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Novikova S, Tolstova T, Kurbatov L, Farafonova T, Tikhonova O, Soloveva N, Rusanov A, Zgoda V. Systems Biology for Drug Target Discovery in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4618. [PMID: 38731835 PMCID: PMC11083274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Combining new therapeutics with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) could improve the efficiency of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment. Modeling the process of ATRA-induced differentiation based on the transcriptomic profile of leukemic cells resulted in the identification of key targets that can be used to increase the therapeutic effect of ATRA. The genome-scale transcriptome analysis revealed the early molecular response to the ATRA treatment of HL-60 cells. In this study, we performed the transcriptomic profiling of HL-60, NB4, and K562 cells exposed to ATRA for 3-72 h. After treatment with ATRA for 3, 12, 24, and 72 h, we found 222, 391, 359, and 1032 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HL-60 cells, as well as 641, 1037, 1011, and 1499 DEGs in NB4 cells. We also found 538 and 119 DEGs in K562 cells treated with ATRA for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. Based on experimental transcriptomic data, we performed hierarchical modeling and determined cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and transcriptional repressor CUX1 as the key regulators of the molecular response to the ATRA treatment in HL-60, NB4, and K562 cell lines, respectively. Mapping the data of TMT-based mass-spectrometric profiling on the modeling schemes, we determined CDK6 expression at the proteome level and its down-regulation at the transcriptome and proteome levels in cells treated with ATRA for 72 h. The combination of therapy with a CDK6 inhibitor (palbociclib) and ATRA (tretinoin) could be an alternative approach for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Systems Biology/methods
- HL-60 Cells
- Gene Expression Profiling
- K562 Cells
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Transcriptome
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (S.N.) (T.T.); (L.K.); (T.F.); (O.T.); (N.S.); (A.R.)
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2
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Leung CON, Yang Y, Leung RWH, So KKH, Guo HJ, Lei MML, Muliawan GK, Gao Y, Yu QQ, Yun JP, Ma S, Zhao Q, Lee TKW. Broad-spectrum kinome profiling identifies CDK6 upregulation as a driver of lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6699. [PMID: 37872167 PMCID: PMC10593849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that drug resistance can be acquired in cancer cells by kinase rewiring, which is an obstacle for efficient cancer therapy. However, it is technically challenging to measure the expression of protein kinases on large scale due to their dynamic range in human proteome. We employ a lysine-targeted sulfonyl fluoride probe, named XO44, which binds to 133 endogenous kinases in intact lenvatinib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This analysis reveals cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) upregulation, which is mediated by ERK/YAP1 signaling cascade. Functional analyses show that CDK6 is crucial in regulation of acquired lenvatinib resistance in HCC via augmentation of liver cancer stem cells with clinical significance. We identify a noncanonical pathway of CDK6 in which it binds and regulates the activity of GSK3β, leading to activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consistently, CDK6 inhibition by palbociclib or degradation by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is highly synergistic with lenvatinib in vitro. Interestingly, palbociclib not only exerts maximal growth suppressive effect with lenvatinib in lenvatinib-resistant HCC models but also reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment. Together, we unveil CDK6 as a druggable target in lenvatinib-resistant HCC and highlight the use of a chemical biology approach to understand nongenetic resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Oi Ning Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rainbow Wing Hei Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl Kam Hei So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Jun Guo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martina Mang Leng Lei
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gregory Kenneth Muliawan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
| | - Qian Qian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Hu AJ, Li W, Pathak A, Hu GF, Hou X, Farmer SR, Hu MG. CDK6 is essential for mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146047. [PMID: 37664186 PMCID: PMC10469316 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Overweight or obesity poses a significant risk of many obesity-related metabolic diseases. Among all the potential new therapies, stem cell-based treatments hold great promise for treating many obesity-related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms regulating adipocyte stem cells/progenitors (precursors) are unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate if CDK6 is required for mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) mouse models together with stem cells derived from stromal vascular fraction (SVF) or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) of Cdk6 mutant mice were used to determine if CDK6 is required for mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. Results: We found that mice with a kinase inactive CDK6 mutants (K43M) had fewer precursor residents in the SVF of adult white adipose tissue (WAT). Stem cells from the SVF or MEFs of K43M mice had defects in proliferation and differentiation into the functional fat cells. In contrast, mice with a constitutively active kinase CDK6 mutant (R31C) had the opposite traits. Ablation of RUNX1 in both mature and precursor K43M cells, reversed the phenotypes. Conclusion: These results represent a novel role of CDK6 in regulating precursor numbers, proliferation, and differentiation, suggesting a potential pharmacological intervention for using CDK6 inhibitors in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Hu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Apana Pathak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Assay Research and Development Department, GRAIL LLC, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Analysis and Testing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stephen R. Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miaofen G. Hu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Omori K, Otani S, Date Y, Ueno T, Ito T, Umeda M, Ito K. C/ebpα represses the oncogenic Runx3-Myc axis in p53-deficient osteosarcoma development. Oncogene 2023; 42:2485-2494. [PMID: 37402881 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is characterized by TP53 mutations in humans. In mice, loss of p53 triggers OS development, and osteoprogenitor-specific p53-deleted mice are widely used to study the process of osteosarcomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation or progression of OS following or parallel to p53 inactivation remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the role of transcription factors involved in adipogenesis (adipo-TFs) in p53-deficient OS and identified a novel tumor suppressive molecular mechanism mediated by C/ebpα. C/ebpα specifically interacts with Runx3, a p53 deficiency-dependent oncogene, and, in the same manner as p53, decreases the activity of the oncogenic axis of OS, Runx3-Myc, by inhibiting Runx3 DNA binding. The identification of a novel molecular role for C/ebpα in p53-deficient osteosarcomagenesis underscores the importance of the Runx-Myc oncogenic axis as a therapeutic target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Omori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shohei Otani
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Date
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ueno
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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5
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Roy A, Chauhan S, Bhattacharya S, Jakhmola V, Tyagi K, Sachdeva A, Wasai A, Mandal S. Runt-related transcription factors in human carcinogenesis: a friend or foe? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04769-0. [PMID: 37081242 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is one of the deadliest pathologies with more than 19 million new cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths across the globe. Despite development of advanced therapeutic interventions, cancer remains as a fatal pathology due to lack of early prognostic biomarkers, therapy resistance and requires identification of novel drug targets. METHODS Runt-related transcription factors (Runx) family controls several cellular and physiological functions including osteogenesis. Recent literatures from PubMed was mined and the review was written in comprehensive manner RESULTS: Recent literature suggests that aberrant expression of Runx contributes to tumorigenesis of many organs. Conversely, cell- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor roles of Runx are also reported. In this review, we have provided the structural/functional properties of Runx isoforms and its regulation in context of human cancer. Moreover, in an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against cancer, we comprehensively discussed the reported oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of Runx isoforms in several tumor types and discussed the discrepancies that may have risen on Runx as a driver of malignant transformation. CONCLUSION Runx may be a novel therapeutic target against a battery of deadly human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India.
| | - Shivi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sujata Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Vibhuti Jakhmola
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Abha Sachdeva
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Abdul Wasai
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Supratim Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
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6
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Kanellou P, Georgakopoulos-soares I, Zaravinos A. Deregulated Gene Expression Profiles and Regulatory Networks in Adult and Pediatric RUNX1/RUNX1T1-Positive AML Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1795. [PMID: 36980682 PMCID: PMC10046396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and complex disease concerning molecular aberrations and prognosis. RUNX1/RUNX1T1 is a fusion oncogene that results from the chromosomal translocation t(8;21) and plays a crucial role in AML. However, its impact on the transcriptomic profile of different age groups of AML patients is not completely understood. Here, we investigated the deregulated gene expression (DEG) profiles in adult and pediatric RUNX1/RUNX1T1-positive AML patients, and compared their functions and regulatory networks. We retrospectively analyzed gene expression data from two independent Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE37642 and GSE75461) and computed their differentially expressed genes and upstream regulators, using limma, GEO2Enrichr, and X2K. For validation purposes, we used the TCGA-LAML (adult) and TARGET-AML (pediatric) patient cohorts. We also analyzed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, as well as those composed of transcription factors (TF), intermediate proteins, and kinases foreseen to regulate the top deregulated genes in each group. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enrichment analyses were further performed for the DEGs in each dataset. We found that the top upregulated genes in (both adult and pediatric) RUNX1/RUNX1T1-positive AML patients are enriched in extracellular matrix organization, the cell projection membrane, filopodium membrane, and supramolecular fiber. Our data corroborate that RUNX1/RUNX1T1 reprograms a large transcriptional network to establish and maintain leukemia via intricate PPI interactions and kinase-driven phosphorylation events.
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7
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Liu C, Wang L, Liu Z. scGREAT: Graph-based regulatory element analysis tool for single-cell multi-omics data. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.27.525916. [PMID: 36747664 PMCID: PMC9900895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Motivation With the development in single-cell multi-omics sequencing technology and data integration algorithms, we have entered the single-cell multi-omics era. Current multi-omics analysis algorithms failed to systematically dissect the heterogeneity within the datasets when inferring cis-regulatory events. Thus, there is a need for cis-regulatory element inferring algorithms that considers the cellular heterogeneity. Results Here, we propose scGREAT, a single-cell multi-omics regulatory state analysis Python package with a rapid graph-based correlation measurement L. The graph-based correlation method assigns each cell a local L index, pinpointing specific cell groups of certain regulatory states. Such single-cell resolved regulatory state information enables the heterogeneity analysis equipped in the package. Applying scGREAT to the 10X Multiome PBMC dataset, we demonstrated how it could help subcluster cell types, infer regulation-based pseudo-time trajectory, discover feature modules, and find cluster-specific regulatory gene-peak pairs. Besides, we showed that global L index, which is the average of all local L values, is a better replacement for Pearson's r in ruling out confounding regulatory relationships that are not of research interests. Availability https://github.com/ChaozhongLiu/scGREAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Liu
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Linhua Wang
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Adamo A, Chin P, Keane P, Assi SA, Potluri S, Kellaway SG, Coleman D, Ames L, Ptasinska A, Delwel HR, Cockerill PN, Bonifer C. Identification and interrogation of the gene regulatory network of CEBPA-double mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:102-112. [PMID: 36333583 PMCID: PMC9883165 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy caused by mutations in genes encoding transcriptional and epigenetic regulators together with signaling genes. It is characterized by a disturbance of differentiation and abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors. We have previously shown that each AML subtype establishes its own core gene regulatory network (GRN), consisting of transcription factors binding to their target genes and imposing a specific gene expression pattern that is required for AML maintenance. In this study, we integrate gene expression, open chromatin and ChIP data with promoter-capture Hi-C data to define a refined core GRN common to all patients with CEBPA-double mutant (CEBPAN/C) AML. These mutations disrupt the structure of a major regulator of myelopoiesis. We identify the binding sites of mutated C/EBPα proteins in primary cells, we show that C/EBPα, AP-1 factors and RUNX1 colocalize and are required for AML maintenance, and we employ single cell experiments to link important network nodes to the specific differentiation trajectory from leukemic stem to blast cells. Taken together, our study provides an important resource which predicts the specific therapeutic vulnerabilities of this AML subtype in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Adamo
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paulynn Chin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandeep Potluri
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie G Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Coleman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luke Ames
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anetta Ptasinska
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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9
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Martin ER, Gandawijaya J, Oguro-Ando A. A novel method for generating glutamatergic SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells utilizing B-27 supplement. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:943627. [PMID: 36339621 PMCID: PMC9630362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.943627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line is widely used in neuroscience research as a neuronal cell model. Following differentiation to a neuron-like state, SH-SY5Y cells become more morphologically similar to neurons and form functional synapses. Previous studies have managed to differentiate SH-SY5Y cells towards cholinergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic fates. However, their application in disease modeling remains limited as other neuronal subtypes (e.g., glutamatergic, GABAergic) are also implicated in neurological disorders, and no current protocols exist to generate these subtypes of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Our study aimed to evaluate the use of a xeno-free version of B-27, a supplement commonly used in neuronal culture, for SH-SY5Y maintenance and differentiation. To evaluate the proliferative capacity of SH-SY5Y cells cultured in B-27, we performed growth curve analyses, immunocytochemical staining for Ki-67 and qRT-PCR to track changes in cell cycle progression. SH-SY5Y cells cultured in FBS or under serum-starved conditions were used as controls. We observed that SH-SY5Y cells show reduced growth and proliferation rates accompanied by decreased CDK6 and CDK1 expression following 4-day exposure to B-27, suggesting B-27 induces a quiescent state in SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, this reduced growth rate was not due to increased apoptosis. As cell cycle exit is associated with differentiation, we next sought to determine the fate of SH-SY5Y cells cultured in B-27. B-27-cultured SH-SY5Y cells show changes in cell morphology, adopting pyramidal shapes and extending neurites, and upregulation of neuronal differentiation markers (GAP43, TUBB3, and SYP). B-27-cultured SH-SY5Y cells also show increased expression of glutamatergic markers (GLUL and GLS). These findings suggest that B-27 may be a non-toxic inducer of glutamatergic SH-SY5Y differentiation. Our study demonstrates a novel way of using B-27 to obtain populations of glutamatergic SH-SY5Y cells. As dysregulated glutamatergic signaling is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, the capability to generate glutamatergic neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells creates endless disease modeling opportunities. The ease of SH-SY5Y culture allows researchers to generate large-scale cultures for high-throughput pharmacological or toxicity studies. Also compatible with the growing popularity of animal-component-free studies, this xeno-free B-27/SH-SY5Y culture system will be a valuable tool to boost the translational potential of preliminary studies requiring glutamatergic neuronal cells of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily-Rose Martin
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Wang L, Park JY, Liu F, Olesen KM, Hou S, Peng JC, Infield J, Levesque AC, Wang YD, Jin H, Fan Y, Connelly PJ, Pruett-Miller SM, Hu MG, Hinds PW, Han YG. A kinase-independent function of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 promotes outer radial glia expansion and neocortical folding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206147119. [PMID: 36095192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206147119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex, the center for higher brain function, first emerged in mammals and has become massively expanded and folded in humans, constituting almost half the volume of the human brain. Primary microcephaly, a developmental disorder in which the brain is smaller than normal at birth, results mainly from there being fewer neurons in the neocortex because of defects in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Outer radial glia (oRGs), NPCs that are abundant in gyrencephalic species but rare in lissencephalic species, are thought to play key roles in the expansion and folding of the neocortex. However, how oRGs expand, whether they are necessary for neocortical folding, and whether defects in oRGs cause microcephaly remain important questions in the study of brain development, evolution, and disease. Here, we show that oRG expansion in mice, ferrets, and human cerebral organoids requires cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), the mutation of which causes primary microcephaly via an unknown mechanism. In a mouse model in which increased Hedgehog signaling expands oRGs and intermediate progenitor cells and induces neocortical folding, CDK6 loss selectively decreased oRGs and abolished neocortical folding. Remarkably, this function of CDK6 in oRG expansion did not require its kinase activity, was not shared by the highly similar CDK4 and CDK2, and was disrupted by the mutation causing microcephaly. Therefore, our results indicate that CDK6 is conserved to promote oRG expansion, that oRGs are necessary for neocortical folding, and that defects in oRG expansion may cause primary microcephaly.
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Brett JO, Herman PE, Mayer EL, Bardia A, Wander SA. Mechanisms of Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Hormone Receptor-Positive (HR +) Breast Cancer: Spotlight on Convergent CDK6 Upregulation and Immune Signaling. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-022-00461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Wang W, Meng Y, Chen Y, Yu Y, Wang H, Yang S, Sun W. A comprehensive analysis of LMO2 pathogenic regulatory profile during T-lineage development and leukemic transformation. Oncogene 2022; 41:4079-4090. [PMID: 35851847 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
LMO2 is a well-known leukemic proto-oncogene, its ectopic expression in T-lineage specifically initiates malignant transformation of immature T cells and ultimately causes the onset of acute T-lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) in both mouse models and human patients. In this study, we systematically explored the LMO2 performance on the profiles of transcriptome, DNA-binding and protein interactions during T-lineage development in the pre-leukemic stage. Our data indicated that large-scale transcriptional dysregulation caused by LMO2 primarily occurred in DN3 thymocytes, characterized by enriched upregulation of the target genes of typical LMO2 complex, RUNX, ETS and STATs, and ectopic LMO2 primarily targeted to RUNX motifs along with intensive interaction with RUNX1 and H3K4 methyltransferase component ASH2L in this stage. However, binding of LMO2 on specific motifs was largely reduced in the following DP and SP stages, along with gradually disappeared LMO2-RUNX1 and LMO2-ASH2L interactions and less alteration of certain transcriptional factor profiles. Moreover, LMO2 showed relatively less influence on cellular behavior of DN3 thymocyte whereas displayed more prominent effects in DP and SP stages, including promoting Notch signaling and cell cycles. These findings provide a high-resolution landscape of the pathogenic role of LMO2 during T-lineage development in molecular level, and may benefit further clinical investigations for LMO2-associated T-lineage malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Meng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaxin Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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13
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He M, Cao C, Ni Z, Liu Y, Song P, Hao S, He Y, Sun X, Rao Y. PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:181. [PMID: 35680848 PMCID: PMC9178337 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin–proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article “PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry” in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020–2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ni
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilu Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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14
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Schreier A, Munoz-Arcos L, Alvarez A, Sparano JA, Anampa JD. Racial disparities in neutrophil counts among patients with metastatic breast cancer during treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:337-351. [PMID: 35633421 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The three CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) approved for use in HR-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC), palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, are generally well tolerated; however, neutropenia is a common toxicity. Within the general population, neutropenia has been shown to be more common in individuals of African descent. The landmark CDK4/6i trials in MBC lacked racial diversity in their patient populations. We aimed to assess the toxicity profiles of CDK4/6is in a racially diverse population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study at Montefiore Medical Center in patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative MBC prescribed CDK4/6i as first or subsequent line therapy between January 2015 and April 2020. Baseline characteristics and laboratory data at various treatment timepoints were collected. RESULTS The final analysis included 182 patients, of whom 46% were Black. Baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was lower in the Black vs. Non-Black cohort (p = 0.001) but the change in ANC from baseline (delta-ANC) was smaller in the Black cohort, and the ANC at different treatment timepoints was similar between groups. There was no difference in the rate of infection or number of dose delays/reductions between racial groups. We did not find any difference in PFS between Black and Non-Black groups, regardless of the presence of CDK4/6i-induced neutropenia. CONCLUSION We analyzed toxicity profiles of 182 patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative MBC treated with CDK4/6i. Despite the lower baseline ANC seen in our Black cohort, treatment toxicities were similar between racial groups. Long-term outcomes with CDK4/6i therapy, measured by PFS, were similar between Black vs. Non-Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Schreier
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Munoz-Arcos
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Alvarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jesus D Anampa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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15
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Ikeda D, Chi S, Uchiyama S, Nakamura H, Guo YM, Yamauchi N, Yuda J, Minami Y. Molecular Classification and Overcoming Therapy Resistance for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Adverse Genetic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5950. [PMID: 35682627 PMCID: PMC9180585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) criteria define the adverse genetic factors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML with adverse genetic factors uniformly shows resistance to standard chemotherapy and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we focus on the biological background and real-world etiology of these adverse genetic factors and then describe a strategy to overcome the clinical disadvantages in terms of targeting pivotal molecular mechanisms. Different adverse genetic factors often rely on common pathways. KMT2A rearrangement, DEK-NUP214 fusion, and NPM1 mutation are associated with the upregulation of HOX genes. The dominant tyrosine kinase activity of the mutant FLT3 or BCR-ABL1 fusion proteins is transduced by the AKT-mTOR, MAPK-ERK, and STAT5 pathways. Concurrent mutations of ASXL1 and RUNX1 are associated with activated AKT. Both TP53 mutation and mis-expressed MECOM are related to impaired apoptosis. Clinical data suggest that adverse genetic factors can be found in at least one in eight AML patients and appear to accumulate in relapsed/refractory cases. TP53 mutation is associated with particularly poor prognosis. Molecular-targeted therapies focusing on specific genomic abnormalities, such as FLT3, KMT2A, and TP53, have been developed and have demonstrated promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Hematology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa 296-8602, Japan
| | - SungGi Chi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hirotaka Nakamura
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Nobuhiko Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junichiro Yuda
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
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16
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Lossaint G, Horvat A, Gire V, Bacevic K, Mrouj K, Charrier-Savournin F, Georget V, Fisher D, Dulic V. Reciprocal regulation of p21 and Chk1 controls the Cyclin D1-RB pathway to mediate senescence onset after G2 arrest. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274865. [PMID: 35343565 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is an irreversible proliferation withdrawal that can be initiated after DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest in G2 phase to prevent genomic instability. Senescence onset in G2 requires p53 and RB family tumour suppressors, but how they are regulated to convert a temporary cell cycle arrest into a permanent one remains unknown. Here, we show that a previously unrecognised balance between the CDK inhibitor p21 and Chk1 controls D-type cyclin-CDK activity during G2 arrest. In non-transformed cells, p21 activates RB in G2 by inhibiting Cyclin D1-CDK2/CDK4. The resulting G2 exit, which precedes appearance of senescence markers, is associated with a mitotic bypass, Chk1 downregulation and DNA damage foci reduction. In p53/RB-proficient cancer cells, compromised G2 exit correlates with sustained Chk1 activity, delayed p21 induction, untimely Cyclin E1 re-expression and genome reduplication. Conversely, Chk1 depletion promotes senescence by inducing p21 binding to Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1-CDK complexes and down-regulating CDK6, whereas Chk2 knockdown enables RB phosphorylation and delays G2 exit. In conclusion, p21 and Chk2 oppose Chk1 to maintain RB activity, thus promoting DNA damage-induced senescence onset in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karim Mrouj
- IGMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Virginie Georget
- CRBM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, BioCampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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17
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Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has become an effective therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases, especially cancer. Over almost three decades, although great efforts have been made to discover CDK inhibitors, many of which have entered clinical trials, only four CDK inhibitors have been approved. In the process of CDK inhibitor development, many difficulties and misunderstandings have hampered their discovery and clinical applications, which mainly include inadequate understanding of the biological functions of CDKs, less attention paid to pan- and multi-CDK inhibitors, nonideal isoform selectivity of developed selective CDK inhibitors, overlooking the metabolic stability of early discovered CDK inhibitors, no effective resistance solutions, and a lack of available combination therapy and effective biomarkers for CDK therapies. After reviewing the mechanisms of CDKs and the research progress of CDK inhibitors, this perspective summarizes and discusses these difficulties or lessons, hoping to facilitate the successful discovery of more useful CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuzeng Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology─Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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18
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Mani S, Aiyegoro OA, Adeleke MA. Association between host genetics of sheep and the rumen microbial composition. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:109. [PMID: 35192073 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A synergy between the rumen microbiota and the host genetics has created a symbiotic relationship, beneficial to the host's health. In this study, the association between the host genetics and rumen microbiome of Damara and Meatmaster sheep was investigated. The composition of rumen microbiota was estimated through the analysis of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, while the sheep blood DNA was genotyped with Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip and the genome-wide association (GWA) was analyzed. Sixty significant SNPs dispersed in 21 regions across the Ovis aries genome were found to be associated with the relative abundance of seven genera: Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, and Streptobacillus. A total of eighty-four candidate genes were identified, and their functional annotations were mainly associated with immunity responses and function, metabolism, and signal transduction. Our results propose that those candidate genes identified in the study may be modulating the composition of rumen microbiota and further indicating the significance of comprehending the interactions between the host and rumen microbiota to gain better insight into the health of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinalo Mani
- GI Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council- Animal Production, Private Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa.,Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Olayinka Ayobami Aiyegoro
- GI Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council- Animal Production, Private Bag X02, Irene, 0062, South Africa. .,Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Matthew Adekunle Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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19
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Dalecki AG, Greer BD, Duverger A, Strange EL, Carlin E, Wagner F, Shi B, Lowman KE, Perez M, Tidwell C, Kaczmarek Michaels K, Giattina S, Bossmann SH, Henderson AJ, Hu H, Kutsch O. Host T cell dedifferentiation effects drive HIV-1 latency stability. J Virol 2022;:jvi0197421. [PMID: 35019721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01974-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapies to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir is hampered by our incomplete understanding of the biomolecular mechanism governing HIV-1 latency. To further complicate matters, recent single cell RNA-seq studies reported extensive heterogeneity between latently HIV-1-infected primary T cells, implying that latent HIV-1 infection can persist in greatly differing host cell environments. We here show that transcriptomic heterogeneity is also found between latently infected T cell lines, which allowed us to study the underlying mechanisms of intercell heterogeneity at high signal resolution. Latently infected T cells exhibited a de-differentiated phenotype, characterized by the loss of T cell-specific markers and gene regulation profiles reminiscent of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). These changes had functional consequences. As reported for stem cells, latently HIV-1 infected T cells efficiently forced lentiviral superinfections into a latent state and favored glycolysis. As a result, metabolic reprogramming or cell re-differentiation destabilized latent infection. Guided by these findings, data-mining of single cell RNA-seq data of latently HIV-1 infected primary T cells from patients revealed the presence of similar dedifferentiation motifs. >20% of the highly detectable genes that were differentially regulated in latently infected cells were associated with hematopoietic lineage development (e.g. HUWE1, IRF4, PRDM1, BATF3, TOX, ID2, IKZF3, CDK6) or were hematopoietic markers (SRGN; hematopoietic proteoglycan core protein). The data add to evidence that the biomolecular phenotype of latently HIV-1 infected cells differs from normal T cells and strategies to address their differential phenotype need to be considered in the design of therapeutic cure interventions. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 persists in a latent reservoir in memory CD4 T cells for the lifetime of a patient. Understanding the biomolecular mechanisms used by the host cells to suppress viral expression will provide essential insights required to develop curative therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of these control mechanisms is still limited. By studying gene expression profiles, we demonstrated that latently HIV-1-infected T cells have a de-differentiated T cell phenotype. Software-based data integration allowed for the identification of drug targets that would re-differentiate viral host cells and, in extension, destabilize latent HIV-1 infection events. The importance of the presented data lies within the clear demonstration that HIV-1 latency is a host cell phenomenon. As such, therapeutic strategies must first restore proper host cell functionality to accomplish efficient HIV-1 reactivation.
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20
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Liu J, Peng Y, Wei W. Cell cycle on the crossroad of tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:30-44. [PMID: 34304958 PMCID: PMC8688170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aberrancy in cell cycle progression is one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, making regulators of the cell cycle machinery rational anticancer therapeutic targets. A growing body of evidence indicates that the cell cycle regulatory pathway integrates into other hallmarks of cancer, including metabolism remodeling and immune escape. Thus, therapies against cell cycle machinery components can not only repress the division of cancer cells, but also reverse cancer metabolism and restore cancer immune surveillance. Besides the ongoing effects on the development of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) of the cell cycle machinery, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have recently been used to target these oncogenic proteins related to cell cycle progression. Here, we discuss the rationale of cell cycle targeting therapies, particularly PROTACs, to more efficiently retard tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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21
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Hernández-nava E, Montaño LF, Rendón-huerta EP, Wu YS. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Bioinformatic Analysis of Claudin-9 Regulation in Gastric Cancer. Journal of Oncology 2021; 2021:1-16. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5936905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease that represents 5% to 10% of all new cancer cases worldwide. Advances in histological diagnosis and the discovery of new genes have admitted new genomic classifications. Nevertheless, the bioinformatic analysis of gastric cancer databases has favored the detection of specific differentially expressed genes with biological significance. Claudins, a family of proteins involved in tight junction physiology, have emerged as the key regulators of cellular processes, such as growth, proliferation, and migration, associated with cancer progression. The expression of Claudin-9 in the gastric cancer tissue has been linked to poor prognosis, however, its transcriptional and epigenetic regulations demand a more comprehensive analysis. Using the neural network promoter prediction, TransFact, Uniprot-KB, Expasy-SOPMA, protein data bank, proteomics DB, Interpro, BioGRID, String, and the FASTA protein sequence databases and software, we found the following: (1) the promoter sequence has an unconventional structure, including different transcriptional regulation elements distributed throughout it, (2) GATA 4, GATA 6, and KLF5 are the key regulators of Claudin-9 expression, (3) Oct1, NF-κB, AP-1, c-Ets-1, and HNF-3β have the higher binding affinity to the CLDN9 promoter, (4) Claudin-9 interacts with cell differentiation and development proteins, (5) CLDN9 is highly methylated, and (6) Claudin-9 expression is associated with poor survival. In conclusion, Claudin-9 is a protein that should be considered a diagnostic marker as its gene promoter region binds to the transcription factors associated with the deregulation of cell control, enhanced cell proliferation, and metastasis.
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22
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Porcù E, Benetton M, Bisio V, Da Ros A, Tregnago C, Borella G, Zanon C, Bordi M, Germano G, Manni S, Campello S, Rao DS, Locatelli F, Pigazzi M. The long non-coding RNA CDK6-AS1 overexpression impacts on acute myeloid leukemia differentiation and mitochondrial dynamics. iScience 2021; 24:103350. [PMID: 34816103 PMCID: PMC8591413 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carrying high-risk genetic lesions or high residual disease levels after therapy are particularly exposed to the risk of relapse. Here, we identified the long non-coding RNA CDK6-AS1 able to cluster an AML subgroup with peculiar gene signatures linked to hematopoietic cell differentiation and mitochondrial dynamics. CDK6-AS1 silencing triggered hematopoietic commitment in healthy CD34+ cells, whereas in AML cells the pathological undifferentiated state was rescued. This latter phenomenon derived from RUNX1 transcriptional control, responsible for the stemness of hematopoietic precursors and for the block of differentiation in AML. By CDK6-AS1 silencing in vitro, AML mitochondrial mass decreased with augmented pharmacological sensitivity to mitochondria-targeting drugs. In vivo, the combination of tigecycline and cytarabine reduced leukemia progression in the AML-PDX model with high CDK6-AS1 levels, supporting the concept of a mitochondrial vulnerability. Together, these findings uncover CDK6-AS1 as crucial in myeloid differentiation and mitochondrial mass regulation. CDK6-AS1 acts in concert with CDK6 High CDK6-AS1 levels trigger RUNX1 early differentiation arrest in myeloid cells CDK6-AS1 controls mitochondrial mass of AML blasts CDK6-AS1 levels impact on mitochondrial-targeted agents sensitivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Benetton
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Bisio
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Ambra Da Ros
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Tregnago
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Borella
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Germano
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, and Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Campello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dinesh S Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hematopoietic Cell&Gene Therapy Division of Women's and Children's Health Department, University-Hospital of Padova, Via N. Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy.,Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Xu JJ, Chalk AM, Nikolic I, Simpson K, Smeets MF, Walkley C. Genome-wide screening identifies cell cycle control as a synthetic lethal pathway with SRSF2P95H mutation. Blood Adv 2021:bloodadvances. [PMID: 34464972 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies to target RNA splicing mutant myeloid cancers proposes targeting the remaining splicing apparatus. This approach has only been modestly sensitizing and is also toxic to non-mutant bearing wild-type cells. To explore potentially exploitable genetic interactions with spliceosome mutations, we combined data mining and functional screening for synthetic lethal interactions with an Srsf2P95H/+ mutation. Analysis of mis-splicing events in a series of both human and murine SRSF2P95H mutant samples across multiple myeloid diseases (AML, MDS, CMML) was performed to identify conserved mis-splicing events. From this analysis, we identified that the cell cycle and DNA repair pathways were overrepresented within the conserved mis-spliced transcript sets. In parallel, to functionally define pathways essential for survival and proliferation of Srsf2P95H/+ cells, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR loss of function screen using Hoxb8 immortalized R26-CreERki/+ Srsf2P95H/+ and R26-CreERki/+ Srsf2+/+ cell lines. We assessed loss of sgRNA representation at three timepoints: immediately after Srsf2P95H/+ activation, and at one week and two weeks post Srsf2P95H/+ mutation. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the cell cycle and DNA damage response pathways were amongst the top synthetic lethal pathways with Srsf2P95H/+ mutation. Based on the loss of guide RNAs targeting Cdk6, we identified that Palbociclib, a CDK6 inhibitor, showed preferential sensitivity in Srsf2P95H/+ cell lines and in primary non-immortalized lin-cKIT+Sca-1+ cells compared to wild type controls. Our data strongly suggest that the cell cycle and DNA damage response pathways are required for Srsf2P95H/+ cell survival, and that Palbociclib could be an alternative therapeutic option for targeting SRSF2 mutant cancers.
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24
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Esa E, Hashim AK, Mohamed EHM, Zakaria Z, Abu Hassan AN, Mat Yusoff Y, Kamaluddin NR, Abdul Rahman AZ, Chang KM, Mohamed R, Subbiah I, Jamian E, Ho CSL, Lim SM, Lau PC, Pung YF, Zain SM. Construction of a microRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in De Novo Cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:199-210. [PMID: 33734890 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association between dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is well known. However, our understanding of the regulatory role of miRNAs in the cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) subtype pathway is still poor. The current study integrated miRNA and mRNA profiles to explore novel miRNA-mRNA interactions that affect the regulatory patterns of de novo CN-AML. Methods: We utilized a multiplexed nanoString nCounter platform to profile both miRNAs and mRNAs using similar sets of patient samples (n = 24). Correlations were assessed, and an miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. The underlying biological functions of the mRNAs were predicted by gene enrichment. Finally, the interacting pairs were assessed using TargetScan and microT-CDS. We identified 637 significant negative correlations (false discovery rate <0.05). Results: Network analysis revealed a cluster of 12 miRNAs representing the majority of mRNA targets. Within the cluster, five miRNAs (miR-495-3p, miR-185-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-409-3p, and miR-127-3p) were posited to play a pivotal role in the regulation of CN-AML, as they are associated with the negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation, negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation, and positive regulation of hematopoiesis. Conclusion: Three novel interactions in CN-AML were predicted as let-7i-5p:HOXA9, miR-495-3p:PIK3R1, and miR-495-3p:CDK6 may be responsible for regulating myeloid cell differentiation in CN-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezalia Esa
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Zubaidah Zakaria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alifah Nadia Abu Hassan
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuslina Mat Yusoff
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Rizan Kamaluddin
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zuhairi Abdul Rahman
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Meng Chang
- Hospital Ampang, Jalan Mewah Utara, Pandan Mewah, Ampang, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Mohamed
- Hospital Ampang, Jalan Mewah Utara, Pandan Mewah, Ampang, Malaysia
| | - Indhira Subbiah
- Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Bangunan Induk, Jalan Persiaran Abu Bakar Sultan, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ehram Jamian
- Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Bangunan Induk, Jalan Persiaran Abu Bakar Sultan, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Caroline Siew-Ling Ho
- Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Bangunan Induk, Jalan Persiaran Abu Bakar Sultan, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Min Lim
- Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Bangunan Induk, Jalan Persiaran Abu Bakar Sultan, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Peng-Choon Lau
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuh-Fen Pung
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Mohd Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Porazzi P, De Dominici M, Salvino J, Calabretta B. Targeting the CDK6 Dependence of Ph+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091355. [PMID: 34573335 PMCID: PMC8467343 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ph+ ALL is a poor-prognosis leukemia subtype driven by the BCR-ABL1 oncogene, either the p190- or the p210-BCR/ABL isoform in a 70:30 ratio. Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the drugs of choice in the therapy of Ph+ ALL. In combination with standard chemotherapy, TKIs have markedly improved the outcome of Ph+ ALL, in particular if this treatment is followed by bone marrow transplantation. However, resistance to TKIs develops with high frequency, causing leukemia relapse that results in <5-year overall survival. Thus, new therapies are needed to address relapsed/TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. We have shown that expression of cell cycle regulatory kinase CDK6, but not of the highly related CDK4 kinase, is required for the proliferation and survival of Ph+ ALL cells. Comparison of leukemia suppression induced by treatment with the clinically-approved dual CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib versus CDK6 silencing revealed that the latter treatment was markedly more effective, probably reflecting inhibition of CDK6 kinase-independent effects. Thus, we developed CDK4/6-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that preferentially degrade CDK6 over CDK4. One compound termed PROTAC YX-2-107, which degrades CDK6 by recruiting the Cereblon ubiquitin ligase, markedly suppressed leukemia burden in mice injected with de novo or TKI-resistant Ph+ ALL. The effect of PROTAC YX-2-107 was comparable or superior to that of palbociclib. The development of CDK6-selective PROTACs represents an effective strategy to exploit the “CDK6 dependence” of Ph+ ALL cells while sparing a high proportion of normal hematopoietic progenitors that depend on both CDK6 and CDK6 for their survival. In combination with other agents, CDK6-selective PROTACs may be valuable components of chemotherapy-free protocols for the therapy of Ph+ ALL and other CDK6-dependent hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco De Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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26
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Ge X, Frank-Bertoncelj M, Klein K, McGovern A, Kuret T, Houtman M, Burja B, Micheroli R, Shi C, Marks M, Filer A, Buckley CD, Orozco G, Distler O, Morris AP, Martin P, Eyre S, Ospelt C. Functional genomics atlas of synovial fibroblasts defining rheumatoid arthritis heritability. Genome Biol 2021; 22:247. [PMID: 34433485 PMCID: PMC8385949 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have reported more than 100 risk loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These loci are shown to be enriched in immune cell-specific enhancers, but the analysis so far has excluded stromal cells, such as synovial fibroblasts (FLS), despite their crucial involvement in the pathogenesis of RA. Here we integrate DNA architecture, 3D chromatin interactions, DNA accessibility, and gene expression in FLS, B cells, and T cells with genetic fine mapping of RA loci. RESULTS We identify putative causal variants, enhancers, genes, and cell types for 30-60% of RA loci and demonstrate that FLS account for up to 24% of RA heritability. TNF stimulation of FLS alters the organization of topologically associating domains, chromatin state, and the expression of putative causal genes such as TNFAIP3 and IFNAR1. Several putative causal genes constitute RA-relevant functional networks in FLS with roles in cellular proliferation and activation. Finally, we demonstrate that risk variants can have joint-specific effects on target gene expression in RA FLS, which may contribute to the development of the characteristic pattern of joint involvement in RA. CONCLUSION Overall, our research provides the first direct evidence for a causal role of FLS in the genetic susceptibility for RA accounting for up to a quarter of RA heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ge
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Klein
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amanda McGovern
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tadeja Kuret
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miranda Houtman
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Blaž Burja
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Raphael Micheroli
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chenfu Shi
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Andrew Filer
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gisela Orozco
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Eyre
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Korinfskaya S, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, Barski A. Runx Transcription Factors in T Cells-What Is Beyond Thymic Development? Front Immunol 2021; 12:701924. [PMID: 34421907 PMCID: PMC8377396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx proteins (also known as Runt-domain transcription factors) have been studied for a long time as key regulators of cellular differentiation. RUNX2 has been described as essential for osteogenesis, whereas RUNX1 and RUNX3 are known to control blood cell development during different stages of cell lineage specification. However, recent studies show evidence of complex relationships between RUNX proteins, chromatin-modifying machinery, the cytoskeleton and different transcription factors in various non-embryonic contexts, including mature T cell homeostasis, inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the diversity of Runx functions in mature T helper cells, such as production of cytokines and chemokines by different CD4 T cell populations; apoptosis; and immunologic memory acquisition. We then briefly cover recent findings about the contribution of RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3 to various immunologic diseases. Finally, we discuss areas that require further study to better understand the role that Runx proteins play in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Korinfskaya
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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28
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Wang L, Shao X, Zhong T, Wu Y, Xu A, Sun X, Gao H, Liu Y, Lan T, Tong Y, Tao X, Du W, Wang W, Chen Y, Li T, Meng X, Deng H, Yang B, He Q, Ying M, Rao Y. Discovery of a first-in-class CDK2 selective degrader for AML differentiation therapy. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:567-575. [PMID: 33664520 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of effective therapeutic treatments for cancer via cell differentiation instead of antiproliferation remains a great challenge. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inactivation, which overcomes the differentiation arrest of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, may be a promising method for AML treatment. However, there is no available selective CDK2 inhibitor. More importantly, the inhibition of only the enzymatic function of CDK2 would be insufficient to promote notable AML differentiation. To further validate the role and druggability of CDK2 involved in AML differentiation, a suitable chemical tool is needed. Therefore, we developed first-in-class CDK2-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which promoted rapid and potent CDK2 degradation in different cell lines without comparable degradation of other targets, and induced remarkable differentiation of AML cell lines and primary patient cells. These data clearly demonstrated the practicality and importance of PROTACs as alternative tools for verifying CDK2 protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Shao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianbai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aixiao Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlong Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Department of Research, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Du
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingqian Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- National Center for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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29
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Johnson C, Belluschi S, Laurenti E. Beyond “to divide or not to divide”: Kinetics matters in hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2020; 92:1-10.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Scheiblecker L, Kollmann K, Sexl V. CDK4/6 and MAPK-Crosstalk as Opportunity for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E418. [PMID: 33255177 PMCID: PMC7760252 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of targeted therapies and novel inhibitors, cancer remains an undefeated disease. Resistance mechanisms arise quickly and alternative treatment options are urgently required, which may be partially met by drug combinations. Protein kinases as signaling switchboards are frequently deregulated in cancer and signify vulnerable nodes and potential therapeutic targets. We here focus on the cell cycle kinase CDK6 and on the MAPK pathway and on their interplay. We also provide an overview on clinical studies examining the effects of combinational treatments currently explored for several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (L.S.); (K.K.)
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31
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Maurer B, Brandstoetter T, Kollmann S, Sexl V, Prchal-Murphy M. Inducible deletion of CDK4 and CDK6 - deciphering CDK4/6 inhibitor effects in the hematopoietic system. Haematologica 2020; 106:2624-2632. [PMID: 32855282 PMCID: PMC8485667 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.256313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are considered a breakthrough in cancer therapy. Currently approved for breast cancer treatment, CDK4/6 inhibitors are extensively tested in other cancer subtypes. Frequently observed side effects include hematological abnormalities such as reduced numbers of neutrophils, erythroid cells and platelets that are associated with anemia, bleedings and a higher risk of infections. To understand whether the adverse effects within the hematopoietic system are related to CDK4 or CDK6 we generated transgenic mice that lack either CDK4 or CDK6 in adult hematopoiesis. Anemia and perturbed erythroid differentiation are associated with the absence of CDK6 but did not manifest in CDK4-deficient mice. Total CDK6 knockout mice accumulate the most dormant fraction of hematopoietic stem cells due to an impaired exit of the quiescent state. We recapitulated this finding by deleting CDK6 in adult hematopoiesis. In addition, unlike total CDK6 knockout, all stem cell fractions were affected and increased in numbers. The deletion of CDK6 was also accompanied by neutropenia which is frequently seen in patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors. This was not the case in the absence of CDK4; CDK4 deficiency resulted in elevated numbers of myeloid progenitors without translating into numeric changes of differentiated myeloid cells. By using Cdk4 fl/fl and Cdk6 fl/fl mice we assign side effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors predominantly to the absence of CDK6. These mice represent a novel and powerful tool that will enable to study the distinct functions of CDK4 and CDK6 in a tissue-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maurer
- Insititute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tania Brandstoetter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Canu G, Athanasiadis E, Grandy RA, Garcia-Bernardo J, Strzelecka PM, Vallier L, Ortmann D, Cvejic A. Analysis of endothelial-to-haematopoietic transition at the single cell level identifies cell cycle regulation as a driver of differentiation. Genome Biol 2020; 21:157. [PMID: 32611441 PMCID: PMC7329542 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first arise during development in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of the embryo from a population of haemogenic endothelial cells which undergo endothelial-to-haematopoietic transition (EHT). Despite the progress achieved in recent years, the molecular mechanisms driving EHT are still poorly understood, especially in human where the AGM region is not easily accessible. RESULTS In this study, we take advantage of a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation system and single-cell transcriptomics to recapitulate EHT in vitro and uncover mechanisms by which the haemogenic endothelium generates early haematopoietic cells. We show that most of the endothelial cells reside in a quiescent state and progress to the haematopoietic fate within a defined time window, within which they need to re-enter into the cell cycle. If cell cycle is blocked, haemogenic endothelial cells lose their EHT potential and adopt a non-haemogenic identity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CDK4/6 and CDK1 play a key role not only in the transition but also in allowing haematopoietic progenitors to establish their full differentiation potential. CONCLUSION We propose a direct link between the molecular machineries that control cell cycle progression and EHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Canu
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanouil Athanasiadis
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Grandy
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paulina M Strzelecka
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ana Cvejic
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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De Dominici M, Porazzi P, Xiao Y, Chao A, Tang HY, Kumar G, Fortina P, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A, Peterson LF, Petruk S, Barletta C, Mazo A, Cingolani G, Salvino JM, Calabretta B. Selective inhibition of Ph-positive ALL cell growth through kinase-dependent and -independent effects by CDK6-specific PROTACs. Blood 2020; 135:1560-1573. [PMID: 32040545 PMCID: PMC7193186 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cell cycle regulatory gene CDK6 is required for Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell growth, whereas expression of the closely related CDK4 protein is dispensable. Moreover, CDK6 silencing is more effective than treatment with the dual CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in suppressing Ph+ ALL in mice, suggesting that the growth-promoting effects of CDK6 are, in part, kinase-independent in Ph+ ALL. Accordingly, we developed CDK4/6-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that inhibit CDK6 enzymatic activity in vitro, promote the rapid and preferential degradation of CDK6 over CDK4 in Ph+ ALL cells, and markedly suppress S-phase cells concomitant with inhibition of CDK6-regulated phospho-RB and FOXM1 expression. No such effects were observed in CD34+ normal hematopoietic progenitors, although CDK6 was efficiently degraded. Treatment with the CDK6-degrading PROTAC YX-2-107 markedly suppressed leukemia burden in mice injected with de novo or tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant primary Ph+ ALL cells, and this effect was comparable or superior to that of the CDK4/6 enzymatic inhibitor palbociclib. These studies provide "proof of principle" that targeting CDK6 with PROTACs that inhibit its enzymatic activity and promote its degradation represents an effective strategy to exploit the "CDK6 dependence" of Ph+ ALL and, perhaps, of other hematologic malignancies. Moreover, they suggest that treatment of Ph+ ALL with CDK6-selective PROTACs would spare a high proportion of normal hematopoietic progenitors, preventing the neutropenia induced by treatment with dual CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Dominici
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università Statale Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luke F Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | - Svetlana Petruk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Camilla Barletta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Mazo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Matsumoto N, Tanaka S, Horiike T, Shinmyo Y, Kawasaki H. A discrete subtype of neural progenitor crucial for cortical folding in the gyrencephalic mammalian brain. eLife 2020; 9:54873. [PMID: 32312384 PMCID: PMC7173966 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the diversity of neural progenitor subtypes and folding of the cerebral cortex are characteristic features which appeared during the evolution of the mammalian brain. Here, we show that the expansion of a specific subtype of neural progenitor is crucial for cortical folding. We found that outer radial glial (oRG) cells can be subdivided by HOPX expression in the gyrencephalic cerebral cortex of ferrets. Compared with HOPX-negative oRG cells, HOPX-positive oRG cells had high self-renewal activity and were accumulated in prospective gyral regions. Using our in vivo genetic manipulation technique for ferrets, we found that the number of HOPX-positive oRG cells and their self-renewal activity were regulated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Importantly, suppressing Shh signaling reduced HOPX-positive oRG cells and cortical folding, while enhancing it had opposing effects. Our results reveal a novel subtype of neural progenitor important for cortical folding in gyrencephalic mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Medical Research Training Program, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshihide Horiike
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinmyo
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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35
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Wu C, Yang P, Liu B, Tang Y. Is there a CDKN2A-centric network in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2551-2562. [PMID: 32273725 PMCID: PMC7108878 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s232464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate and its incidence has risen rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer remain challenging. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, but, currently, no sufficiently effective modalities for its treatment exist. The early diagnosis rate of pancreatic cancer is low and most patients have reached an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. PDAC evolves from precancerous lesions and is highly aggressive and metastatic. It is essential to understand how the disease progresses and metastasizes. CDKN2A mutations are very common in PDAC. Therefore, here, we have performed a literature review and discuss the role of CDKN2A and some related genes in the development of PDAC, as well as the basis of gene targeting with a correlation coefficient of CDKN2A above 0.9 on the STRING website. It is noteworthy that the interaction of CDKN2A with each gene has been reported in the literature. The role of these genes and CDKN2A in PDAC may provide new directions that will advance the current knowledge base and treatment options since cancer progression is realized through interactions among cells. Our findings provide new insights into the treatment of PADC that can, to some extent, improve the diagnosis rate and quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Medical College of Hengyang, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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Caron N, Genin EC, Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Beukelaers P, Morel L, Hu MG, Hinds PW, Nguyen L, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Proliferation of hippocampal progenitors relies on p27-dependent regulation of Cdk6 kinase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3817-3827. [PMID: 29728713 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells give rise to granule dentate neurons throughout life in the hippocampus. Upon activation, these stem cells generate fast proliferating progenitors that complete several rounds of divisions before differentiating into neurons. Although the mechanisms regulating the activation of stem cells have been intensively studied, little attention has been given so far to the intrinsic machinery allowing the expansion of the progenitor pool. The cell cycle protein Cdk6 positively regulates the proliferation of hippocampal progenitors, but the mechanism involved remains elusive. Whereas Cdk6 functions primarily as a cell cycle kinase, it can also act as transcriptional regulator in cancer cells and hematopoietic stem cells. Using mouse genetics, we show here that the function of Cdk6 in hippocampal neurogenesis relies specifically on its kinase activity. The present study also reveals a specific regulatory mechanism for Cdk6 in hippocampal progenitors. In contrast to the classical model of the cell cycle, we observe that the Cip/Kip family member p27, rather than the Ink4 family, negatively regulates Cdk6 in the adult hippocampus. Altogether, our data uncover a unique, cell type-specific regulatory mechanism controlling the expansion of hippocampal progenitors, where Cdk6 kinase activity is modulated by p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Caron
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle C Genin
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Quentin Marlier
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Beukelaers
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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37
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Hou X, Zhang Y, Li W, Hu AJ, Luo C, Zhou W, Hu JK, Daniele SG, Wang J, Sheng J, Fan Y, Greenberg AS, Farmer SR, Hu MG. CDK6 inhibits white to beige fat transition by suppressing RUNX1. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29523786 PMCID: PMC5845007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas white adipose tissue depots contribute to the development of metabolic diseases, brown and beige adipose tissue has beneficial metabolic effects. Here we show that CDK6 regulates beige adipocyte formation. We demonstrate that mice lacking the CDK6 protein or its kinase domain (K43M) exhibit significant increases beige cell formation, enhanced energy expenditure, better glucose tolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity, and are more resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Re-expression of CDK6 in Cdk6−/− mature or precursor cells, or ablation of RUNX1 in K43M mature or precursor cells, reverses these phenotypes. Furthermore, RUNX1 positively regulates the expression of Ucp-1 and Pgc1α by binding to proximal promoter regions. Our findings indicate that CDK6 kinase activity negatively regulates the conversion of fat-storing cells into fat-burning cells by suppressing RUNX1, and suggest that CDK6 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Beige adipocytes can arise from transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here the authors identify CDK6 as a key molecule involved in the white-to-beige adipocyte transdifferentiation and, therefore, as a regulator of organismal energy homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Center for Analysis and Testing, 548 Bin-Wen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhao Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Alexander J Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jamie K Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, MD program for Jamie K. Hu, MD-PhD Program for Stefano G. Daniele, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Stefano G Daniele
- Yale School of Medicine, MD program for Jamie K. Hu, MD-PhD Program for Stefano G. Daniele, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, 27 jiefang road, Linyi, Shandong Province, 276003, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Center for Analysis and Testing, 548 Bin-Wen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, P. R. China
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Stephen R Farmer
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 72E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Heidari N, Abroun S, Bertacchini J, Vosoughi T, Rahim F, Saki N. Significance of Inactivated Genes in Leukemia: Pathogenesis and Prognosis. Cell J 2017; 19:9-26. [PMID: 28580304 PMCID: PMC5448318 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic and genetic alterations are two mechanisms participating in leukemia, which can inactivate genes involved in leukemia pathogenesis or progression. The purpose of this review was to introduce various inactivated genes and evaluate their possible role in leukemia pathogenesis and prognosis. By searching the mesh words "Gene, Silencing AND Leukemia" in PubMed website, relevant English articles dealt with human subjects as of 2000 were included in this study. Gene inactivation in leukemia is largely mediated by promoter's hypermethylation of gene involving in cellular functions such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and gene transcription. Inactivated genes, such as ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 and P15, may correlate with poor prognosis in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively. Gene inactivation may play a considerable role in leukemia pathogenesis and prognosis, which can be considered as complementary diagnostic tests to differentiate different leukemia types, determine leukemia prognosis, and also detect response to therapy. In general, this review showed some genes inactivated only in leukemia (with differences between B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML and CML). These differences could be of interest as an additional tool to better categorize leukemia types. Furthermore; based on inactivated genes, a diverse classification of Leukemias could represent a powerful method to address a targeted therapy of the patients, in order to minimize side effects of conventional therapies and to enhance new drug strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Heidari
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Signal Transduction Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tina Vosoughi
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kim SJ, Ka S, Ha JW, Kim J, Yoo D, Kim K, Lee HK, Lim D, Cho S, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Kemp S, Oh SJ, Kim H. Cattle genome-wide analysis reveals genetic signatures in trypanotolerant N'Dama. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:371. [PMID: 28499406 PMCID: PMC5427609 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous cattle in Africa have adapted to various local environments to acquire superior phenotypes that enhance their survival under harsh conditions. While many studies investigated the adaptation of overall African cattle, genetic characteristics of each breed have been poorly studied. RESULTS We performed the comparative genome-wide analysis to assess evidence for subspeciation within species at the genetic level in trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle. We analysed genetic variation patterns in N'Dama from the genomes of 101 cattle breeds including 48 samples of five indigenous African cattle breeds and 53 samples of various commercial breeds. Analysis of SNP variances between cattle breeds using wMI, XP-CLR, and XP-EHH detected genes containing N'Dama-specific genetic variants and their potential associations. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes are associated with ossification, neurological and immune system. Particularly, the genes involved in bone formation indicate that local adaptation of N'Dama may engage in skeletal growth as well as immune systems. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that N'Dama might have acquired distinct genotypes associated with growth and regulation of regional diseases including trypanosomiasis. Moreover, this study offers significant insights into identifying genetic signatures for natural and artificial selection of diverse African cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Ka
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Ha
- Clova, NAVER Corp., Seongnam, 13561, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 66414, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Di Giovanni C, Novellino E, Chilin A, Lavecchia A, Marzaro G. Investigational drugs targeting cyclin-dependent kinases for the treatment of cancer: an update on recent findings (2013-2016). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 25:1215-30. [PMID: 27606939 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1234603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell cycle and gene transcription are under the control of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activity depends on the binding with cyclins. Deregulated CDK activities have been reported in a majority of human cancers, representing potential therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides preclinical and clinical (phase I/II) updates of promising therapeutic compounds targeting CDKs published between 2013 and 2016 EXPERT OPINION: First generation pan-CDK inhibitors showed marked toxicity in clinical trials and most compounds were discontinued. Despite their failure was ascribed also to inadequate patient selection rules, novel pan-CDK inhibitors have entered clinical trials with still poorly defined selection strategies. The most interesting results have been obtained with dual CDK4/6 inhibitors and through a more accurate evaluation of predictive biomarkers, suggesting the usefulness of CDK inhibitors for personalized treatment. The increased knowledge on the roles of CDKs in cell cycle and gene transcription suggests to review also the anticancer potential of first generation CDK inhibitors by defining more appropriate rules for patients engagement. Recent findings has highlighted CDK8 as a novel target for cancer treatment. Indeed some biomarkers for CDK8 inhibition sensitivity have already been proposed. CDK8 inhibition is also supposed to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Di Giovanni
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Adriana Chilin
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Uras IZ, Scheicher RM, Kollmann K, Glösmann M, Prchal-Murphy M, Tigan AS, Fux DA, Altamura S, Neves J, Muckenthaler MU, Bennett KL, Kubicek S, Hinds PW, von Lindern M, Sexl V. Cdk6 contributes to cytoskeletal stability in erythroid cells. Haematologica 2017; 102:995-1005. [PMID: 28255017 PMCID: PMC5451331 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.159947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking Cdk6 kinase activity suffer from mild anemia accompanied by elevated numbers of Ter119+ cells in the bone marrow. The animals show hardly any alterations in erythroid development, indicating that Cdk6 is not required for proliferation and maturation of erythroid cells. There is also no difference in stress erythropoiesis following hemolysis in vivo. However, Cdk6−/− erythrocytes have a shortened lifespan and are more sensitive to mechanical stress in vitro, suggesting differences in cytoskeletal architecture. Erythroblasts contain both Cdk4 and Cdk6, while mature erythrocytes apparently lack Cdk4 and their Cdk6 is partly associated with the cytoskeleton. We used mass spectrometry to show that Cdk6 interacts with a number of proteins involved in cytoskeleton organization. Cdk6−/− erythroblasts show impaired F-actin formation and lower levels of gelsolin, which interacts with Cdk6. We also found that Cdk6 regulates the transcription of a panel of genes involved in actin (de-)polymerization. Cdk6-deficient cells are sensitive to drugs that interfere with the cytoskeleton, suggesting that our findings are relevant to the treatment of patients with anemia – and may be relevant to cancer patients treated with the new generation of CDK6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Z Uras
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth M Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca S Tigan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela A Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joana Neves
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Tufts Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Wang P, Chen S, Fang H, Wu X, Chen D, Peng L, Gao Z, Xie C. miR-214/199a/199a* cluster levels predict poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma through interference with cell-cycle regulators. Oncotarget 2016; 7:929-45. [PMID: 26498144 PMCID: PMC4808043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify the clinical and functional association of miR-214/199a/199a* cluster in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to clarify the mechanism of miR-214. METHODS Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to determine the association of miR-214/199a/199a* cluster levels with the survival of HCC patients. The role of miR-214 in regulating HCC cell proliferation was studied with miR-214 mimics/inhibitor-treated cells. Furthermore, the inhibition effect of miR-214 on E2F2, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 3 and CDK6 expression was assessed in HCC cell lines with miR-214 mimics/inhibitors to increase/decrease miR-214 expression. Direct binding of miR-214 to the 3'-untranslated regions of E2F2, CDK3, and CDK6 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In analyzing HCC clinical specimens and cell lines, we discovered a uniform decrease in miR-214/199a/199a* expression in comparison with noncancerous tissue or normal liver epithelial cell lines. Higher miR-214 levels were related with improved patient survival. Overexpression of miR-214 in HCC cells inhibited proliferation by inducing G1-S checkpoint arrest. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated silencing of miR-214 promoted cell-cycle progression and accelerated the proliferation of HCC cells. E2F2, CDK3 and CDK6 were each directly targeted for inhibition by miR-214, and restoring their expression reversed miR-214 inhibition of cell-cycle progression. The relationship between expression of miR-214 and its targets was confirmed in HCC tumor xenografts and clinical specimens. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that miR-214 has tumor-suppressive activity in HCC through inhibition of E2F2, CDK3 and CDK6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital/The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - He Fang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dabiao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chan Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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43
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Luo MC, Zhou SY, Feng DY, Xiao J, Li WY, Xu CD, Wang HY, Zhou T. Runt-related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1) Binds to p50 in Macrophages and Enhances TLR4-triggered Inflammation and Septic Shock. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22011-22020. [PMID: 27573239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate inflammatory response plays critical roles in eliminating pathogens, whereas an excessive inflammatory response can cause tissue damage. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), a master regulator of hematopoiesis, plays critical roles in T cells; however, its roles in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation in macrophages are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that upon TLR4 ligand stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages reduced the expression levels of RUNX1 Silencing of Runx1 attenuated the LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-6 production levels, but the TNF-α levels were not affected. Overexpression of RUNX1 promoted IL-1β and IL-6 production in response to LPS stimulation. Moreover, RUNX1 interacted with the NF-κB subunit p50, and coexpression of RUNX1 with p50 further enhanced the NF-κB luciferase activity. Importantly, treatment with the RUNX1 inhibitor, Ro 5-3335, protected mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock and substantially reduced the IL-6 levels. These findings suggest that RUNX1 may be a new potential target for resolving TLR4-associated uncontrolled inflammation and preventing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Cai Luo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Dan-Ying Feng
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Jun Xiao
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei-Yun Li
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Di Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
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44
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) plays a vital role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. More recently, CDK6 has also been shown to have a transcriptional role in tumor angiogenesis. Up-regulated CDK6 activity is associated with the development of several types of cancers. While CDK6 is over-expressed in cancer cells, it has a low detectable level in non-cancerous cells and CDK6-null mice develop normally, suggesting a specific oncogenic role of CDK6, and that its inhibition may represent an ideal mechanism-based and low toxic therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Identification of selective small molecule inhibitors of CDK6 is thus needed for drug development. Herein, we review the latest understandings of the biological regulation and oncogenic roles of CDK6. The potential clinical relevance of CDK6 inhibition, the progress in the development of small-molecule CDK6 inhibitors and the rational design of potential selective CDK6 inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Bich Thuy Le
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
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45
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Xiao H, Zeng J, Li H, Chen K, Yu G, Hu J, Tang K, Zhou H, Huang Q, Li A, Li Y, Ye Z, Wang J, Xu H. MiR-1 downregulation correlates with poor survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma where it interferes with cell cycle regulation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13201-15. [PMID: 26036633 PMCID: PMC4537008 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) that are strongly implicated in carcinogenesis have recently reshaped our understanding of the role of noncoding RNAs. Here, we focused on the function and molecular mechanism of miR-1 and its potential clinical application in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). First, miR-1 was significantly downregulated in 87.8% renal cancer samples compared with corresponding noncancerous tissues (NCT), which was significantly associated with clinical stage, T classification and poor overall survival. Functional study demonstrated that enforced overexpression of miR-1 in renal cancer cells inhibited proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, miR-1 inhibitor silencing miR-1 expression promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in ccRCC. CDK4, CDK6, Caprin1 and Slug were each directly targeted for inhibition by miR-1 and restoring their expression reversed miR-1-mediated inhibition of cell cycle progression and metastasis. Taken together, our findings established a tumor suppressive role for miR-1 in the progression of ccRCC by targeting CDK4, CDK6, Caprin1 and Slug and suggested miR-1 can be served as a novel potential therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gan Yu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhui Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Anping Li
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Cell Death and Cancer Genetics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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46
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Abstract
The roles of cyclins and their catalytic partners, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), as core components of the machinery that drives cell cycle progression are well established. Increasing evidence indicates that mammalian cyclins and CDKs also carry out important functions in other cellular processes, such as transcription, DNA damage repair, control of cell death, differentiation, the immune response and metabolism. Some of these non-canonical functions are performed by cyclins or CDKs, independently of their respective cell cycle partners, suggesting that there was a substantial divergence in the functions of these proteins during evolution.
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47
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Węsierska-Gądek J, Mauritz M. Why (multi)targeting of cyclin-dependent kinases is a promising therapeutic option for hormone-positive breast cancer and beyond. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:55-72. [PMID: 26692095 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, via induction of their specific receptors (e.g., ER-α), regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis in mammary epithelium. Cell-cycle progression is driven by activation of complexes consisting of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, which also modulate the activity of ER-α. Loss of control over the cell-cycle results in accelerated cell division and malignant transformation. Thus, a reciprocal relation exists between estrogen signaling and cell proliferation. Based on these findings, a new concept was developed to reduce ER-α activity and bring the cell cycle in transformed cells to heel. Prevention of ER-α activation and control over the deregulated cell cycle was achieved by supplementation with pharmacological CDK inhibitors alone or in combination with selective antiestrogens.
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48
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Tigan AS, Bellutti F, Kollmann K, Tebb G, Sexl V. CDK6-a review of the past and a glimpse into the future: from cell-cycle control to transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 2016; 35:3083-91. [PMID: 26500059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The G1 cell-cycle kinase CDK6 has long been thought of as a redundant homolog of CDK4. Although the two kinases have very similar roles in cell-cycle progression, it has recently become apparent that they differ in tissue-specific functions and contribute differently to tumor development. CDK6 is directly involved in transcription in tumor cells and in hematopoietic stem cells. These functions point to a role of CDK6 in tissue homeostasis and differentiation that is partially independent of CDK6's kinase activity and is not shared with CDK4. We review the literature on the contribution of CDK6 to transcription in an attempt to link the new findings on CDK6's transcriptional activity to cell-cycle progression. Finally, we note that anticancer therapies based on the inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity fail to take into account its kinase-independent role in tumor development.
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49
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Grebien F, Vedadi M, Getlik M, Giambruno R, Grover A, Avellino R, Skucha A, Vittori S, Kuznetsova E, Smil D, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Li F, Poda G, Schapira M, Wu H, Dong A, Senisterra G, Stukalov A, Huber KVM, Schönegger A, Marcellus R, Bilban M, Bock C, Brown PJ, Zuber J, Bennett KL, Al-Awar R, Delwel R, Nerlov C, Arrowsmith CH, Superti-Furga G. Pharmacological targeting of the Wdr5-MLL interaction in C/EBPα N-terminal leukemia. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:571-578. [PMID: 26167872 PMCID: PMC4511833 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The CEBPA gene is mutated in 9% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Selective expression of a short (30-kDa) CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) translational isoform, termed p30, represents the most common type of CEBPA mutation in AML. The molecular mechanisms underlying p30-mediated transformation remain incompletely understood. We show that C/EBPα p30, but not the normal p42 isoform, preferentially interacts with Wdr5, a key component of SET/MLL (SET-domain/mixed-lineage leukemia) histone-methyltransferase complexes. Accordingly, p30-bound genomic regions were enriched for MLL-dependent H3K4me3 marks. The p30-dependent increase in self-renewal and inhibition of myeloid differentiation required Wdr5, as downregulation of the latter inhibited proliferation and restored differentiation in p30-dependent AML models. OICR-9429 is a new small-molecule antagonist of the Wdr5-MLL interaction. This compound selectively inhibited proliferation and induced differentiation in p30-expressing human AML cells. Our data reveal the mechanism of p30-dependent transformation and establish the essential p30 cofactor Wdr5 as a therapeutic target in CEBPA-mutant AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grebien
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthäus Getlik
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Roberto Giambruno
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Amit Grover
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Avellino
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Skucha
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sarah Vittori
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Kuznetsova
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David Smil
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gennadiy Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Guillermo Senisterra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Kilian V M Huber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Andreas Schönegger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Core Facility Genomics, Core Facilities, Medical University Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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50
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Abstract
Recent studies have significantly improved our understanding of the role microRNAs (miRNAs) play in regulating normal hematopoiesis. miRNAs are critical for maintaining hematopoietic stem cell function and the development of mature progeny. Thus, perhaps it is not surprising that miRNAs serve as oncogenes and tumor suppressors in hematologic malignancies arising from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, such as the myeloid disorders. A number of studies have extensively documented the widespread dysregulation of miRNA expression in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), inspiring numerous explorations of the functional role of miRNAs in myeloid leukemogenesis. While these investigations have confirmed that a large number of miRNAs exhibit altered expression in AML, only a small fraction has been confirmed as functional mediators of AML development or maintenance. Herein, we summarize the miRNAs for which strong experimental evidence supports their functional roles in AML pathogenesis. We also discuss the implications of these studies on the development of miRNA-directed therapies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khalaj
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University NY, USA ; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY, USA
| | - Montreh Tavakkoli
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY, USA
| | - Alec W Stranahan
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University NY, USA ; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY, USA
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University NY, USA ; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY, USA ; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY, USA
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