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Lin Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. The multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune disorders: a guardian or culprit? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343987. [PMID: 38690268 PMCID: PMC11058840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that functions to maintain intracellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of defective organelles or damaged proteins. This dynamic mechanism participates in various biological processes, such as the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. Recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes in various skin autoimmune diseases. In addition, autophagy, along with autophagy-related proteins, also contributes to homeostasis maintenance and immune regulation in the skin, which is associated with skin autoimmune disorders. This review aims to provide an overview of the multifaceted role of autophagy in skin autoimmune diseases and shed light on the potential of autophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Li M, Xing W, Wang B, Qi N, Liu J, Yu S. Analysis of core promoter and transcription factors screening of porcine ATG7 gene. Gene 2024; 899:148138. [PMID: 38184022 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Wenwen Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Nannan Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jiying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| | - Shali Yu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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3
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Paus R, Sevilla A, Grichnik JM. Human Hair Graying Revisited: Principles, Misconceptions, and Key Research Frontiers. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:474-491. [PMID: 38099887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hair graying holds psychosocial importance and serves as an excellent model for studying human pigmentation and aging in an accessible miniorgan. Current evidence suggests that graying results from an interindividually varying mixture of cumulative oxidative and DNA damage, excessive mTORC1 activity, melanocyte senescence, and inadequate production of pigmentation-promoting factors in the hair matrix. Various regulators modulate this process, including genetic factors (DNA repair defects and IRF4 sequence variation, peripheral clock genes, P-cadherin signaling, neuromediators, HGF, KIT ligand secretion, and autophagic flux. This leads to reduced MITF- and tyrosinase-controlled melanogenesis, defective melanosome transfer to precortical matrix keratinocytes, and eventual depletion of hair follicle (HF) pigmentary unit (HFPU) melanocytes and their local progenitors. Graying becomes irreversible only when bulge melanocyte stem cells are also depleted, occurring later in this process. Distinct pigmentary microenvironments are created as the HF cycles: early anagen is the most conducive phase for melanocytic reintegration and activation, and only during anagen can the phenotype of hair graying and repigmentation manifest, whereas the HFPU disassembles during catagen. The temporary reversibility of graying is highlighted by several drugs and hormones that induce repigmentation, indicating potential target pathways. We advise caution in directly applying mouse model concepts, define major open questions, and discuss future human antigraying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany; Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.
| | - Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James M Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Joshi CS, Salazar AM, Wang C, Ligon MM, Chappidi RR, Fashemi BE, Felder PA, Mora A, Grimm SL, Coarfa C, Mysorekar IU. D-Mannose reduces cellular senescence and NLRP3/GasderminD/IL-1β-driven pyroptotic uroepithelial cell shedding in the murine bladder. Dev Cell 2024; 59:33-47.e5. [PMID: 38101412 PMCID: PMC10872954 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for disease via increased susceptibility to infection, decreased ability to maintain homeostasis, inefficiency in combating stress, and decreased regenerative capacity. Multiple diseases, including urinary tract infection (UTI), are more prevalent with age; however, the mechanisms underlying the impact of aging on the urinary tract mucosa and the correlation between aging and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that, relative to young (8-12 weeks) mice, the urothelium of aged (18-24 months) female mice accumulates large lysosomes with reduced acid phosphatase activity and decreased overall autophagic flux in the aged urothelium, indicative of compromised cellular homeostasis. Aged bladders also exhibit basal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a dampened redox response, implying heightened oxidative stress. Furthermore, we identify a canonical senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the aged urothelium, along with continuous NLRP3-inflammasome- and Gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptotic cell death. Consequently, aged mice chronically exfoliate urothelial cells, further exacerbating age-related urothelial dysfunction. Upon infection with uropathogenic E. coli, aged mice harbor increased bacterial reservoirs and are more prone to spontaneous recurrent UTI. Finally, we discover that treatment with D-mannose, a natural bioactive monosaccharide, rescues autophagy flux, reverses the SASP, and mitigates ROS and NLRP3/Gasdermin/interleukin (IL)-1β-driven pyroptotic epithelial cell shedding in aged mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that normal aging affects bladder physiology, with aging alone increasing baseline cellular stress and susceptibility to infection, and suggest that mannose supplementation could serve as a senotherapeutic to counter age-associated urothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetanchandra S Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arnold M Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marianne M Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rayvanth R Chappidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bisiayo E Fashemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul A Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center of Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Taskaeva I, Shatruk A, Bgatova N, Yeremina A, Trunov A, Kononova N, Chernykh V. Autophagy and vesicular trafficking in human uveal melanoma: A histopathological study. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:122-132. [PMID: 37698482 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is an ocular tumor with a high risk of developing metastases. The endo-lysosomal system can affect the melanoma progression by accelerating and facilitating invasion or metastasis. This study aims to conduct comparative analysis of normal choroidal melanocytes and uveal melanoma cells ultrastructure with a focus on intracellular transport system, and to examine the patterns of autophagy- and vesicular trafficking-related proteins expression in a case series of uveal melanomas. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructure of normal choroidal melanocytes and uveal melanoma cells. The expression levels of autophagy- and vesicular trafficking-related proteins in three histological types of uveal melanoma were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Electron microscopy results showed that the autophagic vacuoles were more abundant in normal choroidal melanocytes, than in uveal melanoma cells. The normal choroidal melanocytes were characterized by active intracellular vesicular trafficking; however, the proportion of caveolae was higher in uveal melanoma cells. The spindle type of tumor was characterized by a high expression levels of LC3 beta, while Rab7 and Rab11 proteins expression was significantly up-regulated in the mixed-type tumor cells. The results indicate that uveal melanoma cells probably have lower basal levels of autophagy and higher receptor-mediated endocytic trafficking-associated with caveolae than normal choroidal melanocytes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The autophagic vacuoles are abundant in normal choroidal melanocytes. Uveal melanoma cells are characterized by a high proportion of caveolae. The high expression levels of LC3 beta were revealed in a spindle type of tumor, while Rab7 and Rab11 proteins expression was up-regulated in the mixed-type tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Taskaeva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia Shatruk
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Bgatova
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alena Yeremina
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksander Trunov
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Kononova
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeriy Chernykh
- S. N. Fyodorov Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center Intersectoral Research and Technology Complex "Eye Microsurgery" Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Yao H, Li J, Liu Z, Ouyang C, Qiu Y, Zheng X, Mu J, Xie Z. Ablation of endothelial Atg7 inhibits ischemia-induced angiogenesis by upregulating Stat1 that suppresses Hif1a expression. Autophagy 2023; 19:1491-1511. [PMID: 36300763 PMCID: PMC10240988 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-induced angiogenesis is critical for blood flow restoration and tissue regeneration, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. ATG7 (autophagy related 7) is essential for classical degradative macroautophagy/autophagy and cell cycle regulation. However, whether and how ATG7 influences endothelial cell (EC) function and regulates post-ischemic angiogenesis remain unknown. Here, we showed that in mice subjected to femoral artery ligation, EC-specific deletion of Atg7 significantly impaired angiogenesis, delayed the recovery of blood flow reperfusion, and displayed reduction in HIF1A (hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha) expression. In addition, in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), overexpression of HIF1A prevented ATG7 deficiency-reduced tube formation. Mechanistically, we identified STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) as a transcription suppressor of HIF1A and demonstrated that ablation of Atg7 upregulated STAT1 in an autophagy independent pathway, increased STAT1 binding to HIF1A promoter, and suppressed HIF1A expression. Moreover, lack of ATG7 in the cytoplasm disrupted the association between ATG7 and the transcription factor ZNF148/ZFP148/ZBP-89 (zinc finger protein 148) that is required for STAT1 constitutive expression, increased the binding between ZNF148/ZFP148/ZBP-89 and KPNB1 (karyopherin subunit beta 1), which promoted ZNF148/ZFP148/ZBP-89 nuclear translocation, and increased STAT1 expression. Finally, inhibition of STAT1 by fludarabine prevented the inhibition of HIF1A expression, angiogenesis, and blood flow recovery in atg7 KO mice. Our work reveals that lack of ATG7 inhibits angiogenesis by suppression of HIF1A expression through upregulation of STAT1 independently of autophagy under ischemic conditions, and suggest new therapeutic strategies for cancer and cardiovascular diseases.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; atg7 KO: endothelial cell-specific atg7 knockout; BECN1: beclin 1; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; ECs: endothelial cells; EP300: E1A binding protein p300; HEK293: human embryonic kidney 293 cells; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IFNG/IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; IRF9: interferon regulatory factor 9; KPNB1: karyopherin subunit beta 1; MAP1LC3A: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MLECs: mouse lung endothelial cells; NAC: N-acetyl-l-cysteine; NFKB1/NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1; PECAM1/CD31: platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; RELA/p65: RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SP1: Sp1 transcription factor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; ulk1 KO: endothelial cell-specific ulk1 knockout; VSMCs: mouse aortic smooth muscle cells; WT: wild type; ZNF148/ZFP148/ZBP-89: zinc finger protein 148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yao
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Changhan Ouyang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Zheng
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jing Mu
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhonglin Xie
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Xie B, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Xu W, Song X. Treatment update for vitiligo based on autoimmune inhibition and melanocyte protection. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:189-206. [PMID: 36947026 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2193329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of vitiligo remains challenging due to the complexity of its pathogenesis, influenced by genetic factors, oxidative stress and abnormal cell adhesion that collectively impact melanocyte survival and trigger immune system attacks, resulting in melanocyte death. Melanocytes in vitiligo are believed to exhibit genetic susceptibility and defects in cellular mechanisms, such as defects in autophagy, that reduce their ability to resist oxidative stress, leading to increased expression of the pro-inflammatory protein HSP70. The low expression of adhesion molecules, such as DDR1 and E-cadherin, accelerates melanocyte damage and antigen exposure. Consequently, autoimmune attacks centered on IFN-γ-CXCR9/10-CXCR3-CD8+ T cells are initiated, causing vitiligo. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis of vitiligo and potential therapeutic targets from the perspective of suppressing autoimmune attacks and activating melanocytes functions. EXPERT OPINION Vitiligo is one of the most challenging dermatological diseases due to its complex pathogenesis with diverse therapeutic targets. Immune suppression, such as corticosteroids and emerging JAK inhibitors, has proven effective in disease progression. However, during the early stages of the disease, it is also important to optimize therapeutic strategies to activate melanocytes for alleviating oxidative stress and improving treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Binwen Rd 548, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Binwen Rd 548, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Yuhangtang Rd 866, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; West Lake Ave 38, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Wang P, Zhang R. Adipose tissue-derived Muse cells promote autophagy and oxidative stress tolerance in human epidermal melanocytes. Cell Tissue Bank 2023; 24:253-264. [PMID: 35986799 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-022-10031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of human adipose tissue-derived multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells on the oxidative stress injury of human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) in vitro. HEMs were treated with H2O2 to establish an oxidative stress injury model and then were co-cultured with adipose tissue-derived Muse cells. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to assess changes in autophagy flux, apoptosis, expression of melanin synthesis related proteins and proliferation of melanocytes. Our findings demonstrate that co-culture with Muse cells significantly increased the tolerance of HEMs to oxidative stress, enhanced autophagy flux and reduced apoptosis. The expression of proteins related to the formation of melanin increased as did cell proliferation. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3MA), partially counteracted the improvement of oxidative stress tolerance in melanocytes elicited by co-culture with Muse cells. Muse cells promote autophagy and oxidative stress tolerance of melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruzhi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
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Waku T, Nakada S, Masuda H, Sumi H, Wada A, Hirose S, Aketa I, Kobayashi A. The CNC-family transcription factor Nrf3 coordinates the melanogenesis cascade through macropinocytosis and autophagy regulation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111906. [PMID: 36640303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a pigment produced from the amino acid L-tyrosine in melanosomes. The CNC-family transcription factor Nrf3 is expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis, where melanocytes reside, but its melanogenic function is unclear. Here, we show that Nrf3 regulates macropinocytosis and autophagy to coordinate melanogenesis cascade. In response to an exogenous inducer of melanin production, forskolin, Nrf3 upregulates the core melanogenic gene circuit, which includes Mitf, Tyr, Tyrp1, Pmel, and Oca2. Furthermore, Nrf3 induces the gene expression of Cln3, an autophagosome-related factor, for melanin precursor uptake by macropinocytosis. Ulk2 and Gabarapl2 are also identified as Nrf3-target autophagosome-related genes for melanosome formation. In parallel, Nrf3 prompts autolysosomal melanosome degradation for melanocyte survival. An endogenous melanogenic inducer αMSH also activates Nrf3-mediated melanin production, whereas it is suppressed by an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir. These findings indicate the significant role of Nrf3 in the melanogenesis and the anti-melanogenic potential of nelfinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Sota Nakada
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Haruka Masuda
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Haruna Sumi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Ayaka Wada
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shuuhei Hirose
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Iori Aketa
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Lin N, Lin J, Plosch T, Sun P, Zhou X. An Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Signature in Granulosa Cells Is Associated with Ovarian Aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022:1070968. [PMID: 36466095 PMCID: PMC9713466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1070968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian aging is associated with a decrease in fecundity. Increased oxidative stress of granulosa cells (GCs) is an important contributor. We thus asked whether there is an oxidative stress-related gene signature in GCs associated with ovarian aging. Public nonhuman primate (NHP) single-cell transcriptome was processed to identify GC cluster. Then, a GC signature for ovarian aging was established based on six oxidative stress-related differentially expressed genes (MAPK1, STK24, AREG, ATG7, ANXA1, and PON2). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis confirmed good discriminating capacity in both NHP single-cell and human bulk transcriptome datasets. Gene expression levels were investigated using qPCR in the human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN) and mouse GCs. In an oxidative stress model, KGN cells were treated with menadione (7.5 μM, 24 h) to induce oxidative stress, after which upregulation of MAPK1, STK24, ATG7, ANXA1, and PON2 and downregulation of AREG were observed (p < 0.05). In an aging model, KGN cells were continuously cultured for 3 months, leading to increased expressions of all genes (p < 0.05). In GCs of reproductively aged (8-month-old) Kunming mice, upregulated expression of Mapk1, Stk24, Atg7, and Pon2 and downregulated expression of Anxa1 and Areg were observed (p < 0.01). We therefore here identify a six-gene GC signature associated with oxidative stress and ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Lin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiazhe Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Torsten Plosch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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11
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Wei G, Pan Y, Wang J, Xiong X, He Y, Xu J. Role of HMGB1 in Vitiligo: Current Perceptions and Future Perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2177-2186. [PMID: 36267690 PMCID: PMC9576603 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s381432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic depigmenting disorder of the skin and mucosa caused by the destruction of epidermal melanocytes. Although the exact mechanism has not been elucidated, studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. High mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) is a major nonhistone protein and an extracellular proinflammatory or chemotactic molecule that is actively secreted or passively released by necrotic cells. Recent data showed that HMGB1 is overexpressed in both blood and lesional specimens from vitiligo patients. Moreover, oxidative stress triggers the release of HMGB1 from keratinocytes and melanocytes, indicating that HMGB1 may participate in the pathological process of vitiligo. Overall, this review mainly focuses on the role of HMGB1 in the potential mechanisms underlying vitiligo depigmentation under oxidative stress. In this review, we hope to provide new insights into vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center Hospital of Qionglai City, Qionglai, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanmin He
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jixiang Xu, Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 of Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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12
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Kovacs D, Cardinali G, Picardo M, Bastonini E. Shining Light on Autophagy in Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:2999. [PMID: 36230960 PMCID: PMC9563738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital process for cell survival and it preserves homeostasis by recycling or disassembling unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular constituents. Autophagy ameliorates skin integrity, regulating epidermal differentiation and constitutive pigmentation. It induces melanogenesis and contributes to skin color through melanosome turnover. Autophagy activity is involved in skin phenotypic plasticity and cell function maintenance and, if altered, it concurs to the onset and/or progression of hypopigmentary and hyperpigmentary disorders. Overexpression of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress occurring in vitiligo skin, while its dysfunction has been linked to the tuberous sclerosis complex hypopigmentation. Again, autophagy impairment reduces melanosome degradation by concurring to pigment accumulation characterizing senile lentigo and melasma. Here we provide an updated review that describes recent findings on the crucial role of autophagy in skin pigmentation, thus revealing the complex interplay among melanocyte biology, skin environment and autophagy. Hence, targeting this process may also represent a promising strategy for treating pigmentary disorders.
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13
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Lee KW, Kim M, Lee SH, Kim KD. The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132085. [PMID: 35805169 PMCID: PMC9265842 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanocyte-specific organelles that protect cells from ultraviolet (UV)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage through the production and accumulation of melanin and are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The relatively well-known process by which melanin is synthesized from melanocytes is known as melanogenesis. The relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy is attracting the attention of researchers because proteins associated with autophagy, such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagy-related (ATG)7, ATG4, beclin-1, and UV-radiation resistance-associated gene, contribute to the melanogenesis signaling pathway. Additionally, there are reports that some compounds used as whitening cosmetics materials induce skin depigmentation through autophagy. Thus, the possibility that autophagy is involved in the removal of melanin has been suggested. To date, however, there is a lack of data on melanosome autophagy and its underlying mechanism. This review highlights the importance of autophagy in melanin homeostasis by providing an overview of melanogenesis, autophagy, the autophagy machinery involved in melanogenesis, and natural compounds that induce autophagy-mediated depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Si Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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14
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation system that involves the creation of autophagosomes, which eventually fuse with lysosomes and breakdown misfolded proteins and damaged organelles with their enzymes. Autophagy is widely known for its function in cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Defects in autophagy have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases. The new line of evidence suggests that autophagy is inextricably linked to skin disorders. This review summarizes the principles behind autophagy and highlights current findings of autophagy's role in skin disorders and strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Klapan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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15
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Yang Y, Wu X, Lu X, Wang C, Xiang L, Zhang C. Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Vitiligo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071116. [PMID: 35406685 PMCID: PMC8997611 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmented disease with unclear pathogenesis. Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and has been linked to a variety of autoimmune disorders; however, there have been no reports exploring the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in vitiligo using bioinformatics methodologies. In this study, RNA-sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the Human Autophagy Database (HADb) was overlapped to identify differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) in stable non-segmental vitiligo (NSV). Bioinformatics analyses were conducted with R packages and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). DEARGs were further confirmed with qRT-PCR. Critical autophagy markers were detected with Western blotting analysis. We identified a total of 39 DEARGs in vitiligo lesions. DEARGs-enriched canonical pathways, diseases and bio functions, upstream regulators, and networks were discovered. qRT-PCR confirmed the significant increases in FOS and RGS19 in vitiligo lesions. Lower microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) II/LC3I ratio and higher sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62) expression were found in vitiligo lesions. In conclusion, this study provided a new insight that autophagy dysregulation appeared in stable vitiligo lesions and might be involved in the etiology of vitiligo by taking part in multiple pathways and bio functions.
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16
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Xuan Y, Yang Y, Xiang L, Zhang C, Rauf A. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo: A Culprit for Melanocyte Death. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35103096 PMCID: PMC8800607 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8498472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common chronic acquired pigmentation disorder characterized by loss of pigmentation. Among various hypotheses proposed for the pathogenesis of vitiligo, oxidative stress-induced immune response that ultimately leads to melanocyte death remains most widely accepted. Oxidative stress which causes elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to dysfunction of molecules and organelles, triggering further immune response, and ultimately melanocyte death. In recent years, a variety of cell death modes have been studied, including apoptosis, autophagy and autophagic cell death, ferroptosis, and other novel modes of death, which will be discussed in this review in detail. Oxidative stress is also strongly linked to these modes of death. Under oxidative stress, ROS could induce autophagy by activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway of melanocytes. However, persistent stimulation of ROS might eventually lead to excessive activation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, which in turn will inactivate autophagy. Moreover, ferroptosis may be triggered by oxidative-related transcriptional production, including ARE, the positive feedback loop related to p62, and the reduced activity and expression of GPX4. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that these modes of death are involved in the oxidative stress response, and that oxidative stress also acts as an initiator for various modes of death through some complex mechanisms. In this study, we aim to summarize the role of oxidative stress in vitiligo and discuss the corresponding mechanisms of interaction between various modes of cell death and oxidative stress. These findings may provide new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of vitiligo.
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17
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Xing X, Dan Y, Xu Z, Xiang L, Wu Z. Implications of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hyperpigmentation Disorders. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35087618 PMCID: PMC8789419 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7881717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the ability of antioxidant systems to decompose those products. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma, and other skin diseases. Regulatory networks involving oxidative stress and related pathways are widely represented in hypopigmentation diseases, particularly vitiligo. However, there is no complete review into the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation disorders, especially regarding associations involving oxidative stress and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review oxidative and antioxidant systems, oxidative stress-induced signal transduction mechanisms, and effects of antioxidant drugs used in preclinical and clinical settings in hyperpigmentation disorders.
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18
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Abstract
The skin, being the barrier organ of the body, is constitutively exposed to various stimuli impacting its morphology and function. Senescent cells have been found to accumulate with age and may contribute to age-related skin changes and pathologies. Natural polyphenols exert many health benefits, including ameliorative effects on skin aging. By affecting molecular pathways of senescence, polyphenols are able to prevent or delay the senescence formation and, consequently, avoid or ameliorate aging and age-associated pathologies of the skin. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in skin aging and cellular senescence, and to summarize the recent in vitro studies related to the anti-senescent mechanisms of natural polyphenols carried out on keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Aged skin in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Csekes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Račková
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Cui T, Wang Y, Song P, Yi X, Chen J, Yang Y, Wang H, Kang P, Guo S, Liu L, Li K, Jian Z, Li S, Li C. HSF1-Dependent Autophagy Activation Contributes to the Survival of Melanocytes Under Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1659-1669.e4. [PMID: 34780715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a protective role in oxidative stress‒induced melanocyte death. Dysregulated autophagy increases the sensitivity of melanocytes in response to oxidative damage and promotes melanocyte degeneration in vitiligo. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. In this study, using RNA-sequencing technology, we compared the transcriptome change between normal and vitiligo melanocytes with or without treatment of oxidative stress. We found that ATG5 and ATG12, the critical components for autophagosome formation, were significantly reduced in vitiligo melanocytes under oxidative stress. Mechanistically, HSF1 is the prime transcription factor for both ATG5 and ATG12, accounting for the reduced level of ATG5 and ATG12 in vitiligo melanocytes. Deficiency of HSF1 led to accumulation of intracellular ROS, imbalance of mitochondrion membrane potential, and apoptosis in melanocytes exposure to oxidative stress. Furthermore, overexpression of HSF1 could ameliorate oxidative stress‒induced melanocytes death through the activation of autophagy by upregulating ATG5 and ATG12. These findings suggested that targeting HSF1-ATG5/12 axis could prevent oxidative stress‒induced melanocyte death and may be used as a therapeutic strategy for vitiligo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinghan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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20
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Abstract
Metastases represent a major cause of cancer-associated deaths. Despite extensive research, targeting metastasis remains the main obstacle in cancer therapy. Therefore, it is of tremendous importance to elucidate the mechanisms that impinge on the different steps of the metastatic cascade. Metabolic plasticity is a cornerstone of the tumorigenic process that not only enables cancer cells to rapidly proliferate but also thrive and retain vitality. Plasticity of the metabolic networks that wire cancer cells is of utmost importance during the metastatic cascade when cancer cells are at their most vulnerable and have to survive in a panoply of inhospitable environments as they make their journey to form metastatic lesions. Here, we highlight which metabolic processes are known to power metastasis formation and lay the foundation for additional work aimed at discovering regulatory nodes of metabolic plasticity that can be used to target metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Drapela
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ana P Gomes
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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21
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Xiong J, Yang J, Yan K, Guo J. Ginsenoside Rk1 protects human melanocytes from H 2O 2‑induced oxidative injury via regulation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:821. [PMID: 34558653 PMCID: PMC8485120 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a cutaneous depigmentation disorder caused by melanocyte injury or aberrant functioning. Oxidative stress (OS) is considered to be a major cause of the onset and progression of vitiligo. Ginsenoside Rk1 (RK1), a major compound isolated from ginseng, has antioxidant activity. However, whether RK1 can protect melanocytes against oxidative injury remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effect of RK1 against OS in the human PIG1 melanocyte cell line induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and to explore its underlying mechanism. PIG1 cells were pretreated with RK1 (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM) for 2 h followed by exposure to 1.0 mM H2O2 for 24 h. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined with Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‑Px) were analyzed using ELISA kits. Protein expression levels, including Bax, caspase‑3, Bcl‑2, phosphorylated‑AKT, AKT, nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1), cytosolic Nrf2 and nuclear Nrf2, were analyzed using western blot analysis. In addition, the expression and localization of Nrf2 were detected by immunofluorescence. RK1 treatment significantly improved cell viability, reduced the apoptotic rate and increased the activity levels of SOD, CAT and GSH‑Px in the PIG1 cell line exposed to H2O2. In addition, RK1 treatment notably induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased the protein expression levels of Nrf2 and HO‑1, and the ratio of phosphorylated‑AKT to AKT in the PIG1 cells exposed to H2O2. Furthermore, LY294002 could reverse the protective effect of RK1 in melanocytes against oxidative injury. These data demonstrated that RK1 protected melanocytes from H2O2‑induced OS by regulating Nrf2/HO‑1 protein expression, which may provide evidence for the application of RK1 for the treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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22
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Singh A, Yadav A, Phogat J, Dabur R. Dynamics of autophagy and ubiquitin proteasome system coordination and interplay in skeletal muscle atrophy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:475-486. [PMID: 34365963 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210806163851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are considered the largest reservoirs of the protein pool in the body and are critical for the maintenances of body homeostasis. Skeletal muscle atrophy is supported by various physiopathological conditions that lead to loss of muscle mass and contractile capacity of the skeletal muscle. Lysosomal mediated autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) concede the major intracellular systems of muscle protein degradation that result in the loss of mass and strength. Both systems recognize ubiquitination as a signal of degradation through different mechanisms, a sign of dynamic interplay between systems. Hence, growing shreds of evidence suggest the interdependency of autophagy and UPS in the progression of skeletal muscle atrophy under various pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the molecular dynamics as well associated factors responsible for their interdependency is a necessity for the new therapeutic insights to counteract the muscle loss. Based on current literature, the present review summarizes the factors interplay in between the autophagy and UPS in favor of enhanced proteolysis of skeletal muscle and how they affect the anabolic signaling pathways under various conditions of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana. India
| | - Aarti Yadav
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana. India
| | - Jatin Phogat
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana. India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana. India
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23
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Cho YH. Codonopsis pilosula Extract Protects Melanocytes against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by Activating Autophagy. Cosmetics 2021; 8:67. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, as the anti-aging role of melanin in the skin and the inhibition of melanin production has been identified, the development of materials capable of maintaining skin homeostasis has been attracting attention. In this study, we further investigated the anti-melanogenic effect of Codonopsis pilosula extract (CPE) and, under oxidative stress, the cytoprotective effect in Melan-a melanocytes exposed to H2O2. First, CPE treatment significantly reduced melanin production by inhibiting melanogenesis-associated proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP 2), as a result of the phosphorylation of MAPK/JNK in Melan-a cells. Next, to investigate the protective effects of the CPE on oxidative-stress-induced skin injury and its molecular mechanism, we determined the effect of CPE after inducing oxidative stress by exposing melanocytes to H2O2. CPE protected cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the expression of the gene encoding the Bax pro-apoptotic protein, whereas it induced the genes encoding the B-cell lymphoma 3 (Bcl2) family and MITF, which is a transcriptional regulator that promotes melanocyte differentiation. Furthermore, our results show that CPE enhanced the production of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin-1 and light chain 3 (LC3) II; this was substantially reversed by 3-methyladenin (MA, an autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CPE treatment exhibits not only an anti-melanogenic effect in normal melanocytes, but also a cytoprotective effect in melanocytes subjected to oxidative stress by inducing autophagy and MITF expression. Therefore, we believe that CPE is a potent candidate for cell maintenance in melanocytes.
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Yang D, Liu A, Zhang Y, Nan S, Yin R, Lei Q, Zhu H, Chen J, Han L, Ding M, Ding Y. Essential Role of CRIM1 on Endometrial Receptivity in Goat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5323. [PMID: 34070207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In domestic ruminants, endometrial receptivity is related to successful pregnancy and economic efficiency. Despite several molecules having been reported in the past regarding endometrial receptivity regulation, much regarding the mechanism of endometrial receptivity regulation remains unknown due to the complex nature of the trait. In this work, we demonstrated that the cysteine-rich transmembrane bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) regulator 1 (CRIM1) served as a novel regulator in the regulation of goat endometrial receptivity in vitro. Our results showed that hormones and IFN-τ increased the expression of CRIM1 in goat endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). Knockdown of CRIM1 via specific shRNA hindered cell proliferation, cell adhesion and prostaglandins (PGs) secretion and thus derailed normal endometrial receptivity. We further confirmed that receptivity defect phenotypes due to CRIM1 interference were restored by ATG7 overexpression in EECs while a loss of ATG7 further impaired receptivity phenotypes. Moreover, our results showed that changing the expression of ATG7 affected the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, mR-143-5p was shown to be a potential upstream factor of CRIM1-regulated endometrial receptivity in EECs. Overall, these results suggest that CRIM1, as the downstream target of miR-143-5p, has effects on ATG7-dependent autophagy, regulating cell proliferation, cell adhesion and PG secretion, and provides a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of early pregnancy failure and for improving the success rates of artificial reproduction.
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25
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Zeeshan M, Sonthalia S, Yadav P, Gupta P, Agrawal M, Bhatia J, Jha AK, Roy PK. Do oxidative stress and melanin accumulation contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: A prospective case-control study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1154-1162. [PMID: 33894101 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress parameters have been reported to be significantly higher than controls in diverse disorders of pigmentation but no such data seem to be extant for IGH. OBJECTIVES To verify whether heightened oxidative stress levels are seen in patients with IGH (compared with matched controls) and quantify the same in blood using appropriate biochemical markers. Further, an attempt to determine if there might be any correlation between the amount of oxidative stress and the severity of the disease. METHODOLOGY This prospective case-control study was conducted in Northern India. Thirty Indian patients (Fitzpatrick skin phototype (SPT) IV-V) were included. The diagnosis of IGH lesions was confirmed based on characteristic clinical, and dermoscopic characteristics and confirmed on histopathological examination (H & E) of one of the lesions. RESULTS The oxidative stress enzyme level was significantly higher among the cases compared to controls which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was also observed between the levels of these markers and number of lesions, but this finding was statistically not significant [p > 0.05]. Assessment of melanin level by Dopa staining method in the IGH lesions revealed irregularly distributed melanin with areas of high and low melanin content and greater accumulation in the basement layer. CONCLUSION The results of this probably the first study evaluating oxidative stress in IGH show that the oxidative stress is increased in patients with IGH. Level of oxidative stress seems to be correlated with both age of the patient (more in the elderly) and number of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan
- Department of Skin & V.D, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sidharth Sonthalia
- Department of Dermatology & Dermatosurgery SKINNOCENCE, The Skin Clinic & Research Centre, Gurugram, India
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- Department of Dermatology & Dermatosurgery SKINNOCENCE, The Skin Clinic & Research Centre, Gurugram, India
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, L.H Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahima Agrawal
- Department of Skin & V.D, Department of Dermatology and STD, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Abhijeet Kumar Jha
- Department of Skin & V.D, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Prasoon Kumar Roy
- Department of Skin & V.D, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India
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26
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Bastonini E, Kovacs D, Raffa S, Delle Macchie M, Pacifico A, Iacovelli P, Torrisi MR, Picardo M. A protective role for autophagy in vitiligo. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:318. [PMID: 33767135 PMCID: PMC7994839 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies supports the existence of a dynamic interplay between energetic metabolism and autophagy, whose induction represents an adaptive response against several stress conditions. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and a highly orchestrated catabolic recycling process that guarantees cellular homeostasis. To date, the exact role of autophagy in vitiligo pathogenesis is still not clear. Here, we provide the first evidence that autophagy occurs in melanocytes and fibroblasts from non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients, as a result of metabolic surveillance response. More precisely, this study is the first to reveal that induction of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress and attempts to antagonize degenerative processes in normal appearing vitiligo skin, where melanocytes and fibroblasts are already prone to premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Raffa
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Delle Macchie
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pacifico
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Iacovelli
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Ultrastructural Pathology Lab., Medical Genetics and Advanced Cellular Diagnostics Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital & Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
Cellular senescence, cancer and aging are highly interconnected. Among many important molecular machines that lie at the intersection of this triad, the mechanistic (formerly mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell metabolism, proliferation, and survival. The mTOR signaling cascade is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis in normal biological processes or in response to stress, and its dysregulation is implicated in the progression of many disorders, including age-associated diseases. Accordingly, the pharmacological implications of mTOR inhibition using rapamycin or others rapalogs span the treatment of various human diseases from immune disorders to cancer. Importantly, rapamycin is one of the only known pan-species drugs that can extend lifespan. The molecular and cellular mechanisms explaining the phenotypic consequences of mTOR are vast and heavily studied. In this review, we will focus on the potential role of mTOR in the context of cellular senescence, a tumor suppressor mechanism and a pillar of aging. We will explore the link between senescence, autophagy and mTOR and discuss the opportunities to exploit senescence-associated mTOR functions to manipulate senescence phenotypes in age-associated diseases and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saoudaoui
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monique Bernard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume B Cardin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Malaquin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Apostolos Christopoulos
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médicine nucléaire, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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28
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Lu X, Lu L, Gao L, Wang Y, Wang W. Calycosin attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via autophagy regulation in zebrafish models. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111375. [PMID: 33761601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines are highly effective chemotherapeutics for antineoplastic treatment. However, cumulative cardiotoxicity is the main side effect with poor prognosis. No mechanism-based therapy is currently available to reverse chronic anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) after the deterioration of cardiac function. Calycosin (CA) is the main compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Astragalus, and it has diverse beneficial effects, including autophagy modulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. Autophagy dysregulation is an important pathological event in AIC. Our study demonstrated a cardioprotective effect of CA in a zebrafish embryonic AIC model. To assess the effect of CA on late-onset chronic AIC, adult zebrafish were treated with CA 28 days after doxorubicin (DOX) injection, at which point heart function was obviously impaired. The results demonstrated that DOX blocked autophagic activity in adult zebrafish 8 weeks post-injection, and CA treatment improved heart function and restored autophagy. Further in vitro experiments demonstrated that atg7, which encodes an E1-like activating enzyme, may play an essential role in the CA regulation of autophagy. In conclusion, we used a rapid pharmacological screening system in embryo-adult zebrafish in vivo and elucidated the mechanism of gene targeting in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Lu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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29
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Wu X, Yang Y, Xiang L, Zhang C. The fate of melanocyte: Mechanisms of cell death in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:256-267. [PMID: 33346939 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss of melanocytes (MCs) is the most notable feature of vitiligo. Hence, it is critical to clarify the mechanisms of MC destruction in vitiligo. Apoptosis is most widely studied cell death pathways in vitiligo. In addition, the other two forms of cell death, conventional necrosis and autophagy seem to be involved in the death of vitiligo MCs under certain situations. Moreover, new types of regulated cell death including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis may also participate in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Anoikis is likely to be connected with the death of detached MCs, which is provoked specifically by loss of anchorage. Primary phagocytosis, later called phagoptosis can execute death of viable cells, probably partly responsible for the loss of MCs in vitiligo. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest insights into various forms of MC death in vitiligo and discuss the corresponding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Friedmann Angeli JP, Meierjohann S. NRF2-dependent stress defense in tumor antioxidant control and immune evasion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:268-279. [PMID: 33205526 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 is known as the master regulator of the oxidative stress response. Tumor entities presenting oncogenic activation of NRF2, such as lung adenocarcinoma, are associated with drug resistance, and accumulating evidence demonstrates its involvement in immune evasion. In other cancer types, the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway is not commonly mutated, but NRF2 is activated by other means such as radiation, oncogenic activity, cytokines, or other pro-oxidant triggers characteristic of the tumor niche. The obvious effect of stress-activated NRF2 is the protection from oxidative or electrophilic damage and the adaptation of the tumor metabolism to changing conditions. However, data from melanoma also reveal a role of NRF2 in modulating differentiation and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. This review summarizes the function of NRF2 in this tumor entity and discusses the implications for current tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf-Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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31
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O'Sullivan JDB, Nicu C, Picard M, Chéret J, Bedogni B, Tobin DJ, Paus R. The biology of human hair greying. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:107-128. [PMID: 32965076 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair greying (canities) is one of the earliest, most visible ageing-associated phenomena, whose modulation by genetic, psychoemotional, oxidative, senescence-associated, metabolic and nutritional factors has long attracted skin biologists, dermatologists, and industry. Greying is of profound psychological and commercial relevance in increasingly ageing populations. In addition, the onset and perpetuation of defective melanin production in the human anagen hair follicle pigmentary unit (HFPU) provides a superb model for interrogating the molecular mechanisms of ageing in a complex human mini-organ, and greying-associated defects in bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) represent an intriguing system of neural crest-derived stem cell senescence. Here, we emphasize that human greying invariably begins with the gradual decline in melanogenesis, including reduced tyrosinase activity, defective melanosome transfer and apoptosis of HFPU melanocytes, and is thus a primary event of the anagen hair bulb, not the bulge. Eventually, the bulge MSC pool becomes depleted as well, at which stage greying becomes largely irreversible. There is still no universally accepted model of human hair greying, and the extent of genetic contributions to greying remains unclear. However, oxidative damage likely is a crucial driver of greying via its disruption of HFPU melanocyte survival, MSC maintenance, and of the enzymatic apparatus of melanogenesis itself. While neuroendocrine factors [e.g. alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ß-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)], and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are well-known regulators of human hair follicle melanocytes and melanogenesis, how exactly these and other factors [e.g. thyroid hormones, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), P-cadherin, peripheral clock activity] modulate greying requires more detailed study. Other important open questions include how HFPU melanocytes age intrinsically, how psychoemotional stress impacts this process, and how current insights into the gerontobiology of the human HFPU can best be translated into retardation or reversal of greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D B O'Sullivan
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Carina Nicu
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Martin Picard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th Street, PH1540N, New York, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Bedogni
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Skin & Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, D-48149, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
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32
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Pinelli R, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Bertelli M, Scaffidi E, Polzella M, Busceti CL, Fornai F. A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5563. [PMID: 32756487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Which pathogenic mechanisms underlie age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? Are they different for dry and wet variants, or do they stem from common metabolic alterations? Where shall we look for altered metabolism? Is it the inner choroid, or is it rather the choroid–retinal border? Again, since cell-clearing pathways are crucial to degrade altered proteins, which metabolic system is likely to be the most implicated, and in which cell type? Here we describe the unique clearing activity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the relevant role of its autophagy machinery in removing altered debris, thus centering the RPE in the pathogenesis of AMD. The cell-clearing systems within the RPE may act as a kernel to regulate the redox homeostasis and the traffic of multiple proteins and organelles toward either the choroid border or the outer segments of photoreceptors. This is expected to cope with the polarity of various domains within RPE cells, with each one owning a specific metabolic activity. A defective clearance machinery may trigger unconventional solutions to avoid intracellular substrates’ accumulation through unconventional secretions. These components may be deposited between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane, thus generating the drusen, which remains the classic hallmark of AMD. These deposits may rather represent a witness of an abnormal RPE metabolism than a real pathogenic component. The empowerment of cell clearance, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity of the RPE by specific phytochemicals is here discussed.
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