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Reho P, Saez-Atienzar S, Ruffo P, Solaiman S, Shah Z, Chia R, Kaivola K, Traynor BJ, Tilley BS, Gentleman SM, Hodges AK, Aarsland D, Monuki ES, Newell KL, Woltjer R, Albert MS, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Easwaran HP, Scholz SW. Differential methylation analysis in neuropathologically confirmed dementia with Lewy bodies. Commun Biol 2024; 7:35. [PMID: 38182665 PMCID: PMC10770032 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common form of dementia in the elderly population. We performed genome-wide DNA methylation mapping of cerebellar tissue from pathologically confirmed DLB cases and controls to study the epigenetic profile of this understudied disease. After quality control filtering, 728,197 CpG-sites in 278 cases and 172 controls were available for the analysis. We undertook an epigenome-wide association study, which found a differential methylation signature in DLB cases. Our analysis identified seven differentially methylated probes and three regions associated with DLB. The most significant CpGs were located in ARSB (cg16086807), LINC00173 (cg18800161), and MGRN1 (cg16250093). Functional enrichment evaluations found widespread epigenetic dysregulation in genes associated with neuron-to-neuron synapse, postsynaptic specialization, postsynaptic density, and CTCF-mediated synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential importance of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of DLB and provides insights into the modified genes, regions and pathways that may guide therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Reho
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Precision Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paola Ruffo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Sultana Solaiman
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zalak Shah
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karri Kaivola
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bension S Tilley
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Angela K Hodges
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Hariharan P Easwaran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Akçimen F, Chia R, Saez-Atienzar S, Ruffo P, Rasheed M, Ross JP, Liao C, Ray A, Dion PA, Scholz SW, Rouleau GA, Traynor BJ. Genomic analysis identifies risk factors in restless legs syndrome. medRxiv 2023:2023.12.19.23300211. [PMID: 38168192 PMCID: PMC10760278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.19.23300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological condition that causes uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, typically during periods of rest. The genetic basis and pathophysiology of RLS are incompletely understood. Here, we present a whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association meta-analysis of RLS cases (n = 9,851) and controls (n = 38,957) in three population-based biobanks (All of Us, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, and CARTaGENE). Genome-wide association analysis identified nine independent risk loci, of which eight had been previously reported, and one was a novel risk locus (LMX1B, rs35196838, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09-1.19, p-value = 2.2 × 10-9). A genome-wide, gene-based common variant analysis identified GLO1 as an additional risk gene (p-value = 8.45 × 10-7). Furthermore, a transcriptome-wide association study also identified GLO1 and a previously unreported gene, ELFN1. A genetic correlation analysis revealed significant common variant overlaps between RLS and neuroticism (rg = 0.40, se = 0.08, p-value = 5.4 × 10-7), depression (rg = 0.35, se = 0.06, p-value = 2.17 × 10-8), and intelligence (rg = -0.20, se = 0.06, p-value = 4.0 × 10-4). Our study expands the understanding of the genetic architecture of RLS and highlights the contributions of common variants to this prevalent neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Akçimen
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paola Ruffo
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Memoona Rasheed
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay P. Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Calwing Liao
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anindita Ray
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick A. Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bryan J. Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Scholz SW, Moroz BE, Saez-Atienzar S, Chia R, Cahoon EK, Dalgard CL, Freedman DM, Pfeiffer RM. Association of cardiovascular disease management drugs with Lewy body dementia: a case-control study. Brain Commun 2023; 6:fcad346. [PMID: 38162907 PMCID: PMC10754316 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lewy body dementia is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Disease-modifying therapies for this disabling neuropsychiatric condition are critically needed. To identify drugs associated with the risk of developing Lewy body dementia, we performed a population-based case-control study of 148 170 US Medicare participants diagnosed with Lewy body dementia between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2014 and of 1 253 043 frequency-matched controls. We estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of Lewy body dementia risk with 1017 prescription drugs overall and separately for the three major racial groups (Black, Hispanic and White Americans). We identified significantly reduced Lewy body dementia risk associated with drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases (anti-hypertensives: odds ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.70-0.74, P-value = 0; cholesterol-lowering agents: odds ratio = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.83-0.87, P-value = 0; anti-diabetics: odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.72, P-value = 0). Notably, anti-diabetic medications were associated with a larger risk reduction among Black Lewy body dementia patients compared with other racial groups (Black: odds ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.72, P-value = 0; Hispanic: odds ratio = 0.86, 95% = 0.80-0.92, P-value = 5.16 × 10-5; White: odds ratio = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.82-0.88, P-value = 0). To independently confirm the epidemiological findings, we looked for evidence of genetic overlap between Lewy body dementia and cardiovascular traits using whole-genome sequence data generated for 2591 Lewy body dementia patients and 4027 controls. Bivariate mixed modelling identified shared genetic risk between Lewy body dementia and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. By combining epidemiological and genomic data, we demonstrated that drugs treating cardiovascular diseases are associated with reduced Lewy body dementia risk, and these associations varied across racial groups. Future randomized clinical trials need to confirm our findings, but our data suggest that assiduous management of cardiovascular diseases may be beneficial in this understudied form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja W Scholz
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Moroz
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Cahoon
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Daryl Michal Freedman
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dou J, Bakulski K, Guo K, Hur J, Zhao L, Saez-Atienzar S, Stark A, Chia R, García-Redondo A, Rojas-Garcia R, Vázquez Costa JF, Santiago RF, Bandres-Ciga S, Gómez-Garre P, Periñán MT, Mir P, Pérez-Tur J, Cardona F, Menendez-Gonzalez M, Riancho J, Borrego-Hernández D, Galán-Dávila L, Ceberio JI, Pastor P, Paradas C, Dols-Icardo O, Traynor BJ, Feldman EL, Goutman SA. Erratum: Cumulative Genetic Score and C9orf72 Repeat Status Independently Contribute to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk in 2 Case-Control Studies. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200095. [PMID: 37521204 PMCID: PMC10374345 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000200079.].
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5
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Dou J, Bakulski K, Guo K, Hur J, Zhao L, Saez-Atienzar S, Stark A, Chia R, García-Redondo A, Rojas-Garcia R, Vázquez Costa JF, Fernandez Santiago R, Bandres-Ciga S, Gómez-Garre P, Periñán MT, Mir P, Pérez-Tur J, Cardona F, Menendez-Gonzalez M, Riancho J, Borrego-Hernández D, Galán-Dávila L, Infante Ceberio J, Pastor P, Paradas C, Dols-Icardo O, Traynor BJ, Feldman EL, Goutman SA. Cumulative Genetic Score and C9orf72 Repeat Status Independently Contribute to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk in 2 Case-Control Studies. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200079. [PMID: 37293291 PMCID: PMC10245939 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lack a monogenic mutation. This study evaluates ALS cumulative genetic risk in an independent Michigan and Spanish replication cohort using polygenic scores. Methods Participant samples from University of Michigan were genotyped and assayed for the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 hexanucleotide expansion. Final cohort size was 219 ALS and 223 healthy controls after genotyping and participant filtering. Polygenic scores excluding the C9 region were generated using an independent ALS genome-wide association study (20,806 cases, 59,804 controls). Adjusted logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated the association and classification between polygenic scores and ALS status, respectively. Population attributable fractions and pathway analyses were conducted. An independent Spanish study sample (548 cases, 2,756 controls) was used for replication. Results Polygenic scores constructed from 275 single-nucleotide variation (SNV) had the best model fit in the Michigan cohort. An SD increase in ALS polygenic score associated with 1.28 (95% CI 1.04-1.57) times higher odds of ALS with area under the curve of 0.663 vs a model without the ALS polygenic score (p value = 1 × 10-6). The population attributable fraction of the highest 20th percentile of ALS polygenic scores, relative to the lowest 80th percentile, was 4.1% of ALS cases. Genes annotated to this polygenic score enriched for important ALS pathomechanisms. Meta-analysis with the Spanish study, using a harmonized 132 single nucleotide variation polygenic score, yielded similar logistic regression findings (odds ratio: 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23). Discussion ALS polygenic scores can account for cumulative genetic risk in populations and reflect disease-relevant pathways. If further validated, this polygenic score will inform future ALS risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dou
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Bakulski
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kai Guo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Junguk Hur
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lili Zhao
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali Stark
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Chia
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rojas-Garcia
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Vázquez Costa
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruben Fernandez Santiago
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Garre
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Periñán
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cardona
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Menendez-Gonzalez
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Borrego-Hernández
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Galán-Dávila
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Infante Ceberio
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Paradas
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva L Feldman
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- From the Department of Epidemiology (J.D., K.B.), School of Public Health, Department of Neurology (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies (K.G., E.L.F., S.A.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.H.), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; Department of Biostatistics (L.Z.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S.-A., A.S., R.C., B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; ALS Unit (A.G.-R., D.B.-H.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria "i + 12" del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, CIBERER (A.G.-R., R.R.-G., J.F.V.C., D.B.-H.), Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Rare Diseases, Madrid; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit (R.R.-G.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (J.F.V.C.), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, IIS La Fe; Department of Medicine (J.F.V.C.), Universitat de València; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (R.F.S., P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M., J.P.-T., F.C., O.D.-I.), Madrid; Lab of Parkinson's disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders (R.F.S.), IDIBAPS-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona; Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment, Servicio de Neurologia (R.F.S.), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (S.B.-C.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.G.-G., M.T.P., P.M.), Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC; Departamento de Medicina (P.M.), Universidad de Sevilla; Neurology and Molecular Genetics Mixed Investigation Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Molecular Genetics Unit (J.P.-T., F.C.), Institut de Biomedicina de València-CSIC; Department of Medicine (M.M.-G.), Universidad de Oviedo; Department of Neurology (M.M.-G.), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (M.M.-G.), Oviedo, Spain; Service of Neurology (J.R.), Hospital Sierrallana, IDIVAL University of Cantabria, Torrelavega; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (J.R., J.I.C.), Santander; Department of Neurology (L.G.-D.), ALS Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Carlos," Madrid; Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases (P.P.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol; Neurosciences (P.P.), The Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Badalona; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla; and Memory Unit (O.D.-I.), Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Baron DM, Fenton AR, Saez-Atienzar S, Giampetruzzi A, Sreeram A, Shankaracharya, Keagle PJ, Doocy VR, Smith NJ, Danielson EW, Andresano M, McCormack MC, Garcia J, Bercier V, Van Den Bosch L, Brent JR, Fallini C, Traynor BJ, Holzbaur ELF, Landers JE. ALS-associated KIF5A mutations abolish autoinhibition resulting in a toxic gain of function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110598. [PMID: 35385738 PMCID: PMC9134378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of disease mutations is critical to advancing treatments. ALS-associated mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule motor KIF5A result in skipping of exon 27 (KIF5AΔExon27) and the encoding of a protein with a novel 39 amino acid residue C-terminal sequence. Here, we report that expression of ALS-linked mutant KIF5A results in dysregulated motor activity, cellular mislocalization, altered axonal transport, and decreased neuronal survival. Single-molecule analysis revealed that the altered C terminus of mutant KIF5A results in a constitutively active state. Furthermore, mutant KIF5A possesses altered protein and RNA interactions and its expression results in altered gene expression/splicing. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that causative ALS mutations result in a toxic gain of function in the intracellular motor KIF5A that disrupts intracellular trafficking and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M Baron
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Adam R Fenton
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony Giampetruzzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aparna Sreeram
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pamela J Keagle
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Victoria R Doocy
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nathan J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Eric W Danielson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Megan Andresano
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mary C McCormack
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jaqueline Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Valérie Bercier
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan R Brent
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Claudia Fallini
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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7
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Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Kim JJ, Makarious MB, Faghri F, Diez-Fairen M, Iwaki H, Leonard H, Botia J, Ryten M, Hernandez D, Gibbs JR, Ding J, Gan-Or Z, Noyce A, Pihlstrom L, Torkamani A, Soltis AR, Dalgard CL, Scholz SW, Traynor BJ, Ehrlich D, Scherzer CR, Bookman M, Cookson M, Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Correction to: Large‑scale pathway specific polygenic risk and transcriptomic community network analysis identifies novel functional pathways in Parkinson disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:223-224. [PMID: 33944973 PMCID: PMC8496667 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02309-z
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J J Kim
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - F Faghri
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Diez-Fairen
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, 08221, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Iwaki
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - H Leonard
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Botia
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - D Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J R Gibbs
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Ding
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Z Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London and Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - L Pihlstrom
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Torkamani
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A R Soltis
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - C L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - S W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - B J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - D Ehrlich
- Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - C R Scherzer
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 0115, USA
| | - M Bookman
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - C Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, 20812, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Beilina A, Bonet-Ponce L, Kumaran R, Kordich JJ, Ishida M, Mamais A, Kaganovich A, Saez-Atienzar S, Gershlick DC, Roosen DA, Pellegrini L, Malkov V, Fell MJ, Harvey K, Bonifacino JS, Moore DJ, Cookson MR. The Parkinson's Disease Protein LRRK2 Interacts with the GARP Complex to Promote Retrograde Transport to the trans-Golgi Network. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107614. [PMID: 32375042 PMCID: PMC7315779 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the precise function of LRRK2 remains unclear. We report an interaction between LRRK2 and VPS52, a subunit of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex that identifies a function of LRRK2 in regulating membrane fusion at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). At the TGN, LRRK2 further interacts with the Golgi SNAREs VAMP4 and Syntaxin-6 and acts as a scaffolding platform that stabilizes the GARP-SNAREs complex formation. Therefore, LRRK2 influences both retrograde and post-Golgi trafficking pathways in a manner dependent on its GTP binding and kinase activity. This action is exaggerated by mutations associated with Parkinson's disease and can be blocked by kinase inhibitors. Disruption of GARP sensitizes dopamine neurons to mutant LRRK2 toxicity in C. elegans, showing that these pathways are interlinked in vivo and suggesting a link in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Beilina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kordich
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Morié Ishida
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dorien A Roosen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Laura Pellegrini
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Vlad Malkov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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9
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Zhang M, Xi Z, Saez-Atienzar S, Chia R, Moreno D, Sato C, Montazer Haghighi M, Traynor BJ, Zinman L, Rogaeva E. Combined epigenetic/genetic study identified an ALS age of onset modifier. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:75. [PMID: 33892821 PMCID: PMC8066440 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age at onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is highly variable (eg, 27–74 years in carriers of the G4C2-expansion in C9orf72). It might be influenced by environmental and genetic factors via the modulation of DNA methylation (DNAm) at CpG-sites. Hence, we combined an epigenetic and genetic approach to test the hypothesis that some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at CpG-sites (CpG-SNPs) could modify ALS age of onset. Our genome-wide DNAm analysis suggested three CpG-SNPs whose DNAm levels are significantly associated with age of onset in 249 ALS patients (q < 0.05). Next, genetic analysis validated the association of rs4970944 with age of onset in the discovery (n = 469; P = 0.025) and replication (n = 4160; P = 0.007) ALS cohorts. A meta-analysis of the cohorts combined showed that the median onset in AA-carriers is two years later than in GG-carriers (n = 4629; P = 0.0012). A similar association was observed with its tagging SNPs, implicating a 16 Kb region at the 1q21.3 locus as a modifier of ALS age of onset. Notably, rs4970944 genotypes are also associated with age of onset in C9orf72-carriers (n = 333; P = 0.025), suggesting that each A-allele delays onset by 1.6 years. Analysis of Genotype-Tissue Expression data revealed that the protective A-allele is linked with the reduced expression of CTSS in cerebellum (P = 0.00018), which is a critical brain region in the distributed neural circuits subserving motor control. CTSS encodes cathepsin S protein playing a key role in antigen presentation. In conclusion, we identified a 16 Kb locus tagged by rs4970944 as a modifier of ALS age of onset. Our findings support the role of antigen presenting processes in modulating age of onset of ALS and suggest potential drug targets (eg, CTSS). Future replication studies are encouraged to validate the link between the locus tagged by rs4970944 and age of onset in independent ALS cohorts, including different ethnic groups.
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10
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Chia R, Sabir MS, Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Reynolds RH, Gustavsson E, Walton RL, Ahmed S, Viollet C, Ding J, Makarious MB, Diez-Fairen M, Portley MK, Shah Z, Abramzon Y, Hernandez DG, Blauwendraat C, Stone DJ, Eicher J, Parkkinen L, Ansorge O, Clark L, Honig LS, Marder K, Lemstra A, St George-Hyslop P, Londos E, Morgan K, Lashley T, Warner TT, Jaunmuktane Z, Galasko D, Santana I, Tienari PJ, Myllykangas L, Oinas M, Cairns NJ, Morris JC, Halliday GM, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Grassano M, Calvo A, Mora G, Canosa A, Floris G, Bohannan RC, Brett F, Gan-Or Z, Geiger JT, Moore A, May P, Krüger R, Goldstein DS, Lopez G, Tayebi N, Sidransky E, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Palma JA, Kaufmann H, Shakkottai VG, Perkins M, Newell KL, Gasser T, Schulte C, Landi F, Salvi E, Cusi D, Masliah E, Kim RC, Caraway CA, Monuki ES, Brunetti M, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Albert MS, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Flanagan ME, Mao Q, Bigio EH, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Infante J, Lage C, González-Aramburu I, Sanchez-Juan P, Ghetti B, Keith J, Black SE, Masellis M, Rogaeva E, Duyckaerts C, Brice A, Lesage S, Xiromerisiou G, Barrett MJ, Tilley BS, Gentleman S, Logroscino G, Serrano GE, Beach TG, McKeith IG, Thomas AJ, Attems J, Morris CM, Palmer L, Love S, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Hodges AK, Aarsland D, Klein G, Kaiser SM, Woltjer R, Pastor P, Bekris LM, Leverenz JB, Besser LM, Kuzma A, Renton AE, Goate A, Bennett DA, Scherzer CR, Morris HR, Ferrari R, Albani D, Pickering-Brown S, Faber K, Kukull WA, Morenas-Rodriguez E, Lleó A, Fortea J, Alcolea D, Clarimon J, Nalls MA, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM, Tanaka T, Foroud TM, Graff-Radford NR, Wszolek ZK, Ferman T, Boeve BF, Hardy JA, Topol EJ, Torkamani A, Singleton AB, Ryten M, Dickson DW, Chiò A, Ross OA, Gibbs JR, Dalgard CL, Traynor BJ, Scholz SW. Genome sequencing analysis identifies new loci associated with Lewy body dementia and provides insights into its genetic architecture. Nat Genet 2021; 53:294-303. [PMID: 33589841 PMCID: PMC7946812 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of Lewy body dementia (LBD) is not well understood. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing in large cohorts of LBD cases and neurologically healthy controls to study the genetic architecture of this understudied form of dementia, and to generate a resource for the scientific community. Genome-wide association analysis identified five independent risk loci, whereas genome-wide gene-aggregation tests implicated mutations in the gene GBA. Genetic risk scores demonstrate that LBD shares risk profiles and pathways with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, providing a deeper molecular understanding of the complex genetic architecture of this age-related neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marya S Sabir
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Coralie Viollet
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Memory and Movement Disorders Units, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Makayla K Portley
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zalak Shah
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John Eicher
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorraine Clark
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, G. H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, G. H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Afina Lemstra
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisabet Londos
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Service, University of Coimbra Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Translational Immunology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oinas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maurizio Grassano
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Canosa
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Floris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ryan C Bohannan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Brett
- Dublin Brain Bank, Neuropathology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua T Geiger
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anni Moore
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jose-Alberto Palma
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew Perkins
- Michigan Brain Bank, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Salvi
- Neuroalgology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Bio4Dreams-Business Nursery for Life, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald C Kim
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chad A Caraway
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maura Brunetti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL-UC-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL-UC-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Lage
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL-UC-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Aramburu
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL-UC-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanchez-Juan
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL-UC-CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia Keith
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Department of Neuropathology Escourolle, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessalia, Larissa, Greece
| | - Matthew J Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bension S Tilley
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steve Gentleman
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medicine Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain - Department of Clinical Research in Neurology of the University of Bari at 'Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico' Hospital Tricase (Le), Bari, Italy
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Biomedical Research Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Palmer
- South West Dementia Brain Bank, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology and London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angela K Hodges
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gregory Klein
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott M Kaiser
- Department of Neuropathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pau Pastor
- Memory and Movement Disorders Units, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Cleveland Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lilah M Besser
- Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Kuzma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Precision Neurology Program, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kelley Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodriguez
- Biomedizinisches Centrum, Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München & Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Munich, Germany
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Tanis Ferman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - John A Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute of UCL, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric J Topol
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, C.N.R., Rome, Italy
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Saez-Atienzar S, Bandres-Ciga S, Langston RG, Kim JJ, Choi SW, Reynolds RH, Abramzon Y, Dewan R, Ahmed S, Landers JE, Chia R, Ryten M, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Chiò A, Traynor BJ. Genetic analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identifies contributing pathways and cell types. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/3/eabd9036. [PMID: 33523907 PMCID: PMC7810371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress in unraveling the genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. We analyzed genome-wide data involving 78,500 individuals using a polygenic risk score approach to identify the biological pathways and cell types involved in ALS. This data-driven approach identified multiple aspects of the biology underlying the disease that resolved into broader themes, namely, neuron projection morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction mediated by ribonucleotides. We also found that genomic risk in ALS maps consistently to GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocytes, as confirmed in human single-nucleus RNA-seq data. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we nominated six differentially expressed genes (ATG16L2, ACSL5, MAP1LC3A, MAPKAPK3, PLXNB2, and SCFD1) within the significant pathways as relevant to ALS. We conclude that the disparate genetic etiologies of this fatal neurological disease converge on a smaller number of final common pathways and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Rebekah G Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonggeol J Kim
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shing Wan Choi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ramita Dewan
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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12
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Medina DX, Boehringer A, Dominick M, Lorenzini I, Saez-Atienzar S, Pioro EP, Sattler R, Traynor B, Bowser R. Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from an ALS patient with simultaneous mutations in KIF5A and MATR3 genes. Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102141. [PMID: 33388707 PMCID: PMC8222416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient with simultaneous mutations in the MATR3 gene and KIF5A gene were isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells via a non-integrating Sendai viral vector. The generated iPSC clones demonstrated normal karyotype, expression of pluripotency markers, and the capacity to differentiate into three germ layers. The unique presence of two simultaneous mutations in ALS-associated genes represent a novel tool for the study of ALS disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Medina
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ashley Boehringer
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Marissa Dominick
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Ileana Lorenzini
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A-213, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erik P Pioro
- Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Department of Neurology, S90, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Bryan Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A-213, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurobiology, Gregory W Fulton ALS Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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13
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Bonet-Ponce L, Beilina A, Williamson CD, Lindberg E, Kluss JH, Saez-Atienzar S, Landeck N, Kumaran R, Mamais A, Bleck CKE, Li Y, Cookson MR. LRRK2 mediates tubulation and vesicle sorting from lysosomes. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/46/eabb2454. [PMID: 33177079 PMCID: PMC7673727 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the biological functions of LRRK2 remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that LRRK2 is recruited to lysosomes after exposure of cells to the lysosome membrane-rupturing agent LLOME. Using an unbiased proteomic screen, we identified the motor adaptor protein JIP4 as an LRRK2 partner at the lysosomal membrane. LRRK2 can recruit JIP4 to lysosomes in a kinase-dependent manner via the phosphorylation of RAB35 and RAB10. Using super-resolution live-cell imaging microscopy and FIB-SEM, we demonstrate that JIP4 promotes the formation of LAMP1-negative tubules that release membranous content from lysosomes. Thus, we describe a new process orchestrated by LRRK2, which we name LYTL (LYsosomal Tubulation/sorting driven by LRRK2), by which lysosomal tubulation is used to release vesicles from lysosomes. Given the central role of the lysosome in PD, LYTL is likely to be disease relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chad D Williamson
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric Lindberg
- Electron Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jillian H Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- Electron Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Saez-Atienzar S, Dalgard CL, Ding J, Chiò A, Alba C, Hupalo DN, Wilkerson MD, Bowser R, Pioro EP, Bedlack R, Traynor BJ. Identification of a pathogenic intronic KIF5A mutation in an ALS-FTD kindred. Neurology 2020; 95:1015-1018. [PMID: 33077544 PMCID: PMC7734922 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jinhui Ding
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adriano Chiò
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Camile Alba
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dan N Hupalo
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert Bowser
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erik P Pioro
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard Bedlack
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section (S.S-A, B.J.T.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH; Department of Anatomy (C.L.D.), Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; The American Genome Center (C.L.D., C.A., D.N.H., M.D.W.), Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Computational Biology Core (J.D.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Turin, Italy and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Division of Neurology and Neurobiology (R. Bowser), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (R. Bedlack), Duke University and the Durham VA Medical Center, NC; and Department of Neurology (B.J.T.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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15
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Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Kim JJ, Makarious MB, Faghri F, Diez-Fairen M, Iwaki H, Leonard H, Botia J, Ryten M, Hernandez D, Gibbs JR, Ding J, Gan-Or Z, Noyce A, Pihlstrom L, Torkamani A, Soltis AR, Dalgard CL, Scholz SW, Traynor BJ, Ehrlich D, Scherzer CR, Bookman M, Cookson M, Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Large-scale pathway specific polygenic risk and transcriptomic community network analysis identifies novel functional pathways in Parkinson disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:341-358. [PMID: 32601912 PMCID: PMC8096770 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polygenic inheritance plays a central role in Parkinson disease (PD). A priority in elucidating PD etiology lies in defining the biological basis of genetic risk. Unraveling how risk leads to disruption will yield disease-modifying therapeutic targets that may be effective. Here, we utilized a high-throughput and hypothesis-free approach to determine biological processes underlying PD using the largest currently available cohorts of genetic and gene expression data from International Parkinson's Disease Genetics Consortium (IPDGC) and the Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Parkinson's disease initiative (AMP-PD), among other sources. We applied large-scale gene-set specific polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses to assess the role of common variation on PD risk focusing on publicly annotated gene sets representative of curated pathways. We nominated specific molecular sub-processes underlying protein misfolding and aggregation, post-translational protein modification, immune response, membrane and intracellular trafficking, lipid and vitamin metabolism, synaptic transmission, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, chromatin remodeling and apoptosis mediated by caspases among the main contributors to PD etiology. We assessed the impact of rare variation on PD risk in an independent cohort of whole-genome sequencing data and found evidence for a burden of rare damaging alleles in a range of processes, including neuronal transmission-related pathways and immune response. We explored enrichment linked to expression cell specificity patterns using single-cell gene expression data and demonstrated a significant risk pattern for dopaminergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, hypothalamic GABAergic neurons, and neural progenitors. Subsequently, we created a novel way of building de novo pathways by constructing a network expression community map using transcriptomic data derived from the blood of PD patients, which revealed functional enrichment in inflammatory signaling pathways, cell death machinery related processes, and dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. Our analyses highlight several specific promising pathways and genes for functional prioritization and provide a cellular context in which such work should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J J Kim
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - F Faghri
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Diez-Fairen
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, 08221, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Iwaki
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - H Leonard
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Botia
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - D Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J R Gibbs
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Ding
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Z Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London and Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - L Pihlstrom
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Torkamani
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A R Soltis
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - C L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - S W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - B J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - D Ehrlich
- Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - C R Scherzer
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 0115, USA
| | - M Bookman
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - C Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - M A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, 20812, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Globally, 50 million people live with dementia, with Alzheimer disease (AD) being responsible for two-thirds of the total cases. As ageing is the main risk factor for dementia-related neurodegeneration, changes in the timing or nature of the cellular hallmarks of normal ageing might be key to understanding the events that convert normal ageing into neurodegeneration. Cellular senescence is a candidate mechanism that might be important for this conversion. Under persistent stress, as occurs in ageing, both postmitotic cells - including neurons - and proliferative cells - such as astrocytes and microglia, among others - can engender a state of chronic cellular senescence that is characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules that promote the functional decline of tissues and organs. Ablation of senescent cells has been postulated as a promising therapeutic venue to target the ageing phenotype and, thus, prevent or mitigate ageing-related diseases. However, owing to a lack of evidence, it is not possible to label cellular senescence as a cause or a consequence of neurodegeneration. This Review examines cellular senescence in the context of ageing and AD, and discusses which of the processes - cellular senescence or AD - might come first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Disease Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Cancio-Bello A, Saez-Atienzar S. SATB1 is a dopaminergic neuron-specific regulator of cellular senescence. Mov Disord 2020; 35:235. [PMID: 31998985 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Bandres-Ciga S, Ahmed S, Sabir MS, Blauwendraat C, Adarmes-Gómez AD, Bernal-Bernal I, Bonilla-Toribio M, Buiza-Rueda D, Carrillo F, Carrión-Claro M, Gómez-Garre P, Jesús S, Labrador-Espinosa MA, Macias D, Méndez-del-Barrio C, Periñán-Tocino T, Tejera-Parrado C, Vargas-González L, Diez-Fairen M, Alvarez I, Tartari JP, Buongiorno M, Aguilar M, Gorostidi A, Bergareche JA, Mondragon E, Vinagre-Aragon A, Croitoru I, Ruiz-Martínez J, Dols-Icardo O, Kulisevsky J, Marín-Lahoz J, Pagonabarraga J, Pascual-Sedano B, Ezquerra M, Cámara A, Compta Y, Fernández M, Fernández-Santiago R, Muñoz E, Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F, Gonzalez-Aramburu I, Sanchez Rodriguez A, Sierra M, Menéndez-González M, Blazquez M, Garcia C, Suarez-San Martin E, García-Ruiz P, Martínez-Castrillo JC, Vela-Desojo L, Ruz C, Barrero FJ, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Mínguez-Castellanos A, Cerdan D, Tabernero C, Gomez Heredia MJ, Perez Errazquin F, Romero-Acebal M, Feliz C, Lopez-Sendon JL, Mata M, Martínez Torres I, Kim JJ, Dalgard CL, Brooks J, Saez-Atienzar S, Gibbs JR, Jorda R, Botia JA, Bonet-Ponce L, Morrison KE, Clarke C, Tan M, Morris H, Edsall C, Hernandez D, Simon-Sanchez J, Nalls MA, Scholz SW, Jimenez-Escrig A, Duarte J, Vives F, Duran R, Hoenicka J, Alvarez V, Infante J, Marti MJ, Clarimón J, López de Munain A, Pastor P, Mir P, Singleton A. The Genetic Architecture of Parkinson Disease in Spain: Characterizing Population-Specific Risk, Differential Haplotype Structures, and Providing Etiologic Insight. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1851-1863. [PMID: 31660654 PMCID: PMC8393828 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Iberian Peninsula stands out as having variable levels of population admixture and isolation, making Spain an interesting setting for studying the genetic architecture of neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVES To perform the largest PD genome-wide association study restricted to a single country. METHODS We performed a GWAS for both risk of PD and age at onset in 7,849 Spanish individuals. Further analyses included population-specific risk haplotype assessments, polygenic risk scoring through machine learning, Mendelian randomization of expression, and methylation data to gain insight into disease-associated loci, heritability estimates, genetic correlations, and burden analyses. RESULTS We identified a novel population-specific genome-wide association study signal at PARK2 associated with age at onset, which was likely dependent on the c.155delA mutation. We replicated four genome-wide independent signals associated with PD risk, including SNCA, LRRK2, KANSL1/MAPT, and HLA-DQB1. A significant trend for smaller risk haplotypes at known loci was found compared to similar studies of non-Spanish origin. Seventeen PD-related genes showed functional consequence by two-sample Mendelian randomization in expression and methylation data sets. Long runs of homozygosity at 28 known genes/loci were found to be enriched in cases versus controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the utility of the Spanish risk haplotype substructure for future fine-mapping efforts, showing how leveraging unique and diverse population histories can benefit genetic studies of complex diseases. The present study points to PARK2 as a major hallmark of PD etiology in Spain. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marya S. Sabir
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Astrid D. Adarmes-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Inmaculada Bernal-Bernal
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Marta Bonilla-Toribio
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Dolores Buiza-Rueda
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Fátima Carrillo
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Mario Carrión-Claro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Garre
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Silvia Jesús
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Miguel A. Labrador-Espinosa
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Daniel Macias
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Carlota Méndez-del-Barrio
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Teresa Periñán-Tocino
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Cristina Tejera-Parrado
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Laura Vargas-González
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Tartari
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariateresa Buongiorno
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Plataforma de Genomica, Instituto de Investigacion Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Alberto Bergareche
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisabet Mondragon
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Vinagre-Aragon
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ioana Croitoru
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders Unit, IIB Sant Pau, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaime Kulisevsky
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan Marín-Lahoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Pagonabarraga
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Berta Pascual-Sedano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Aramburu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Sanchez Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María Sierra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Menéndez-González
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta Blazquez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Ciara Garcia
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Esther Suarez-San Martin
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Pedro García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Vela-Desojo
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Ruz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica and Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Barrero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Escamilla-Sevilla
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfo Mínguez-Castellanos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Debora Cerdan
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
| | - Cesar Tabernero
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
| | | | | | - Manolo Romero-Acebal
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
| | - Cici Feliz
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Lopez-Sendon
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Mata
- Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez Torres
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jonggeol Jeffrey Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janet Brooks
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael Jorda
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A. Botia
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen E. Morrison
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Clarke
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Edsall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Javier Simon-Sanchez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriano Jimenez-Escrig
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacinto Duarte
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vives
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica and Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Duran
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica and Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética y Medicina Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
- Laboratorio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria José Marti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Lab. of Parkinson disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, IDIBAPS-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment. Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut de Neurociencies de la Universitat de Barcelona (Maria de Maetzu Center), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
- Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders Unit, IIB Sant Pau, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Neurociencias. UPV-EHU, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pan J, Yu J, Sun L, Xie C, Chang L, Wu J, Hawes S, Saez-Atienzar S, Zheng W, Kung J, Ding J, Le W, Chen S, Cai H. ALDH1A1 regulates postsynaptic μ-opioid receptor expression in dorsal striatal projection neurons and mitigates dyskinesia through transsynaptic retinoic acid signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3602. [PMID: 30837649 PMCID: PMC6401150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), a retinoic acid (RA) synthase, is selectively expressed by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (nDA) neurons that preferentially degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). ALDH1A1–positive axons mainly project to the dorsal striatum. However, whether ALDH1A1 and its products regulate the activity of postsynaptic striatal neurons is unclear. Here we show that μ–type opioid receptor (MOR1) levels were severely decreased in the dorsal striatum of postnatal and adult Aldh1a1 knockout mice, whereas dietary supplement of RA restores its expression. Furthermore, RA treatment also upregulates striatal MOR1 levels and signaling and alleviates L-DOPA–induced dyskinetic movements in pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3)–deficient mice that lack of ALDH1A1–expressing nDA neurons. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that ALDH1A1–synthesized RA is required for postsynaptic MOR1 expression in the postnatal and adult dorsal striatum, supporting potential therapeutic benefits of RA supplementation in moderating L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China.,Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Chang
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junbing Wu
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Hawes
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wang Zheng
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Justin Kung
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Bioinformatics Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Clinical Research Center on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, P. R. China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China.
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Bonet-Ponce L, Billingsley K, Vitale D, Blauwendraat C, Gibbs JR, Pihlstrøm L, Gan-Or Z, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. The endocytic membrane trafficking pathway plays a major role in the risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:460-468. [PMID: 30675927 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD is a complex polygenic disorder. In recent years, several genes from the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway have been suggested to contribute to disease etiology. However, a systematic analysis of pathway-specific genetic risk factors is yet to be performed. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively study the role of the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway in the risk of PD. METHODS Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate PD heritability explained by 252 genes involved in the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway including genome-wide association studies data from 18,869 cases and 22,452 controls. We used pathway-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms to construct a polygenic risk score reflecting the cumulative risk of common variants. To prioritize genes for follow-up functional studies, summary-data based Mendelian randomization analyses were applied to explore possible functional genomic associations with expression or methylation quantitative trait loci. RESULTS The heritability estimate attributed to endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 3.58% (standard error = 1.17). Excluding previously nominated PD endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes, the missing heritability was 2.21% (standard error = 0.42). Random heritability simulations were estimated to be 1.44% (standard deviation = 0.54), indicating that the unbiased total heritability explained by the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 2.14%. Polygenic risk score based on endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway showed a 1.25 times increase of PD risk per standard deviation of genetic risk. Finally, Mendelian randomization identified 11 endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes showing functional consequence associated to PD risk. CONCLUSIONS We provide compelling genetic evidence that the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway plays a relevant role in disease etiology. Further research on this pathway is warranted given that critical effort should be made to identify potential avenues within this biological process suitable for therapeutic interventions. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberley Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dan Vitale
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics. Great advances have been made in identifying many loci that confer a risk for PD, which has subsequently led to an improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite this success, it is predicted that only a relatively small proportion of the phenotypic variability has been explained by genetics. Therefore, it is clear that common heritable components of disease are still to be identified. Dissecting the genetic architecture of PD constitutes a critical effort in identifying therapeutic targets and although such substantial progress has helped us to better understand disease mechanism, the route to PD disease-modifying drugs is a lengthy one. In this review, we give an overview of the known genetic risk factors in PD, focusing not on individual variants but the larger networks that have been implicated following comprehensive pathway analysis. We outline the challenges faced in the translation of risk loci to pathobiological relevance and illustrate the need for integrating big-data by noting success in recent work which adopts a broad-scale screening approach. Lastly, with PD genetics now progressing from identifying risk to predicting disease, we review how these models will likely have a significant impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Billingsley
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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22
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Chen V, Saez-Atienzar S. A tango for two: Dopamine and α-synuclein synergy may explain nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33:249. [PMID: 29356152 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Saez-Atienzar S, Singleton AB. Parkinson disease and clathrin coat dynamics at synapses, why not? Mov Disord 2017; 32:1163. [PMID: 28681957 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Bonet-Ponce L, Saez-Atienzar S, da Casa C, Sancho-Pelluz J, Barcia JM, Martinez-Gil N, Nava E, Jordan J, Romero FJ, Galindo MF. Rotenone Induces the Formation of 4-Hydroxynonenal Aggresomes. Role of ROS-Mediated Tubulin Hyperacetylation and Autophagic Flux Disruption. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6194-6208. [PMID: 26558631 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes cellular damage by (i) altering protein stability, (ii) impairing organelle function, or (iii) triggering the formation of 4-HNE protein aggregates. The catabolic process known as autophagy is an antioxidant cellular response aimed to counteract these stressful conditions. Therefore, autophagy might act as a cytoprotective response by removing impaired organelles and aggregated proteins. In the present study, we sought to understand the role of autophagy in the clearance of 4-HNE protein aggregates in ARPE-19 cells under rotenone exposure. Rotenone induced an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to an accumulation of 4-HNE inclusions, and an increase in the number of autophagosomes. The latter resulted from a disturbed autophagic flux rather than an activation of the autophagic synthesis pathway. In compliance with this, rotenone treatment induced an increase in LC3-II while upstream autophagy markers such as Beclin- 1, Vsp34 or Atg5-Atg12, were decreased. Rotenone reduced the autophagosome-to-lysosome fusion step by increasing tubulin acetylation levels through a ROS-mediated pathway. Proof of this is the finding that the free radical scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, restored autophagy flux and reduced rotenone-induced tubulin hyperacetylation. Indeed, this dysfunctional autophagic response exacerbates cell death triggered by rotenone, since 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell mortality, while rapamycin, an inductor of autophagy, caused opposite effects. In summary, we shed new light on the mechanisms involved in the autophagic responses disrupted by oxidative stress, which take place in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington or Parkinson diseases, and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen da Casa
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Sancho-Pelluz
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge M Barcia
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Natalia Martinez-Gil
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nava
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Joaquín Jordan
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco J Romero
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria F Galindo
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
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Saez-Atienzar S, Bonet-Ponce L, da Casa C, Perez-Dolz L, Blesa JR, Nava E, Galindo MF, Jordan J. Bcl-xL-mediated antioxidant function abrogates the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics induced by LRRK2 inhibition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:20-31. [PMID: 26435084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y overexpressing Bcl-xL (SH-SY5Y/Bcl-xL) to clarify the effects of this mitochondrial protein on the control of mitochondrial dynamics and the autophagic processes which occur after the inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) with GSK2578215A. In wild type (SH-SY5Y/Neo) cells, GSK2578215A (1nM) caused a disruption of mitochondrial morphology and an imbalance in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as indicated by an increase in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and 4-hydroxynonenal. However, SH-SY5Y/Bcl-xL cells under GSK2578215A treatment, unlike the wild type, preserved a high mitochondrial membrane potential and did not exhibit apoptotical chromatins. In contrast to wild type cells, in SH-SY5Y/Bcl-xL cells, GSK2578215A did not induce mitochondrial translocation of neither dynamin related protein-1 nor the proapoptotic protein, Bax. In SH-SY5Y/Neo, but not SH-SY5Y/Bcl-xL cells, mitochondrial fragmentation elicited by GSK2578215A precedes an autophagic response. Furthermore, the overexpression of Bcl-xL protein restores the autophagic flux pathway disrupted by this inhibitor. SH-SY5Y/Neo, but not SH-SY5Y/Bcl-xL cells, responded to LRRK2 inhibition by an increase in the levels of acetylated tubulin, indicating that this was abrogated by Bcl-xL overexpression. This hyperacetylation of tubulin took place earlier than any of the above-mentioned events suggesting that it is involved in the autophagic flux interruption. Pre-treatment with tempol prevented the GSK2578215A-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, autophagy and the rise in acetylated tubulin in SH-SY5Y/Neo cells. Thus, these data support the notion that ROS act as a second messenger connexion between LRRK2 inhibition and these deleterious responses, which are markedly alleviated by the Bcl-xL-mediated ROS generation blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain; Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia ¨San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain; Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia ¨San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen da Casa
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain; Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Laura Perez-Dolz
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain; Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose R Blesa
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia ¨San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nava
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain
| | - Maria F Galindo
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Jordan
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain.
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Flores-Bellver M, Bonet-Ponce L, Barcia JM, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Martinez-Gil N, Saez-Atienzar S, Sancho-Pelluz J, Jordan J, Galindo MF, Romero FJ. Autophagy and mitochondrial alterations in human retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by ethanol: implications of 4-hydroxy-nonenal. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1328. [PMID: 25032851 PMCID: PMC4123082 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium has a crucial role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the retina due to its location and metabolism. Oxidative damage has been demonstrated as a pathogenic mechanism in several retinal diseases, and reactive oxygen species are certainly important by-products of ethanol (EtOH) metabolism. Autophagy has been shown to exert a protective effect in different cellular and animal models. Thus, in our model, EtOH treatment increases autophagy flux, in a concentration-dependent manner. Mitochondrial morphology seems to be clearly altered under EtOH exposure, leading to an apparent increase in mitochondrial fission. An increase in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), among others were confirmed. The characterization of these structures confirmed their nature as aggresomes. Hence, autophagy seems to have a cytoprotective role in ARPE-19 cells under EtOH damage, by degrading fragmented mitochondria and 4-HNE aggresomes. Herein, we describe the central implication of autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelial cells upon oxidative stress induced by EtOH, with possible implications for other conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flores-Bellver
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Bonet-Ponce
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Barcia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Garcia-Verdugo
- Department of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutive Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Martinez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Sancho-Pelluz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Jordan
- Neuropharmacology Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Castilla la Mancha, IDINE, Albacete, Spain
| | - M F Galindo
- Unit of Translational Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Castilla la Mancha and Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain
| | - F J Romero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Solesio ME, Saez-Atienzar S, Jordan J, Galindo MF. 3-Nitropropionic acid induces autophagy by forming mitochondrial permeability transition pores rather than activating the mitochondrial fission pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:63-75. [PMID: 22509855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative process associated with mitochondrial alterations. Inhibitors of the electron-transport channel complex II, such as 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), are used to study the molecular and cellular pathways involved in this disease. We studied the effect of 3NP on mitochondrial morphology and its involvement in macrophagy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological and biochemical methods were used to characterize the effects of 3NP on autophagy and mitochondrial morphology. SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with GFP-LC3, GFP-Drp1 or GFP-Bax to ascertain their role and intracellular localization after 3NP treatment using confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS Untreated SH-SY5Y cells presented a long, tubular and filamentous net of mitochondria. After 3NP (5 mM) treatment, mitochondria became shorter and rounder. 3NP induced formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, both in cell cultures and in isolated liver mitochondria, and this process was inhibited by cyclosporin A. Participation of the mitochondrial fission pathway was excluded because 3NP did not induce translocation of the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondria. The Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 did not affect the observed changes in mitochondrial morphology. Finally, scavengers of reactive oxygen species failed to prevent mitochondrial alterations, while cyclosporin A, but not Mdivi-1, prevented the generation of ROS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was a direct correlation between formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and autophagy induced by 3NP treatment. Activation of autophagy preceded the apoptotic process and was mediated, at least partly, by formation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Solesio
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
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Solesio ME, Saez-Atienzar S, Jordán J, Galindo MF. Characterization of Mitophagy in the 6-Hydoxydopamine Parkinson’s Disease Model. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:411-20. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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