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Bjørgen H, Koppang EO. The melano-macrophage: The black leukocyte of fish immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2024; 148:109523. [PMID: 38522495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Melanin and the process of melanin synthesis or melanogenesis have central roles in the immune system of insects, and production of melanin-synthesizing enzymes from their haemocytes may be induced following activation through danger signals. Melanin-containing macrophage-like cells have been extensively studied in amphibians and they are also present in reptiles. In fish, melano-macrophages are especially recognized with respect to melano-macrophage centres (MMCs), hypothesized to be analogues of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs of mammals and some birds. Melano-macrophages are in addition present in several inflammatory conditions, in particular melanised focal changes, or black spots, in the musculature of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Melanins are complex compounds that may be divided into different forms which all have the ability to absorb and scatter light. Other functions include the quenching of free radicals and a direct effect on the immune system. According to the common view held in the pigment cell community, vertebrate melanin synthesis with melanosome formation may only occur in cells of ectodermal origin. However, abundant information suggests that also myeloid cells of ectothermic vertebrates may be classified as melanocytes. Here, we discuss these opposing views and review relevant literature. Finally, we review the current status on the research concerning melanised focal muscle changes that represent the most severe quality problem in Norwegian salmon production, but also other diseases where melano-macrophages play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Bjørgen
- Unit of Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Unit of Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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2
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Wakamatsu K, Dijkstra JM, Mørkøre T, Ito S. Eumelanin Detection in Melanized Focal Changes but Not in Red Focal Changes on Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fillets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16797. [PMID: 38069120 PMCID: PMC10706398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial discolored spots on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets are a serious quality problem for commercial seafood farming. Previous reports have proposed that the black spots (called melanized focal changes (MFCs)) may be melanin, but no convincing evidence has been reported. In this study, we performed chemical characterization of MFCs and of red pigment (called red focal changes (RFCs)) from salmon fillets using alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation and hydroiodic acid hydrolysis. This revealed that the MFCs contain 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-derived eumelanin, whereas the RFCs contain only trace amounts of eumelanin. Therefore, it is probable that the black color of the MFCs can be explained by the presence of eumelanin from accumulated melanomacrophages. For the red pigment, we could not find a significant signature of either eumelanin or pheomelanin; the red color is probably predominantly hemorrhagic in nature. However, we found that the level of pigmentation in RFCs increased together with some melanogenic metabolites. Comparison with a "mimicking experiment", in which a mixture of a salmon homogenate + DOPA was oxidized with tyrosinase, suggested that the RFCs include conjugations of DOPAquinone and/or DOPAchrome with salmon muscle tissue proteins. In short, the results suggest that melanogenic metabolites in MFCs and RFCs derive from different chemical pathways, which would agree with the two different colorations deriving from distinct cellular origins, namely melanomacrophages and red blood cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | | | - Turid Mørkøre
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
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3
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Yaparla A, Stern DB, Hossainey MRH, Crandall KA, Grayfer L. Amphibian myelopoiesis. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 146:104701. [PMID: 37196852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-lineage cells are indispensable to immunity and physiology of all vertebrates. Amongst these, amphibians represent a key stage in vertebrate evolution and are facing decimating population declines and extinctions, in large part due to emerging infectious agents. While recent studies indicate that macrophages and related innate immune cells are critically involved during these infections, much remains unknown regarding the ontogeny and functional differentiation of these cell types in amphibians. Accordingly, in this review we coalesce what has been established to date about amphibian blood cell development (hematopoiesis), the development of key amphibian innate immune cells (myelopoiesis) and the differentiation of amphibian macrophage subsets (monopoiesis). We explore the current understanding of designated sites of larval and adult hematopoiesis across distinct amphibian species and consider what mechanisms may lend to these species-specific adaptations. We discern the identified molecular mechanisms governing the functional differentiation of disparate amphibian (chiefly Xenopus laevis) macrophage subsets and describe what is known about the roles of these subsets during amphibian infections with intracellular pathogens. Macrophage lineage cells are at the heart of so many vertebrate physiological processes. Thus, garnering greater understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the ontogeny and functionality of these cells in amphibians will lend to a more comprehensive view of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - Keith A Crandall
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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4
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Srichairat N, Taksintum W, Chumnanpuen P. Histological and histochemical characteristics of the oral, pharyngeal and accessory digestive organs in the water monitor lizard (
Varanus salvator
) from Thailand. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:703-711. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Srichairat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Wut Taksintum
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health Kasetsart University (OmiKU) Bangkok Thailand
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5
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Gandahi NS, Gandahi JA, Yang P, Tarique I, Vistro WA, Haseeb A, Huang Y, Yu L, Bai X, Chen Q. Ultrastructural Evidence of Melanomacrophagic Centers and Lipofuscin in the Liver of Zebrafish ( Denio rerio). Zebrafish 2020; 17:83-90. [PMID: 32125963 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomacrophagic centers (MMCs) were studied in the liver of zebrafish using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The MMCs were located in the space of Disse (SD), and their pseudopodia protruded into the lumen of sinusoids. The degree of extension of body structure of MMCs in the SD was determined by the size of the phagocytosed content. An irregular or amoeboid nucleus was present. Vacuoles were occasionally present, both, in endothelium and MMCs. The cytoplasm of MMCs showed several engulfed structures. The most common structure was the presence of mitochondria of small to giant size and distorted shape with inconspicuous cristae. The product of mitochondrial degeneration accompanied by lysosomes contributed to the formation of lipofuscins. Besides, changes were also observed in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), the Golgi complex, and lysosomes. Occasionally, small to large fragments of the erythrocytes were found in the cytoplasm of MMCs. The rER encompassed the mitochondria and lipid droplets forming a membrane-like structure. Golgi complex were dilated. Lysosomes fused with such membrane-bound structures contributed to the formation of the lipofuscin. The results provide evidence of the role of liver-resident MMCs of zebrafish in phagocytosis of damaged organelles, clearance of the worn-out erythrocytes, and lipofuscin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Samad Gandahi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jameel Ahmed Gandahi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Gutierre RC, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Coppi AA, Egami MI. Melanomacrophage functions in the liver of the caecilian Siphonops annulatus. J Anat 2018; 232:497-508. [PMID: 29205335 PMCID: PMC5807933 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomacrophages are phagocytes that synthesize melanin. They are found in the liver and spleen of ectothermic vertebrates, and in the kidney of fish. In agnathan and elasmobranch fish, melanomacrophages are seen as isolated cells, and forming clusters in all the other vertebrates. The natural phagocytic activity of melanomacrophages is poorly characterized, as most of the research works have focused on induced phagocytic activity only. Furthermore, little is known about amphibian melanomacrophages, mainly about those in caecilians - wormlike amphibians in the order of Gymnophiona, which is the least known group of terrestrial vertebrates. The present research work aimed at the structure and function of hepatic melanomacrophages of Siphonops annulatus, a species largely found in South America. We identified the role of these cells in the control of circulating basophils (pro-melanogenic cells), in the turnover of liver collagen stroma and in the hemocatheresis, interrelated physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Campos Gutierre
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Cell Biology LaboratoryInstituto ButantanSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Antonio Augusto Coppi
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Mizue Imoto Egami
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
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7
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Fontana S, Arena MP, Frassanito MA, Gallone A. Administration of a polyphenol-enriched feed to farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Kidney melanomacrophages response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 68:404-410. [PMID: 28743629 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of the defense mechanism of fish, through the administration of immunostimulants, is considered as a promising alternative to vaccines. Natural immunostimulants such as polyphenols, flavanoids, pigments and essential oils can modulate the innate immune response. In lower vertebrates, melano-macrophage centres, i.e. clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are wide-spread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a polyphenol-enriched diet on the health status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Farmed sea bass were administered a feed containing a phytocomplex, rich in catechins and epigallocatechins, which was obtained from the seeds of Canosina Nero di Troia Vitis vinifera and mixed with conventional feed at two different concentrations. The effects of such a diet were investigated in juvenile and commercial size samples, i.e. undergoing a short- and long-term period of diet, respectively, focusing on their extracutaneous pigmentary system and, in more detail, on the enzymatic activities leading to melanin biosynthesis. Our results show that prolonged dietary treatments with higher concentration of polyphenols might modulate tyrosinase activity and gene expression in commercial size fishes. An increase of melano-macrophage activity is correlated to a stimulation of cytoprotective functions against antigenic stimulants and pathogens, as an expression of a robust and protective adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Pia Arena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia University- Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70124, Italy.
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8
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Muikham I, Srakaew N, Chatchavalvanich K, Chumnanpuen P. Microanatomy of the digestive system of Supachai's caecilian,Ichthyophis supachaiiTaylor, 1960 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Itsares Muikham
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nopparat Srakaew
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | | | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST); Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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9
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Arciuli M, Brunetti A, Fiocco D, Zacchino V, Centoducati G, Aloi A, Tommasi R, Santeramo A, De Nitto E, Gallone A. A multidisciplinary study of the extracutaneous pigment system of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). A possible relationship between kidney disease and dopa oxidase activity level. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:184-192. [PMID: 25449383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and breeding conditions can influence fish health status. Furthermore it is well known that human and animal health are strongly correlated. In lower vertebrates melano-macrophage centres, clusters of pigment-containing cells forming the extracutaneous pigment system, are widespread in the stroma of the haemopoietic tissue, mainly in kidney and spleen. In fishes, melano-macrophage centres play an important role in the immune response against antigenic stimulants and pathogens. Hence, they are employed as biomarker of fish health status. We have investigated this cell system in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) following the enzyme activities involved in melanin biosynthesis. We have found a possible relationship between kidney disease of farmed fishes and dopa oxidase activity level, suggesting it as an indicator of kidney disease. Moreover variations of dopa oxidase activity in extracutaneous pigment system have been observed with respect to environmental temperature. At last, for the first time, using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (Femto-TA), we pointed out that pigment-containing cells of fish kidney tissue present melanin pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy.
| | - Adalberto Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Department of Medical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Zacchino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Antonio Aloi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Raffaele Tommasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Arcangela Santeramo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Nitto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Anna Gallone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy.
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10
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Cicero R, Maida I, Zanna PT, Guida G, Horsberg TE, Koppang EO, Gallone A. Melanogenesis in visceral tissues ofSalmo salar. A link between immunity and pigment production? Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/o2012-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is mostly studied in melanocytes and melanoma cells, but much less is known about other pigment cell systems. Liver, spleen, kidney, and other organs of lower vertebrates harbour a visceral pigment cell system with an embryonic origin that differs from that of melanocytes. In teleosts, melanin-containing cells occur in the reticulo-endothelial system and are mainly in the kidney and spleen. The Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) is an ichthyic breeding species of considerable economic importance. The accumulation of pigments in salmon visceral organs and musculature adversely affects the quality of fish products and is a problem for the aquaculture industry. With the aim to reveal novel functions and behaviour of the salmonid extracutaneous pigment system, we investigated aspects of the melanogenic systems in the tissues of Atlantic salmon, as well as in SHK-1 cells, which is a long-term cell line derived from macrophages of the Atlantic salmon head-kidney. We demonstrate that a melanogenic system is present in SHK-1 cells, head-kidney, and spleen tissues. As teleosts lack lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches, the head-kidney and spleen are regarded as the most important secondary lymphoid organs. The detection of tyrosinase activity in lymphoid organs indicates that a link exists between the extracutaneous pigmentary system and the immune system in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosina Cicero
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Immacolata Maida
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola T. Zanna
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tor E. Horsberg
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling O. Koppang
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Gallone
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
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11
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Zanna PT, Maida I, Arciuli M, Jimenez-Cervantes C, Garcia-Borron JC, Cicero R, Guida G. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of the skin tyrosinase from Rana esculenta L. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 152:234-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Thorsen J, Høyheim B, Koppang EO. Isolation of the Atlantic salmon tyrosinase gene family reveals heterogenous transcripts in a leukocyte cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:327-36. [PMID: 16827751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In ectothermic vertebrates, visceral organs harbor melanin-containing cells. Their ability as pigment producers is nevertheless disputed. To address expression of the key genes for melanogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a tyrosinase-positive leukocyte cell line (SHK-1) and skin were used to obtain full-length tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-like protein-1 (Tyrp1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) mRNA transcripts. In the SHK-1 cells, two different Tyrp1 transcripts were identified, one lacking exon 1. However, only the full-length version of Tyrp1 was identified in the skin. Sequencing of Tyrp1 genomic region revealed that the two Tyrp1 transcripts might originate from two different loci, possibly a result of pseudo-tetraploidity of the Atlantic salmon genome. Expression of Tyr, Tyrp1 and Dct was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase cain reaction showing highest expression in the SHK-1 cell line and skin, intermediate in pronephros, and negligible or absent in liver and muscle. Histological approaches were used to demonstrate melanin and revealed presence of melanized cells in skin, kidney and liver, and absence of such cells in muscle. In addition to verify melanin synthesis abilities of visceral-located cells, our results indicate loci-specific transcription differences between populations of melanin-producing cells in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Thorsen
- Institute of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Frangioni G, Santoni M, Bianchi S, Franchi M, Fuzzi G, Marcaccini S, Varlani C, Borgioli G. Function of the hepatic melanogenesis in the newt, Triturus carnifex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:123-31. [PMID: 15662667 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Like the majority of lower vertebrates, the newt Triturus carnifex holds varying quantities of melanin and hemosiderin in the Kupffer cells of the liver. Following hypoxic treatment, the amount of these two pigments can increase to such an extent that they can occupy nearly a quarter of the surface of histological sections. A group of six specimens, anesthetised with chlorbutol, were subjected to hypoxic treatment by keeping them in a respiratory chamber containing degassed water under vacuum, with only 1.1 ppm of residual oxygen, until they had consumed the oxygen completely (4 hours, at a temperature of 18 degrees C). Using hematological and histochemical techniques and computerised image analysis, it has been shown that hypoxic animals not only increase the extent of the melanic areas of the liver from about 5-7% to almost 24% compared to control groups kept under two different respiratory conditions (6 anesthetised specimens exposed to the air and 6 submerged in normoxic water), they also went through a remarkable hemolytic process to justify a parallel increase in hemosiderin deposits. Melanin was extracted from the liver by keeping fragments of the organ for one hour at 37 degrees C in an oxidising solution (20 mL of benzyl alcohol, 10 mL of acetone, 5 mL of 10% hydrogen peroxide, and 4 drops of concentrated ammonia solution), then quickly rinsing them in 50% acetone and subsequently letting them stand for 6 hours in 10 mL of distilled water alkalised to pH 12 with a drop of ammonia solution. The extract was then left to sediment at pH 2.5 and the black precipitate washed and dried under vacuum. Elemental and spectrophotometric analyses revealed a significant presence of purines in the melanic pigment. This phenomenon can be explained by the animals' need under hypoxic crisis to rapidly neutralise purines resulting from lysis of the nucleated red blood cells by introducing them into an inert molecular complex. A partial model of structure is proposed here. Synthesis of the mixed polymer is possible through the well-known capacity of ferrous iron to activate tyrosinase (the enzyme responsible for melanogenesis) even in the absence of DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Frangioni
- Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, University of Florence, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
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Johnson JC, Nettikadan SR, Vengasandra SG, Lovan S, Muys J, Henderson E, Christiansen J. CHARACTERIZATION OF TESTUDINE MELANOMACROPHAGE LINEAR, MEMBRANE EXTENSION PROCESSES—CABLEPODIA—BY PHASE AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 41:225-31. [PMID: 16223337 DOI: 10.1290/0504027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanomacrophages (MMs) are a component of an internal, pigmented cell system in liver and splenic tissues of some fishes, anurans, and reptiles. The cells have been found in centers or aggregates in sinusoids and are associated with cells capable of producing a peptide cytokine and immunoglobulins. A unique cell extension process has been observed in turtle MMs placed into cell culture, and this process has been studied by light and atomic force microscopy. These structures, referred to as cablepodia, are uniquely straight, narrow, and unbranching and appear to originate from growth cones opposite lamellipodia. Cablepodia were found to connect with other turtle MMs and fibroblasts forming cell networks. Dividing fibroblasts to which a cablepodium attached ceased cell division. The observations collectively suggest that a principal reason for aggregations of MMs in internal organs of lower vertebrates is their ability to form interconnected networks of cell processes for trapping and processing of particulate matter, cells, and infectious organisms and, possibly, for the communication of cell signals and transfer of intracellular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, BioForce Nanosciences Inc., 1615 Golden Aspen Drive, Suite 101, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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15
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Guida G, Zanna P, Gallone A, Argenzio E, Cicero R. Melanogenic response of the Kupffer cells of Rana esculenta L to melanocyte stimulating hormone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:128-34. [PMID: 15016301 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-0749.2003.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Kupffer cells (KCs) of Rana esculenta L. possess melanogenic ability. The melanogenic enzyme activities in these cells are different from those described in skin melanocytes, and very little is known about their regulation by extracellular signalling molecules. In order to study this regulation, we analysed the effects of NDP-MSH on the levels of expression of the tyrosinase gene and on dopa-oxidase activity, using primary cultures of KCs. Incubation of the cells with NDP-MSH increases tyrosinase gene transcription, within the first 24 h of stimulation. To gain insight into the signalling mechanism involved in the cell response to the hormone, KCs in culture were incubated with IBMX or forskolin. These agents mimic the effects of alpha-MSH on melanocytes by increasing the intracellular level of cAMP. The experimental results showed that while the hormonal treatment always activated the KC tyrosinase system, treatment with IBMX or forskolin never did. Therefore, in KCs the tyrosinase-stimulating action of NDP-MSH was not mimicked by cAMP elevating agents. Assays of cAMP levels in cells stimulated with NDP-MSH demonstrated that the hormone does not produce significant increases in intracellular cAMP. On the contrary, forskolin produced significant increases in cAMP starting from 30 min of incubation. These results suggest that tyrosinase induction by melanocortins in KCs is not mediated by the cAMP pathway, and highlight the existence of substantial differences in the hormone signal transduction mechanisms between amphibian KCs and melanocytes or melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Guida
- Dipartimento di Biochimica Medica e Biologia Medica, Sezione di Biologia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
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16
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Abstract
It was demonstrated that the spleen pigment cells of Amphibia are macrophages: they show an ultrastructurally distinctive morphology, are able to phagocytose and react positively for non-specific esterases. These pigmented macrophages express mRNA for tyrosinase and also they show dopa oxidase activity; therefore they are able to synthesize melanins, as Kupffer cells do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scalia
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, Sezione di Biologia generale, cellulare e di Genetica molecolare, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
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17
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Abstract
The ultrastructural characteristics of melanosomes and premelanosomes observed during the biogenesis of melanosomes in liver pigment cells of the neotenic cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Proteidae) are described. It is well known that amphibian liver pigment cells, also known as Kupffer cells (KC), contain melanosomes and are able to synthesize melanin. Liver pigment cells of P. anguinus contain numerous siderosomes and melanosomes. The melanosomes are grouped together within single-membrane-bounded bodies, named as 'clusters of melanosomes' or 'melanosomogenesis centers'. Inside such clusters, different structures are present: (1) filament-like structures, characteristic of the initial stage of melanosome biogenesis, (2) medium electron-dense melanosomes in different stages of melanization, (3) melanosomes with an electron-dense cortical area and a less electron-dense medullar area, and (4) uniformly highly electron-dense mature melanosomes or melanin granules. Histochemical and cytochemical dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidase reactions in pigment cells were positive. Our results confirm the ability of amphibian KC to synthesize melanin and contribute to this little known subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra-Maja Prelovsek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Abstract
Amphibia Kupffer cells (i.e., liver resident macrophages) show many common characteristics when compared with Mammalia Kupffer cells: filopodia, microvillous-like structures, lamellipodia, fuzzy coat, coated vesicles, bristled vacuoles, nonspecific esterase activity, and pinocytotic and phagocytic activity are present both in Amphibia and Mammalia Kupffer cells. On the other hand, some differences are present between Kupffer cells of both zoological classes: phagocytosed red cells and their derivatives, iron-protein complexes, and lipofuscin bodies are normally present in Amphibia Kupffer cells, but absent in the same cells of healthy mammals. Worm-like structures are not seen in Amphibia and endogenous peroxidase activity is very weak in these animals compared with Mammalia. The most important difference lies in the ability of Amphibia Kupffer cells to produce melanins: in fact the tyrosinase gene is expressed, "melanosome centers" are present, and dopa oxidase activity is demonstrable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sichel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Biologia generale, cellulare e di Genetica molecolare, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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19
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Abstract
The present study reports the results of a morpho-functional analysis of spleen pigmented cells from Rana esculenta L. and comparison with liver melanin-synthesizing cells, belonging to the macrophage cell lineage. Cytological and cytochemical analyses show that parenchymal pigmented cells of the spleen, like those of the liver, are positive to peroxidase and lipase reactions and have phagocytic properties. The observation of premelanosomes in various stages of differentiation, together with the demonstration of dopa oxidase activity in the melanosome proteins, indicate that spleen pigmented macrophages have endogenous melanogenic ability as do liver pigmented macrophages. Attempts to demonstrate tyrosinehydroxylase activity in melanosome protein extracts from frog spleen and liver, using the same protocol as for mammalian tyrosinases, gave negative results. As regards the dopa oxidase activity revealed, some of its properties differ from the typical behaviour observed for tyrosinases from different sources. Peroxidase activity is shown in spleen and liver melanosome proteins with p-phenylenediamine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC), and not with typical peroxidase substrates. Suitable inhibition tests revealed that dopa oxidase and peroxidase activities might be supported by two different proteins. Liver melanosome extracts display a very strong laccase (dimethoxyphenoloxidase) activity but spleen extracts do not. Differences observed in the enzymatic properties of the spleen and liver melanosomes suggest that pigmented macrophages may undergo tissue-specific differentiation. These preliminary data show that the melanin pathway of pigmented macrophages is different from that of melanocytes and may pave the way to identification of a new melanogenic pathway in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gallone
- Dipartimento di Biochimica Medica e Biologia Medica, Sezione di Biologia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
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Barni S, Vaccarone R, Bertone V, Fraschini A, Bernini F, Fenoglio C. Mechanisms of changes to the liver pigmentary component during the annual cycle (activity and hibernation) of Rana esculenta L. J Anat 2002; 200:185-94. [PMID: 11895116 PMCID: PMC1570667 DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2001.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the changes of melanin content/ distribution we had previously discovered in the liver parenchyma of Rana esculenta during natural hibernation. Melanomacrophagic component response was analysed using morphocytochemical methods. The results demonstrated that during the prehibernation period (October-November) the melanomacrophages reach the highest proliferative activity (BrdU, PCNA labelling) which is accompanied by an evident melanosynthesis (dopa-oxidase activity). In contrast, after hibernation, the decrease of liver pigmentation was the consequence of a partial cell loss by apoptotic mechanisms (TUNEL labelling, pyknosis-karyorhexis) accompanied by a decrease of melanosome content by autophagy and low melanosynthetic activity. On the basis of these findings, there is evidence that liver melanomacrophages represent a metabolically (melanin synthesis/degradation) and cytokinetically (proliferation/ death) active cell population during the annual cycle of the frog. The results are also discussed in relation to the functional synergism between hepatocytes and pigment cells in the adaptation to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barni
- Department of Animal Biology and CNR Center for Histochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy.
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