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Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Anthony D, Vyazov L, Fournier R, Ringbauer H, Olalde I, Khokhlov AA, Kitov EP, Shishlina NI, Ailincăi SC, Agapov DS, Agapov SA, Batieva E, Bauyrzhan B, Bereczki Z, Buzhilova A, Changmai P, Chizhevsky AA, Ciobanu I, Constantinescu M, Csányi M, Dani J, Dashkovskiy PK, Évinger S, Faifert A, Flegontov PN, Frînculeasa A, Frînculeasa MN, Hajdu T, Higham T, Jarosz P, Jelínek P, Khartanovich VI, Kirginekov EN, Kiss V, Kitova A, Kiyashko AV, Koledin J, Korolev A, Kosintsev P, Kulcsár G, Kuznetsov P, Magomedov R, Malikovich MA, Melis E, Moiseyev V, Molnár E, Monge J, Negrea O, Nikolaeva NA, Novak M, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Pálfi G, Popovici S, Rykun MP, Savenkova TM, Semibratov VP, Seregin NN, Šefčáková A, Serikovna MR, Shingiray I, Shirokov VN, Simalcsik A, Sirak K, Solodovnikov KN, Tárnoki J, Tishkin AA, Trifonov V, Vasilyev S, Akbari A, Brielle ES, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Curtis E, Flegontova O, Iliev L, Kearns A, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Micco A, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Qiu L, Noah Workman J, Zalzala F, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Palamara PF, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.17.589597. [PMID: 38659893 PMCID: PMC11042377 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Anthony
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hartwick College, Dept. of Anthropology, USA
| | - Leonid Vyazov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | | | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Egor P. Kitov
- Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Danila S. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Sergey A. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov, Russia
| | | | - Zsolt Bereczki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Piya Changmai
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Andrey A. Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ion Ciobanu
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Mihai Constantinescu
- Fr. I Rainer Institute of Anthropology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - János Dani
- Department of Archaeology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Déri Museum, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter K. Dashkovskiy
- Department of Regional Studies of Russia, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anatoly Faifert
- Research Institute GAUK RO “Don Heritage”, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel N. Flegontov
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alin Frînculeasa
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Mădălina N. Frînculeasa
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University Valahia of Târgoviște, Târgovişte, Romania
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Eötvös Loránd University (Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tom Higham
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paweł Jarosz
- Department of Mountain and Highland Archaeology, Institute Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pavol Jelínek
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Valeri I. Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eduard N. Kirginekov
- State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Republic of Khakassia “Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L.R. Kyzlasova”, Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Russia
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandera Kitova
- Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexeiy V. Kiyashko
- Department of Archaeology and History of the Ancient World of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Arkady Korolev
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Pavel Kosintsev
- Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gabriella Kulcsár
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Kuznetsov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Rabadan Magomedov
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Makhachkala. Dagestan, Russia
| | | | - Eszter Melis
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janet Monge
- Independent Researcher, 106 Federal Street, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Octav Negrea
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Nadezhda A. Nikolaeva
- Department of General History, Historical and Literary Institute of the State University of Education, Ministry of Education Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Maria Ochir-Goryaeva
- Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sergiu Popovici
- National Agency for Archaeology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | - Vladimir P. Semibratov
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Nikolai N. Seregin
- Laboratory of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eurasia, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Irina Shingiray
- University of Oxford, Faculty of History, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir N. Shirokov
- Center for Stone Age Archeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Angela Simalcsik
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
- Olga Necrasov Centre for Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, Iași, Romania
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin N. Solodovnikov
- Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A. Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Viktov Trifonov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther S. Brielle
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Curtis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Flegontova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aisling Kearns
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise Keating
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Baranzini SE, Graves JS. What doesn't kill you makes you stronger . . . or does it? Mult Scler 2024; 30:292-294. [PMID: 38366936 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241231664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Attwaters M. Ancient migration and the modern genome. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:162. [PMID: 38316951 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
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Fischer A, Sjögren KG, Jensen TZT, Jørkov ML, Lysdahl P, Vimala T, Refoyo-Martínez A, Scorrano G, Price TD, Gröcke DR, Gotfredsen AB, Sørensen L, Alexandersen V, Wåhlin S, Stenderup J, Bennike O, Ingason A, Iversen R, Sikora M, Racimo F, Willerslev E, Allentoft ME, Kristiansen K. Vittrup Man-The life-history of a genetic foreigner in Neolithic Denmark. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297032. [PMID: 38354111 PMCID: PMC10866469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The lethally maltreated body of Vittrup Man was deposited in a Danish bog, probably as part of a ritualised sacrifice. It happened between c. 3300 and 3100 cal years BC, i.e., during the period of the local farming-based Funnel Beaker Culture. In terms of skull morphological features, he differs from the majority of the contemporaneous farmers found in Denmark, and associates with hunter-gatherers, who inhabited Scandinavia during the previous millennia. His skeletal remains were selected for transdisciplinary analysis to reveal his life-history in terms of a population historical perspective. We report the combined results of an integrated set of genetic, isotopic, physical anthropological and archaeological analytical approaches. Strontium signature suggests a foreign birthplace that could be in Norway or Sweden. In addition, enamel oxygen isotope values indicate that as a child he lived in a colder climate, i.e., to the north of the regions inhabited by farmers. Genomic data in fact demonstrates that he is closely related to Mesolithic humans known from Norway and Sweden. Moreover, dietary stable isotope analyses on enamel and bone collagen demonstrate a fisher-hunter way of life in his childhood and a diet typical of farmers later on. Such a variable life-history is also reflected by proteomic analysis of hardened organic deposits on his teeth, indicating the consumption of forager food (seal, whale and marine fish) as well as farmer food (sheep/goat). From a dietary isotopic transect of one of his teeth it is shown that his transfer between societies of foragers and farmers took place near to the end of his teenage years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Fischer
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sealand Archaeology, Kalundborg, Denmark
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Marie Louise Jørkov
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Lysdahl
- Vendsyssel Historical Museum, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Tharsika Vimala
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | | | - T. Douglas Price
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Darren R. Gröcke
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Verner Alexandersen
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Stenderup
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ole Bennike
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Iversen
- The Saxo Institute—Section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Martin Sikora
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Callaway E. The life and gruesome death of a bog man revealed after 5,000 years. Nature 2024; 626:937. [PMID: 38383650 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
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Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Fischer A, Sjögren KG, Ingason A, Macleod R, Rosengren A, Schulz Paulsson B, Jørkov MLS, Novosolov M, Stenderup J, Price TD, Fischer Mortensen M, Nielsen AB, Ulfeldt Hede M, Sørensen L, Nielsen PO, Rasmussen P, Jensen TZT, Refoyo-Martínez A, Irving-Pease EK, Barrie W, Pearson A, Sousa da Mota B, Demeter F, Henriksen RA, Vimala T, McColl H, Vaughn A, Vinner L, Renaud G, Stern A, Johannsen NN, Ramsøe AD, Schork AJ, Ruter A, Gotfredsen AB, Henning Nielsen B, Brinch Petersen E, Kannegaard E, Hansen J, Buck Pedersen K, Pedersen L, Klassen L, Meldgaard M, Johansen M, Uldum OC, Lotz P, Lysdahl P, Bangsgaard P, Petersen PV, Maring R, Iversen R, Wåhlin S, Anker Sørensen S, Andersen SH, Jørgensen T, Lynnerup N, Lawson DJ, Rasmussen S, Korneliussen TS, Kjær KH, Durbin R, Nielsen R, Delaneau O, Werge T, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. 100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark. Nature 2024; 625:329-337. [PMID: 38200294 PMCID: PMC10781617 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1-4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5-7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Fischer
- Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Sealand Archaeology, Kalundborg, Denmark
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruairidh Macleod
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Rosengren
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maria Novosolov
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Stenderup
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Douglas Price
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alba Refoyo-Martínez
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Barrie
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice Pearson
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bárbara Sousa da Mota
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Dpt ABBA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Rasmus A Henriksen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tharsika Vimala
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Vaughn
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aaron Stern
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Abigail Daisy Ramsøe
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Joseph Schork
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anthony Ruter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Morten Meldgaard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health and Nature, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | | | - Per Lotz
- Museum Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
- Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Per Lysdahl
- Vendsyssel Historiske Museum, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Pernille Bangsgaard
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Maring
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Museum Østjylland, Randers, Denmark
| | - Rune Iversen
- The Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels Lynnerup
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- Institute of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt H Kjær
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Integrative Biology and Statistics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Historical Studies, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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7
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Irving-Pease EK, Refoyo-Martínez A, Barrie W, Ingason A, Pearson A, Fischer A, Sjögren KG, Halgren AS, Macleod R, Demeter F, Henriksen RA, Vimala T, McColl H, Vaughn AH, Speidel L, Stern AJ, Scorrano G, Ramsøe A, Schork AJ, Rosengren A, Zhao L, Kristiansen K, Iversen AKN, Fugger L, Sudmant PH, Lawson DJ, Durbin R, Korneliussen T, Werge T, Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Nielsen R, Racimo F, Willerslev E. The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians. Nature 2024; 625:312-320. [PMID: 38200293 PMCID: PMC10781624 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The Holocene (beginning around 12,000 years ago) encompassed some of the most significant changes in human evolution, with far-reaching consequences for the dietary, physical and mental health of present-day populations. Using a dataset of more than 1,600 imputed ancient genomes1, we modelled the selection landscape during the transition from hunting and gathering, to farming and pastoralism across West Eurasia. We identify key selection signals related to metabolism, including that selection at the FADS cluster began earlier than previously reported and that selection near the LCT locus predates the emergence of the lactase persistence allele by thousands of years. We also find strong selection in the HLA region, possibly due to increased exposure to pathogens during the Bronze Age. Using ancient individuals to infer local ancestry tracts in over 400,000 samples from the UK Biobank, we identify widespread differences in the distribution of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age ancestries across Eurasia. By calculating ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores, we show that height differences between Northern and Southern Europe are associated with differential Steppe ancestry, rather than selection, and that risk alleles for mood-related phenotypes are enriched for Neolithic farmer ancestry, whereas risk alleles for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease are enriched for Western hunter-gatherer ancestry. Our results indicate that ancient selection and migration were large contributors to the distribution of phenotypic diversity in present-day Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Irving-Pease
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alba Refoyo-Martínez
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Barrie
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alice Pearson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders Fischer
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sealand Archaeology, Kalundborg, Denmark
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alma S Halgren
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ruairidh Macleod
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eco-anthropologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Rasmus A Henriksen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tharsika Vimala
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew H Vaughn
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leo Speidel
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aaron J Stern
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele Scorrano
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abigail Ramsøe
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anders Rosengren
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lei Zhao
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid K N Iversen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- Institute of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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8
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Reardon S. Ancient DNA reveals origins of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Nature 2024; 625:431-432. [PMID: 38200339 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
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9
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Barrie W, Yang Y, Irving-Pease EK, Attfield KE, Scorrano G, Jensen LT, Armen AP, Dimopoulos EA, Stern A, Refoyo-Martinez A, Pearson A, Ramsøe A, Gaunitz C, Demeter F, Jørkov MLS, Møller SB, Springborg B, Klassen L, Hyldgård IM, Wickmann N, Vinner L, Korneliussen TS, Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Kristiansen K, Rodriguez S, Nielsen R, Iversen AKN, Lawson DJ, Fugger L, Willerslev E. Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis emerged in steppe pastoralist populations. Nature 2024; 625:321-328. [PMID: 38200296 PMCID: PMC10781639 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Although it is known that inherited risk for MS is located within or in close proximity to immune-related genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated1. Here, by using a large ancient genome dataset from the Mesolithic period to the Bronze Age2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that the genetic risk for MS rose among pastoralists from the Pontic steppe and was brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the steppe population and later in Europe, probably driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with changes in diet, lifestyle and population density. This study highlights the critical importance of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age as determinants of modern immune responses and their subsequent effect on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Barrie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yaoling Yang
- Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele Scorrano
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angelos P Armen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aaron Stern
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alba Refoyo-Martinez
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Pearson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail Ramsøe
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charleen Gaunitz
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Marie Louise S Jørkov
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lutz Klassen
- Museum Østdanmark-Djursland og Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Astrid K N Iversen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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10
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Asgari S, Pousaz LA. Prehistoric events might explain European multiple sclerosis risk. Nature 2024; 625:247-249. [PMID: 38200304 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
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