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Verscheure E, Stierum R, Schlünssen V, Lund Würtz AM, Vanneste D, Kogevinas M, Harding BN, Broberg K, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Erdem JS, Das MK, Makris KC, Konstantinou C, Andrianou X, Dekkers S, Morris L, Pronk A, Godderis L, Ghosh M. Characterization of the internal working-life exposome using minimally and non-invasive sampling methods - a narrative review. Environ Res 2023; 238:117001. [PMID: 37683788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, we are moving away from the 'one exposure, one disease'-approach in occupational settings and towards a more comprehensive approach, taking into account the totality of exposures during a life course by using an exposome approach. Taking an exposome approach however is accompanied by many challenges, one of which, for example, relates to the collection of biological samples. Methods used for sample collection in occupational exposome studies should ideally be minimally invasive, while at the same time sensitive, and enable meaningful repeated sampling in a large population and over a longer time period. This might be hampered in specific situations e.g., people working in remote areas, during pandemics or with flexible work hours. In these situations, using self-sampling techniques might offer a solution. Therefore, our aim was to identify existing self-sampling techniques and to evaluate the applicability of these techniques in an occupational exposome context by conducting a literature review. We here present an overview of current self-sampling methodologies used to characterize the internal exposome. In addition, the use of different biological matrices was evaluated and subdivided based on their level of invasiveness and applicability in an occupational exposome context. In conclusion, this review and the overview of self-sampling techniques presented herein can serve as a guide in the design of future (occupational) exposome studies while circumventing sample collection challenges associated with exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Verscheure
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Lund Würtz
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorian Vanneste
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara N Harding
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mrinal K Das
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Xanthi Andrianou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Tahaei E, Pham TD, Al-Qusairi L, Grimm R, Wall SM, Welling PA. Pendrin regulation is prioritized by anion in high-potassium diets. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F256-F266. [PMID: 36656986 PMCID: PMC9942896 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00128.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger pendrin in the kidney maintains acid-base balance and intravascular volume. Pendrin is upregulated in models associated with high circulating aldosterone concentration, such as dietary NaCl restriction or an aldosterone infusion. However, it has not been established if pendrin is similarly regulated by aldosterone with a high-K+ diet because the effects of accompanying anions have not been considered. Here, we explored how pendrin is modulated by different dietary potassium salts. Wild-type (WT) and aldosterone synthase (AS) knockout (KO) mice were randomized to control, high-KHCO3, or high-KCl diets. Dietary KCl and KHCO3 loading increased aldosterone in WT mice to the same extent but had opposite effects on pendrin abundance. KHCO3 loading increased pendrin protein and transcript abundance. Conversely, high-KCl diet feeding caused pendrin to decrease within 8 h of switching from the high-KHCO3 diet, coincident with an increase in plasma Cl- and a decrease in [Formula: see text]. In contrast, switching the high-KCl diet to the high-KHCO3 diet caused pendrin to increase in WT mice. Experiments in AS KO mice revealed that aldosterone is necessary to optimally upregulate pendrin protein in response to the high-KHCO3 diet but not to increase pendrin mRNA. We conclude that pendrin is differentially regulated by different dietary potassium salts and that its regulation is prioritized by the dietary anion, providing a mechanism to prevent metabolic alkalosis with high-K+ base diets and safeguard against hyperchloremic acidosis with consumption of high-KCl diets.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Regulation of the Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger pendrin has been suggested to explain the aldosterone paradox. A high-K+ diet has been proposed to downregulate a pendrin-mediated K+-sparing NaCl reabsorption pathway to maximize urinary K+ excretion. Here, we challenged the hypothesis, revealing that the accompanying anion, not K+, drives pendrin expression. Pendrin is downregulated with a high-KCl diet, preventing acidosis, and upregulated with an alkaline-rich high-K+ diet, preventing metabolic alkalosis. Pendrin regulation is prioritized for acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Tahaei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Truyen D Pham
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lama Al-Qusairi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rick Grimm
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Susan M Wall
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Paul A Welling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Erdbrügger U, Hoorn EJ, Le TH, Blijdorp CJ, Burger D. Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney Diseases: Moving Forward. Kidney360 2023; 4:245-257. [PMID: 36821616 PMCID: PMC10103258 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001892022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolving as novel cell mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in kidney health and disease. They are naturally derived from cells both within and outside the kidney and carry cargo which mirrors the state of the parent cell. Thus, they are potentially more sensitive and disease-specific as biomarkers and messengers in various kidney diseases. Beside their role as novel communicators within the nephron, they likely communicate between different organs affected by various kidney diseases. Study of urinary EVs (uEVs) can help to fill current knowledge gaps in kidney diseases. However, separation and characterization are challenged by their heterogeneity in size, shape, and cargo. Fortunately, more sensitive and direct EV measuring tools are in development. Many clinical syndromes in nephrology from acute to chronic kidney and glomerular to tubular diseases have been studied. Yet, validation of biomarkers in larger cohorts is warranted and simpler tools are needed. Translation from in vitro to in vivo studies is also urgently needed. The therapeutic role of uEVs in kidney diseases has been studied extensively in rodent models of AKI. On the basis of the current exponential growth of EV research, the field of EV diagnostics and therapeutics is moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thu H. Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Charles J. Blijdorp
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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van Heugten MH, Hoorn EJ, Fenton RA. Urinary extracellular vesicles: does cargo reflect tissue? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:464-70. [PMID: 35894281 DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent developments in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) to study kidney physiology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Proteomic analysis in rats showed significant correlations between kidney and uEV protein abundances. Consistent with uEV biogenesis, these correlations were stronger for membrane-associated proteins than for e.g. soluble kinases or E3 ubiquitin ligases. When challenged with a high potassium diet, the physiologically predicted protein changes occurred both in kidney and uEVs, suggesting that analysis of uEVs might be utilized as a proxy or even replacement for tissue analysis. Although kidney-uEV correlations are more difficult to obtain in humans, analysis of uEV cargo from patients with inherited tubulopathies or with primary aldosteronism were also consistent with the predicted changes at the tissue level. The kidney appears to be the main source of uEVs, with a recent study showing that nephron mass determines uEV excretion rate. Therefore, a measure of nephron mass should be included for between-subject comparisons. SUMMARY The overall good correlation between kidney and uEV protein abundances renders uEVs an attractive noninvasive source of biomarkers for studying kidney physiology or disease. However, differences in per-protein kidney-uEV correlations and per-person uEV excretion rates should be considered in uEV biomarker studies.
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Wu A, Wolley MJ, Matthews A, Cowley D, Welling PA, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. In Primary Aldosteronism Acute Potassium Chloride Supplementation Suppresses Abundance and Phosphorylation of the Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter. Kidney360 2022; 3:1909-1923. [PMID: 36514401 PMCID: PMC9717638 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003632022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Elevated abundance of sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) and phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) are potential markers of primary aldosteronism (PA), but these effects may be driven by hypokalemia. Methods We measured plasma potassium in patients with PA. If potassium was <4.0 mmol/L, patients were given sufficient oral potassium chloride (KCl) over 24 hours to achieve as close to 4.0 mmol/L as possible. Clinical chemistries were assessed, and urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were examined to investigate effects on NCC. Results Among 21 patients with PA who received a median total dose of 6.0 g (2.4-16.8 g) of KCl, increases were observed in plasma potassium (from 3.4 to 4.0 mmol/L; P<0.001), aldosterone (from 305 to 558 pmol/L; P=0.01), and renin (from 1.2 to 2.5 mIU/L; P<0.001), whereas decreases were detected in uEV levels of NCC (median fold change(post/basal) [FC]=0.71 [0.09-1.99]; P=0.02), pT60-NCC (FC=0.84 [0.06-1.66]; P=0.05), and pT55/60-NCC (FC=0.67 [0.08-2.42]; P=0.02). By contrast, in 10 patients with PA who did not receive KCl, there were no apparent changes in plasma potassium, NCC abundance, and phosphorylation status, but increases were observed in plasma aldosterone (from 178 to 418 pmol/L; P=0.006) and renin (from 2.0 to 3.0 mU/L; P=0.009). Plasma potassium correlated inversely with uEV levels of NCC (R 2=0.11; P=0.01), pT60-NCC (R 2=0.11; P=0.01), and pT55/60-NCC (R 2=0.11; P=0.01). Conclusions Acute oral KCl loading replenished plasma potassium in patients with PA and suppressed NCC abundance and phosphorylation, despite a significant rise in plasma aldosterone. This supports the view that potassium supplementation in humans with PA overrides the aldosterone stimulatory effect on NCC. The increased plasma aldosterone in patients with PA without KCl supplementation may be due to aldosterone response to posture challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin J. Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia,Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexandra Matthews
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diane Cowley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul A. Welling
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia
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Pizzolo F, Bertolone L, Castagna A, Morandini F, Sartori G, De Santis D, Tiberti N, Brazzarola P, Salvagno G, Friso S, Olivieri O. Urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA analysis of sodium chloride cotransporter in hypertensive patients under different conditions. J Hum Hypertens 2022. [PMID: 35978099 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEV) mainly derive from cells of the urogenital tract and their cargo (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc.) reflects their cells of origin. Na chloride cotransporter (NCC) is expressed at the kidney level in the distal convoluted tubule, is involved in salt reabsorption, and is the target of the diuretic thiazides. NCC protein has been recognized and quantified in UEV in previous studies; however, UEV NCC mRNA has never been studied. This study aimed to identify and analyze NCC mRNA levels in primary aldosteronism (PA). The rationale for this investigation stems from previous observations regarding NCC (protein) as a possible biomarker for the diagnosis of PA. To evaluate modulations in the expression of NCC, we analyzed NCC mRNA levels in UEV in PA and essential hypertensive (EH) patients under different conditions, that is, before and after saline infusion, anti-aldosterone pharmacological treatment, and adrenal surgery. NCC mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR in all the samples and was regulated by volume expansion. Its response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist was correlated with renin, and it was increased in PA patients after adrenalectomy. NCC mRNA is evaluable in UEV and it can provide insights into the pathophysiology of distal convolute tubule in different clinical conditions including PA.
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Rudolphi CF, Blijdorp CJ, van Willigenburg H, Salih M, Hoorn EJ. Urinary extracellular vesicles and tubular transport. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022:6659197. [PMID: 35945648 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular transport is a key function of the kidney to maintain electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) harbor water, electrolyte, and acid-base transporters expressed at the apical plasma membrane of tubular epithelial cells. Within the uEV proteome, the correlations between kidney and uEV protein abundances are strongest for tubular transporters. Therefore, uEVs offer a non-invasive approach to probe tubular transport in health and disease. Here, we will review how kidney tubular physiology is reflected in uEVs and, conversely, how uEVs may modify tubular transport. Clinically, uEV tubular transporter profiling has been applied to rare diseases such as inherited tubulopathies, but also to more common conditions such as hypertension and kidney disease. Although uEVs hold the promise to advance the diagnosis of kidney disease to the molecular level, several biological and technical complexities still need to be addressed. The future will tell if uEV analysis will mainly be a powerful tool to study tubular physiology in humans or if it will move forward to become a diagnostic bedside test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crissy F Rudolphi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles J Blijdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hester van Willigenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Salih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Lin X, Ullah MHE, Wu X, Xu F, Shan SK, Lei LM, Yuan LQ, Liu J. Cerebro-Cardiovascular Risk, Target Organ Damage, and Treatment Outcomes in Primary Aldosteronism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:798364. [PMID: 35187110 PMCID: PMC8847442 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.798364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common type of endocrine hypertension, and numerous experimental and clinical evidence have verified that prolonged exposure to excess aldosterone is responsible for an increased risk of cerebro-cardiovascular events and target organ damage (TOD) in patients with PA. Therefore, focusing on restoring the toxic effects of excess aldosterone on the target organs is very important to reduce cerebro-cardiovascular events. Current evidence convincingly demonstrates that both surgical and medical treatment strategies would benefit cerebro-cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the long term. Understanding cerebro-cardiovascular risk in PA would help clinical doctors to achieve both early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the cerebro-cardiovascular risk in PA, focusing on the TOD of aldosterone, including brain, heart, vascular system, renal, adipose tissues, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Furthermore, the various treatment outcomes of adrenalectomy and medical treatment for patients with PA will also be discussed. We hope this knowledge will help improve cerebro-cardiovascular prognosis and reduce the incidence and mortality of cerebro-cardiovascular events in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Lei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Ling-Qing Yuan
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology Quality Control Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu
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Wu A, Wolley MJ, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. Using human urinary extracellular vesicles to study physiological and pathophysiological states and regulation of the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981317. [PMID: 36105401 PMCID: PMC9465297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), expressed in the renal distal convoluted tubule, plays a major role in Na+, Cl- and K+ homeostasis and blood pressure as exemplified by the symptoms of patients with non-functional NCC and Gitelman syndrome. NCC activity is modulated by a variety of hormones, but is also influenced by the extracellular K+ concentration. The putative "renal-K+ switch" mechanism is a relatively cohesive model that links dietary K+ intake to NCC activity, and may offer new targets for blood pressure control. However, a remaining hurdle for full acceptance of this model is the lack of human data to confirm molecular findings from animal models. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted attention from the scientific community due to their potential roles in intercellular communication, disease pathogenesis, drug delivery and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are an excellent sample source for the study of physiology and pathology of renal, urothelial and prostate tissues, but the diverse origins of uEVs and their dynamic molecular composition present both methodological and data interpretation challenges. This review provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art, challenges and knowledge gaps in current uEV-based analyses, with a focus on the application of uEVs to study the "renal-K+ switch" and NCC regulation. We also provide recommendations regarding biospecimen handling, processing and reporting requirements to improve experimental reproducibility and interoperability towards the realisation of the potential of uEV-derived biomarkers in hypertension and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin J. Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Stowasser,
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10
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Abstract
Introduction: Kidney dysfunction poses a high burden on patients and health care systems. Early detection and accurate prediction of kidney disease progression remains a major challenge. Compared to existing clinical parameters, urinary proteomics has the potential to reveal molecular alterations within the kidney that may alter its function before the onset of clinical symptoms. Thus, urinary proteomics has greater prognostic potential for assessment of kidney dysfunction progression.Areas covered: Advances in urinary proteomics for major causes of kidney dysfunction are discussed. The application of urinary extracellular vesicles for studying kidney dysfunction are discussed. Technological advances in urinary proteomics are discussed. The literature was identified using a database search for titles containing 'proteom*' and 'urin*' and published within the past 5 years. Retrieved literature was manually filtered to retain kidney dysfunctions-related studies.Expert opinion: Despite major advances, diagnosis by urinary proteomics has not been fully applied in any clinical settings. This could be attributed to the complex nature of kidney diseases, in addition to the constraints on study power and feasibility of incorporating mass spectrometry techniques in daily routine analysis. Nevertheless, we are confident that advances in urinary proteomics will soon provide superior insights into kidney disease beyond existing clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Petrillo F, Iervolino A, Angrisano T, Jelen S, Costanzo V, D’Acierno M, Cheng L, Wu Q, Guerriero I, Mazzarella MC, De Falco A, D’Angelo F, Ceccarelli M, Caraglia M, Capasso G, Fenton RA, Trepiccione F. Dysregulation of Principal Cell miRNAs Facilitates Epigenetic Regulation of AQP2 and Results in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1339-1354. [PMID: 33727367 PMCID: PMC8259636 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs), formed by cleavage of pre-microRNA by the endoribonuclease Dicer, are critical modulators of cell function by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression. METHODS Selective ablation of Dicer in AQP2-expressing cells (DicerAQP2Cre+ mice) was used to investigate the role of miRNAs in the kidney collecting duct of mice. RESULTS The mice had severe polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, potentially due to greatly reduced AQP2 and AQP4 levels. Although epithelial sodium channel levels were decreased in cortex and increased in inner medulla, amiloride-sensitive sodium reabsorption was equivalent in DicerAQP2Cre+ mice and controls. Small-RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis revealed 31 and 178 significantly regulated miRNAs and proteins, respectively. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of the miRNAome and proteome suggested alterations in the epigenetic machinery and various transcription factors regulating AQP2 expression in DicerAQP2Cre+ mice. The expression profile and function of three miRNAs (miR-7688-5p, miR-8114, and miR-409-3p) whose predicted targets were involved in epigenetic control (Phf2, Kdm5c, and Kdm4a) or transcriptional regulation (GATA3, GATA2, and ELF3) of AQP2 were validated. Luciferase assays could not demonstrate direct interaction of AQP2 or the three potential transcription factors with miR-7688-5p, miR-8114, and miR-409-3p. However, transfection of respective miRNA mimics reduced AQP2 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated decreased Phf2 and significantly increased Kdm5c interactions at the Aqp2 gene promoter in DicerAQP2Cre+ mice, resulting in decreased RNA Pol II association. CONCLUSIONS Novel evidence indicates miRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of AQP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Petrillo
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Iervolino
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Jelen
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | | | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ilaria Guerriero
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso De Falco
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Fulvio D’Angelo
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI) University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Biogem, Institute of Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Italy,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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12
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Ochiai-Homma F, Kuribayashi-Okuma E, Tsurutani Y, Ishizawa K, Fujii W, Odajima K, Kawagoe M, Tomomitsu Y, Murakawa M, Asakawa S, Hirohama D, Nagura M, Arai S, Yamazaki O, Tamura Y, Fujigaki Y, Nishikawa T, Shibata S. Characterization of pendrin in urinary extracellular vesicles in a rat model of aldosterone excess and in human primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1557-1567. [PMID: 34326480 PMCID: PMC8645477 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pendrin is a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger selectively present in the intercalated cells of the kidney. Although experimental studies have demonstrated that pendrin regulates blood pressure downstream of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, its role in human hypertension remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the quantitative changes in pendrin in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) isolated from a total of 30 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and from a rat model of aldosterone excess. Western blot analysis revealed that pendrin is present in dimeric and monomeric forms in uEVs in humans and rats. In a rodent model that received continuous infusion of aldosterone with or without concomitant administration of the selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist esaxerenone, pendrin levels in uEVs, as well as those of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and Na-Cl-cotransporter (NCC), were highly correlated with renal abundance. In patients with PA, pendrin levels in uEVs were reduced by 49% from baseline by adrenalectomy or pharmacological MR blockade. Correlation analysis revealed that the magnitude of pendrin reduction after treatment significantly correlated with the baseline aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR). Finally, a cross-sectional analysis of patients with PA confirmed a significant correlation between the ARR and pendrin levels in uEVs. These data are consistent with experimental studies showing the role of pendrin in aldosterone excess and suggest that pendrin abundance is attenuated by therapeutic interventions in human PA. Our study also indicates that pendrin analysis in uEVs, along with other proteins, can be useful to understand the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Ochiai-Homma
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Kuribayashi-Okuma
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsurutani
- grid.410819.50000 0004 0621 5838Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Odajima
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Kawagoe
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tomomitsu
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Murakawa
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Asakawa
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigoro Hirohama
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michito Nagura
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Arai
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamazaki
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- grid.410819.50000 0004 0621 5838Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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