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Herman S, Lipiński P, Starzyński R, Bednarz A, Grzmil P, Lenartowicz M. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Copper Homeostasis in Mammals. Folia Biol (Praha) 2022. [DOI: 10.3409/fb_70-4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary for the growth and development of all living organisms, and is the third most abundant trace metal in the body after iron and zinc. Copper is essential for maintaining the life processes in all living cells, because several copper-dependent enzymes
play an important role in key physiological processes like cellular respiration, oxygen radical scavenging, the transport of iron and neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining copper homeostasis implies maintaining the constancy of copper levels in the cells and fluids throughout the body, in
order to support the enzymes and other factors that underlie normal life processes. Therefore, living organisms have developed complex mechanisms for maintaining their physiological copper level, because an excess copper level can be toxic for the cells. In the cell, copper homeostasis is
controlled by a network of copper-binding proteins and transporters. Furthermore, copper uptake is mediated by the membrane transporter CTR1 and CTR2 proteins. In the cytoplasm, it is bound to a unique group of metallochaperones (ATOX1, CCS COX17) and transported to different cell compartments,
where it is linked to the recipient proteins. The Cu-transporting ATPases (ATP7A and ATP7B) are responsible for transferring copper into the Golgi apparatus, where the copper is added to the active sites of enzymes, and it is also directed onto the path of excess cellular copper removal to
prevent the occurrence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Jastrzêbiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Jastrzêbiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Haberkiewicz O, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR, Jończy A, Kurowska P, Ogórek M, Bednarz A, Herman S, Hatala D, Grzmil P, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Lenartowicz M. Decreased Expression of the Slc31a1 Gene and Cytoplasmic Relocalization of Membrane CTR1 Protein in Renal Epithelial Cells: A Potent Protective Mechanism against Copper Nephrotoxicity in a Mouse Model of Menkes Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11441. [PMID: 36232742 PMCID: PMC9570402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys play an especial role in copper redistribution in the organism. The epithelial cells of proximal tubules perform the functions of both copper uptake from the primary urine and release to the blood. These cells are equipped on their apical and basal membrane with copper transporters CTR1 and ATP7A. Mosaic mutant mice displaying a functional dysfunction of ATP7A are an established model of Menkes disease. These mice exhibit systemic copper deficiency despite renal copper overload, enhanced by copper therapy, which is indispensable for their life span extension. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of Slc31a1 and Slc31a2 genes (encoding CTR1/CTR2 proteins) and the cellular localization of the CTR1 protein in suckling, young and adult mosaic mutants. Our results indicate that in the kidney of both intact and copper-injected 14-day-old mutants showing high renal copper content, CTR1 mRNA level is not up-regulated compared to wild-type mice given a copper injection. The expression of the Slc31a1 gene in 45-day-old mice is even reduced compared with intact wild-type animals. In suckling and young copper-injected mutants, the CTR1 protein is relocalized from the apical membrane to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of proximal tubules, the process which prevents copper transport from the primary urine and, thus, protects cells against copper toxicity.
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Lorenzo-Gutiérrez D, Gómez-Gil L, Guarro J, Roncero MIG, Capilla J, López-Fernández L. Cu transporter protein CrpF protects against Cu-induced toxicity in Fusarium oxysporum. Virulence 2021; 11:1108-1121. [PMID: 32862758 PMCID: PMC7549990 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu is an essential trace element for cell growth and proliferation. However, excess of Cu accumulation leads to cellular toxicity. Thus, precise and tight regulation of Cu homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is required. Moreover, the maintenance of Cu homeostasis is critical for the survival and virulence of fungal pathogens. Cu homeostasis has been extensively studied in mammals, bacteria, and yeast, but it has not yet been well documented in filamentous fungi. In the present work, we investigated Cu tolerance in the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum by analysing the Cu transporter coding gene crpF, previously studied in Aspergillus fumigatus. The expression studies demonstrated that crpF is upregulated in the presence of Cu and its deletion leads to severe sensitivity to low levels of CuSO4 in F. oxysporum. Targeted deletion of crpF did not significantly alter the resistance of the fungus to macrophage killing, nor its pathogenic behaviour on the tomato plants. However, the targeted deletion mutant ΔcrpF showed increased virulence in a murine model of systemic infection compared to wild-type strain (wt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Lorenzo-Gutiérrez
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - Lucía Gómez-Gil
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias and Campus De Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Cordoba , Cordoba, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - M Isabel G Roncero
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias and Campus De Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Cordoba , Cordoba, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
| | - Loida López-Fernández
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
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Kamińska A, Romano GL, Rejdak R, Zweifel S, Fiedorowicz M, Rejdak M, Bajka A, Amato R, Bucolo C, Avitabile T, Drago F, Toro MD. Influence of Trace Elements on Neurodegenerative Diseases of The Eye-The Glaucoma Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4323. [PMID: 33919241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of chronic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a relatively selective, progressive damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, which leads to axon loss and visual field alterations. To date, many studies have shown the role of various elements, mainly metals, in maintaining the balance of prooxidative and antioxidative processes, regulation of fluid and ion flow through cell membranes of the ocular tissues. Based on the earlier and current research results, their relationship with the development and progression of glaucoma seems obvious and is increasingly appreciated. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence on the role of trace elements in the pathogenesis and prevention of glaucomatous diseases. Special attention is also paid to the genetic background associated with glaucoma-related abnormalities of physiological processes that regulate or involve the ions of elements considered as trace elements necessary for the functioning of the cells.
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Ogórek M, Herman S, Pierzchała O, Bednarz A, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Grzmil P, Starzyński RR, Szudzik M, Jończy A, Lipiński P, Lenartowicz M. Molecular machinery providing copper bioavailability for spermatozoa along the epididymial tubule in mouse. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1505-1520. [PMID: 30997485 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive functional maturation of spermatozoa is completed during the transit of these cells through the epididymis, a tubule structure connecting a testicle to a vas deferens. Epididymal epithelial cells by means of their secretory and absorptive functions determine a highly specialized luminal microenvironment containing multiple organic and inorganic components. The latter include copper ions, which due to their redox properties are indispensable for critical homeostatic processes occurring in spermatozoa floating in different part of epididymis but can be potentially toxic. Main purpose of our study was to determine epididymal region-dependent expression and localization of copper transporters ensuring a tight control of copper concentration in epididymal fluid. We also aimed at identifying proteins responsible for copper uptake by spermatozoa and verifying whether this process is coordinated with copper supply to superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a copper-dependent antioxidant enzyme. Our study identifies two ATPases-ATP7A, ATP7B and Slc31a1, major copper importers/exporters depending on their differential expression on epididymal polarized epithelial cells of the caput, corpus, and cauda. Next, ceruloplasmin seems to be a chief protein transporting copper in the epididymal fluid and providing this biometal to spermatozoa. The entry of copper to germ cells is mediated by Slc31a1 and is correlated with both expressions of copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), copper chaperone directly providing copper ions to SOD1 and with the expression and activity of the latter. Our results outline a network of cooperating copper binding proteins expressed in epididymal epithelium and in spermatozoa that orchestrate bioavailability of this microelement for gametes and protect them against copper toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - S Herman
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - O Pierzchała
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Z Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Z Baster
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - R R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - M Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - A Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - P Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - M Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Cichon I, Ortmann W, Bednarz A, Lenartowicz M, Kolaczkowska E. Reduced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation During Systemic Inflammation in Mice With Menkes Disease and Wilson Disease: Copper Requirement for NET Release. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3021. [PMID: 32010131 PMCID: PMC6974625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to pathological disorders, and their release was directly linked to numerous diseases. With intravital microscopy (IVM), we showed previously that NETs also contribute to the pathology of systemic inflammation and are strongly deposited in liver sinusoids. Over a decade since NET discovery, still not much is known about the metabolic or microenvironmental aspects of their formation. Copper is a vital trace element essential for many biological processes, albeit its excess is potentially cytotoxic; thus, copper levels are tightly controlled by factors such as copper transporting ATPases, ATP7A, and ATP7B. By employing IVM, we studied the impact of copper on NET formation during endotoxemia in liver vasculature on two mice models of copper excess or deficiency, Wilson (ATP7B mutants) and Menkes (ATP7A mutants) diseases, respectively. Here, we show that respective ATP7 mutations lead to diminished NET release during systemic inflammation despite unaltered intrinsic capacity of neutrophils to cast NETs as tested ex vivo. In Menkes disease mice, the in vivo effect is mostly due to diminished neutrophil infiltration of the liver as unmutated mice with a subchronic copper deficiency release even more NETs than their controls during endotoxemia, whereas in Wilson disease mice, excess copper directly diminishes the capacity to release NETs, and this was further confirmed by ex vivo studies on isolated neutrophils co-cultured with exogenous copper and a copper-chelating agent. Taken together, the study extends our understanding on how microenvironmental factors affect NET release by showing that copper is not a prerequisite for NET release but its excess affects the trap casting by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cichon
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Ortmann
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Wang X, Garrick MD, Collins JF. Animal Models of Normal and Disturbed Iron and Copper Metabolism. J Nutr 2019; 149:2085-2100. [PMID: 31504675 PMCID: PMC6887953 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the interplay between iron and copper metabolism in humans began to flourish in the mid-20th century, and diseases associated with dysregulated homeostasis of these essential trace minerals are common even today. Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia worldwide, leading to significant morbidity, particularly in developing countries. Iron overload is also quite common, usually being the result of genetic mutations which lead to inappropriate expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Perturbations of copper homeostasis in humans have also been described, including rare genetic conditions which lead to severe copper deficiency (Menkes disease) or copper overload (Wilson disease). Historically, the common laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) was the most frequently utilized species to model human physiology and pathophysiology. Recently, however, the development of genetic-engineering technology combined with the worldwide availability of numerous genetically homogenous (i.e., inbred) mouse strains shifted most research on iron and copper metabolism to laboratory mice. This created new opportunities to understand the function of individual genes in the context of a living animal, but thoughtful consideration of whether mice are the most appropriate models of human pathophysiology was not necessarily involved. Given this background, this review is intended to provide a guide for future research on iron- and copper-related disorders in humans. Generation of complementary experimental models in rats, swine, and other mammals is now facile given the advent of newer genetic technologies, thus providing the opportunity to accelerate the identification of pathogenic mechanisms and expedite the development of new treatments to mitigate these important human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Garrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo–The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Address correspondence to JFC (e-mail: )
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Ogórek M, Lenartowicz M, Starzyński R, Jończy A, Staroń R, Doniec A, Krzeptowski W, Bednarz A, Pierzchała O, Lipiński P, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Gibas-Tybur P, Grzmil P. Atp7a and Atp7b regulate copper homeostasis in developing male germ cells in mice. Metallomics 2018; 9:1288-1303. [PMID: 28820536 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of copper homeostasis is critical for all cells. As learned from mice with disturbed copper metabolism, this trace element is also important for spermatogenesis. The experiments conducted in yeasts have demonstrated that appropriate copper level must be preserved to enable meiosis progression; however, increased copper level is toxic for cells. This study aims to analyze the expression profile of Atp7a and Atp7b and other genes encoding copper-related proteins during spermatogenesis in mice. Using the transcripts and protein detection techniques, we demonstrate that within seminiferous tubuli, ATP7A is mainly present in early meiotic germ cells (leptotene to pachytene spermatocytes) and in Sertoli cells (SCs). During spermatogenesis, the progression Atp7a expression profile corresponds to Slc31a1 (encoding copper importer CTR1) and Atox1 (encoding chaperon protein, which delivers copper from CTR1 to ATP7A and ATP7B) expression, suggesting that male germ cells retrieve copper and ATP7A protects them from copper overdose. In contrast, ATP7B protein is observed in SCs and near elongated spermatids; thus, its function seems to be related to copper extraction during spermiogenesis. This is the first study to give a comprehensive view on the activity of copper-related genes during spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Skjørringe T, Amstrup Pedersen P, Salling Thorborg S, Nissen P, Gourdon P, Birk Møller L. Characterization of ATP7A missense mutants suggests a correlation between intracellular trafficking and severity of Menkes disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:757. [PMID: 28389643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is caused by mutations in ATP7A, encoding a copper-transporting P-type ATPase which exhibits copper-dependent trafficking. ATP7A is found in the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN) at low copper concentrations, and in the post-Golgi compartments and the plasma membrane at higher concentrations. Here we have analyzed the effect of 36 ATP7A missense mutations identified in phenotypically different MD patients. Nine mutations identified in patients with severe MD, virtually eliminated ATP7A synthesis, in most cases due to aberrant RNA splicing. A group of 21 predominantly severe mutations led to trapping of the protein in TGN and displayed essentially no activity in a yeast-based functional assay. These were predicted to inhibit the catalytic phosphorylation of the protein. Four mutants showed diffuse post-TGN localization, while two displayed copper dependent trafficking. These six variants were identified in patients with mild MD and typically displayed activity in the yeast assay. The four post-TGN located mutants were presumably affected in the catalytic dephosphorylation of the protein. Together these results indicate that the severity of MD correlate with cellular localization of ATP7A and support previous studies indicating that phosphorylation is crucial for the exit of ATP7A from TGN, while dephosphorylation is crucial for recycling back to TGN.
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Lenartowicz M, Starzyński RR, Jończy A, Staroń R, Antoniuk J, Krzeptowski W, Grzmil P, Bednarz A, Pierzchała O, Ogórek M, Rajfur Z, Baster Z, Lipiński P. Copper therapy reduces intravascular hemolysis and derepresses ferroportin in mice with mosaic mutation (Atp7a mo-ms): An implication for copper-mediated regulation of the Slc40a1 gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1410-21. [PMID: 28219768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosaic mutant mice displaying functional dysfunction of Atp7a copper transporter (the Menkes ATPase) are an established animal model of Menkes disease and constitute a convenient tool for investigating connections between copper and iron metabolisms. This model allows to explore changes in iron metabolism in suckling mutant mice suffering from systemic copper deficiency as well as in young and adult ones undergone copper therapy, which reduces lethal effect of the Atp7a gene mutation. Our recent study demonstrated that 14-day-old mosaic mutant males display blood cell abnormalities associated with intravascular hemolysis, and show disturbances in the functioning of the hepcidin-ferroportin regulatory axis, which controls systemic iron homeostasis. We thus aimed to check whether copper supplementation recovers mutants from hemolytic insult and rebalance systemic iron regulation. Copper supplementation of 14-day-old mosaic mutants resulted in the reestablishment of hematological status, attenuation of hepicidin and concomitant induction of the iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 expression in the liver, down-regulated in untreated mutants. Interestingly, treatment of wild-type males with copper, induced hepcidin-independent up-regulation of ferroportin protein level in hepatic macrophages in both young and adult (6-month-old) animals. Stimulatory effect of copper on ferroportin mRNA and protein levels was confirmed in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from both wild-type and mosaic mutant males. Our study indicates that copper is an important player in the regulation of the Slc40a1 gene expression.
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Lenartowicz M, Krzeptowski W, Lipiński P, Grzmil P, Starzyński R, Pierzchała O, Møller LB. Mottled Mice and Non-Mammalian Models of Menkes Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:72. [PMID: 26732058 PMCID: PMC4684000 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Menkes disease is a multi-systemic copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked ATP7A gene and characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and severe connective tissue defects. The ATP7A protein is a copper (Cu)-transporting ATPase expressed in all tissues and plays a critical role in the maintenance of copper homeostasis in cells of the whole body. ATP7A participates in copper absorption in the small intestine and in copper transport to the central nervous system (CNS) across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Cu is essential for synaptogenesis and axonal development. In cells, ATP7A participates in the incorporation of copper into Cu-dependent enzymes during the course of its maturation in the secretory pathway. There is a high degree of homology (>80%) between the human ATP7A and murine Atp7a genes. Mice with mutations in the Atp7a gene, called mottled mutants, are well-established and excellent models of Menkes disease. Mottled mutants closely recapitulate the Menkes phenotype and are invaluable for studying Cu-metabolism. They provide useful models for exploring and testing new forms of therapy in Menkes disease. Recently, non-mammalian models of Menkes disease, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio mutants were used in experiments which would be technically difficult to carry out in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Wólka Kosowska, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences Wólka Kosowska, Poland
| | - Olga Pierzchała
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - Lisbeth Birk Møller
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark
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Yi L, Kaler SG. Direct interactions of adaptor protein complexes 1 and 2 with the copper transporter ATP7A mediate its anterograde and retrograde trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2411-25. [PMID: 25574028 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP7A is a P-type ATPase in which diverse mutations lead to X-linked recessive Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome. Recently, two previously unknown ATP7A missense mutations, T994I and P1386S, were shown to cause an isolated distal motor neuropathy without clinical or biochemical features of other ATP7A disorders. These mutant alleles cause subtle defects in ATP7A intracellular trafficking, resulting in preferential plasma membrane localization compared with wild-type ATP7A. We reported previously that ATP7A(P1386S) causes unstable insertion of the eighth and final transmembrane segment, preventing proper position of the carboxyl-terminal tail in a proportion of mutant molecules. Here, we utilize this and other naturally occurring and engineered mutant ATP7A alleles to identify mechanisms of normal ATP7A trafficking. We show that adaptor protein (AP) complexes 1 and 2 physically interact with ATP7A and that binding is mediated in part by a carboxyl-terminal di-leucine motif. In contrast to other ATP7A missense mutations, ATP7A(P1386S) partially disturbs interactions with both APs, leading to abnormal axonal localization in transfected NSC-34 motor neurons and altered calcium-signaling following glutamate stimulation. Our results imply that AP-1 normally tethers ATP7A at the trans-Golgi network in the somatodendritic segments of motor neurons and that alterations affecting the ATP7A carboxyl-terminal tail induce release of the copper transporter to the axons or axonal membranes. The latter effects are intensified by diminished interaction with AP-2, impeding ATP7A retrograde trafficking. Taken together, these findings further illuminate the normal molecular mechanisms of ATP7A trafficking and suggest a pathophysiological basis for ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3754, USA
| | - Stephen G Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3754, USA
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Lenartowicz M, Starzyński RR, Krzeptowski W, Grzmil P, Bednarz A, Ogórek M, Pierzchała O, Staroń R, Gajowiak A, Lipiński P. Haemolysis and perturbations in the systemic iron metabolism of suckling, copper-deficient mosaic mutant mice - an animal model of Menkes disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107641. [PMID: 25247420 PMCID: PMC4172471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological interaction between copper and iron is best exemplified by the decreased activity of multicopper ferroxidases under conditions of copper deficiency that limits the availability of iron for erythropoiesis. However, little is known about how copper deficiency affects iron homeostasis through alteration of the activity of other copper-containing proteins, not directly connected with iron metabolism, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). This antioxidant enzyme scavenges the superoxide anion, a reactive oxygen species contributing to the toxicity of iron via the Fenton reaction. Here, we analyzed changes in the systemic iron metabolism using an animal model of Menkes disease: copper-deficient mosaic mutant mice with dysfunction of the ATP7A copper transporter. We found that the erythrocytes of these mutants are copper-deficient, display decreased SOD1 activity/expression and have cell membrane abnormalities. In consequence, the mosaic mice show evidence of haemolysis accompanied by haptoglobin-dependent elimination of haemoglobin (Hb) from the circulation, as well as the induction of haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the hepcidin-ferroportin regulatory axis is strongly affected in mosaic mice. These findings indicate that haemolysis is an additional pathogenic factor in a mouse model of Menkes diseases and provides evidence of a new indirect connection between copper deficiency and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ogórek
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Pierzchała
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Anna Gajowiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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