1
|
Thodkar K, Cazade PA, Bergmann F, Lopez-Calle E, Thompson D, Heindl D. Self-Assembled Pyrene Stacks and Peptide Monolayers Tune the Electronic Properties of Functionalized Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:9134-9142. [PMID: 33573369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic molecules such as pyrenes are a unique class of building units for graphene functionalization, forming highly ordered π-π stacks while peptides provide more complex, biocompatible linkers. Understanding the adsorption and stacking behavior of these molecules and their influence on material properties is an essential step in enabling highly repeatable 2D material-based applications, such as biosensors, gas sensors, and solar cells. In this work, we characterize pyrene and peptide self-assembly on graphene substrates using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrolyte-gated field-effect measurements supported by quantum mechanical calculations. We find distinct binding and assembly modes for pyrenes versus peptides with corresponding distinct electronic signatures in their characteristic charge neutrality point and field-effect slope responses. Our data demonstrates that pyrene- and peptide-based self-assembly platforms can be highly beneficial for precisely customizing graphene electronic properties for desired device technologies such as transport-based biosensing graphene field-effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Thodkar
- BioMed X Institute, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Andre Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Dieter Heindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. An exciting twenty-year journey exploring porphyrinoid-based photo- and electro-active systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
3
|
Hong Q, Chen S. Facile One-Step Fabrication of Phthalocyanine-Graphene-Bacterial-Cellulose Nanocomposite with Superior Catalytic Performance. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1673. [PMID: 32859025 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the convenient fabrication of a metal phthalocyanine-based heterogeneous catalyst with superior catalytic activity is crucial for its application. Herein, a novel and versatile ultrasonic-assisted biosynthesis approach (conducting ultrasonic treatment during biosynthesis process) was tactfully adopted for the direct immobilization of a sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine (PcS) catalyst onto a graphene-bacterial cellulose (GBC) substrate without any modification. The prepared phthalocyanine-graphene-bacterial-cellulose nanocomposite, PcS@GBC, was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic activity of the PcS@GBC was evaluated based on its catalytic oxidation performance to dye solution, with H2O2 used as an oxidant. More than a 140% increase of dye removal percentage for the PcS@GBC heterogeneous catalyst was found compared with that of PcS. The unique hierarchical architecture of the GBC substrate and the strong interaction between PcS and graphene, which were verified experimentally by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy (UV-vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) calculation, were synergistically responsible for the substantial enhancement of catalytic activity. The accelerated formation of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (·OH) for PcS@GBC was directly evidenced by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping technique. A possible catalytic oxidation mechanism for the PcS@GBC-H2O2 system was illustrated. This work provides a new insight into the design and construction of a highly reactive metal phthalocyanine-based catalyst, and the practical application of this functional nanomaterial in the field of environmental purification is also promising.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rotas G, Thomas MB, Canton‐Vitoria R, D'Souza F, Tagmatarchis N. Preparation, Photophysical and Electrochemical Evaluation of an Azaborondipyrromethene/Zinc Porphyrin/Graphene Supramolecular Nanoensemble. Chemistry 2020; 26:6652-6661. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Rotas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Ruben Canton‐Vitoria
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Texas 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue 11635 Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Just-Baringo X, Shin Y, Panigrahi A, Zarattini M, Nagyte V, Zhao L, Kostarelos K, Casiraghi C, Larrosa I. Palladium catalysed C-H arylation of pyrenes: access to a new class of exfoliating agents for water-based graphene dispersions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2472-2478. [PMID: 34084412 PMCID: PMC8157272 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new and diverse family of pyrene derivatives was synthesised via palladium-catalysed C-H ortho-arylation of pyrene-1-carboxylic acid. The strategy affords easy access to a broad scope of 2-substituted and 1,2-disubstituted pyrenes. The C1-substituent can be easily transformed into carboxylic acid, iodide, alkynyl, aryl or alkyl functionalities. This approach gives access to arylated pyrene ammonium salts, which outperformed their non-arylated parent compound during aqueous Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) of graphite and compare favourably to state-of-the-art sodium pyrene-1-sulfonate PS1. This allowed the production of concentrated and stable suspensions of graphene flakes in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just-Baringo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Marco Zarattini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester AV Hill Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye H, Han B, Chen H, Xu L. The liquid-exfoliation of graphene assisted with hyperbranched polyethylene-g-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymer and its thermal property in polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:355602. [PMID: 31067519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab200b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal interface materials with high thermal conductivity are essential to transfer the redundant heat and improve the reliability of integrated circuits. Here we reported high thermal conductivity in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite incorporated with few-layer graphene, which was exfoliated in chloroform with assistance of hyperbranched polyethylene-g-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymer (HBPE@POSS) as the stabilizer. In order to improve the compatibility and enhance the thermal property, the HBPE@POSS copolymer was synthesized via the unique chain walking polymerization mechanism, which subsequently was applied to exfoliate natural graphite into few-layer graphene in low-boiling-point solvents. The majority of resultant nanosheets with low defects was verified with lateral dimension of ~400 nm and the thickness of ~1.6 nm, which is attributed to the presence of CH-π noncovalent interaction between graphene and HBPE@POSS copolymer. The graphene nanoplates (GNPs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting, in which graphene nanofillers were dispersed uniformly in the matrix due to good compatibility between PDMS and oligomeric silsesquioxane segments adsorbed on the nanosheets. The thermal conductivity of 4.0 wt% GNPs/PDMS nanocomposite reaches 0.93 W m-1 K-1, which is 400% higher than that of pure PDMS. The PDMS nanocomposite incorporated with few-layer graphene exhibits a promising prospect in thermal interface for thermal management of electronic devices, and sheds a light on the interfacial improvement mechanism of thermal conductivity for polymer composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijian Ye
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pekbelgin Karaoğlu H, Kalkan Burat A. Synthesis and photophysical properties of usymmetrically substituted phthalocyanine-pyrene conjugate. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.572013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
8
|
Volland M, Lennert A, Roth A, Ince M, Torres T, Guldi DM. Azulenocyanines immobilized on graphene; on the way to panchromatic absorption and efficient DSSC blocking layers. Nanoscale 2019; 11:10709-10715. [PMID: 31140533 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel electron donor-acceptor hybrid consisting of a NIR absorbing azulenocyanine as an electron donor and few-layer graphene as an electron acceptor was prepared. The extended aromatic core of azulenocyanine (1) assists in the exfoliation of graphite and allows the formation of a very high-quality few-layer graphene azulenocyanine hybrid system (2). The formation of a stable azulenocyanine/graphene hybrid was verified by means of an arsenal of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Notable is the fact that the absorption spectrum recorded for 1 and likewise that for 2 covers large portions of the solar spectrum, that is, from the UV through the visible to the NIR region. In light of the latter, we incorporated 1 as well as 2 as a photosensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and probed their light harvesting. Besides an increase in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency we focused on the stability of DSSCs by preventing charge recombination between FTO and the liquid electrolyte. We used 2 as a blocking layer and in comparison with a TiCl4 pretreated blocking layer a superior conversion efficiency was realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu D, Gao Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Jiang Z, Jiang X, Zhang H. A Novel Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Dispersant: Polyaryletherketones with Pendent Pyrene Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Gao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yang Sun
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High‐Performance PolymerJilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Methfessel CD, Volland M, Brunner K, Wibmer L, Hahn U, de la Torre G, Torres T, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Exfoliation of Graphene by Dendritic Water‐Soluble Zinc Phthalocyanine Amphiphiles in Polar Media. Chemistry 2018; 24:18696-18704. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D. Methfessel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kristin Brunner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7042), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Bequerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo B, Chen S, Huang Y. In-situ Biosynthesis of Graphene-incorporated-bacterial-cellulose Conductive Nanohybrid for Phthalocyanine Immobilization. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bifan Guo
- Polytechnic Institute, Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Shiliang Chen
- Polytechnic Institute, Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Polytechnic Institute, Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Belviso S, Santoro E, Lelj F, Casarini D, Villani C, Franzini R, Superchi S. Stereochemical Stability and Absolute Configuration of Atropisomeric Alkylthioporphyrazines by Dynamic NMR and HPLC Studies and Computational Analysis of HPLC-ECD Recorded Spectra. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Belviso
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
- CR-INSTM Unità della Basilicata; LASCAMM; 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Ernesto Santoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Francesco Lelj
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
- CR-INSTM Unità della Basilicata; LASCAMM; 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Daniele Casarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Stefano Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università della Basilicata; via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Z, Talreja N, Tao H, Texter J, Muhler M, Strunk J, Chen J. Katalyse der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Photoreduktion an Nanoschichten: Grundlagen und Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - Neetu Talreja
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - Martin Muhler
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun Z, Talreja N, Tao H, Texter J, Muhler M, Strunk J, Chen J. Catalysis of Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction on Nanosheets: Fundamentals and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7610-7627. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Neetu Talreja
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock; 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wibmer L, Lages S, Unruh T, Guldi DM. Excitons and Trions in One-Photon- and Two-Photon-Excited MoS 2 : A Study in Dispersions. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706702. [PMID: 29411441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, various dispersions of MoS2 obtained by means of liquid phase exfoliation are spectroscopically, (spectro-) electrochemically, and microscopically characterized. At the core of these studies are transient absorption assays. Importantly, small-angle X-ray scattering measurements are employed to corroborate the exfoliated character of the MoS2 flakes in dispersion, on the one hand, and to correlate the results with TEM, AFM, and Raman characterization in the solid state, on the other. It is, then, demonstrated that transient absorption spectroscopy responds sensitively not only to changes in the sample preparation but also to instrumental and environmental parameters. It is documented that the spectroscopic features and their underlying lifetimes are tuneable on the femto-, pico-, and nanosecond scales by changing, for example, the centrifugation speed, the pump fluence, or the temperature. In other words, transient absorption spectroscopy provides an in situ method to quantitatively characterize liquid dispersions of MoS2 without facing the problems of reaggregated samples due to their drying for microscopic assays. The most far reaching results stem from resonantly and nonresonantly changing the pump fluence to characterize either single- or multiple-excited-state species such as excitons, trions, and bi-/multiexcitons and to follow their formation and deactivation pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lages
- Department of Physics, Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Department of Physics, Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang B, Engelhardt V, Roth A, Faust R, Guldi DM. n- versus p-doping of graphite: what drives its wet-chemical exfoliation? Nanoscale 2017; 9:11632-11639. [PMID: 28770927 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03379f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have performed the syntheses of a novel pyrene-porphyrazine conjugate (ZnPzPy) and a reference porphyrazine (ZnPz) to promote the wet-chemical exfoliation of graphite based on the synergetic use of ultrasonication, centrifugation, and doping. ZnPzPy features, on one hand, a hydrophobic pyrene to anchor onto the basal plane of graphene, and, on the other hand, an amphoteric porphyrazine to either p- or n-dope graphene. To this end, we have characterized individual building blocks, that is, ZnPzPy and exfoliated graphite, and the resulting electron donor-acceptor nanohybrid, that is, ZnPzPy/graphene (ZnPzPy-G), by means of an arsenal of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. From a full-fledged characterization we conclude that ZnPzPy facilitates the exfoliation of graphite affording suspensions featuring 9.5% of single- or few-layered ZnPzPy-G with a mean average size of 200 ± 140 nm. Importantly, a notable shift of charge density from graphene to ZnPzPy in the ground state of ZnPzPy-G corroborates the preference of exfoliated graphite to undergo p-doping rather than n-doping. As an immediate consequence, a full charge separation leads in the excited state to a 750 ± 150 ps lived charge separated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roth A, Schierl C, Ferrer-Ruiz A, Minameyer M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Villegas C, Herranz MÁ, Martín N, Guldi DM. Low-Dimensional Carbon Allotropes: Ground- and Excited-State Charge Transfer with NIR-Absorbing Heptamethine Cyanine. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Roth A, Schaub TA, Meinhardt U, Thiel D, Storch J, Církva V, Jakubík P, Guldi DM, Kivala M. p-Doping of graphene in hybrid materials with 3,10-diazapicenium dications. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3494-3499. [PMID: 28507723 PMCID: PMC5418646 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N'-Didodecyl-substituted 3,10-diazapicenium salts featuring bromide and hexafluorophosphate counterions have been designed as novel dopants to realize individualized graphene sheets in a series of cutting edge experiments and to intrinsically stabilize them via p-doping. Importantly, electrochemical studies revealed two consecutive irreversible one-electron reductions of the N,N'-didodecyl-substituted 3,10-diazapicenium salts to yield the corresponding radical cation and neutral quinoidal species. Formation of both species was accompanied by characteristic changes in the absorption spectra. The 3,10-diazapicenium bromide was found to be a potent dopant to produce hybrid materials with exfoliated graphene. Microscopy based on AFM and TEM imaging and spectroscopy based on Raman probing corroborated that, upon drying, the hybrid material consists of few layer (5-8 layers) turbostratic graphene sheets that are p-doped. Our findings identify the newly synthesized N,N'-dialkylated 3,10-diazapicenium salts as highly promising candidates for the fabrication of functional graphene materials with tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I , Department Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Institute for Organic Chemistry I , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42 , D-91054 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Ute Meinhardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry I , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42 , D-91054 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I , Department Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jan Storch
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135/1 , CZ-165 02 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Církva
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135/1 , CZ-165 02 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jakubík
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Rozvojová 135/1 , CZ-165 02 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I , Department Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Milan Kivala
- Institute for Organic Chemistry I , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42 , D-91054 Erlangen , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Achadu OJ, Managa M, Nyokong T. Fluorescence behaviour of supramolecular hybrids containing graphene quantum dots and pyrene-derivatized phthalocyanines and porphyrins. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017; 333:174-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
This review, dedicated to Professor Tomás Torres on the occasion of his 65th birthday, offers an overview of the main achievements in his research career. Having a strong background in organic chemistry, he and his group have constantly devoted much effort to the development of synthetic methods towards novel systems based on phthalocyanines and other porphyrinoid analogues. Not less important, the founding of solid collaborations with other prominent scientists has led to study the physicochemical properties of these [Formula: see text]-conjugated dyes, and to evaluate their potential application in multidisciplinary areas such as self-assembly, nanochemistry, optoelectronics and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Strauss V, Roth A, Sekita M, Guldi D. Efficient Energy-Conversion Materials for the Future: Understanding and Tailoring Charge-Transfer Processes in Carbon Nanostructures. Chem 2016; 1:531-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Georgakilas V, Tiwari JN, Kemp KC, Perman JA, Bourlinos AB, Kim KS, Zboril R. Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5464-519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra N. Tiwari
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - K. Christian Kemp
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jason A. Perman
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios B. Bourlinos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
Commercialization of graphene based applications inevitably requires cost effective mass production. From the early days of research on graphene, direct liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite has been considered as the most promising strategy to produce high-quality mono or few-layer graphene sheets in solvent dispersion forms. Substantial success has been achieved thus far in the LPE of graphene employing numerous solvent systems and suitable surfactants. This invited review article principally showcase the recent research progress as well as shortcomings of surfactant assisted LPE of graphene. In particular, a comprehensive assessment of the quality and yield of the graphene sheets produced by different categories of the surfactants are summarized. Future direction of LPE methods is also proposed for the eventual success of commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Narayan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Langmar O, Ganivet CR, Lennert A, Costa RD, de la Torre G, Torres T, Guldi DM. Combining Electron-Accepting Phthalocyanines and Nanorod-like CuO Electrodes for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7688-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Langmar O, Ganivet CR, Lennert A, Costa RD, de la Torre G, Torres T, Guldi DM. Combining Electron-Accepting Phthalocyanines and Nanorod-like CuO Electrodes for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Bottari G, de la Torre G, Torres T. Phthalocyanine-nanocarbon ensembles: from discrete molecular and supramolecular systems to hybrid nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:900-10. [PMID: 25837299 DOI: 10.1021/ar5004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are macrocyclic and aromatic compounds that present unique electronic features such as high molar absorption coefficients, rich redox chemistry, and photoinduced energy/electron transfer abilities that can be modulated as a function of the electronic character of their counterparts in donor-acceptor (D-A) ensembles. In this context, carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and, more recently, graphene are among the most suitable Pc "companions". Pc-C60 ensembles have been for a long time the main actors in this field, due to the commercial availability of C60 and the well-established synthetic methods for its functionalization. As a result, many Pc-C60 architectures have been prepared, featuring different connectivities (covalent or supramolecular), intermolecular interactions (self-organized or molecularly dispersed species), and Pc HOMO/LUMO levels. All these elements provide a versatile toolbox for tuning the photophysical properties in terms of the type of process (photoinduced energy/electron transfer), the nature of the interactions between the electroactive units (through bond or space), and the kinetics of the formation/decay of the photogenerated species. Some recent trends in this field include the preparation of stimuli-responsive multicomponent systems with tunable photophysical properties and highly ordered nanoarchitectures and surface-supported systems showing high charge mobilities. A breakthrough in the Pc-nanocarbon field was the appearance of CNTs and graphene, which opened a new avenue for the preparation of intriguing photoresponsive hybrid ensembles showing light-stimulated charge separation. The scarce solubility of these 1-D and 2-D nanocarbons, together with their lower reactivity with respect to C60 stemming from their less strained sp(2) carbon networks, has not meant an unsurmountable limitation for the preparation of variety of Pc-based hybrids. These systems, which show improved solubility and dispersibility features, bring together the unique electronic transport properties of CNTs and graphene with the excellent light-harvesting and tunable redox properties of Pcs. A singular and distinctive feature of these Pc-CNT/graphene (single- or few-layers) hybrid materials is the control of the direction of the photoinduced charge transfer as a result of the band-like electronic structure of these carbon nanoforms and the adjustable electronic levels of Pcs. Moreover, these conjugates present intensified light-harvesting capabilities resulting from the grafting of several chromophores on the same nanocarbon platform. In this Account, recent progress in the construction of covalent and supramolecular Pc-nanocarbon ensembles is summarized, with a particular emphasis on their photoinduced behavior. We believe that the high degree of control achieved in the preparation of Pc-carbon nanostructures, together with the increasing knowledge of the factors governing their photophysics, will allow for the design of next-generation light-fueled electroactive systems. Possible implementation of these Pc-nanocarbons in high performance devices is envisioned, finally turning into reality much of the expectations generated by these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wibmer L, Lourenço LMO, Roth A, Katsukis G, Neves MGPMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Tomé JPC, Torres T, Guldi DM. Decorating graphene nanosheets with electron accepting pyridyl-phthalocyanines. Nanoscale 2015; 7:5674-5682. [PMID: 25740090 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein the preparation of novel exfoliated graphene-phthalocyanine nanohybrids, and the investigation of their photophysical properties. Pyridyl-phthalocyanines (Pcs) are presented as novel electron accepting building blocks of variable strengths with great potential for the exfoliation of graphite via their immobilization onto the basal plane of graphene in dimethylformamide (DMF) affording single layered and turbostratic graphene based . were fully characterized (AFM, TEM, Raman, steady-state and pump probe transient absorption spectroscopy) and were studied in terms of electron donor-acceptor interactions in the ground and excited states. In this context, electron transfer upon photoexcitation from graphene to the electron accepting Pcs with dynamics, for example, in of <1 and 330 ± 50 ps for charge separation and charge recombination, respectively, was corroborated in a series of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bill NL, Trukhina O, Sessler JL, Torres T. Supramolecular electron transfer-based switching involving pyrrolic macrocycles. A new approach to sensor development? Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7781-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential utility of energy transfer in the design of pyrrolic macrocycle-based molecular switches and ability to serve as the readout motif for molecular sensors development is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L. Bill
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Olga Trukhina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|