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Eck RJ, Stair JG, Kraemer BC, Liachko NF. Simple models to understand complex disease: 10 years of progress from Caenorhabditis elegans models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1300705. [PMID: 38239833 PMCID: PMC10794587 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are a powerful model system to study human disease, with numerous experimental advantages including significant genetic and cellular homology to vertebrate animals, a short lifespan, and tractable behavioral, molecular biology and imaging assays. Beginning with the identification of SOD1 as a genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), C. elegans have contributed to a deeper understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. More recently this work has expanded to encompass models of other types of ALS and the related disease frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP), including those characterized by mutation or accumulation of the proteins TDP-43, C9orf72, FUS, HnRNPA2B1, ALS2, DCTN1, CHCHD10, ELP3, TUBA4A, CAV1, UBQLN2, ATXN3, TIA1, KIF5A, VAPB, GRN, and RAB38. In this review we summarize these models and the progress and insights from the last ten years of using C. elegans to study the neurodegenerative diseases ALS and FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Eck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jade G. Stair
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brian C. Kraemer
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole F. Liachko
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
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Tang L, Tang X, Zhao Q, Li Y, Bu Y, Liu Z, Li J, Guo J, Shen L, Jiang H, Tang B, Xu R, Cao W, Yuan Y, Wang J. Mutation and clinical analysis of the CLCC1 gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from Central South China. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:79-88. [PMID: 37916886 PMCID: PMC10791024 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, chloride channel CLIC-like 1 (CLCC1) was reported to be a novel ALS-related gene. We aimed to screen CLCC1 variants in our ALS cohort and further explore the genotype-phenotype correlation of CLCC1-related ALS. METHODS We screened rare damaging variants in CLCC1 from our cohorts of 1005 ALS patients and 1224 healthy controls with whole-exome sequencing in Central South China. Fisher's exact test was conducted for association analysis at the entire gene level and single variant level. RESULTS In total, four heterozygous missense variants in CLCC1 were identified from four unrelated sporadic ALS patients and predicted to be putative pathogenic by in silico tools and protein model prediction, accounting for 0.40% of all patients (4/1005). The four variants were c.A275C (p.Q92P), c.G1139A (p.R380K), c.C1244T (p.T415M), and c.G1328A (p.R443Q), respectively, which had not been reported in ALS patients previously. Three of four variants were located in exon 10. Patients harboring CLCC1 variants seemed to share a group of similar clinical features, including earlier age at onset, rapid progression, spinal onset, and vulnerable cognitive status. Statistically, we did not find CLCC1 to be associated with the risk of ALS at the entire gene level or single variant level. CONCLUSION Our findings further expanded the genetic and clinical spectrum of CLCC1-related ALS and provided more genetic evidence for anion channel involvement in the pathogenesis of ALS, but further investigations are needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Xuxiong Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Yue Bu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical CollegeFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical CollegeNanchangP. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical CollegeFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical CollegeNanchangP. R. China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University, Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Center for Neurological DiseasesNanchangP. R. China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment DisordersCentral South UniversityChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesChangshaP. R. China
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Ma Y, Jia T, Qin F, He Y, Han F, Zhang C. Abnormal Brain Protein Abundance and Cross-tissue mRNA Expression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:510-518. [PMID: 37639066 PMCID: PMC10791788 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of the present risk genes in understanding the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it is necessary to find additional causative genes utilizing novel approaches. In this study, we conducted a two-stage proteome-wide association study (PWAS) using ALS genome-wide association study (GWAS) data (N = 152,268) and two distinct human brain protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) datasets (ROSMAP N = 376 and Banner N = 152) to identify ALS risk genes and prioritized candidate genes with Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization analysis. Next, we verified the aberrant expression of risk genes in multiple tissues, including lower motor neurons, skeletal muscle, and whole blood. Six ALS risk genes (SCFD1, SARM1, TMEM175, BCS1L, WIPI2, and DHRS11) were found during the PWAS discovery phase, and SARM1 and BCS1L were confirmed during the validation phase. The following MR (p = 2.10 × 10-7) and Bayesian colocalization analysis (ROSMAP PP4 = 0.999, Banner PP4 = 0.999) confirmed the causal association between SARM1 and ALS. Further differential expression analysis revealed that SARM1 was markedly downregulated in lower motor neurons (p = 7.64 × 10-3), skeletal muscle (p = 9.34 × 10-3), and whole blood (p = 1.94 × 10-3). Our findings identified some promising protein candidates for future investigation as therapeutic targets. The dysregulation of SARM1 in multiple tissues provides a new way to explain ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengqin Qin
- Department of Neurology, The 3Rd Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongji He
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Wang G, Jin S, Liu J, Li X, Dai P, Wang Y, Hou SX. A neuron-immune circuit regulates neurodegeneration in the hindbrain and spinal cord of Arf1-ablated mice. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad222. [PMID: 38239560 PMCID: PMC10794899 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune connections have been revealed to play a central role in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the mechanisms that link the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune cells are still mostly unknown. We recently found that specific ablation of the Arf1 gene in hindbrain and spinal cord neurons promoted NDs through activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia via peroxided lipids and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) releasing. Here, we demonstrate that IL-1β with elevated chemokines in the neuronal Arf1-ablated mouse hindbrain and spinal cord recruited and activated γδ T cells in meninges. The activated γδ T cells then secreted IFN-γ that entered into parenchyma to activate the microglia-A1 astrocyte-C3-neuronal C3aR neurotoxic pathway. Remarkably, the neurodegenerative phenotypes of the neuronal Arf1-ablated mice were strongly ameliorated by IFN-γ or C3 knockout. Finally, we show that the Arf1-reduction-induced neuroimmune-IFN-γ-gliosis pathway exists in human NDs, particularly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Together, our results uncover a previously unknown mechanism that links the CNS and peripheral immune cells to promote neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Wang
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shuhan Jin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Steven X Hou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation of Liver Cancer Institute at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Li C, Wei Q, Hou Y, Lin J, Ou R, Zhang L, Jiang Q, Xiao Y, Liu K, Chen X, Yang T, Song W, Zhao B, Wu Y, Shang H. Genome-wide analyses identify NEAT1 as genetic modifier of age at onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:77. [PMID: 37872557 PMCID: PMC10594666 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrate great heterogeneity in the age at onset (AAO), which is closely related to the course of disease. However, most genetic studies focused on the risk of ALS, while the genetic background underlying AAO of ALS is still unknown. METHODS To identify genetic determinants influencing AAO of ALS, we performed genome-wide association analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model in 2,841 patients with ALS (Ndiscovery = 2,272, Nreplication = 569) in the Chinese population. We further conducted colocalization analysis using public cis-eQTL dataset, and Mendelian randomization analysis to identify risk factors for AAO of ALS. Finally, functional experiments including dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-qPCR were performed to explore the regulatory effect of the target variant. RESULTS The total heritability of AAO of ALS was ~ 0.24. One novel locus rs10128627 (FRMD8) was significantly associated with earlier AAO by ~ 3.15 years (P = 1.54E-08, beta = 0.31, SE = 0.05). This locus was cis-eQTL of NEAT1 in multiple brain tissues and blood. Colocalization analysis detected association signals at this locus between AAO of ALS and expression of NEAT1. Furthermore, functional exploration supported the variant rs10128627 was associated with upregulated expression of NEAT1 in cell models and patients with ALS. Causal inference suggested higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and eosinophil were nominally associated with earlier AAO of ALS, while monocyte might delay the AAO. CONCLUSIONS Collective evidence from genetic, bioinformatic, and functional results suggested NEAT1 as a key player in the disease progression of ALS. These findings improve the current understanding of the genetic role in AAO of ALS, and provide a novel target for further research on the pathogenesis and therapeutic options to delay the disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qirui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuncheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - TianMi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Nakamura R, Tohnai G, Nakatochi M, Atsuta N, Watanabe H, Ito D, Katsuno M, Hirakawa A, Izumi Y, Morita M, Hirayama T, Kano O, Kanai K, Hattori N, Taniguchi A, Suzuki N, Aoki M, Iwata I, Yabe I, Shibuya K, Kuwabara S, Oda M, Hashimoto R, Aiba I, Ishihara T, Onodera O, Yamashita T, Abe K, Mizoguchi K, Shimizu T, Ikeda Y, Yokota T, Hasegawa K, Tanaka F, Nakashima K, Kaji R, Niwa JI, Doyu M, Terao C, Ikegawa S, Fujimori K, Nakamura S, Ozawa F, Morimoto S, Onodera K, Ito T, Okada Y, Okano H, Sobue G. Genetic factors affecting survival in Japanese patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a genome-wide association study and verification in iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:816-824. [PMID: 37142397 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic factors are associated with the pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and its phenotypes, such as disease progression. Here, in this study, we aimed to identify the genes that affect the survival of patients with sporadic ALS. METHODS We enrolled 1076 Japanese patients with sporadic ALS with imputed genotype data of 7 908 526 variants. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with an additive model adjusted for sex, age at onset and the first two principal components calculated from genotyped data to conduct a genome-wide association study. We further analysed messenger RNA (mRNA) and phenotype expression in motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-MNs) of patients with ALS. RESULTS Three novel loci were significantly associated with the survival of patients with sporadic ALS-FGF1 at 5q31.3 (rs11738209, HR=2.36 (95% CI, 1.77 to 3.15), p=4.85×10-9), THSD7A at 7p21.3 (rs2354952, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.55), p=1.61×10-8) and LRP1 at 12q13.3 (rs60565245, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.66 to 2.86), p=2.35×10-8). FGF1 and THSD7A variants were associated with decreased mRNA expression of each gene in iPSC-MNs and reduced in vitro survival of iPSC-MNs obtained from patients with ALS. The iPSC-MN in vitro survival was reduced when the expression of FGF1 and THSD7A was partially disrupted. The rs60565245 was not associated with LRP1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS We identified three loci associated with the survival of patients with sporadic ALS, decreased mRNA expression of FGF1 and THSD7A and the viability of iPSC-MNs from patients. The iPSC-MN model reflects the association between patient prognosis and genotype and can contribute to target screening and validation for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Division of ALS Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Atsuta
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Morita
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Hirayama
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kano
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kanai
- Department of Neurology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Taniguchi
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuko Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Shibuya
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Oda
- Department of Neurology, Vihara Hananosato Hospital, Miyoshi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Higashinagoya National Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuko Aiba
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Higashinagoya National Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ishihara
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Shizuoka Medical Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Matsue Medical Center, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manabu Doyu
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koki Fujimori
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuji Ito
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Akçimen F, Lopez ER, Landers JE, Nath A, Chiò A, Chia R, Traynor BJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: translating genetic discoveries into therapies. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:642-658. [PMID: 37024676 PMCID: PMC10611979 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technologies and collaborative efforts have led to substantial progress in identifying the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This momentum has, in turn, fostered the development of putative molecular therapies. In this Review, we outline the current genetic knowledge, emphasizing recent discoveries and emerging concepts such as the implication of distinct types of mutation, variability in mutated genes in diverse genetic ancestries and gene-environment interactions. We also propose a high-level model to synthesize the interdependent effects of genetics, environmental and lifestyle factors, and ageing into a unified theory of ALS. Furthermore, we summarize the current status of therapies developed on the basis of genetic knowledge established for ALS over the past 30 years, and we discuss how developing treatments for ALS will advance our understanding of targeting other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Akçimen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elia R Lopez
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, C.N.R, Rome, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Ruth Chia
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Fortuna TR, Kour S, Chimata AV, Muiños-Bühl A, Anderson EN, Nelson Iv CH, Ward C, Chauhan O, O'Brien C, Rajasundaram D, Rajan DS, Wirth B, Singh A, Pandey UB. SMN regulates GEMIN5 expression and acts as a modifier of GEMIN5-mediated neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:477-498. [PMID: 37369805 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
GEMIN5 is essential for core assembly of small nuclear Ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of spliceosome formation. Loss-of-function mutations in GEMIN5 lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome among patients presenting with developmental delay, motor dysfunction, and cerebellar atrophy by perturbing SMN complex protein expression and assembly. Currently, molecular determinants of GEMIN5-mediated disease have yet to be explored. Here, we identified SMN as a genetic suppressor of GEMIN5-mediated neurodegeneration in vivo. We discovered that an increase in SMN expression by either SMN gene therapy replacement or the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), Nusinersen, significantly upregulated the endogenous levels of GEMIN5 in mammalian cells and mutant GEMIN5-derived iPSC neurons. Further, we identified a strong functional association between the expression patterns of SMN and GEMIN5 in patient Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)-derived motor neurons harboring loss-of-function mutations in the SMN gene. Interestingly, SMN binds to the C-terminus of GEMIN5 and requires the Tudor domain for GEMIN5 binding and expression regulation. Finally, we show that SMN upregulation ameliorates defective snRNP biogenesis and alternative splicing defects caused by loss of GEMIN5 in iPSC neurons and in vivo. Collectively, these studies indicate that SMN acts as a regulator of GEMIN5 expression and neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Fortuna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sukhleen Kour
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Anixa Muiños-Bühl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Rare Disorders, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charlie H Nelson Iv
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Om Chauhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Casey O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deepa S Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Rare Disorders, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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Dou J, Bakulski K, Guo K, Hur J, Zhao L, Saez-Atienzar S, Stark A, Chia R, García-Redondo A, Rojas-Garcia R, Vázquez Costa JF, Fernandez Santiago R, Bandres-Ciga S, Gómez-Garre P, Periñán MT, Mir P, Pérez-Tur J, Cardona F, Menendez-Gonzalez M, Riancho J, Borrego-Hernández D, Galán-Dávila L, Infante Ceberio J, Pastor P, Paradas C, Dols-Icardo O, Traynor BJ, Feldman EL, Goutman SA. Cumulative Genetic Score and C9orf72 Repeat Status Independently Contribute to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk in 2 Case-Control Studies. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200079. [PMID: 37293291 PMCID: PMC10245939 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lack a monogenic mutation. This study evaluates ALS cumulative genetic risk in an independent Michigan and Spanish replication cohort using polygenic scores. Methods Participant samples from University of Michigan were genotyped and assayed for the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 hexanucleotide expansion. Final cohort size was 219 ALS and 223 healthy controls after genotyping and participant filtering. Polygenic scores excluding the C9 region were generated using an independent ALS genome-wide association study (20,806 cases, 59,804 controls). Adjusted logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated the association and classification between polygenic scores and ALS status, respectively. Population attributable fractions and pathway analyses were conducted. An independent Spanish study sample (548 cases, 2,756 controls) was used for replication. Results Polygenic scores constructed from 275 single-nucleotide variation (SNV) had the best model fit in the Michigan cohort. An SD increase in ALS polygenic score associated with 1.28 (95% CI 1.04-1.57) times higher odds of ALS with area under the curve of 0.663 vs a model without the ALS polygenic score (p value = 1 × 10-6). The population attributable fraction of the highest 20th percentile of ALS polygenic scores, relative to the lowest 80th percentile, was 4.1% of ALS cases. Genes annotated to this polygenic score enriched for important ALS pathomechanisms. Meta-analysis with the Spanish study, using a harmonized 132 single nucleotide variation polygenic score, yielded similar logistic regression findings (odds ratio: 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23). Discussion ALS polygenic scores can account for cumulative genetic risk in populations and reflect disease-relevant pathways. If further validated, this polygenic score will inform future ALS risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dou
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Bakulski
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kai Guo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Junguk Hur
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lili Zhao
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali Stark
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Chia
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojas-Garcia
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Vázquez Costa
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruben Fernandez Santiago
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Garre
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Periñán
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cardona
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Menendez-Gonzalez
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Borrego-Hernández
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Galán-Dávila
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Infante Ceberio
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Paradas
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva L Feldman
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Workman MJ, Lim RG, Wu J, Frank A, Ornelas L, Panther L, Galvez E, Perez D, Meepe I, Lei S, Valencia V, Gomez E, Liu C, Moran R, Pinedo L, Tsitkov S, Ho R, Kaye JA, Thompson T, Rothstein JD, Finkbeiner S, Fraenkel E, Sareen D, Thompson LM, Svendsen CN. Large-scale differentiation of iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS and control subjects. Neuron 2023; 111:1191-1204.e5. [PMID: 36764301 PMCID: PMC10557526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to understand the mechanisms of neurological disease holds great promise; however, there is a lack of well-curated lines from a large array of participants. Answer ALS has generated over 1,000 iPSC lines from control and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients along with clinical and whole-genome sequencing data. The current report summarizes cell marker and gene expression in motor neuron cultures derived from 92 healthy control and 341 ALS participants using a 32-day differentiation protocol. This is the largest set of iPSCs to be differentiated into motor neurons, and characterization suggests that cell composition and sex are significant sources of variability that need to be carefully controlled for in future studies. These data are reported as a resource for the scientific community that will utilize Answer ALS data for disease modeling using a wider array of omics being made available for these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Workman
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan G Lim
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loren Ornelas
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay Panther
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erick Galvez
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Perez
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Imara Meepe
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Valencia
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emilda Gomez
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Moran
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louis Pinedo
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav Tsitkov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ritchie Ho
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia A Kaye
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Mead RJ, Shan N, Reiser HJ, Marshall F, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neurodegenerative disorder poised for successful therapeutic translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:185-212. [PMID: 36543887 PMCID: PMC9768794 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons. As with all major neurodegenerative disorders, development of disease-modifying therapies has proven challenging for multiple reasons. Nevertheless, ALS is one of the few neurodegenerative diseases for which disease-modifying therapies are approved. Significant discoveries and advances have been made in ALS preclinical models, genetics, pathology, biomarkers, imaging and clinical readouts over the last 10-15 years. At the same time, novel therapeutic paradigms are being applied in areas of high unmet medical need, including neurodegenerative disorders. These developments have evolved our knowledge base, allowing identification of targeted candidate therapies for ALS with diverse mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss how this advanced knowledge, aligned with new approaches, can enable effective translation of therapeutic agents from preclinical studies through to clinical benefit for patients with ALS. We anticipate that this approach in ALS will also positively impact the field of drug discovery for neurodegenerative disorders more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Keapstone Therapeutics, The Innovation Centre, Broomhall, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ning Shan
- Aclipse Therapeutics, Radnor, PA, US
| | | | - Fiona Marshall
- MSD UK Discovery Centre, Merck, Sharp and Dohme (UK) Limited, London, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Keapstone Therapeutics, The Innovation Centre, Broomhall, Sheffield, UK.
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12
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Suzuki N, Nishiyama A, Warita H, Aoki M. Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: seeking therapeutic targets in the era of gene therapy. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:131-152. [PMID: 35691950 PMCID: PMC9968660 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable disease that causes respiratory failure leading to mortality. The main locus of ALS is motor neurons. The success of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a motor neuron disease, has triggered a paradigm shift in developing ALS therapies. The causative genes of ALS and disease-modifying genes, including those of sporadic ALS, have been identified one after another. Thus, the freedom of target choice for gene therapy has expanded by ASO strategy, leading to new avenues for therapeutic development. Tofersen for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was a pioneer in developing ASO for ALS. Improving protocols and devising early interventions for the disease are vital. In this review, we updated the knowledge of causative genes in ALS. We summarized the genetic mutations identified in familial ALS and their clinical features, focusing on SOD1, fused in sarcoma (FUS), and transacting response DNA-binding protein. The frequency of the C9ORF72 mutation is low in Japan, unlike in Europe and the United States, while SOD1 and FUS are more common, indicating that the target mutations for gene therapy vary by ethnicity. A genome-wide association study has revealed disease-modifying genes, which could be the novel target of gene therapy. The current status and prospects of gene therapy development were discussed, including ethical issues. Furthermore, we discussed the potential of axonal pathology as new therapeutic targets of ALS from the perspective of early intervention, including intra-axonal transcription factors, neuromuscular junction disconnection, dysregulated local translation, abnormal protein degradation, mitochondrial pathology, impaired axonal transport, aberrant cytoskeleton, and axon branching. We simultaneously discuss important pathological states of cell bodies: persistent stress granules, disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cryptic splicing. The development of gene therapy based on the elucidation of disease-modifying genes and early intervention in molecular pathology is expected to become an important therapeutic strategy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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13
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Nona RJ, Greer JM, Henderson RD, McCombe PA. HLA and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023; 24:24-32. [PMID: 35616250 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2022.2078665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with loss of upper and lower motor neurones. It leads to death by respiratory failure and has a typical prognosis of 2-3 years. The immune system has been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of ALS. Some of the most important immune genes are within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, and a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified a risk allele for ALS within the HLA region. Older studies have also suggested an HLA association with ALS, with certain HLA alleles showing differing expression between patients and controls. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the previous studies performed in this field.Methods: We used established publication search engines. Findings were excluded if they did not meet the selection criteria. We then undertook statistical meta-analysis on the eligible papers, using a fixed effects model.Results: There were eight eligible papers. There were three statistically significant meta-analysis findings, although these would not be significant after correction for multiple comparisons. The frequencies of HLA-A9 and HLA-DR4 genotypes were lower in ALS subjects than controls, and HLA-B35 was higher in ALS subjects.Discussion: This systematic review and meta-analysis do not confirm all the previously reported associations of HLA with ALS, but shows three alleles of interest. However, there are limitations to the studies, which include the use of older serotyping methodology and the small numbers of subjects. Given the recent GWAS association with HLA, further modern HLA studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Nona
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Neurology, the Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J M Greer
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R D Henderson
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Neurology, the Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P A McCombe
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Neurology, the Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Founta K, Dafou D, Kanata E, Sklaviadis T, Zanos TP, Gounaris A, Xanthopoulos K. Gene targeting in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using causality-based feature selection and machine learning. Mol Med 2023; 29:12. [PMID: 36694130 PMCID: PMC9872307 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons. As the molecular basis of the disease is still elusive, the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, combined with data mining techniques and machine learning methods, could provide remarkable results in identifying pathogenetic mechanisms. High dimensionality is a major problem when applying machine learning techniques in biomedical data analysis, since a huge number of features is available for a limited number of samples. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for training interpretable machine learning models in the classification of ALS and ALS-subtypes samples, using gene expression datasets. METHODS We performed dimensionality reduction in gene expression data using a semi-automated preprocessing systematic gene selection procedure using Statistically Equivalent Signature (SES), a causality-based feature selection algorithm, followed by Boosted Regression Trees (XGBoost) and Random Forest to train the machine learning classifiers. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP values) were used for interpretation of the machine learning classifiers. The methodology was developed and tested using two distinct publicly available ALS RNA-seq datasets. We evaluated the performance of SES as a dimensionality reduction method against: (a) Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and (b) Local Outlier Factor (LOF). RESULTS The proposed methodology achieved 85.18% accuracy for the classification of cerebellum or frontal cortex samples as C9orf72-related familial ALS, sporadic ALS or healthy samples. Importantly, the genes identified as the most determinative have also been reported as disease-associated in ALS literature. When tested in the evaluation dataset, the methodology achieved 88.89% accuracy for the classification of sporadic ALS motor neuron samples. When LASSO was used as feature selection method instead of SES, the accuracy of the machine learning classifiers ranged from 74.07 to 96.30%, depending on tissue assessed, while LOF underperformed significantly (77.78% accuracy for the classification of pooled cerebellum and frontal cortex samples). CONCLUSIONS Using SES, we addressed the challenge of high dimensionality in gene expression data analysis, and we trained accurate machine learning ALS classifiers, specific for the gene expression patterns of different disease subtypes and tissue samples, while identifying disease-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Founta
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros P Zanos
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute of Health Systems Science, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Anastasios Gounaris
- School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001, Thermi, Greece.
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Humphrey J, Venkatesh S, Hasan R, Herb JT, de Paiva Lopes K, Küçükali F, Byrska-Bishop M, Evani US, Narzisi G, Fagegaltier D, Sleegers K, Phatnani H, Knowles DA, Fratta P, Raj T. Integrative transcriptomic analysis of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord implicates glial activation and suggests new risk genes. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:150-162. [PMID: 36482247 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in ALS via RNA sequencing in 380 postmortem samples from cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments from 154 individuals with ALS and 49 control individuals. We observed an increase in microglia and astrocyte gene expression, accompanied by a decrease in oligodendrocyte gene expression. By creating a gene co-expression network in the ALS samples, we identified several activated microglia modules that negatively correlate with retrospective disease duration. We mapped molecular quantitative trait loci and found several potential ALS risk loci that may act through gene expression or splicing in the spinal cord and assign putative cell types for FNBP1, ACSL5, SH3RF1 and NFASC. Finally, we outline how common genetic variants associated with splicing of C9orf72 act as proxies for the well-known repeat expansion, and we use the same mechanism to suggest ATXN3 as a putative risk gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Humphrey
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sanan Venkatesh
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahat Hasan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jake T Herb
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katia de Paiva Lopes
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Delphine Fagegaltier
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Disease, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Disease, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Knowles
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu H, Guan L, Deng M, Bolund L, Kristiansen K, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhang Z. Integrative genetic and single cell RNA sequencing analysis provides new clues to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1116087. [PMID: 36875658 PMCID: PMC9983639 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gradual loss of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in ALS are still not fully understood. Methods Based on 75 ALS-pathogenicity/susceptibility genes and large-scale single-cell transcriptomes of human/mouse brain/spinal cord/muscle tissues, we performed an expression enrichment analysis to identify cells involved in ALS pathogenesis. Subsequently, we created a strictness measure to estimate the dosage requirement of ALS-related genes in linked cell types. Results Remarkably, expression enrichment analysis showed that α- and γ-MNs, respectively, are associated with ALS-susceptibility genes and ALS-pathogenicity genes, revealing differences in biological processes between sporadic and familial ALS. In MNs, ALS-susceptibility genes exhibited high strictness, as well as the ALS-pathogenicity genes with known loss of function mechanism, indicating the main characteristic of ALS-susceptibility genes is dosage-sensitive and the loss of function mechanism of these genes may involve in sporadic ALS. In contrast, ALS-pathogenicity genes with gain of function mechanism exhibited low strictness. The significant difference of strictness between loss of function genes and gain of function genes provided a priori understanding for the pathogenesis of novel genes without an animal model. Besides MNs, we observed no statistical evidence for an association between muscle cells and ALS-related genes. This result may provide insight into the etiology that ALS is not within the domain of neuromuscular diseases. Moreover, we showed several cell types linked to other neurological diseases [i.e., spinocerebellar ataxia (SA), hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN)] and neuromuscular diseases [i.e. hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)], including an association between Purkinje cells in brain and SA, an association between α-MNs in spinal cord and SA, an association between smooth muscle cells and SA, an association between oligodendrocyte and HMN, a suggestive association between γ-MNs and HMN, a suggestive association between mature skeletal muscle and HMN, an association between oligodendrocyte in brain and SPG, and no statistical evidence for an association between cell type and SMA. Discussion These cellular similarities and differences deepened our understanding of the heterogeneous cellular basis of ALS, SA, HMN, SPG, and SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankui Liu
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guan
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Min Deng
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, BGI-Shijiazhuang Medical Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhanchi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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17
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Labarre A, Guitard E, Tossing G, Forest A, Bareke E, Labrecque M, Tétreault M, Ruiz M, Alex Parker J. Fatty acids derived from the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 suppress age-dependent neurodegeneration. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1340. [PMID: 36477191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is believed to influence health. Microbiome dysbiosis may be linked to neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. We report the ability of a probiotic bacterial strain in halting neurodegeneration phenotypes. We show that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 is neuroprotective in C. elegans models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Our results show that neuroprotection from L. rhamnosus HA-114 is unique from other L. rhamnosus strains and resides in its fatty acid content. Neuroprotection by L. rhamnosus HA-114 requires acdh-1/ACADSB, kat-1/ACAT1 and elo-6/ELOVL3/6, which are associated with fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Our data suggest that disrupted lipid metabolism contributes to neurodegeneration and that dietary intervention with L. rhamnosus HA-114 restores lipid homeostasis and energy balance through mitochondrial β-oxidation. Our findings encourage the exploration of L. rhamnosus HA-114 derived interventions to modify the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Jaramillo J, Solano JM, Aristizábal A, Martínez J. Analysis of SOD1 and C9orf72 mutations in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Antioquia, Colombia. biomedica 2022; 42:623-632. [PMID: 36511680 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease with a possible multifactorial origin characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. There is a relatively high prevalence of this disease in Antioquia; however, there is no published genetic study to date in Colombia. Despite its unknown etiopathogenesis, more genetic risk factors possibly involved in the development of this disease are constantly found. OBJETIVES To evaluate G93A and D90A mutations in SOD1 gene and a short tandem repeat in C9orf72 within a cohort of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from Antioquia, Colombia. Materials y methods: Thirty-four patients previously diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were included in the study. Peripheral blood samples were used for DNA extraction and genotyping. RESULTS No mutations were found in SOD1 (G93A and D90A) in any of the patients, while C9orf72 exhibited an allele with a statistically significant high prevalence in the study sample (8 hexanucleotide repeats of CAGCAG). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest an association between this short tandem repeat (STR) in C9orf72 and the presence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the studied population. However, this association should be established in a larger sample size and with controls from the same population. In addition, there also seems to be a genetic anticipation effect for the disease regarding this locus, since patients with this genotype present an earlier onset.
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19
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Wu Z, Sun J, Liao Z, Qiao J, Chen C, Ling C, Wang H. An update on the therapeutic implications of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1030512. [PMID: 36507355 PMCID: PMC9731139 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases (ACSLs) are a family of CoA synthetases that activate fatty acid (FA) with chain lengths of 12-20 carbon atoms by forming the acyl-AMP derivative in an isozyme-specific manner. This family mainly includes five members (ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL4, ACSL5, and ACSL6), which are thought to have specific and different functions in FA metabolism and oxidative stress of mammals. Accumulating evidence shows that the dysfunction of ACSLs is likely to affect cell proliferation and lead to metabolic diseases in multiple organs and systems through different signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Hence, a central theme of this review is to emphasize the therapeutic implications of ACSLs in nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Hui Wang,
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW ALS genetics are highly dynamic and of great interest for the ALS research community. Each year, by using ever-growing datasets and cutting-edge methodology, an array of novel ALS-associated genes and downstream pathomechanisms are discovered. The increasing plenty and complexity of insights warrants regular summary by-reviews. RECENT FINDINGS Most recent disease gene discoveries constitute the candidate and risk genes SPTLC1 , KANK1 , CAV1 , HTT , and WDR7 , as well as seven novel risk loci. Cell type and functional enrichment analyses enlighten the genetic basis of selective motor neuron vulnerability in ALS demonstrating high expression of ALS-associated genes in cortical motor neurons and highlight the pathogenic significance of cell-autonomous processes. Major pathomechanistic insights have been gained regarding known ALS genes/proteins, specifically C9orf72 , TDP43, ANXA11 , and KIF5A . The first ASO-based gene-specific therapy trials in familial forms of ALS have yielded equivocal results stressing the re-evaluation of pathomechanisms linked to SOD1 and C9orf72 mutations. SUMMARY The genetic and molecular basis of ALS is increasingly examined on single-cell resolution. In the past 2 years, the understanding of the downstream mechanisms of several ALS genes and TDP-43 proteinopathy has been considerably extended. These insights will result in novel gene specific therapy approaches for sporadic ALS and genetic subtypes.
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21
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Cai Z, Zhao K, Zeng L, Liu M, Sun T, Li Z, Liu R. The Relationship between the Aberrant Long Non-Coding RNA-Mediated Competitive Endogenous RNA Network and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158497. [PMID: 35955632 PMCID: PMC9369371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with the action of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in AD remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs (SDELs) and establish lncRNA-associated ceRNA networks via RNA sequencing analysis and a quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) assay using transgenic mice with five familial AD mutations. A total of 53 SDELs in the cortex and 51 SDELs in the hippocampus were identified, including seven core SDELs common to both regions. The functions and pathways were then investigated through the potential target genes of SDELs via Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, which indicate biological effects, action distributions, and pathological transductions associated with AD. Based on the ceRNA hypothesis, integrated ceRNA networks in the cortex and hippocampus of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed. The core SDEL-mediated ceRNA relationship was established and the expression of these RNAs was verified by qPCR. The results identified lncRNA ENSMUST00000127786 and highlighted miRNAs and mRNAs as potential key mediators in AD. These findings provide AD-derived lncRNA-mediated ceRNA profiles, and further experimental evidence is needed to confirm these identified ceRNA regulatory relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Liu
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (R.L.)
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22
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Hensel JA, Nicholas SE, Kimble AL, Nagpal AS, Omar OMF, Tyburski JD, Jellison ER, Ménoret A, Ozawa M, Rodriguez-Oquendo A, Vella AT, Murphy PA. Splice factor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (Ptbp1) primes endothelial inflammation in atherogenic disturbed flow conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122227119. [PMID: 35858420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122227119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaque forms in low and disturbed flow regions of the vasculature, where platelets adhere and endothelial cells are “primed” to respond to cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α) with elevated levels of cell adhesion molecules via the NF-κB signaling pathway. We show that the splice factor polypyrimidine tract binding protein (Ptbp1; purple) mediates priming. Ptbp1 is induced in endothelial cells by platelet recruitment, promoting priming and subsequent myeloid cell infiltration into plaque. Mechanistically, Ptbp1 regulates splicing of genes (e.g., Ripk1) involved in the NF-κB signaling pathway and is required for efficient nuclear translocation of NF-κB in endothelial cells. This provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying an endothelial priming process that reinforces vascular inflammation. NF-κB–mediated endothelial activation drives leukocyte recruitment and atherosclerosis, in part through adhesion molecules Icam1 and Vcam1. The endothelium is primed for cytokine activation of NF-κB by exposure to low and disturbed blood flow (LDF)but the molecular underpinnings are not fully understood. In an experimental in vivo model of LDF, platelets were required for the increased expression of several RNA-binding splice factors, including polypyrimidine tract binding protein (Ptbp1). This was coordinated with changes in RNA splicing in the NF-κB pathway in primed cells, leading us to examine splice factors as mediators of priming. Using Icam1 and Vcam1 induction by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation as a readout, we performed a CRISPR Cas9 knockout screen and identified a requirement for Ptbp1 in priming. Deletion of Ptbp1 had no effect on cell growth or response to apoptotic stimuli, but reversed LDF splicing patterns and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of downstream targets, including Icam1 and Vcam1. In human coronary arteries, elevated PTBP1 correlates with expression of TNF pathway genes and plaque. In vivo, endothelial-specific deletion of Ptbp1 reduced Icam1 expression and myeloid cell infiltration at regions of LDF in atherosclerotic mice, limiting atherosclerosis. This may be mediated, in part, by allowing inclusion of a conserved alternative exon in Ripk1 leading to a reduction in Ripk1 protein. Our data show that Ptbp1, which is induced in a subset of the endothelium by platelet recruitment at regions of LDF, is required for priming of the endothelium for subsequent NF-κB activation, myeloid cell recruitment and atherosclerosis.
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23
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Pun FW, Liu BHM, Long X, Leung HW, Leung GHD, Mewborne QT, Gao J, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Wang J, Ren F, Aliper A, Bischof E, Izumchenko E, Guan X, Zhang K, Lu B, Rothstein JD, Cudkowicz ME, Zhavoronkov A. Identification of Therapeutic Targets for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using PandaOmics – An AI-Enabled Biological Target Discovery Platform. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:914017. [PMID: 35837482 PMCID: PMC9273868 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.914017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with ill-defined pathogenesis, calling for urgent developments of new therapeutic regimens. Herein, we applied PandaOmics, an AI-driven target discovery platform, to analyze the expression profiles of central nervous system (CNS) samples (237 cases; 91 controls) from public datasets, and direct iPSC-derived motor neurons (diMNs) (135 cases; 31 controls) from Answer ALS. Seventeen high-confidence and eleven novel therapeutic targets were identified and will be released onto ALS.AI (http://als.ai/). Among the proposed targets screened in the c9ALS Drosophila model, we verified 8 unreported genes (KCNB2, KCNS3, ADRA2B, NR3C1, P2RY14, PPP3CB, PTPRC, and RARA) whose suppression strongly rescues eye neurodegeneration. Dysregulated pathways identified from CNS and diMN data characterize different stages of disease development. Altogether, our study provides new insights into ALS pathophysiology and demonstrates how AI speeds up the target discovery process, and opens up new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Pun
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bonnie Hei Man Liu
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Long
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Wing Leung
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Geoffrey Ho Duen Leung
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Quinlan T. Mewborne
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Junli Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Anastasia Shneyderman
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alexander Aliper
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Evelyne Bischof
- College of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- International Center for Multimorbidity and Complexity in Medicine (ICMC), Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaoming Guan
- 4B Technologies Limited, Suzhou BioBay, Suzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Merit E. Cudkowicz
- Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Merit E. Cudkowicz,
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Alex Zhavoronkov,
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24
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Ruffini N, Klingenberg S, Heese R, Schweiger S, Gerber S. The Big Picture of Neurodegeneration: A Meta Study to Extract the Essential Evidence on Neurodegenerative Diseases in a Network-Based Approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:866886. [PMID: 35832065 PMCID: PMC9271745 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.866886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The common features of all neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease, are the accumulation of aggregated and misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons, leading to cognitive decline and locomotive dysfunction. Still, they differ in their ultimate manifestation, the affected brain region, and the kind of proteinopathy. In the last decades, a vast number of processes have been described as associated with neurodegenerative diseases, making it increasingly harder to keep an overview of the big picture forming from all those data. In this meta-study, we analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic data of the aforementioned diseases using the data of 234 studies in a network-based approach to study significant general coherences but also specific processes in individual diseases or omics levels. In the analysis part, we focus on only some of the emerging findings, but trust that the meta-study provided here will be a valuable resource for various other researchers focusing on specific processes or genes contributing to the development of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffini
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Leibniz Association, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Klingenberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Raoul Heese
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Pan S, Liu X, Liu T, Zhao Z, Dai Y, Wang YY, Jia P, Liu F. Causal Inference of Genetic Variants and Genes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Genet 2022; 13:917142. [PMID: 35812739 PMCID: PMC9257137 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.917142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive multisystem disorder with limited therapeutic options. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed multiple ALS susceptibility loci, the exact identities of causal variants, genes, cell types, tissues, and their functional roles in the development of ALS remain largely unknown. Here, we reported a comprehensive post-GWAS analysis of the recent large ALS GWAS (n = 80,610), including functional mapping and annotation (FUMA), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), colocalization (COLOC), and summary data-based Mendelian randomization analyses (SMR) in extensive multi-omics datasets. Gene property analysis highlighted inhibitory neuron 6, oligodendrocytes, and GABAergic neurons (Gad1/Gad2) as functional cell types of ALS and confirmed cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere as functional tissues of ALS. Functional annotation detected the presence of multiple deleterious variants at three loci (9p21.2, 12q13.3, and 12q14.2) and highlighted a list of SNPs that are potentially functional. TWAS, COLOC, and SMR identified 43 genes at 24 loci, including 23 novel genes and 10 novel loci, showing significant evidence of causality. Integrating multiple lines of evidence, we further proposed that rs2453555 at 9p21.2 and rs229243 at 14q12 functionally contribute to the development of ALS by regulating the expression of C9orf72 in pituitary and SCFD1 in skeletal muscle, respectively. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of ALS, feed into new therapies, and provide a guide for subsequent functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yin-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Peilin Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Liu, ; Peilin Jia,
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Liu, ; Peilin Jia,
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26
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Yeh PK, Liang CS, Tsai CL, Lin YK, Lin GY, Tsai CK, Tsai MC, Liu Y, Tai YM, Hung KS, Yang FC. Genetic Variants Associated With Subjective Cognitive Decline in Patients With Migraine. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:860604. [PMID: 35783123 PMCID: PMC9248861 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.860604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and migraine comorbidity remains unclear. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with SCD have not been identified previously. Migraineurs were genotyped using an Affymetrix array. The correlation between different SNP variants in migraineurs with or without SCD and non-migraine controls was investigated. Migraineurs with or without SCD were further divided for the analysis of relevant SNP variants linked to migraine with aura (MA), migraine without aura (MoA), episodic migraine (EM), and chronic migraine (CM). Significant connectivity between SNPs and clinical indices in migraineurs and non-migraine controls with SCD were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. The rs144191744 SNP was found in migraineurs (p = 3.19E-08), EM (p = 1.34E-07), and MoA(p = 7.69E-07) with and without SCD. The T allele frequency for rs144191744 in TGFBR3 was 0.0054 and 0.0445 in migraineurs with and without SCD (odds ratio, 0.12), respectively. rs2352564, rs6089473 in CDH4, rs112400385 in ST18, rs4488224 and rs17111203 in ARHGAP29 SNPs were found, respectively, in non-migraineurs (p = 4.85E-06, p = 8.28E-06), MoA (p = 3.13E-07), and CM subgroups (p = 1.05E-07, 6.24E-07) with and without SCD. Rs144191744 closely relates to SCD with the all-migraine group and the EM and MoA subgroups. In conclusion, rs144191744 in TGFBR3 was significantly associated with SCD in migraineurs, especially in the EM, MoA, and female patient subgroups. Furthermore, three SNPs (rs112400385, rs4488224, and rs17111203) were associated with SCD in migraineurs but not in non-migraine controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kuan Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Songshan Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ming Tai
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Fu-Chi Yang
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27
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Liu H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xin N, Deng Y, Li Y. Semen Ziziphi Spinosae attenuates blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide by targeting the FAK-DOCK180-Rac1-WAVE2-Arp3 signaling pathway. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:27. [PMID: 35655066 PMCID: PMC9163036 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) has been extensively used in the daily diet as a functional food for neuroprotective health-benefit in China for many years. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of SZS associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity remains unexplored. The present study suggests SZS could protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BBB dysfunction. Proteomics indicate that 135 proteins in rat brain are significantly altered by SZS. These differentially expressed proteins are mainly clustered into cell–cell adhesion and adherens junctions, which are closely related with BBB integrity. SZS reversed LPS-induces BBB breakdown by activating the FAK-DOCK180-Rac1-WAVE2-Arp3 pathway. Molecular docking between signaling pathway proteins and identified SZS components in rat plasma reveals that 6”‘-feruloylspinosin, spinosin, and swertisin strongly binds to signaling proteins at multiple amino acid sites. These novel findings suggest a health benefit of SZS in prevention of cerebral diseases and contributes to the further application of SZS as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Nian Xin
- BIT&GS Technologies Co. Ltd, 100074, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
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28
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Smukowski SN, Maioli H, Latimer CS, Bird TD, Jayadev S, Valdmanis PN. Progress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Gene Discovery: Reflecting on Classic Approaches and Leveraging Emerging Technologies. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e669. [PMID: 35620141 PMCID: PMC9128037 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most prominent motor neuron disease in humans. Its etiology consists of progressive motor neuron degeneration resulting in a rapid decline in motor function starting in the limbs or bulbar muscles and eventually fatally impairing central organs most typically resulting in loss of respiration. Pathogenic variants in 4 main genes, SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, and C9orf72, have been well characterized as causative for more than a decade now. However, these only account for a small fraction of all ALS cases. In this review, we highlight many additional variants that appear to be causative or confer increased risk for ALS, and we reflect on the technologies that have led to these discoveries. Next, we call attention to new challenges and opportunities for ALS and suggest next steps to increase our understanding of ALS genetics. Finally, we conclude with a synopsis of gene therapy paradigms and how increased understanding of ALS genetics can lead us to developing effective treatments. Ultimately, a consolidated update of the field can provide a launching point for researchers and clinicians to improve our search for ALS-related genes, defining pathogenic mechanisms, form diagnostics, and develop therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Smukowski
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Heather Maioli
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics (S.N.S., T.D.B., S.J., P.N.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (H.M., C.S.L.), University of Washington; Northwest Mental Illness Research (C.M.), Education and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System; Department of Neurology (T.D.B., S.J.), University of Washington; and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (T.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
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29
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Goutman SA, Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chió A, Savelieff MG, Kiernan MC, Feldman EL. Emerging insights into the complex genetics and pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:465-479. [PMID: 35334234 PMCID: PMC9513754 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The discovery of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commencing with SOD1 in 1993, started fairly gradually. Recent advances in genetic technology have led to the rapid identification of multiple new genes associated with the disease, and to a new understanding of oligogenic and polygenic disease risk. The overlap of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with those of other neurodegenerative diseases is shedding light on the phenotypic spectrum of neurodegeneration, leading to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations. A deepening knowledge of the genetic architecture is allowing the characterisation of the molecular steps caused by various mutations that converge on recurrent dysregulated pathways. Of crucial relevance, mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are amenable to novel gene-based therapeutic options, an approach in use for other neurological illnesses. Lastly, the exposome-the summation of lifetime environmental exposures-has emerged as an influential component for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through the gene-time-environment hypothesis. Our improved understanding of all these aspects will lead to long-awaited therapies and the identification of modifiable risks factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adriano Chió
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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30
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Abstract
It has been 15 years since the birth of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in 2007, and the scope of its application has been expanding. In addition to the development of cell therapies using iPSC-derived cells, pathological analyses using disease-specific iPSCs and clinical trials to confirm the safety and efficacy of drugs developed using iPSCs are progressing. With the innovation of related technologies, iPSC applications are about to enter a new stage. This review outlines advances in iPSC modeling and therapeutic development for cardinal neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Restuadi R, Steyn FJ, Kabashi E, Ngo ST, Cheng FF, Nabais MF, Thompson MJ, Qi T, Wu Y, Henders AK, Wallace L, Bye CR, Turner BJ, Ziser L, Mathers S, McCombe PA, Needham M, Schultz D, Kiernan MC, van Rheenen W, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Ophoff R, Gusev A, Zaitlen N, McRae AF, Henderson RD, Wray NR, Giacomotto J, Garton FC. Functional characterisation of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk locus GPX3/TNIP1. Genome Med 2022; 14:7. [PMID: 35042540 PMCID: PMC8767698 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-01006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex, late-onset, neurodegenerative disease with a genetic contribution to disease liability. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ten risk loci to date, including the TNIP1/GPX3 locus on chromosome five. Given association analysis data alone cannot determine the most plausible risk gene for this locus, we undertook a comprehensive suite of in silico, in vivo and in vitro studies to address this. METHODS The Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) pipeline and five tools (conditional and joint analysis (GCTA-COJO), Stratified Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (S-LDSC), Polygenic Priority Scoring (PoPS), Summary-based Mendelian Randomisation (SMR-HEIDI) and transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) analyses) were used to perform bioinformatic integration of GWAS data (Ncases = 20,806, Ncontrols = 59,804) with 'omics reference datasets including the blood (eQTLgen consortium N = 31,684) and brain (N = 2581). This was followed up by specific expression studies in ALS case-control cohorts (microarray Ntotal = 942, protein Ntotal = 300) and gene knockdown (KD) studies of human neuronal iPSC cells and zebrafish-morpholinos (MO). RESULTS SMR analyses implicated both TNIP1 and GPX3 (p < 1.15 × 10-6), but there was no simple SNP/expression relationship. Integrating multiple datasets using PoPS supported GPX3 but not TNIP1. In vivo expression analyses from blood in ALS cases identified that lower GPX3 expression correlated with a more progressed disease (ALS functional rating score, p = 5.5 × 10-3, adjusted R2 = 0.042, Beffect = 27.4 ± 13.3 ng/ml/ALSFRS unit) with microarray and protein data suggesting lower expression with risk allele (recessive model p = 0.06, p = 0.02 respectively). Validation in vivo indicated gpx3 KD caused significant motor deficits in zebrafish-MO (mean difference vs. control ± 95% CI, vs. control, swim distance = 112 ± 28 mm, time = 1.29 ± 0.59 s, speed = 32.0 ± 2.53 mm/s, respectively, p for all < 0.0001), which were rescued with gpx3 expression, with no phenotype identified with tnip1 KD or gpx3 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS These results support GPX3 as a lead ALS risk gene in this locus, with more data needed to confirm/reject a role for TNIP1. This has implications for understanding disease mechanisms (GPX3 acts in the same pathway as SOD1, a well-established ALS-associated gene) and identifying new therapeutic approaches. Few previous examples of in-depth investigations of risk loci in ALS exist and a similar approach could be applied to investigate future expected GWAS findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restuadi Restuadi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, QLD, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4019, Australia
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Imagine Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1163, Paris Descartes Université, 75015, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Paris 06, INSERM Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4019, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Fei-Fei Cheng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Marta F Nabais
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Mike J Thompson
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Chris R Bye
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Laura Ziser
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Susan Mathers
- Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Parkdale, VIC, 3195, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, QLD, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4019, Australia
| | - Merrilee Needham
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
- Notre Dame University, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David Schultz
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, QLD, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4019, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jean Giacomotto
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, West Moreton Hospital and Health Service, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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Thompson AG, Talbot K, Turner MR. Higher blood high density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A1 levels are associated with reduced risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:75-81. [PMID: 34518331 PMCID: PMC8685635 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premorbid body mass index, physical activity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease have been associated with an altered risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There is evidence of shared genetic risk between ALS and lipid metabolism. A very large prospective longitudinal population cohort permits the study of a range of metabolic parameters and the risk of subsequent diagnosis of ALS. METHODS The risk of subsequent ALS diagnosis in those enrolled prospectively to the UK Biobank (n=502 409) was examined in relation to baseline levels of blood high and low density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL), total cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL ratio, apolipoproteins A1 and B (apoA1, apoB), triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and creatinine, plus self-reported exercise and body mass index. RESULTS Controlling for age and sex, higher HDL (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.96, p=0.010) and apoA1 (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.94, p=0.005) were associated with a reduced risk of ALS. Higher total cholesterol:HDL was associated with an increased risk of ALS (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31, p=0.006). In models incorporating multiple metabolic markers, higher LDL or apoB was associated with an increased risk of ALS, in addition to a lower risk with higher HDL or apoA. Coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and increasing age were also associated with an increased risk of ALS. CONCLUSIONS The association of HDL, apoA1 and LDL levels with risk of ALS contributes to an increasing body of evidence that the premorbid metabolic landscape may play a role in pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular basis for these changes will inform presymptomatic biomarker development and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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van Rheenen W, van der Spek RAA, Bakker MK, van Vugt JJFA, Hop PJ, Zwamborn RAJ, de Klein N, Westra HJ, Bakker OB, Deelen P, Shireby G, Hannon E, Moisse M, Baird D, Restuadi R, Dolzhenko E, Dekker AM, Gawor K, Westeneng HJ, Tazelaar GHP, van Eijk KR, Kooyman M, Byrne RP, Doherty M, Heverin M, Al Khleifat A, Iacoangeli A, Shatunov A, Ticozzi N, Cooper-Knock J, Smith BN, Gromicho M, Chandran S, Pal S, Morrison KE, Shaw PJ, Hardy J, Orrell RW, Sendtner M, Meyer T, Başak N, van der Kooi AJ, Ratti A, Fogh I, Gellera C, Lauria G, Corti S, Cereda C, Sproviero D, D'Alfonso S, Sorarù G, Siciliano G, Filosto M, Padovani A, Chiò A, Calvo A, Moglia C, Brunetti M, Canosa A, Grassano M, Beghi E, Pupillo E, Logroscino G, Nefussy B, Osmanovic A, Nordin A, Lerner Y, Zabari M, Gotkine M, Baloh RH, Bell S, Vourc'h P, Corcia P, Couratier P, Millecamps S, Meininger V, Salachas F, Mora Pardina JS, Assialioui A, Rojas-García R, Dion PA, Ross JP, Ludolph AC, Weishaupt JH, Brenner D, Freischmidt A, Bensimon G, Brice A, Durr A, Payan CAM, Saker-Delye S, Wood NW, Topp S, Rademakers R, Tittmann L, Lieb W, Franke A, Ripke S, Braun A, Kraft J, Whiteman DC, Olsen CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Rietschel M, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Amouyel P, Traynor BJ, Singleton AB, Mitne Neto M, Cauchi RJ, Ophoff RA, Wiedau-Pazos M, Lomen-Hoerth C, van Deerlin VM, Grosskreutz J, Roediger A, Gaur N, Jörk A, Barthel T, Theele E, Ilse B, Stubendorff B, Witte OW, Steinbach R, Hübner CA, Graff C, Brylev L, Fominykh V, Demeshonok V, Ataulina A, Rogelj B, Koritnik B, Zidar J, Ravnik-Glavač M, Glavač D, Stević Z, Drory V, Povedano M, Blair IP, Kiernan MC, Benyamin B, Henderson RD, Furlong S, Mathers S, McCombe PA, Needham M, Ngo ST, Nicholson GA, Pamphlett R, Rowe DB, Steyn FJ, Williams KL, Mather KA, Sachdev PS, Henders AK, Wallace L, de Carvalho M, Pinto S, Petri S, Weber M, Rouleau GA, Silani V, Curtis CJ, Breen G, Glass JD, Brown RH, Landers JE, Shaw CE, Andersen PM, Groen EJN, van Es MA, Pasterkamp RJ, Fan D, Garton FC, McRae AF, Davey Smith G, Gaunt TR, Eberle MA, Mill J, McLaughlin RL, Hardiman O, Kenna KP, Wray NR, Tsai E, Runz H, Franke L, Al-Chalabi A, Van Damme P, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH. Common and rare variant association analyses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identify 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1636-1648. [PMID: 34873335 PMCID: PMC8648564 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a lifetime risk of one in 350 people and an unmet need for disease-modifying therapies. We conducted a cross-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 29,612 patients with ALS and 122,656 controls, which identified 15 risk loci. When combined with 8,953 individuals with whole-genome sequencing (6,538 patients, 2,415 controls) and a large cortex-derived expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) dataset (MetaBrain), analyses revealed locus-specific genetic architectures in which we prioritized genes either through rare variants, short tandem repeats or regulatory effects. ALS-associated risk loci were shared with multiple traits within the neurodegenerative spectrum but with distinct enrichment patterns across brain regions and cell types. Of the environmental and lifestyle risk factors obtained from the literature, Mendelian randomization analyses indicated a causal role for high cholesterol levels. The combination of all ALS-associated signals reveals a role for perturbations in vesicle-mediated transport and autophagy and provides evidence for cell-autonomous disease initiation in glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Rick A A van der Spek
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hop
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramona A J Zwamborn
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma Shireby
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denis Baird
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Boston, MA, USA
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Restuadi Restuadi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Annelot M Dekker
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klara Gawor
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H P Tazelaar
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kooyman
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ross P Byrne
- Complex Trait Genomics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Doherty
- Complex Trait Genomics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Heverin
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Gromicho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Suvankar Pal
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Morrison
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard W Orrell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nazli Başak
- Koç University, School of Medicine, KUTTAM-NDAL, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico 'Carlo Besta', Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit, Motor Neuron Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico 'Carlo Besta', MIlan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daisy Sproviero
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Neurologia 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Neurologia 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Neurologia 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Maura Brunetti
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Canosa
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Neurologia 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Grassano
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, ALS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pupillo
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari at 'Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico' Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nefussy
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alma Osmanovic
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Essener Zentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen (EZSE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Angelica Nordin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yossef Lerner
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurology, the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Zabari
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurology, the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marc Gotkine
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurology, the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaughn Bell
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
- UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- Centre de référence sur la SLA, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- Centre de référence sur la SLA, CHRU de Limoges, Limoges, France
- UMR 1094, Université de Limoges, Inserm, Limoges, France
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- ICM, Institut du Cerveau, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - François Salachas
- ICM, Institut du Cerveau, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Centre de référence SLA Ile de France, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Abdelilah Assialioui
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojas-García
- MND Clinic, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau de Barcelona, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Brenner
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Freischmidt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC Pharmacologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Pharmacologie Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute ICM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biostatistique, Epidémiologie Clinique, Santé Publique Innovation et Méthodologie (BESPIM), CHU-Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, APHP, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, APHP, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christine A M Payan
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC Pharmacologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Simon Topp
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Lukas Tittmann
- Popgen Biobank and Institute of Epidemiology, Christian Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Popgen Biobank and Institute of Epidemiology, Christian Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetics Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM UMR1167-RID-AGE LabEx DISTALZ-Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, University of Lille, Centre Hospitalier of the University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ruben J Cauchi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking and Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wiedau-Pazos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Vivianna M van Deerlin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Precision Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Nayana Gaur
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Jörk
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tabea Barthel
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Theele
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ilse
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Steinbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lev Brylev
- Department of Neurology, Bujanov Moscow Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Fominykh
- Department of Neurology, Bujanov Moscow Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Demeshonok
- ALS-Care Center, 'GAOORDI', Medical Clinic of the St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ataulina
- Department of Neurology, Bujanov Moscow Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Koritnik
- Ljubljana ALS Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Zidar
- Ljubljana ALS Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Ravnik-Glavač
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Glavač
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zorica Stević
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vivian Drory
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Monica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beben Benyamin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Precision Health and Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Furlong
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Mathers
- Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Parkdale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Merrilee Needham
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Notre Dame University, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Centre for Clinical Research, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology and Department of Neuropathology, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelly L Williams
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, the Prince of Wales Hospital, UNSW, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Pinto
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Charles J Curtis
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A van Es
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Russell L McLaughlin
- Complex Trait Genomics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin P Kenna
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen Tsai
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Cook SF, Rhodes T, Schlusser C, Han S, Chen C, Zach N, Murthy V, Davé S. A Descriptive Review of Global Real World Evidence Efforts to Advance Drug Discovery and Clinical Development in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:770001. [PMID: 34819914 PMCID: PMC8606522 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.770001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding patient clinical progression is a key gateway to planning effective clinical trials and ultimately enabling bringing treatments to patients in need. In a rare disease like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), studies of disease natural history critically depend on collaboration between clinical centers, regions, and countries to enable creation of platforms to allow patients, caregivers, clinicians, and researchers to come together and more fully understand the condition. Rare disease registries and collaborative platforms such as those developed in ALS collect real-world data (RWD) in standardized formats, including clinical and biological specimen data used to evaluate risk factors and natural history of disease, treatment patterns and clinical (ClinROs) and patient- reported outcomes (PROs) and validate novel endpoints. Importantly, these data support the development of new therapeutics by supporting the evaluation of feasibility and design of clinical trials and offer valuable information on real-world disease trajectory and outcomes outside of the clinical trial setting for comparative purposes. RWD may help to accelerate therapy development by identifying and validating outcome measures and disease subpopulations. RWD can also make potential contributions to the evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of new indications for approved products and to satisfy post-approval regulatory and market access requirements. There is a lack of amalgamated information on available registries, databases, and other sources of real-world data on ALS; thus, a global review of all available resources was warranted. This targeted review identifies and describes ALS registries, biobanks and collaborative research networks that are collecting and synthesizing RWD for the purposes of increasing patient awareness and advancing scientific knowledge with the hope of expediting future development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne F Cook
- CERobs Consulting, LLC, Wrightsville Beach, NC, United States
| | - Thomas Rhodes
- CERobs Consulting, LLC, Wrightsville Beach, NC, United States
| | - Courtney Schlusser
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Steve Han
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chao Chen
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Neta Zach
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Venkatesha Murthy
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shreya Davé
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an archetypal complex disease wherein disease risk and severity are, for the majority of patients, the product of interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors. We are in a period of unprecedented discovery with new large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) and accelerating discovery of risk genes. However, much of the observed heritability of ALS is undiscovered and we are not yet approaching elucidation of the total genetic architecture, which will be necessary for comprehensive disease subclassification. RECENT FINDINGS We summarize recent developments and discuss the future. New machine learning models will help to address nonlinear genetic interactions. Statistical power for genetic discovery may be boosted by reducing the search-space using cell-specific epigenetic profiles and expanding our scope to include genetically correlated phenotypes. Structural variation, somatic heterogeneity and consideration of environmental modifiers represent significant challenges which will require integration of multiple technologies and a multidisciplinary approach, including clinicians, geneticists and pathologists. SUMMARY The move away from fully penetrant Mendelian risk genes necessitates new experimental designs and new standards for validation. The challenges are significant, but the potential reward for successful disease subclassification is large-scale and effective personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Calum Harvey
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Genetics
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tobias Moll
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ilia Sarah Timpanaro
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin P Kenna
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Xu SJ, Lombroso SI, Fischer DK, Carpenter MD, Marchione DM, Hamilton PJ, Lim CJ, Neve RL, Garcia BA, Wimmer ME, Pierce RC, Heller EA. Chromatin-mediated alternative splicing regulates cocaine-reward behavior. Neuron 2021; 109:2943-2966.e8. [PMID: 34480866 PMCID: PMC8454057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal alternative splicing is a key gene regulatory mechanism in the brain. However, the spliceosome machinery is insufficient to fully specify splicing complexity. In considering the role of the epigenome in activity-dependent alternative splicing, we and others find the histone modification H3K36me3 to be a putative splicing regulator. In this study, we found that mouse cocaine self-administration caused widespread differential alternative splicing, concomitant with the enrichment of H3K36me3 at differentially spliced junctions. Importantly, only targeted epigenetic editing can distinguish between a direct role of H3K36me3 in splicing and an indirect role via regulation of splice factor expression elsewhere on the genome. We targeted Srsf11, which was both alternatively spliced and H3K36me3 enriched in the brain following cocaine self-administration. Epigenetic editing of H3K36me3 at Srsf11 was sufficient to drive its alternative splicing and enhanced cocaine self-administration, establishing the direct causal relevance of H3K36me3 to alternative splicing of Srsf11 and to reward behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Jun Xu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sonia I Lombroso
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delaney K Fischer
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marco D Carpenter
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dylan M Marchione
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter J Hamilton
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Carissa J Lim
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel L Neve
- Gene Delivery Technology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19121, USA
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Heller
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,19104, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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D'Antona S, Bertoli G, Castiglioni I, Cava C. Minor Allele Frequencies and Molecular Pathways Differences for SNPs Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Subjects Participating in the UKBB and 1000 Genomes Project. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3394. [PMID: 34362180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease with a late onset and is characterized by the progressive loss of muscular and respiratory functions. Although recent studies have partially elucidated ALS's mechanisms, many questions remain such as what the most important molecular pathways involved in ALS are and why there is such a large difference in ALS onset among different populations. In this study, we addressed this issue with a bioinformatics approach, using the United Kingdom Biobank (UKBB) and the European 1000 Genomes Project (1KG) in order to analyze the most ALS-representative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differ for minor allele frequency (MAF) between the United Kingdom population and some European populations including Finnish in Finland, Iberian population in Spain, and Tuscans in Italy. We found 84 SNPs associated with 46 genes that are involved in different pathways including: "Ca2+ activated K+ channels", "cGMP effects", "Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase", "Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters", and "Signaling by MAPK mutants". In addition, we revealed that 83% of the 84 SNPs can alter transcription factor-motives binding sites of 224 genes implicated in "Regulation of beta-cell development", "Transcription-al regulation by RUNX3", "Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells", and "FOXO-mediated transcription of cell death genes". In conclusion, the genes and pathways analyzed could explain the cause of the difference of ALS onset.
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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Saez-Atienzar S, Bandres-Ciga S, Langston RG, Kim JJ, Choi SW, Reynolds RH, Abramzon Y, Dewan R, Ahmed S, Landers JE, Chia R, Ryten M, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Chiò A, Traynor BJ. Genetic analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identifies contributing pathways and cell types. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/3/eabd9036. [PMID: 33523907 PMCID: PMC7810371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress in unraveling the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. We analyzed genome-wide data involving 78,500 individuals using a polygenic risk score approach to identify the biological pathways and cell types involved in ALS. This data-driven approach identified multiple aspects of the biology underlying the disease that resolved into broader themes, namely, neuron projection morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction mediated by ribonucleotides. We also found that genomic risk in ALS maps consistently to GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocytes, as confirmed in human single-nucleus RNA-seq data. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we nominated six differentially expressed genes (ATG16L2, ACSL5, MAP1LC3A, MAPKAPK3, PLXNB2, and SCFD1) within the significant pathways as relevant to ALS. We conclude that the disparate genetic etiologies of this fatal neurological disease converge on a smaller number of final common pathways and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Rebekah G Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonggeol J Kim
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shing Wan Choi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ramita Dewan
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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40
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Yousefian-Jazi A, Seol Y, Kim J, Ryu HL, Lee J, Ryu H. Pathogenic Genome Signatures That Damage Motor Neurons in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2687. [PMID: 33333804 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease and a neurodegenerative disorder, affecting the upper and/or lower motor neurons. Notably, it invariably leads to death within a few years of onset. Although most ALS cases are sporadic, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) forms 10% of the cases. In 1993, the first causative gene (SOD1) of fALS was identified. With rapid advances in genetics, over fifty potentially causative or disease-modifying genes have been found in ALS so far. Accordingly, routine diagnostic tests should encompass the oldest and most frequently mutated ALS genes as well as several new important genetic variants in ALS. Herein, we discuss current literatures on the four newly identified ALS-associated genes (CYLD, S1R, GLT8D1, and KIF5A) and the previously well-known ALS genes including SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, and C9orf72. Moreover, we review the pathogenic implications and disease mechanisms of these genes. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular functions of the mutated genes will bring substantial insights for the development of therapeutic approaches to treat ALS.
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