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Wang C, Chu M. Advances in Drugs Targeting Lymphangiogenesis for Preventing Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:783309. [PMID: 35087755 PMCID: PMC8787832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.783309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other organs and tissues in the body is the leading cause of death in patients with malignancies. One of the principal ways cancer cells travel is through lymphatic vessels, and tumor invasion into the regional lymph nodes is a hallmark of early metastasis; thus, the formation of especially peritumoral lymphatic vessels is essential for tumor transportation that gives rise to further progression. In the past few decades, tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis has been testified to its tight correlation with lymphatic metastasis and poor clinical outcomes in multiple types of human malignancies, which warrants novel potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. As the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms has grown tremendously over the years, an inexorable march of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy also aroused terrific interest. As a result, a great number of drugs have entered clinical trials, and some of them exhibited predominant contributions in cancer management. Herein, this review provides an updated summary of the current advances in therapies preventing lymphatic metastasis and discusses the validity of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
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2
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Jakubek M, Kejík Z, Kaplánek R, Hromádka R, Šandriková V, Sýkora D, Antonyová V, Urban M, Dytrych P, Mikula I, Martásek P, Král V. Strategy for improved therapeutic efficiency of curcumin in the treatment of gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109278. [PMID: 31387004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common oncological disease. Although enormous efforts have been expended, possible therapeutic modalities are still limited. For this reason, new therapeutic approaches and agents are highly requested and intensively developed. One strategy is the application of natural agents, such as curcumin, with proven anticancer effects and low toxicity for patients. Therefore, this review discusses the potential application of curcumin in the therapy of gastric cancer and its potential incorporation in therapeutic regimens. Because one of the largest impediments for widespread curcumin application is its limited bioavailability (caused mainly by its very low water solubility), studied strategies (drug delivery systems and curcumin derivatization) aimed to solve this obstacle are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jakubek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Hromádka
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Research and Development Center C2P s.r.o., Jungmannova 101, 503 51 Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Šandriková
- Research and Development Center C2P s.r.o., Jungmannova 101, 503 51 Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Antonyová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Urban
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiová 1285/7, 1285/7, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dytrych
- 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Mikula
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Tai HC, Lee TH, Tang CH, Chen LP, Chen WC, Lee MS, Chen PC, Lin CY, Chi CW, Chen YJ, Lai CT, Chen SS, Liao KW, Lee CH, Wang SW. Phomaketide A Inhibits Lymphangiogenesis in Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040215. [PMID: 30959907 PMCID: PMC6520718 DOI: 10.3390/md17040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is an important biological process associated with cancer metastasis. The development of new drugs that block lymphangiogenesis represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Marine fungus-derived compound phomaketide A, isolated from the fermented broth of Phoma sp. NTOU4195, has been reported to exhibit anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its anti-lymphangiogenic activity has not been clarified to date. In this study, we showed that phomaketide A inhibited cell growth, migration, and tube formation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) without an evidence of cytotoxicity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that phomaketide A reduced LECs-induced lymphangiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signalings. Furthermore, human proteome array analysis indicated that phomaketide A significantly enhanced the protein levels of various protease inhibitors, including cystatin A, serpin B6, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). Importantly, phomaketide A impeded tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis by decreasing the expression of LYVE-1, a specific marker for lymphatic vessels, in tumor xenograft animal model. These results suggest that phomaketide A may impair lymphangiogenesis by suppressing VEGFR-3, PKCδ, and eNOS signaling cascades, while simultaneously activating protease inhibitors in human LECs. We document for the first time that phomaketide A inhibits lymphangiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, which suggests that this natural product could potentially treat cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Ching Tai
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
- Department of Urology, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Lei-Po Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shian Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ta Lai
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Shiou-Sheng Chen
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital HepingFuyou Branch, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Commission for General Education, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Wei S, Zang J, Jia Y, Chen A, Xie Y, Huang J, Li Z, Nie G, Liu H, Liu F, Gao W. A Gene-Related Nomogram for Preoperative Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. J INVEST SURG 2019; 33:715-722. [PMID: 30907189 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1569738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To develop and validate a gene-related nomogram for predicting the risk of lymph node (LN) metastasis preoperatively in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: RNA-seq data of 581 CRC and 51 normal cases with clinical features were downloaded from TCGA database. In the evaluation cohort with 381 CRC cases, the LASSO regression was used to reduce dimensionality of gene signatures extracted to build gene score. A gene-related nomogram was performed based on the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by the discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness not only in the evaluation, but also in the validation cohort with 200 CRC cases. Results: A total of 12,590 differentially expressed genes were selected, in which 59 candidates associated with LN metastasis in differentially expressed genes set were screened by LASSO to form the gene score. Based on the analysis of multivariate logistic regression, the gene-related nomogram showed good calibration and discrimination not only in the evaluation cohort (concordance-index 0.93; 95%CI 0.91-0.96), but also in the validation cohort (concordance-index 0.70; 95%CI 0.63-0.78). The decision curve analysis of the gene-related nomogram also provides constructive guidance for the design of operation plan, preoperatively. Conclusions: The presented genes nomogram may predict the LN metastasis in CRC patients, preoperatively. And 59 hub genes were defined related to LN metastasis of CRC, which can serve as treatment targets for the further study. Preoperative biopsy and gene analysis are needed to develop the operation plan in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Wei
- The First Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zang
- The First Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youpeng Jia
- General Surgery Department, Dalian Municipal Center Hospital, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Aona Chen
- The First Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayun Xie
- The First Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Huang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Nie
- The Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- The First Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yamakawa M, Doh SJ, Santosa SM, Montana M, Qin EC, Kong H, Han KY, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Kazlauskas A, Chang JH, Azar DT. Potential lymphangiogenesis therapies: Learning from current antiangiogenesis therapies-A review. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528507 DOI: 10.1002/med.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lymphangiogenesis, the process of lymphatic vessel formation from existing lymph vessels, has been demonstrated to have a significant role in diverse pathologies, including cancer metastasis, organ graft rejection, and lymphedema. Our understanding of the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis has advanced on the heels of studies demonstrating vascular endothelial growth factor C as a central pro-lymphangiogenic regulator and others identifying multiple lymphatic endothelial biomarkers. Despite these breakthroughs and a growing appreciation of the signaling events that govern the lymphangiogenic process, there are no FDA-approved drugs that target lymphangiogenesis. In this review, we reflect on the lessons available from the development of antiangiogenic therapies (26 FDA-approved drugs to date), review current lymphangiogenesis research including nanotechnology in therapeutic drug delivery and imaging, and discuss molecules in the lymphangiogenic pathway that are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ellen C Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Ge H, Yan Y, Guo L, He X, Yang X. Prognostic and clinical significance of VEGFR-3 in gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:114-119. [PMID: 28939099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that VEGFR-3 is involved in the development of gastric cancer, however, the results are contradictory. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the correlation between VEGFR-3 and the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer to assess its prognostic value. METHODS An electronic search for relevant articles was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE database, and Chinese CNKI. Correlations between VEGFR-3 expression and clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were analyzed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Positive VEGFR-3 expression was not correlated with gender or tumor differentiation. However, high levels of VEGFR-3 expression were significantly associated with depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. Moreover, VEGFR-3 expression was associated with poor three year and five year overall survival rates (OS) in GC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis found that VEGFR-3 expression was associated with depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. The results suggest that VEGFR-3 may be a useful prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Yan
- Quality control department, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Ishimoto T, Miyake K, Nandi T, Yashiro M, Onishi N, Huang KK, Lin SJ, Kalpana R, Tay ST, Suzuki Y, Cho BC, Kuroda D, Arima K, Izumi D, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Oki E, Watanabe M, Saya H, Hirakawa K, Baba H, Tan P. Activation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling in Gastric Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Increases Their Motility, via Expression of Rhomboid 5 Homolog 2, and Ability to Induce Invasiveness of Gastric Cancer Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:191-204.e16. [PMID: 28390866 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblasts that interact with cancer cells are called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which promote progression of different tumor types. We investigated the characteristics and functions of CAFs in diffuse-type gastric cancers (DGCs) by analyzing features of their genome and gene expression patterns. METHODS We isolated CAFs and adjacent non-cancer fibroblasts (NFs) from 110 gastric cancer (GC) tissues from patients who underwent gastrectomy in Japan from 2008 through 2016. Cells were identified using specific markers of various cell types by immunoblot and flow cytometry. We selected pairs of CAFs and NFs for whole-exome and RNA sequencing analyses, and compared expression of specific genes using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Protein levels and phosphorylation were compared by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. Rhomboid 5 homolog 2 (RHBDF2) was overexpressed from a transgene in fibroblasts or knocked down using small interfering RNAs. Motility and invasiveness of isolated fibroblasts and GC cell lines (AGS, KATOIII, MKN45, NUGC3, NUGC4, OCUM-2MD3 and OCUM-12 cell lines) were quantified by real-time imaging analyses. We analyzed 7 independent sets of DNA microarray data from patients with GC and associated expression levels of specific genes with patient survival times. Nude mice were given injections of OCUM-2MD3 in the stomach wall; tumors and metastases were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Many of the genes with increased expression in CAFs compared with NFs were associated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) activity. When CAFs were cultured in extracellular matrix, they became more motile than NFs; DGC cells incubated with CAFs were also more motile and invasive in vitro than DGC cells not incubated with CAFs. When injected into nude mice, CAF-incubated DGC cells invaded a greater number of lymphatic vessels than NF-incubated DGC cells. We identified RHBDF2 as a gene overexpressed in CAFs compared with NFs. Knockdown of RHBDF2 in CAFs reduced their elongation and motility in response to TGFB1, whereas overexpression of RHBDF2 in NFs increased their motility in extracellular matrix. RHBDF2 appeared to regulate oncogenic and non-canonical TGFB1 signaling. Knockdown of RHBDF2 in CAFs reduced cleavage of the TGFB receptor 1 (TGFBR1) by ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17 or TACE) and reduced expression of genes that regulate motility. Incubation of NFs with in interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A), IL1B or tumor necrosis factor, secreted by DGCs, increased fibroblast expression of RHBDF2. Simultaneous high expression of these cytokines in GC samples was associated with shorter survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS In CAFs isolated from human DGCs, we observed increased expression of RHBDF2, which regulates TGFB1 signaling. Expression of RHBDF2 in fibroblasts is induced by inflammatory cytokines (such as IL1A, IL1B, and tumor necrosis factor) secreted by DGCs. RHBDF2 promotes cleavage of TGFBR1 by activating TACE and motility of CAFs in response to TGFB1. These highly motile CAFs induce DGCs to invade extracellular matrix and lymphatic vessels in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kie Kyon Huang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | - Su Ting Tay
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kota Arima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.
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Kasashima H, Yashiro M, Nakamae H, Kitayama K, Masuda G, Kinoshita H, Fukuoka T, Hasegawa T, Nakane T, Hino M, Hirakawa K, Ohira M. CXCL1-Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Receptor 2 Signaling Stimulates the Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cells into Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer Stroma. Am J Pathol 2016; 186:3028-3039. [PMID: 27742059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor stromal cells play a critical role in the progression of diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC). The aim of this study was to clarify where tumor stromal cells originate from and which factor(s) recruits them into the tumor stroma. Immunodeficient mice with bone marrow transplantation from the cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice were used for the in vivo experiments. An in vitro study analyzed the chemotaxis-stimulating factor from DGC cells using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BM-MCs). The influences of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) inhibitor on the migration of BM-MCs were examined both in vitro and in vivo. BM-MCs frequently migrated into stroma of DGC in vivo. The number of migrating BM-MCs was increased by conditioned medium from DGC cells. CXCL1 from DGC cells stimulated the chemoattractant ability of BM-MCs. Both anti-CXCL1 antibody and CXCR2 inhibitor decreased the migration of BM-MCs, stimulated by DGC cells. A CXCR2 inhibitor, SB225002, reduced the recruitment of BM-MCs into the tumor microenvironment in vivo, decreasing tumor size and lymph node metastasis, and prolonging the survival of gastric tumor-bearing mice. These findings suggested that most tumor stromal cells in DGC might originate from BM-MCs. CXCL1 from DGC cells stimulates the recruitment of BM-MCs into tumor stroma via CXCR2 signaling of BM-MCs. Inhibition of BM-MC recruitment via the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis appears a promising therapy for DGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kasashima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kisyu Kitayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakane
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Yang L, Moghaddas S, Dezvareh H, Belkacemi L, Bark SJ, Bose RN, Do LH. Insights into the anti-angiogenic properties of phosphaplatins. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 164:5-16. [PMID: 27591123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphaplatins are platinum-based antitumor compounds that, unlike other clinically utilized platinum drugs (i.e. cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin), appear to target proteins rather than DNA. Because of their unique mode of action, phosphaplatins are promising drug candidates for cisplatin-resistant cancers. In this study, we discovered that Pt(II) and Pt(IV) phosphaplatins possess diverse antitumor properties. In addition to targeting apoptosis antigen (FAS) and proapoptotic gene products as described previously, phosphaplatins also target angiogenesis. We demonstrate that phosphaplatins inhibit human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation in vitro and suppress tumor angiogenesis and growth in immunodeficient mice that were inoculated with A2780 ovarian cancer cells in vivo. To provide insight into this novel antitumor mechanism, phosphaplatin-treated HUVECs were found to exhibit lower gene expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and the VEGFR-2 receptor compared to untreated cells. Kinase inhibition studies suggest that phosphaplatins are inhibitors of VEGFR-2. In ligand exchange experiments using both Pt atomic absorption and 31P NMR spectroscopies, we show that phosphaplatins most likely bind to VEGFR-2 through metal-ligand coordination rather than electrostatic interactions. These studies enhance our understanding of the diverse and novel mechanisms of action of the phosphaplatin antitumor agents, which could potentially be used as chemotherapeutic agents against cisplatin-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Shadi Moghaddas
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Homa Dezvareh
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Steven J Bark
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Rathindra N Bose
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States; Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Loi H Do
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States.
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10
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García-Caballero M, Blacher S, Paupert J, Quesada AR, Medina MA, Noël A. Novel application assigned to toluquinol: inhibition of lymphangiogenesis by interfering with VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1966-87. [PMID: 27018653 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lymphangiogenesis is an important biological process associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metastatic dissemination, graft rejection, lymphoedema and other inflammatory disorders. The development of new drugs that block lymphangiogenesis has become a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the ability of toluquinol, a 2-methyl-hydroquinone isolated from the culture broth of the marine fungus Penicillium sp. HL-85-ALS5-R004, to inhibit lymphangiogenesis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to analyse the effect of toluquinol in 2D and 3D in vitro cultures and in the ex vivo mouse lymphatic ring assay. For in vivo approaches, the transgenic Fli1:eGFPy1 zebrafish, mouse ear sponges and cornea models were used. Western blotting and apoptosis analyses were carried out to search for drug targets. KEY RESULTS Toluquinol inhibited LEC proliferation, migration, tubulogenesis and sprouting of new lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, toluquinol induced apoptosis of LECs after 14 h of treatment in vitro, blocked the development of the thoracic duct in zebrafish and reduced the VEGF-C-induced lymphatic vessel formation and corneal neovascularization in mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that this drug attenuates VEGF-C-induced VEGFR-3 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on these findings, we propose toluquinol as a new candidate with pharmacological potential for the treatment of lymphangiogenesis-related pathologies. Notably, its ability to suppress corneal neovascularization paves the way for applications in vascular ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Caballero
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Paupert
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A R Quesada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad 741 de CIBER "de Enfermedades Raras", Málaga, Spain
| | - M A Medina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad 741 de CIBER "de Enfermedades Raras", Málaga, Spain
| | - A Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Lim J, Ryu JH, Kim EJ, Ham S, Kang D. Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3 Reduces Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells. Cancer Invest 2015; 33:398-404. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2015.1047509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Shi J, Li YJ, Yan B, Wei PK. Interleukin-8: A potent promoter of human lymphatic endothelial cell growth in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2703-10. [PMID: 25891418 PMCID: PMC4431450 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a major progression route of gastric cancer. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), as an inflammatory cytokine, is induced by Helicobacter pylori infection and is strongly associated with gastric cancer development and metastasis. The blood and lymphatic systems are similar in their function and gene expression profiles. It has been proposed that IL-8 activates angiogenesis. However, the direct role of IL-8 in lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer remains unclear. We investigated the effect of IL-8 on the growth of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In addition, protein and mRNA expression of selected lymphangiogenesis markers was assessed in these cells. LECs were co-cultured with gastric cancer SGC7901 cells and exposed to various concentrations of IL-8 (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 ng/ml). The Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to evaluate LEC proliferation (cultured for 1-6 days). Then, protein (immunofluorescence and western blotting) and mRNA [quantitative transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)] levels were measured in samples obtained from the 24-h cultured cells, for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1 (LYVE-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). The data presented herein demonstrated that IL-8 promotes the proliferation of LECs and enhances the protein and mRNA expression of LYVE-1. Notably, IL-8 inhibited VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 protein expression as well as VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that IL-8 may be a potent inducer of LECs, although this effect does not appear to involve the VEGF-C/VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jin Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Pin-Kang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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13
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Da W, Zhu J, Wang L, Sun Q. Curcumin suppresses lymphatic vessel density in an in vivo human gastric cancer model. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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14
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Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Li C, Fan J, Song X, Zhang B, Chen Y, Li C, Mi K, Ma H, Song Y, Tao X, Li G. Expression of angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 correlates with lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis and affects survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75388. [PMID: 24040410 PMCID: PMC3770542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both Ang-2 and VEGFR-3 are major regulators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively, and thus may affect prognosis of OSCC. We sought to determine the associations between Ang-2 and VEGFR-3 expression and survival of OSCC. Methods Ang-2 and VEGFR-3 expression was determined immunohistochemically in tumor tissues from 112 patients with OSCC; OSCC-adjacent noncancerous oral tissue from 85 OSCC patients; and normal oral mucosa from 37 cancer-free individuals. A log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare survival among different groups with expression of Ang-2 and VEGFR-3. Results Ang-2 and VEGFR-3 expression was upregulated in OSCC compared to nontumor tissue (all P<0.05). High Ang-2 expression positively correlated with microvessel density (MVD) (P<0.01), and high VEGFR-3 expression positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.01) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) (P<0.01). The patients with high expression of Ang-2 alone or in combination with VEGFR-3 had a significantly worse survival than in patients with low expression of Ang-2 or any other co-expression status (all P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, multivariable analysis showed that patients with high expression of Ang-2 alone or in combination with VEGFR-3 had a significantly increased risk of death compared with those with low expression of Ang-2 or any other co-expression status (HR, 2.7, 95% CI, 1.1–6.2 and 5.0, 1.3–15.4, respectively). Conclusions These results suggest that increased expression in tumors of Ang-2 may individually, or in combination with VEGFR-3, predict poor prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases in Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinchuan Fan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases in Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Mi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Yufeng Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tao
- Radiology Department of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JIaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GJL); cjr.taoxiaofeng.@vip.163.com (XFT)
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GJL); cjr.taoxiaofeng.@vip.163.com (XFT)
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16
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Woollard DJ, Opeskin K, Coso S, Wu D, Baldwin ME, Williams ED. Differential expression of VEGF ligands and receptors in prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:563-72. [PMID: 23038639 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer disseminates to regional lymph nodes, however the molecular mechanisms responsible for lymph node metastasis are poorly understood. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand and receptor family have been implicated in the growth and spread of prostate cancer via activation of the blood vasculature and lymphatic systems. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively examine the expression pattern of VEGF ligands and receptors in the glandular epithelium, stroma, lymphatic vasculature and blood vessels in prostate cancer. METHODS The localization of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 was examined in cancerous and adjacent benign prostate tissue from 52 subjects representing various grades of prostate cancer. RESULTS Except for VEGFR-2, extensive staining was observed for all ligands and receptors in the prostate specimens. In epithelial cells, VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 expression was higher in tumor tissue compared to benign tissue. VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 expression was significantly higher in benign tissue compared to tumor in the stroma and the endothelium of lymphatic and blood vessels. In addition, the frequency of lymphatic vessels, but not blood vessels, was lower in tumor tissue compared with benign tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activation of VEGFR-1 by VEGF-A within the carcinoma, and activation of lymphatic endothelial cell VEGFR-3 by VEGF-D within the adjacent benign stroma may be important signaling mechanisms involved in the progression and subsequent metastatic spread of prostate cancer. Thus inhibition of these pathways may contribute to therapeutic strategies for the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Woollard
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Rudno-Rudzinska J, Kielan W, Grzebieniak Z, Dziegiel P, Donizy P, Mazur G, Knakiewicz M, Frejlich E, Halon A. High density of peritumoral lymphatic vessels measured by D2-40/podoplanin and LYVE-1 expression in gastric cancer patients: an excellent prognostic indicator or a false friend? Gastric Cancer 2013; 16:513-20. [PMID: 23238856 PMCID: PMC3824260 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most important prognostic indicators in gastric cancer is the presence of metastases in lymph nodes. Even now, little is known about lymphangiogenesis in neoplastic tissue, and little is also known about the transmission of a neoplastic cell from the tumor mass into a lymphatic vessel. METHODS This study examined the relationships between the density of lymphatic vessels (LVD) stained immunohistochemically with lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) and D2-40 (podoplanin) antibodies, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C/D, selected clinical and pathomorphological factors, and the 5-year overall survival of gastric cancer patients. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed no impact of increased intratumoral or peritumoral LVD on gastric cancer patient survival, irrespective of the protein used to stain lymphatic vessels. Analysis showed that the probability of overall survival was decreased in the cases with enhanced VEGF-D immunoreactivity (P = 0.0045). CONCLUSION The study showed that the studied markers cannot be used to determine the required extent of the surgical procedure, as they have no statistically significant correlation with the degree of progression of the cancer, the stage of the disease assessed according to the TNM 5th classification of malignant tumors, clinicopathological features, and patient survival. VEGF-D is the only marker that can be regarded as an unfavorable prognostic indicator for patients with advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rudno-Rudzinska
- 2nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kielan
- 2nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Grzebieniak
- 2nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland ,Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department and Clinic of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Knakiewicz
- 2nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewelina Frejlich
- 2nd Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halon
- Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Kashima K, Watanabe M, Satoh Y, Hata J, Ishii N, Aoki Y. Inhibition of lymphatic metastasis in neuroblastoma by a novel neutralizing antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor-D. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2144-52. [PMID: 22937829 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic spread is an important clinical determinant in the prognosis of many human cancers. The lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is implicated in the promotion of lymphatic metastasis through the development of lymphatic vessels in some human cancers. In this study, we developed an anti-VEGF-D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, and investigated its in vitro properties, in vivo effects against tumors and possible target indications to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic antibody. The cVE199 molecule was revealed to have a specific binding reactivity against human VEGF-D, as well as a specific inhibitory activity against the binding of human VEGF-D to VEGFR-3. In addition, cVE199 was found to inhibit the biological activity of VEGF-D against lymphatic cells in vitro. Because we determined that a neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-DZ, abundantly expressed VEGF-D, an in vivo efficacy study was performed using a xenograft model of SK-N-DZ. We found that cVE199 significantly decreased lymphatic metastasis of SK-N-DZ as well as lymphangiogenesis in primary lesions. Finally, we investigated VEGF-D expression in human neuroblastoma, finding that the molecule was expressed in 11 of 29 human neuroblastoma specimens (37.9%). In conclusion, we found that a novel anti-VEGF-D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, with specific reactivity against human VEGF-D, prevents lymphatic metastasis of neuroblastoma through the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis in an animal model. In addition, our results show that VEGF-D is expressed in some cases of human neuroblastomas, which suggests that cVE199 is a potential anti-metastasis therapeutic antibody in neuroblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kashima
- Department 2 of Pharmaceutical Research, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Liu ZY, Qiu HO, Yuan XJ, Ni YY, Sun JJ, Jing W, Fan YZ. Suppression of lymphangiogenesis in human lymphatic endothelial cells by simultaneously blocking VEGF-C and VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 with norcantharidin. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1762-72. [PMID: 22922710 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis of tumors is a crucial early step in the metastatic process. Tumor lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in promoting tumor metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Norcantharidin (NCTD) has been reported to possess potent anti-angiogenesis and antitumor properties in several cell lines and xenograft tumor models. However, its role in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of NCTD on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and the lymphatic tube formation, lymphangiogenesis, of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) in vitro by MTT, proliferation assay, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, scraping line method, Matrigel invasion assay, inverted or fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms, such as VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-3 at protein and mRNA levels in lymphangiogenesis using 3-dimensional (3-D) culture of HLECs were measured by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It was shown that NCTD inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and lymphatic tube formation (forming-lymphatic and/or formed-lymphatic) of HLECs, induced HLEC apoptosis (all P<0.01) significantly, in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50 6.8 µg/ml); and downregulated the expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 at protein or/and mRNA levels (P<0.01) in HLEC lymphatic tube formation. Thus, we identified for the first time that NCTD inhibited HLEC lymphangiogenesis by simultaneously blocking VEGF-C and VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 in vitro. The present findings may be of importance to explore the therapeutical target or strategy of NCTD for tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Duong T, Koopman P, Francois M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis as a potential therapeutic target. J Oncol. 2012;2012:204946. [PMID: 22481918 PMCID: PMC3307004 DOI: 10.1155/2012/204946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, is the main cause of death for cancer patients. Metastasis is often mediated by lymphatic vessels that invade the primary tumor, and an early sign of metastasis is the presence of cancer cells in the regional lymph node (the first lymph node colonized by metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor). Understanding the interplay between tumorigenesis and lymphangiogenesis (the formation of lymphatic vessels associated with tumor growth) will provide us with new insights into mechanisms that modulate metastatic spread. In the long term, these insights will help to define new molecular targets that could be used to block lymphatic vessel-mediated metastasis and increase patient survival. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of embryonic lymphangiogenesis and those that are recapitulated in tumor lymphangiogenesis, with a view to identifying potential targets for therapies designed to suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and hence metastasis.
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Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been accepted as a passive escape route for metastasizing tumor cells. The classic view that lymphatics solely regulate fluid balance, lipid metabolism, and immune cell trafficking to the LN is now being challenged. Research in the field is entering a new phase with increasing evidence suggesting that lymphatics play an active role modulating inflammation, autoimmune disease, and the anti-tumor immune response. Evidence exists to suggest that the lymphatics and chemokines guide LN bi-functionally, driving immunity vs. tolerance according to demand. At sites of chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and tumors, however, the same chemokines and aberrant lymphangiogenesis foster disease progression. These caveats point to the existence of a complex, finely balanced relationship between lymphatics and the immune system in health and disease. This review discusses emerging concepts in the fields of immunology, tumor biology, and lymphatic physiology, identifying critical, overlapping functions of lymphatics, the LN and lymphoid factors in tipping the balance of immunity vs. tolerance in favor of a growing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Shields
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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Bruce D, Tan PH. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and the therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis in cancer: where do we go from here? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:85-103. [PMID: 22017472 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.619673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptors (VEGFRs), the interactions with their ligands and the subsequent signalling pathways are known to play a vital role in tumour angiogenesis. Initial clinical trials of VEGFR inhibitors were disappointing but over the past decade some therapies have been successfully brought to market. At present, VEGFR inhibitors appear to be most promising as adjuvants to conventional chemotherapy. However, several interacting signalling molecules and downstream pathways have recently been shown to interact with VEGFR signalling and provide promising novel targets, such as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), human epithelial receptor-2, (HER-2) Tie-2 and oestrogen receptors. Elucidation of this web of signalling pathways may identify new therapeutic strategies which may be used in combination with VEGFR inhibitors to augment the efficacy of anti-angiogenic cancer treatments. This review assesses the role of modulating VEGFR activity in cancer and systematically examines current evidence and trials in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bruce
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Science, Oxford University, The John Radcliffe, Headley Way, Oxford, UK
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Wang J, Wang B, Bi J, Zhang C. Cytoplasmic HuR expression correlates with angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and poor outcome in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S577-85. [PMID: 21046284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HuR is a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein that stabilizes the mRNAs of certain genes and regulates the translation to proteins. Elevated cytoplasmic expression of HuR has been suggested to be associated with reduced survival in a wide variety of human carcinomas. However, the clinical significance of HuR expression in lung cancer remains unknown. In this study, we examined HuR expression in 132 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) by means of immunohistochemistry and correlated clinicopathologic data, lymphatic microvessel density (LVD), or microvessel density (MVD) with HuR immunostaining. HuR was expressed in 80.3% (106/132) of cases and was predominantly localized in the nucleus. Cytoplasmic HuR expression occurred in 40.9% (54/132) of NSCLC specimens and was associated with high MVD and LVD. In univariate analysis, cytoplasmic HuR, but not nuclear HuR expression was found to significantly influence the relapse-free survival and overall survival. In addition, cytoplasmic expression of HuR was identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival in multivariate analysis. Our data provide evidence for a clinically prognostic role of HuR in NSCLC and demonstrate an association between HuR expression, and angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital, Jinan Command of the People's Liberation Army, 250031 Jinan, China.
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Abstract
AIM: To explore if vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can predict overall survival in advanced gastric cancer.
METHODS: VEGFR-3 level was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CEA was assessed by chemiluminescence immunoassay in the sera of 81 advanced gastric cancer patients before treatment with oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid.
RESULTS: Median survival time in patients with a low serum VEGFR-3 level was significantly longer than in those with a higher VEGFR-3 level (15.4 mo vs 7.7 mo, P < 0.001). Patients with a low CEA level had a longer survival than those with a higher CEA level (15.8 mo vs 8.6 mo, P < 0.001). Thirty-nine patients with low VEGFR-3 and low CEA levels had a median survival of 19.7 mo (P = 0.0006). The hazard ratio for patients with a high VEGFR-3 level was 2.443 (P = 0.002).
CONCLUSION: High serum VEGFR-3 level is correlated significantly with poor survival. In patients with a high serum level of VEGFR-3, alternative chemotherapy regimens should be considered.
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Yashiro M, Hirakawa K. Cancer-stromal interactions in scirrhous gastric carcinoma. Cancer Microenviron 2010; 3:127-35. [PMID: 21209779 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts play an important role in the progression, growth and spread of gastric cancers. Cancer-stroma interactions have been especially evident in the scirrhous type of gastric carcinoma. Fibroblasts are associated with the cancer progression at the primary and metastatic site. The proliferative and invasive ability of scirrhous gastric cancer cells are closely associated with the growth factors produced by organ-specific fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are therefore a key determinant in the malignant progression of gastric cancer and represent an important target for cancer therapies.
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