) showed specific chemical profiles, resulting from a combination of those of their parental species. These results show that hybridisation events between these oak species alter chemical expression of secondary metabolites, creating a mosaic of resources and conditions that provide the substrate for different combinations of foliar-associated species such as herbivores, endophytic fungi or epiphyte plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castillo-Mendoza
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, México
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - D Salinas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - L Valencia-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - A Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - E Tovar-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Mąderek E, Zadworny M, Mucha J, Karolewski P. Light as a regulator of structural and chemical leaf defenses against insects in two Prunus species. Acta Oecologica 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Moreno ML, Rossetti MR, Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Valladares GR. Edge and herbivory effects on leaf litter decomposability in a subtropical dry forest. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Łukowski A, Giertych MJ, Walczak U, Baraniak E, Karolewski P. Light conditions affect the performance of Yponomeuta evonymellus on its native host Prunus padus and the alien Prunus serotina. Bull Entomol Res 2017; 107:208-216. [PMID: 27628311 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bird cherry ermine moth, Yponomeuta evonymellus L., is considered an obligatory monophagous insect pest that feeds only on native European Prunus padus L. In recent years, however, increased larval feeding on alien P. serotina Ehrh. has been observed. In both species, general defoliation is extensive for shade grown trees, whereas it is high in P. padus, but very low in P. serotina, when trees are grown in full light conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify how the plant host species and light conditions affect the performance of Y. evonymellus. The influence of host species and light condition on their growth and development, characterized by the parameters of pupation, adult eclosion, body mass, potential fecundity, and wing size, was measured in a 2 × 2 experimental design (two light treatments, two hosts). In comparison with high light (HL) conditions, a greater percentage of pupation and a longer period and less dynamic adult emerge was observed under low light (LL) conditions. The effect of host species on these parameters was not significant. In contrast, mass, fecundity and all of the studied wing parameters were higher in larvae that grazed on P. padus than on P. serotina. Similarly the same parameters were also higher on shrubs in HL as compared with those grown under LL conditions. In general, light conditions, rather than plant species, were more often and to a greater extent, responsible for differences in the observed parameters of insect development and potential fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Łukowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Parkowa 5,62-035 Kórnik,Poland
| | - M J Giertych
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Parkowa 5,62-035 Kórnik,Poland
| | - U Walczak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology,Adam Mickiewicz University,Umultowska 89,61-614 Poznań,Poland
| | - E Baraniak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology,Adam Mickiewicz University,Umultowska 89,61-614 Poznań,Poland
| | - P Karolewski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Parkowa 5,62-035 Kórnik,Poland
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Sivakoff FS, Morris WF, Aschehoug ET, Hudgens BR, Haddad NM. Habitat restoration alters adult butterfly morphology and potential fecundity through effects on host plant quality. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances S. Sivakoff
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
| | - William F. Morris
- Department of BiologyDuke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Erik T. Aschehoug
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | | | - Nick M. Haddad
- Department of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Slade
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Dept of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 5 FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Dept of Ecology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7044 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
- Dept of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 27 Latokartanonkaari 5 FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
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Abstract
Insect herbivory constitutes an important constraint in the viability and management of targeted reforestation sites. Focusing on young experimental stands at about 2000 m elevation in southern Ecuador, we examined foliar damage over one season as a function of tree species and habitat. Native tree species (Successional hardwood: Cedrela montana and Tabebuia chrysantha; fast-growing pioneer: Heliocarpus americanus) have been planted among prevailing local landcover types (abandoned pasture, secondary shrub vegetation, and a Pinus patula plantation) in 2003/4. Plantation trees were compared to conspecifics in the spontaneous undergrowth of adjacent undisturbed rainforest matched for height and foliar volume. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that H. americanus as a pioneer species suffers more herbivory compared to the two successional tree species, and that damage is inversely related to habitat complexity. Overall leaf damage caused by folivorous insects (excluding leafcutter ants) was low. Average leaf loss was highest among T. chrysantha (7.50% ± 0.19 SE of leaf area), followed by H. americanus (4.67% ± 0.18 SE) and C. montana (3.18% ± 0.15 SE). Contrary to expectations, leaf area loss was highest among trees in closed-canopy natural rainforest, followed by pine plantation, pasture, and secondary shrub sites. Harvesting activity of leafcutter ants (Acromyrmex sp.) was strongly biased towards T. chrysantha growing in open habitat (mean pasture: 2.5%; shrub: 10.5%) where it could result in considerable damage (> 90.0%). Insect folivory is unlikely to pose a barrier for reforestation in the tropical Andean mountain forest zone at present, but leafcutter ants may become problematic if local temperatures increase in the wake of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Oliver Adams
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Łukowski A, Mąderek E, Giertych MJ, Karolewski P. Sex Ratio and Body Mass of Adult Herbivorous Beetles Depend on Time of Occurrence and Light Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144718. [PMID: 26657564 PMCID: PMC4682288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass and sex ratio (F/M) of folivorous insects are easily measured parameters that are commonly used to assess the effect of food quality, living conditions, and preferences on the selection of favourable sites for offspring. A study was conducted on the polyphagous beetle, Gonioctenaquinquepunctata (a pest of the native Prunus padus and alien P. serotina) and on the monophagous beetle, Alticabrevicollis coryletorum (a pest of Corylus avellana). Both species have a similar life cycle with emergence of current-year adults in summer, and reproduction of 1-year-old insects in spring. A. brevicollis coryletorum feeds primarily on sunlit shrubs, while G. quinquepunctata prefers shaded leaves. The present study assessed the effect of time of occurrence(insect age) on body mass in both sexes and on the sex ratio F/M, taking into account the influence of light conditions associated with their favoured food source (sunlit vs. shaded leaves). We hypothesized that a change in body mass in current-year insects would be determined by the amount of consumed food, while the sex ratio would be stable, when in 1-year-old insects females would die shortly after oviposition, while males would be active for a prolonged time. Results confirmed the hypothesis that changes in mass of current-year beetles was determined by the amount of food intake. We also found that in spring, unfertilized females coexist with fertilized ones and that the latter females live for some time after oviposition; resulting in fluctuations of the mean mass for females. In both species, 1-year-old beetles were heavier than current-year. The preference of A. brevicollis coryletorum for sunlit leaves results in a higher body weight than in G. quinquepunctata in both seasons. The data are consistent and indicate seasonal fluctuations in body mass and changes in the sex ratio in 1-year-old beetles, due to the entrance into their reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Łukowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Mąderek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marian J. Giertych
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Piotr Karolewski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
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Muth NZ, Kluger EC, Levy JH, Edwards MJ, Niesenbaum RA. Increased per capita herbivory in the shade: Necessity, feedback, or luxury consumption? Écoscience 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/15-2-3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norris Z. Muth
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA,
| | - Emily C. Kluger
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA,
| | - Jennifer H. Levy
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA,
| | - Marten J. Edwards
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA,
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Karolewski P, Giertych MJ, Żmuda M, Jagodziński AM, Oleksyn J. Season and light affect constitutive defenses of understory shrub species against folivorous insects. Acta Oecologica 2013; 53:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarfraz RM, Kharouba HM, Myers JH. Tent caterpillars are robust to variation in leaf phenology and quality in two thermal environments. Bull Entomol Res 2013; 103:522-529. [PMID: 23464617 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synchrony between emergence of spring-active, insect herbivores and the budburst of their host plants could be affected by warming temperatures with influences on the availability and quality of foliage as it undergoes physical and chemical changes. This can affect the growth and survival of insects. Here, we used sun-exposed and shaded trees to determine whether the synchrony between egg hatch of western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale Dyar (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae) and budburst of its host red alder, Alnus rubra Bongard (Betulaceae)changes with different thermal environments (temperature and light together). To explore the potential outcome of a shift in phenological synchrony, we used laboratory assays of larval growth and survival to determine the effect of variation in young, youthful and mature leaves from sun-exposed and shaded trees. While the average higher temperature of sun-exposed trees advanced the timing of budburst and egg hatch, synchrony was not disrupted. Leaf quality had no significant influence on growth or survival in the laboratory for early instars reared as family groups. Later instar larvae, however, performed best on mature leaves from sun-exposed trees. The robust relationship between leaf and larval development of western tent caterpillars suggests that warming climates may not have a strong negative impact on their success through shifts in phenological synchrony, but might influence other aspects of leaf quality and larval condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Stoepler
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G St. NW, Suite 340; Washington; DC; 20052; USA
| | - Brian Rehill
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; 572M Holloway Road; Annapolis; MD; 21402; USA
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Jones KN, Klemetti SM. Managing Marginal Populations of the Rare Wetland PlantTrollius laxusSalisbury (Spreading Globeflower): Consideration of Light Levels, Herbivory, and Pollination. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2012. [DOI: 10.1656/045.019.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sinimbu G, Coley PD, Lemes MR, Lokvam J, Kursar TA. Do the antiherbivore traits of expanding leaves in the Neotropical tree Inga paraensis (Fabaceae) vary with light availability? Oecologia 2012; 170:669-76. [PMID: 22614262 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Treefall gaps in tropical forests have a profound effect on plants growing in the understory, primarily due to increased light availability. In higher light, mature leaves typically have increased anti-herbivore defenses. However, since the majority of herbivory occurs while leaves are expanding, it is important to determine whether defense expression during the short period of leaf expansion is canalized (invariant) or plastic in response to variation in light. Therefore, we examined young leaves of Inga paraensis (Fabaceae) saplings growing along a light gradient in a terra-firme forest in Central Amazonia. We quantified leaf production and expansion time, dry mass of phenolics, saponins, and nitrogen, ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries, and leaf consumption. Over the entire light gradient, the number of leaves produced per flush increased by 50 % and the mass of phenolic compounds by 20 %, but no other traits changed. On average, 39 % of leaf area was consumed with no difference across the light gradient. Alone, none of the leaf traits was a significant predictor of leaf consumption, except for phenolics, which showed a positive relationship. Multiple regressions showed that leaf consumption was positively related to more leaves per flush and a higher concentration of phenolics in leaves. Unlike studies of mature leaves, young leaves of I. paraensis show low plasticity in defense traits across a light gradient, suggesting that leaf development is canalized.
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Diaz R, Aguirre C, Wheeler GS, Lapointe SL, Rosskopf E, Overholt WA. Differential performance of tropical soda apple and its biological control agent Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in open and shaded habitats. Environ Entomol 2011; 40:1437-1447. [PMID: 22217759 DOI: 10.1603/en11203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. In Florida, G. boliviana can be found on tropical soda apple growing in open pastures as well as in shady wooded areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of light intensity on the performance of tropical soda apple and G. boliviana under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the abundance and mortality of G. boliviana in open and shaded habitats. Leaves growing in the shade were less tough, had higher water and nitrogen content, lower soluble sugars, and less dense and smaller glandular trichomes compared with leaves growing in the open. Plants grew slightly taller and wider under shaded conditions but total biomass was significantly reduced compared with plants grown in the open. In the greenhouse, G. boliviana had higher immature survival, greater folivory, larger adult size, and higher fecundity when reared on shaded plants compared with open plants. Sampling of field populations revealed that the overall abundance of G. boliviana was lower but leaf feeding damage was higher in shaded habitats compared with the open habitats. The percentage of eggs surviving to adult was greater in shaded compared with open habitats. The abundance of predators was higher in the open pasture and was positively correlated with the abundance of G. boliviana. These results indicate that not only plant quality but also habitat structure are important to the performance of weed biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Diaz
- Biological Control Research and Containment Laboratory, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Rd., Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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Egan SP, Hood GR, Ott JR. NATURAL SELECTION ON GALL SIZE: VARIABLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL HOST PLANTS TO POPULATION-WIDE PATTERNS. Evolution 2011; 65:3543-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salgado-Luarte C, Gianoli E. Herbivory on temperate rainforest seedlings in sun and shade: resistance, tolerance and habitat distribution. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11460. [PMID: 20628638 PMCID: PMC2898795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential herbivory and/or differential plant resistance or tolerance in sun and shade environments may influence plant distribution along the light gradient. Embothrium coccineum is one of the few light-demanding tree species in the temperate rainforest of southern South America, and seedlings are frequently attacked by insects and snails. Herbivory may contribute to the exclusion of E. coccineum from the shade if 1) herbivory pressure is greater in the shade, which in turn can result from shade plants being less resistant or from habitat preferences of herbivores, and/or 2) consequences of damage are more detrimental in the shade, i.e., shade plants are less tolerant. We tested this in a field study with naturally established seedlings in treefall gaps (sun) and forest understory (shade) in a temperate rainforest of southern Chile. Seedlings growing in the sun sustained nearly 40% more herbivore damage and displayed half of the specific leaf area than those growing in the shade. A palatability test showed that a generalist snail consumed ten times more leaf area when fed on shade leaves compared to sun leaves, i.e., plant resistance was greater in sun-grown seedlings. Herbivore abundance (total biomass) was two-fold greater in treefall gaps compared to the forest understory. Undamaged seedlings survived better and showed a slightly higher growth rate in the sun. Whereas simulated herbivory in the shade decreased seedling survival and growth by 34% and 19%, respectively, damaged and undamaged seedlings showed similar survival and growth in the sun. Leaf tissue lost to herbivores in the shade appears to be too expensive to replace under the limiting light conditions of forest understory. Following evaluations of herbivore abundance and plant resistance and tolerance in contrasting light environments, we have shown how herbivory on a light-demanding tree species may contribute to its exclusion from shade sites. Thus, in the shaded forest understory, where the seedlings of some tree species are close to their physiological tolerance limit, herbivory could play an important role in plant establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ruhnke H, Schädler M, Klotz S, Matthies D, Brandl R. Variability in leaf traits, insect herbivory and herbivore performance within and among individuals of four broad-leaved tree species. Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Torp M, Olofsson J, Witzell J, Baxter R. Snow-induced changes in dwarf birch chemistry increase moth larval growth rate and level of herbivory. Polar Biol 2010; 33:693-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stark S, Julkunen-tiitto R, Holappa E, Mikkola K, Nikula A. Concentrations of Foliar Quercetin in Natural Populations of White Birch (Betula pubescens) Increase with Latitude. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:1382-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-008-9554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Klemola N, Kapari L, Klemola T. Host plant quality and defence against parasitoids: no relationship between levels of parasitism and a geometrid defoliator immunoassay. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karonen M, Ossipov V, Ossipova S, Kapari L, Loponen J, Matsumura H, Kohno Y, Mikami C, Sakai Y, Izuta T, Pihlaja K. Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Ozone on Foliar Proanthocyanidins in Betula platyphylla, Betula ermanii, and Fagus crenata Seedlings. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1445-58. [PMID: 16718564 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) or condensed tannins are a major group of phenolic compounds in the leaves of birch trees and many other woody and herbaceous plants. These compounds constitute a significant allocation of carbon in leaves and are involved in plant responses to environmental stress factors, such as pathogens or herbivores. In some plants, PA concentrations are affected by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) levels that may influence, for example, species fitness, community structure, or ecosystem nutrient cycling. Therefore, a study on the quantitative response of PAs to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) was undertaken in seedlings of Betula platyphylla, Betula ermanii, and Fagus crenata. Seedlings were exposed to ambient or elevated O(3) and CO(2) levels during two growing seasons in the Kanto district in Japan. Ten open-top chambers were used for five different treatments with two replicates: filtered air (FA), ambient air (ambient O(3), 43 ppb; ambient CO(2), 377 ppm), elevated O(3) (1.5 x ambient O(3), 66 ppb), elevated CO(2) (1.5 x ambient CO(2), 544 ppm), and elevated O(3) and CO(2) combined. In addition, seedlings growing in natural conditions outside of chambers were studied. Leaf samples were analyzed for total PA concentrations by butanol-HCl assay and for polymeric PA concentrations by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Total PA concentrations in leaves of all species were similarly affected by different treatments. They were significantly higher in seedlings treated with elevated CO(2) and O(3) combined, and in seedlings growing outside chambers compared with the FA controls. F. crenata contained only traces of polymeric PAs, but significant species x treatment interaction was observed in the polymeric PA concentrations in B. ermanii and B. platyphylla. In B. platyphylla, leaves treated with elevated CO(2) + O(3) differed significantly from all other treatments. It was suggested that the strongest effect of elevated CO(2) and O(3) combined on leaf PA contents resulted from the additive effect of these environmental factors on phenolic biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Roslin T, Gripenberg S, Salminen JP, Karonen M, B. O'Hara R, Pihlaja K, Pulkkinen P. Seeing the trees for the leaves - oaks as mosaics for a host-specific moth. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lahtinen M, Kapari L, Kenttä J. Newly hatched neonate larvae can glycosylate: the fate of Betula pubescens bud flavonoids in first instar Epirrita autumnata. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:537-46. [PMID: 16572299 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-9015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Betula pubescens bud flavonoid aglycones reportedly have negative effects on the performance of first instar Epirrita autumnata and, thus, may defend birch leaves from larval defoliation. We hypothesized that the detrimental effects of these lipophilic flavonoids on larvae are due to their high levels in birch buds and/or the inability of naïve neonates to glycosylate them, which we have shown to occur in fifth instars. To test the latter hypothesis, we investigated the biochemical transformation of bud flavonoids in first instar E. autumnata. We found that newly hatched larvae have the ability to glycosylate birch bud/leaf flavonoid aglycones into corresponding glycosides. Moreover, we suggest that glycosylation may depend upon the chemical character of the aglycone and is an important factor in the performance of first instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lahtinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Roberts MR, Paul ND. Seduced by the dark side: integrating molecular and ecological perspectives on the influence of light on plant defence against pests and pathogens. New Phytol 2006; 170:677-99. [PMID: 16684231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently suffer attack from herbivores and microbial pathogens, and have evolved a complex array of defence mechanisms to resist defoliation and disease. These include both preformed defences, ranging from structural features to stores of toxic secondary metabolites, and inducible defences, which are activated only after an attack is detected. It is well known that plant defences against pests and pathogens are commonly affected by environmental conditions, but the mechanisms by which responses to the biotic and abiotic environments interact are only poorly understood. In this review, we consider the impact of light on plant defence, in terms of both plant life histories and rapid scale molecular responses to biotic attack. We bring together evidence that illustrates that light not only modulates defence responses via its influence on biochemistry and plant development but, in some cases, is essential for the development of resistance. We suggest that the interaction between the light environment and plant defence is multifaceted, and extends across different temporal and biological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Riipi M, Lempa K, Haukioja E, Ossipov V, Pihlaja K. Effects of simulated winter browsing on mountain birch foliar chemistry and on the performance of insect herbivores. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Valkama E, Koricheva J, Ossipov V, Ossipova S, Haukioja E, Pihlaja K. Delayed induced responses of birch glandular trichomes and leaf surface lipophilic compounds to mechanical defoliation and simulated winter browsing. Oecologia 2005; 146:385-93. [PMID: 16187111 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in morphology and chemistry of leaf surface in response to herbivore damage may increase plant resistance to subsequent herbivore attack; however, there is lack of studies on induced responses of glandular trichomes and their exudates in woody plants and on effects of these changes on herbivores. We studied delayed induced responses in leaf surface traits of five clones of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) subjected to various types of mechanical defoliation and simulated winter browsing. Glandular trichome density and concentrations of the majority of surface lipophilic compounds increased in trees defoliated during the previous summer. This induced response was systemic, since control branches in branch defoliated trees responded to the treatments similarly to defoliated branches, but differently from control trees. In contrast to defoliation treatments, simulated winter browsing reduced glandular trichome density on the following summer and had fewer effects on individual surface lipophilic compounds. Moreover, constitutive density of glandular trichomes was negatively correlated with induced total amount of lipophilic compounds per trichome, indicating a trade-off between constitutive and induced resistance in silver birch. Induced changes in leaf surface traits had no significant effect on leaf damage by chewers, miners and gall mites, but increased susceptibility of birch trees to aphids. However, leaf damage by chewers, miners and gall mites in defoliated (but not in control) trees was correlated with concentrations of some fatty acids and triterpenoids, although the direction of relationships varied among herbivore species. This indicates that induction of surface lipophilic compounds may influence birch resistance to herbivores. Our study thus demonstrated both specificity of elicitation of induced responses of birch leaf surface traits by different types of damage and specificity of the effects of these responses on different types of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valkama
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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