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Park S, Na C, Kang SS, Kwac LK, Kim HG, Chang JH. Colorless and transparent polyimide nanocomposites using organically modified montmorillonite and mica. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10670. [PMID: 38724587 PMCID: PMC11082137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a method for replacing the glass used in existing display electronic materials, lighting, and solar cells by synthesizing a colorless and transparent polyimide (CPI) film with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability using a combination of new monomers. Poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized using dianhydride 4,4'-biphthalic anhydride (BPA) and diamine 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (AHP). Various contents of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) and mica were dispersed in PAA solution through solution intercalation, and then CPI hybrid films were prepared through multi-step thermal imidization. The organoclays synthesized to prepare CPI hybrid films were Cloisite 93A (CS-MMT) and hexadimethrine-mica (HM-Mica) based on MMT and mica, respectively. In particular, the diamine monomer AHP containing a -OH group was selected to increase the dispersibility and compatibility between the hydrophilic clays and the CPI matrix. To demonstrate the characteristics of CPI, the overall polymer structure was bent and a strong electron withdrawing -CF3 group was used as a substituent. The thermomechanical properties, morphology of clay dispersion, and optical transparency of the CPI hybrid films were investigated and compared according to the type and content of organoclays. Two types of organoclays, CS-MMT and HM-Mica, were dispersed in a CPI matrix at 1 to 7 wt%, respectively. In electron microscopy, most of the clays were uniformly dispersed in a plate-like shape of less than 20 nm at a certain critical content of the two types of organoclays, but agglomeration of the clays was observed when the content was higher than the critical content. Hybrids using HM-Mica had better thermomechanical properties and hybrids containing CS-MMT had better optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Park
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Changyub Na
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kang
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Lee Ku Kwac
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Hong Gun Kim
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea.
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Na Y, Kang S, Kwac LK, Kim HG, Chang JH. Monomer Dependence of Colorless and Transparent Polyimide Films: Thermomechanical Properties, Optical Transparency, and Solubility. ACS Omega 2024; 9:12195-12203. [PMID: 38497003 PMCID: PMC10938391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Six poly(amic acid)s (PAAs) were synthesized by reacting bis(3-aminophenyl) sulfone with various dianhydride monomers such as pyromellitic dianhydride, 4,4'-biphthalic anhydride, dicyclohexyl-3,4,3',4'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4'-oxidiphthalic anhydride, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride. These PAAs were then converted to polyimide (PI) films by thermal imidization at various temperatures. To obtain colorless and transparent PI (CPI), the dianhydride monomer used in this study had an overall bent structure, a structure containing a strong electron-withdrawing -CF3 substituent or an alicyclic ring. In addition, some monomers contained ether or ketone functional groups in their bent structures. The thermomechanical properties, optical transparency, and solubility of CPI films with six different dianhydride monomer structures were investigated, and the correlation between the monomer structure and CPI film properties was clarified. Overall, CPI with an aromatic main chain structure or a linear structure had excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In contrast, CPI with a bent structure containing functional groups or substituents in the main chain exhibited excellent optical transparency and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Na
- Graduate
School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Kang
- Graduate
School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Lee Ku Kwac
- Graduate
School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
- Institute
of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Hong Gun Kim
- Institute
of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- Institute
of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
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Seo H, Chung WG, Kwon YW, Kim S, Hong YM, Park W, Kim E, Lee J, Lee S, Kim M, Lim K, Jeong I, Song H, Park JU. Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11488-11558. [PMID: 37748126 PMCID: PMC10571045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The eye contains a complex network of physiological information and biomarkers for monitoring disease and managing health, and ocular devices can be used to effectively perform point-of-care diagnosis and disease management. This comprehensive review describes the target biomarkers and various diseases, including ophthalmic diseases, metabolic diseases, and neurological diseases, based on the physiological and anatomical background of the eye. This review also includes the recent technologies utilized in eye-wearable medical devices and the latest trends in wearable ophthalmic devices, specifically smart contact lenses for the purpose of disease management. After introducing other ocular devices such as the retinal prosthesis, we further discuss the current challenges and potential possibilities of smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunkyu Seo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Won Gi Chung
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yong Won Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Hong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Wonjung Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jakyoung Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Moohyun Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyeonghee Lim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Inhea Jeong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College
of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
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Na Y, Kwac LK, Kim HG, Joo YL, Chang JH. Effects of organoclay on colorless and transparent polyimide nanocomposites: thermomechanical properties, morphology, and optical transparency. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16285-16292. [PMID: 37266490 PMCID: PMC10230512 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aromatic polyimide (PI) exhibits excellent mechanical performance and thermal stability, its dark color limits applicability in optical displays. Therefore, it is desirable to manufacture colorless, transparent PI (CPI) nanocomposite films that retain excellent physical properties. In this study, a solution intercalation method was used to disperse organoclay (Cloisite 25A; CS25A) in poly(amic acid), which was prepared using 4,4'-oxydiphthalic dianhydride and 3,4'-oxydianiline as monomers. This dispersion was then subjected to thermal imidization to synthesize CPI hybrid films. The influence of the CS25A content (0-1.00 wt%) on the thermomechanical properties, optical transmittance, and morphology of the prepared films was investigated. The hybrid film with a CS25A content of 0.50 wt% exhibited the best thermomechanical properties. However, upon further increasing the organoclay content to 1.00 wt%, the physical properties deteriorated. At 0.50 wt% CS25A, some agglomeration occurred but most of the clay was well dispersed as nano-sized particles, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast, when the CS25A content exceeded a critical content, most of the clay was agglomerated and the physical properties were reduced. All the obtained CPI hybrid films were colorless and transparent, regardless of the organoclay content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Na
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Lee Ku Kwac
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Hong Gun Kim
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Yong Lak Joo
- Robert Fredrick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
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Choi MY, Lee SJ, Lim AR, Chang JH. Comparison of the properties of polyimide nanocomposite films containing functionalized-graphene and organoclay as nanofillers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20892. [PMID: 36463262 PMCID: PMC9719546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(amic acid) (PAA) is prepared by the reaction of dianhydride 4,4'-biphthalic anhydride and diamine bis[4-(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone in N,N'-dimethylacetamide. Two types of fillers were dispersed in the as-synthesized PAA via a solution intercalation method; polyimide (PI) hybrid films were synthesized under various heat treatment conditions. Octylamine (C8) was introduced into graphene sheets (C8-GS) and bentonite (C8-BTN), which were then used as nanofillers in the PI hybrid films. The synthesized nanofillers were used in varying amounts of 0.25-1.00 wt% with respect to the matrix PI. The thermal and morphological properties and optical transparency of the hybrid films were investigated and compared for both C8-GS and C8-BTN at varying nanofiller content. The C8-BTN nanocomposite showed superior thermal properties, and optical transparency, and the filler was well dispersed in the PI matrix compared to the C8-GS nanocomposite. The thermal stability of the hybrid films improved upon the addition of small amounts of the nanofiller. However, beyond a certain critical filler concentration, the thermal stability declined. These results were verified through the dispersion of fillers via transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Choi
- grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea
| | - Seon Ju Lee
- grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea
| | - Ae Ran Lim
- grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea ,grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Department of Science Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ya‐Kun Wang
- School of Foreign Studies China University of Political Science and Law Beijing China
| | - Da‐Yong Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Li Z, Yu C, Qi L, Xing S, Shi Y, Gao C. Mechanical Behaviors of the Origami-Inspired Horseshoe-Shaped Solar Arrays. Micromachines 2022; 13:732. [PMID: 35630199 PMCID: PMC9143454 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of flexibility has been widely noticed and concerned in the design and application of space solar arrays. Inspired by origami structures, we introduce an approach to realizing stretchable and bendable solar arrays via horseshoe-shaped substrate design. The structure has the ability to combine rigid solar cells and soft substrates skillfully, which can prevent damage during deformations. The finite deformation theory is adapted to find the analytic model of the horseshoe-shaped structure via simplified beam theory. In order to solve the mechanical model, the shooting method, a numerical method to solve ordinary differential equation (ODE) is employed. Finite element analyses (FEA) are also performed to verify the developed theoretical model. The influences of the geometric parameters on deformations and forces are analyzed to achieve the optimal design of the structures. The stretching tests of horseshoe-shaped samples manufactured by three-dimensional (3D) printing are implemented, whose results shows a good agreement with those from theoretical predictions. The developed models can serve as the guidelines for the design of flexible solar arrays in spacecraft.
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Novakov IA, Orlinson BS, Zavyalov DV, Bogdanov AI, Savelyev EN, Potayenkova EA, Nakhod MA, Pichugin AM, Polikarpova AG, Kovaleva MN, Antonova PE. Synthesis and evaluation of properties of the optically transparent (co)polyimides based on cyclic and alicyclic diamines and dianhydrides of aromatic tetracarboxylic acids. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:750-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yu W, Gong K, Li Y, Ding B, Li L, Xu Y, Wang R, Li L, Zhang G, Lin S. Flexible 2D Materials beyond Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Small 2022; 18:e2105383. [PMID: 35048521 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2D materials are now at the forefront of state-of-the-art nanotechnologies due to their fascinating properties and unique structures. As expected, low-cost, high-volume, and high-quality 2D materials play an important role in the applications of flexible devices. Although considerable progress has been achieved in the integration of a series of novel 2D materials beyond graphene into flexible devices, a lot remains to be known. At this stage of their development, the key issues concern how to make further improvements to high-performance and scalable-production. Herein, recent progress in the quest to improve the current state of the art for 2D materials beyond graphene is reviewed. Namely, the properties and synthesis techniques of 2D materials are first introduced. Then, both the advantages and challenges of these 2D materials for flexible devices are also highlighted. Finally, important directions for future advancements toward efficient, low-cost, and stable flexible devices are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Gong
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Yanyong Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Ding
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Xu
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Lianbi Li
- School of Science, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Shenghuang Lin
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
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Abstract
Stretchable electronics has emerged over the past decade and is now expected to bring form factor-free innovation in the next-generation electronic devices. Stretchable devices have evolved with the synthesis of new soft materials and new device architectures that require significant deformability while maintaining the high device performance of the conventional rigid devices. As the mismatch in the mechanical stiffness between materials, layers, and device units is the major challenge for stretchable electronics, interface control in varying scales determines the device characteristics and the level of stretchability. This article reviews the recent advances in interface control for stretchable electronic devices. It summarizes the design principles and covers the representative approaches for solving the technological issues related to interfaces at different scales: i) nano- and microscale interfaces between materials, ii) mesoscale interfaces between layers or microstructures, and iii) macroscale interfaces between unit devices, substrates, or electrical connections. The last section discusses the current issues and future challenges of the interfaces for stretchable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)77 Cheongam‐Ro, Nam‐GuPohangGyeongbuk37673Republic of Korea
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Yun SM, Kim M, Kwon YW, Kim H, Kim MJ, Park Y, Park J. Recent Advances in Wearable Devices for Non-Invasive Sensing. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:1235. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of wearable sensors is aimed at enabling continuous real-time health monitoring, which leads to timely and precise diagnosis anytime and anywhere. Unlike conventional wearable sensors that are somewhat bulky, rigid, and planar, research for next-generation wearable sensors has been focused on establishing fully-wearable systems. To attain such excellent wearability while providing accurate and reliable measurements, fabrication strategies should include (1) proper choices of materials and structural designs, (2) constructing efficient wireless power and data transmission systems, and (3) developing highly-integrated sensing systems. Herein, we discuss recent advances in wearable devices for non-invasive sensing, with focuses on materials design, nano/microfabrication, sensors, wireless technologies, and the integration of those.
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Li B, Yan Z, Zhang T, Jiang S, Wang K, Wang D, Liu Y. Synthesis and properties of novel colorless and thermostable polyimides containing cross‐linkable bulky tetrafluorostyrol pendant group and organosoluble triphenylmethane backbone structure. Journal of Polymer Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Ziran Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Tianyong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Weijin Road 92 Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Di Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Yaguan Road 135 Tianjin 300354 China
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Jang J, Jun YS, Seo H, Kim M, Park JU. Motion Detection Using Tactile Sensors Based on Pressure-Sensitive Transistor Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3624. [PMID: 32605148 PMCID: PMC7374490 DOI: 10.3390/s20133624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, to develop more spontaneous and instant interfaces between a system and users, technology has evolved toward designing efficient and simple gesture recognition (GR) techniques. As a tool for acquiring human motion, a tactile sensor system, which converts the human touch signal into a single datum and executes a command by translating a bundle of data into a text language or triggering a preset sequence as a haptic motion, has been developed. The tactile sensor aims to collect comprehensive data on various motions, from the touch of a fingertip to large body movements. The sensor devices have different characteristics that are important for target applications. Furthermore, devices can be fabricated using various principles, and include piezoelectric, capacitive, piezoresistive, and field-effect transistor types, depending on the parameters to be achieved. Here, we introduce tactile sensors consisting of field-effect transistors (FETs). GR requires a process involving the acquisition of a large amount of data in an array rather than a single sensor, suggesting the importance of fabricating a tactile sensor as an array. In this case, an FET-type pressure sensor can exploit the advantages of active-matrix sensor arrays that allow high-array uniformity, high spatial contrast, and facile integration with electrical circuitry. We envision that tactile sensors based on FETs will be beneficial for GR as well as future applications, and these sensors will provide substantial opportunities for next-generation motion sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuk Jang
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.J.); (Y.S.J.); (H.S.); (M.K.)
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Jun
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.J.); (Y.S.J.); (H.S.); (M.K.)
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hunkyu Seo
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.J.); (Y.S.J.); (H.S.); (M.K.)
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Moohyun Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.J.); (Y.S.J.); (H.S.); (M.K.)
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.J.); (Y.S.J.); (H.S.); (M.K.)
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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15
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Lee GJ, Heo SJ, Lee S, Yang JH, Jun BO, Kim HS, Jang JE. Stress Release Effect of Micro-hole Arrays for Flexible Electrodes and Thin Film Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:19226-19234. [PMID: 32237721 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of micro-hole arrays in the thin metal films were studied as a method to release bending stress in flexible electrodes and flexible thin film transistors (TFTs). Interest in flexible electronics is increasing, and many approaches have been suggested to solve the issue of the electrical failure of electrodes or electrical components such as TFTs after repeated bending. Here, we demonstrate a micro-hole array structure as a common solution to release bending stress. Although micro-size cracks were generated and propagated from the hole edges, the cracks stopped within a certain range when enough stress was released. Moreover, since the crack sites were predictable and controllable, a fatal electrical breakdown in a conductive layer such as a metal electrode or the semiconducting junction of a TFT can be prevented by specifically arranging the hole arrays. Thin film layers fabricated without holes suffered an electrical breakdown due to random crack propagation during bending tests. Aluminum thin film electrodes prepared with arrays of 3 μm diameter holes and 25% hole area showed excellent durability after 300,000 bending cycles. The change in resistance was below 3%. The electrical characteristics of an a-IGZO TFT with the micro-hole structure were almost equivalent to a standard a-IGZO TFT. After 10,000 bending cycles, ION and the ratio of ION/IOFF remained >107 A and ∼107, respectively. Since the effective hole diameter is micrometer in size, fabrication does not require additional process steps or expensive process equipment. Therefore, the approach can be an important way to enhance the reliability of various electrical devices in flexible and wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Jun Lee
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Heo
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Yang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ok Jun
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Jang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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16
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Xue Z, Song H, Rogers JA, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Mechanically-Guided Structural Designs in Stretchable Inorganic Electronics. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902254. [PMID: 31348578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the area of stretchable inorganic electronics has evolved very rapidly, in part because the results have opened up a series of unprecedented applications with broad interest and potential for impact, especially in bio-integrated systems. Low modulus mechanics and the ability to accommodate extreme mechanical deformations, especially high levels of stretching, represent key defining characteristics. Most existing studies exploit structural material designs to achieve these properties, through the integration of hard inorganic electronic components configured into strategic 2D/3D geometries onto patterned soft substrates. The diverse structural geometries developed for stretchable inorganic electronics are summarized, covering the designs of functional devices and soft substrates, with a focus on fundamental principles, design approaches, and system demonstrations. Strategies that allow spatial integration of 3D stretchable device layouts are also highlighted. Finally, perspectives on the remaining challenges and open opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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17
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Park J, Ahn DB, Kim J, Cha E, Bae BS, Lee SY, Park JU. Printing of wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaay0764. [PMID: 31976371 PMCID: PMC6957331 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in smart contact lenses are essential to the realization of medical applications and vision imaging for augmented reality through wireless communication systems. However, previous research on smart contact lenses has been driven by a wired system or wireless power transfer with temporal and spatial restrictions, which can limit their continuous use and require energy storage devices. Also, the rigidity, heat, and large sizes of conventional batteries are not suitable for the soft, smart contact lens. Here, we describe a human pilot trial of a soft, smart contact lens with a wirelessly rechargeable, solid-state supercapacitor for continuous operation. After printing the supercapacitor, all device components (antenna, rectifier, and light-emitting diode) are fully integrated with stretchable structures for this soft lens without obstructing vision. The good reliability against thermal and electromagnetic radiations and the results of the in vivo tests provide the substantial promise of future smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - David B. Ahn
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Cha
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Wearable Platform Materials Technology Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Young Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.-U.P.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.-U.P.); (S.-Y.L.)
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18
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Park YG, Kim H, Park SY, Kim JY, Park JU. Instantaneous and Repeatable Self-Healing of Fully Metallic Electrodes at Ambient Conditions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41497-41505. [PMID: 31612704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent approaches in self-healable electrodes use polymers with exhibiting significantly low electrical conductivity, compared to conventional metals. Such self-healable electrodes also require external stimuli to initiate self-healing, or present slow restoration for their intrinsic healing. Herein, we introduce an instantaneous and repeatable self-healing of highly conductive, fully metallic electrodes at ambient conditions. These electrodes consist of silver and liquid metal (with no polymer), and exhibit a sufficiently high conductivity of 2 S/μm. The liquid metal (LM) component enables instantaneous and repeatable self-healing of these electrodes (within a few milliseconds) under no external energy as well as high stretchability. Additionally, the inclusion of silver in this LM improves the mechanical strength of this composite, thereby overcoming the limitation of a pristine LM that has low mechanical strength. Moreover, this composite formation can be effective in preventing the penetration of gallium atoms into different metals, while preserving electrical contact properties. Also the self-healable nature of electrodes enables their outstanding sustainability against electrical breakdown at relatively high electric fields. Furthermore, the compatibility of these self-healable electrodes with conventional photolithography and wet etching facilitates high-resolution patterning for device fabrications, as demonstrated in an example with a self-healable organic light-emitting diode display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Geun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobeom Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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Hu X, Dou Y, Li J, Liu Z. Buckled Structures: Fabrication and Applications in Wearable Electronics. Small 2019; 15:e1804805. [PMID: 30740901 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics have attracted a tremendous amount of attention due to their many potential applications, such as personalized health monitoring, motion detection, and smart clothing, where electronic devices must conformably form contacts with curvilinear surfaces and undergo large deformations. Structural design and material selection have been the key factors for the development of wearable electronics in the recent decades. As one of the most widely used geometries, buckling structures endow high stretchability, high mechanical durability, and comfortable contact for human-machine interaction via wearable devices. In addition, buckling structures that are derived from natural biosurfaces have high potential for use in cost-effective and high-grade wearable electronics. This review provides fundamental insights into buckling fabrication and discusses recent advancements for practical applications of buckled electronics, such as interconnects, sensors, transistors, energy storage, and conversion devices. In addition to the incorporation of desired functions, the simple and consecutive manipulation and advanced structural design of the buckled structures are discussed, which are important for advancing the field of wearable electronics. The remaining challenges and future perspectives for buckled electronics are briefly discussed in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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20
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Park YG, An HS, Kim JY, Park JU. High-resolution, reconfigurable printing of liquid metals with three-dimensional structures. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw2844. [PMID: 31245538 PMCID: PMC6588379 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report an unconventional approach for high-resolution, reconfigurable 3D printing using liquid metals for stretchable, 3D integrations. A minimum line width of 1.9 μm can be reliably formed using direct printing, and printed patterns can be reconfigured into diverse 3D structures with maintaining pristine resolutions. This reconfiguration can be performed multiple times, and it also generates a thin oxide interface that can be effective in preventing the spontaneous penetration of gallium atoms into different metal layers while preserving electrical properties under ambient conditions. Moreover, these free-standing features can be encapsulated with stretchable, conformal passivations. We demonstrate applications in the form of a reconfigurable antenna, which is tunable by changing geometeries, and reversibly movable interconnections used as mechanical switches. The free-standing 3D structure of electrodes is also advantageous for minimizing the number and space between interconnections, which is important for achieving higher integrations, as demonstrated in an array of microLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Geun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei-IBS Institute, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seok An
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei-IBS Institute, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Yonsei-IBS Institute, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Kim K, Park YG, Hyun BG, Choi M, Park JU. Recent Advances in Transparent Electronics with Stretchable Forms. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1804690. [PMID: 30556173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials science and the desire for next-generation electronics have driven the development of stretchable and transparent electronics in the past decade. Novel applications, such as smart contact lenses and wearable sensors, have been introduced with stretchable and transparent form factors, requiring a deeper and wider exploration of materials and fabrication processes. In this regard, many research efforts have been dedicated to the development of mechanically stretchable, optically transparent materials and devices. Recent advances in stretchable and transparent electronics are discussed herein, with special emphasis on the development of stretchable and transparent materials, including substrates and electrodes. Several representative examples of applications enabled by stretchable and transparent electronics are presented, including sensors, smart contact lenses, heaters, and neural interfaces. The current challenges and opportunities for each type of stretchable and transparent electronics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukjoo Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gwan Hyun
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Choi
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Gold, one of the noble metals, has played a significant role in human society throughout history. Gold's excellent electrical, optical and chemical properties make the element indispensable in maintaining a prosperous modern electronics industry. In the emerging field of stretchable electronics (elastronics), the main challenge is how to utilize these excellent material properties under various mechanical deformations. This review covers the recent progress in developing "softening" gold chemistry for various applications in elastronics. We systematically present material synthesis and design principles, applications, and challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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23
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Kou H, Zhang L, Tan Q, Liu G, Dong H, Zhang W, Xiong J. Wireless wide-range pressure sensor based on graphene/PDMS sponge for tactile monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3916. [PMID: 30850692 PMCID: PMC6408520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a flexible wireless pressure sensor, which uses a graphene/polydimethylsiloxane (GR/PDMS) sponge as the dielectric layer. The sponge is sandwiched between two surfaces of a folded flexible printed circuit with patterned Cu as the antenna and electrode. By adjusting graphene and NH4HCO3 concentrations, a composite with 20% concentration of NH4HCO3 and 2% concentration of graphene as the dielectric layer is obtained, which exhibits high sensitivity (2.2 MHz/kPa), wide operating range (0-500 kPa), rapid response time (~7 ms), low detection limit (5 Pa), and good stability, recoverability, and repeatability. In addition, the sensor is sensitive to finger bending and facial muscle movements for smile and frown, that are transmitted using wireless electromagnetic coupling; therefore, it has potential for a wide range of applications such as intelligent robots, bionic-electronic skin and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Kou
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
| | - Qiulin Tan
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China.
| | - Guanyu Liu
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
| | - Helei Dong
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Tai Yuan, 030051, China
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24
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Tapaswi PK, Ha CS. Recent Trends on Transparent Colorless Polyimides with Balanced Thermal and Optical Properties: Design and Synthesis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Tapaswi
- Narasinha Dutt College; University of Calcutta; Kolkata 711101 West Bengal India
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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25
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Albrecht A, Bobinger M, Salmerón JF, Becherer M, Cheng G, Lugli P, Rivadeneyra A. Over-Stretching Tolerant Conductors on Rubber Films by Inkjet-Printing Silver Nanoparticles for Wearables. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1413. [PMID: 30961338 PMCID: PMC6401758 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity to place sensors far away from the processing unit in smart clothes or artificial skins for robots may require conductive wirings on stretchable materials at very low-cost. In this work, we present an easy method to produce wires using only commercially available materials. A consumer grade inkjet printer was used to print a wire of silver nanoparticles with a sheet resistance below 1 Ω/sq. on a non-pre-strained sheet of elastic silicone. This wire was stretched more than 10,000 times and was still conductive afterwards. The viscoelastic behavior of the substrate results in a temporarily increased resistance that decreases to almost the original value. After over-stretching, the wire is conductive within less than a second. We analyze the swelling of the silicone due to the ink's solvent and the nanoparticle film on top by microscope and SEM images. Finally, a 60 mm long stretchable conductor was integrated onto wearables, and showed that it can bear strains of up to 300% and recover to a conductivity that allows the operation of an assembled LED assembled at only 1.8 V. These self-healing wires can serve as wiring and binary strain or pressure sensors in sportswear, compression underwear, and in robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Albrecht
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstr. 90, München 80333, Germany.
| | - Marco Bobinger
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstr. 90, München 80333, Germany.
| | - José F Salmerón
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstr. 90, München 80333, Germany.
| | - Markus Becherer
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstr. 90, München 80333, Germany.
| | - Gordon Cheng
- Institute for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Munich, Karlstr. 45, München 80333, Germany.
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 1, Bozen-Bolzano 39100, Italy.
| | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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26
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Lim DBK, Gong H. Highly stretchable and transparent films based on cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:446-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tang K, Liu A, Wang W, Li P, Chen X. A Novel Fingerprint Sensing Technology Based on Electrostatic Imaging. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E3050. [PMID: 30213045 DOI: 10.3390/s18093050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new fingerprint sensing technology based on electrostatic imaging, which can greatly improve fingerprint sensing distance. This can solve the problem of the existing capacitive fingerprint identification device being easy to damage due to limited detection distance and a protective coating that is too thin. The fingerprint recognition sensor can also be placed under a glass screen to meet the needs of the full screen design of the mobile phone. In this paper, the electric field distribution around the fingerprint is analyzed. The electrostatic imaging sensor design is carried out based on the electrostatic detection principle and MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) technology. The MEMS electrostatic imaging array, analog, and digital signal processing circuit structure are designed. Simulation and testing are carried out as well. According to the simulation and prototype test device test results, it is confirmed that our proposed electrostatic imaging-based fingerprint sensing technology can increase fingerprint recognition distance by 46% compared to the existing capacitive fingerprint sensing technology. A distance of more than 439 μm is reached.
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Jeong Y, Kim S, Fang NX, Shin S, Choi H, Kim S, Kwon S, Cho YT. Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30272669 DOI: 10.3791/58356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing challenge in the field is the fabrication of hybrid micro-nano structures using a facile, cost-effective, and high-throughput method. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a protocol to fabricate multiscale structures using only an imprint process with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filter and an evaporative self-aggregation process of nanofibers. Unlike previous attempts that have aimed to straighten nanofibers, we demonstrate a unique fabrication method for multiscale aggregated nanofibers with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the surface morphology and wettability of these structures on various liquids were investigated to facilitate their use in multifunctional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonho Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University
| | - Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | | | - Seunghang Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University
| | - Hyunmin Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University
| | - Seonjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University
| | - Sin Kwon
- Printed Electronics Research Team, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials
| | - Young Tae Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University;
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An BW, Heo S, Ji S, Bien F, Park JU. Transparent and flexible fingerprint sensor array with multiplexed detection of tactile pressure and skin temperature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2458. [PMID: 29970893 PMCID: PMC6030134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a transparent and flexible, capacitive fingerprint sensor array with multiplexed, simultaneous detection of tactile pressure and finger skin temperature for mobile smart devices. In our approach, networks of hybrid nanostructures using ultra-long metal nanofibers and finer nanowires were formed as transparent, flexible electrodes of a multifunctional sensor array. These sensors exhibited excellent optoelectronic properties and outstanding reliability against mechanical bending. This fingerprint sensor array has a high resolution with good transparency. This sensor offers a capacitance variation ~17 times better than the variation for the same sensor pattern using conventional ITO electrodes. This sensor with the hybrid electrode also operates at high frequencies with negligible degradation in its performance against various noise signals from mobile devices. Furthermore, this fingerprint sensor array can be integrated with all transparent forms of tactile pressure sensors and skin temperature sensors, to enable the detection of a finger pressing on the display. Next-generation mobile security devices require fingerprint sensors that can be incorporated directly into the display. Here, Park et al. demonstrate a highly transparent, multifunctional capacitive fingerprint sensor array that simultaneously detects tactile pressure and finger skin temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wan An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Samsung Display-UNIST Center, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Heo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Samsung Display-UNIST Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Samsung Display-UNIST Center, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Franklin Bien
- School of Electrical Engineering, Samsung Display-UNIST Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Samsung Display-UNIST Center, Wearable Electronics Research Group, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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Jang HS, Kim GG, Kang SH, Kim Y, Yoo JI, Yoo S, Kim KK, Jung C, Ko HC. A Bezel-Less Tetrahedral Image Sensor Formed by Solvent-Assisted Plasticization and Transformation of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Framework. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801256. [PMID: 29882220 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for transforming planar electronic devices into 3D structures under mechanically mild and stable conditions is demonstrated. This strategy involves diffusion control of acetone as a plasticizer into a spatially designed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) framework to both laminate membrane-type electronic devices and transform them into a desired 3D shape. Optical, mechanical, and electrical analysis reveals that the plasticized region serves as a damper and even reflows to release the stress of fragile elements, for example, an Au interconnect electrode in this study, below the ultimate stress point. This method also gives considerable freedom in aligning electronic devices not only in the neutral mechanical plane of the ABS framework, which is the general approach in flexible electronics, but also to the top surface, without inducing electrical failure. Finally, to develop a prototype omnidirectional optical system with minimal aberrations, this method is used to produce a bezel-less tetrahedral image sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Soo Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Gwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggwang Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Kook Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Jung
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Cho Ko
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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Jo Y, Jeong DW, Lee JO, Choi Y, Jeong S. 3D-printed origami electronics using percolative conductors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22755-22762. [PMID: 35539749 PMCID: PMC9081645 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing has garnered tremendous amounts of attention in various applications. In this study, we suggest a facile means of creating 3D-printed foldable electrodes on paper via the direct printing of composite pastes consisting of conductive fillers and a thermoplastic elastomer. The 3D-printability of the prepared composite pastes is investigated depending on the rheological properties. It is revealed that the composite paste with a high storage modulus would enable the formation of highly conductive features with a resistance of 0.4 Ω cm-1 on three-dimensional paper structures. The mechanical bending/folding stability levels of the printed electrodes are evaluated to judge the possibility of realizing 3D-printed origami electronics. The resistance is changed slightly with a normalized resistance value of 2.3, when the printed electrodes are folded with a folding angle of 150°. It is demonstrated that the 3D-printed composite electrodes are applicable to various origami electronics, including electrical circuits, strain sensors and electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jo
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 19 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-350 Korea
| | - Du Won Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 19 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - Jeong-O Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 19 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 19 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-350 Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) 19 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-350 Korea
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32
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Yetisen AK, Martinez‐Hurtado JL, Ünal B, Khademhosseini A, Butt H. Wearables in Medicine. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1706910. [PMID: 29893068 PMCID: PMC6541866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wearables as medical technologies are becoming an integral part of personal analytics, measuring physical status, recording physiological parameters, or informing schedule for medication. These continuously evolving technology platforms do not only promise to help people pursue a healthier life style, but also provide continuous medical data for actively tracking metabolic status, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in the miniaturization of flexible electronics, electrochemical biosensors, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence algorithms have led to wearable devices that can generate real-time medical data within the Internet of things. These flexible devices can be configured to make conformal contact with epidermal, ocular, intracochlear, and dental interfaces to collect biochemical or electrophysiological signals. This article discusses consumer trends in wearable electronics, commercial and emerging devices, and fabrication methods. It also reviews real-time monitoring of vital signs using biosensors, stimuli-responsive materials for drug delivery, and closed-loop theranostic systems. It covers future challenges in augmented, virtual, and mixed reality, communication modes, energy management, displays, conformity, and data safety. The development of patient-oriented wearable technologies and their incorporation in randomized clinical trials will facilitate the design of safe and effective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Yetisen
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor TechnologyTechnische Universität MünchenTheresienstrasse 90Munich80333Germany
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineMindelsohn Way, EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2THUK
| | | | - Barış Ünal
- Triton Systems Inc.200 Turnpike Rd.ChelmsfordMA01824USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of BioengineeringDepartment of RadiologyDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Haider Butt
- Nanotechnology LaboratorySchool of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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Nagels S, Deferme W. Fabrication Approaches to Interconnect Based Devices for Stretchable Electronics: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E375. [PMID: 29510497 PMCID: PMC5872954 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics promise to naturalize the way that we are surrounded by and interact with our devices. Sensors that can stretch and bend furthermore have become increasingly relevant as the technology behind them matures rapidly from lab-based workflows to industrially applicable production principles. Regardless of the specific materials used, creating stretchable conductors involves either the implementation of strain reliefs through insightful geometric patterning, the dispersion of stiff conductive filler in an elastomeric matrix, or the employment of intrinsically stretchable conductive materials. These basic principles however have spawned a myriad of materials systems wherein future application engineers need to find their way. This paper reports a literature study on the spectrum of different approaches towards stretchable electronics, discusses standardization of characteristic tests together with their reports and estimates matureness for industry. Patterned copper foils that are embedded in elastomeric sheets, which are closest to conventional electronic circuits processing, make up one end of the spectrum. Furthest from industry are the more recent circuits based on intrinsically stretchable liquid metals. These show extremely promising results, however, as a technology, liquid metal is not mature enough to be adapted. Printing makes up the transition between both ends, and is also well established on an industrial level, but traditionally not linked to creating electronics. Even though a certain level of maturity was found amongst the approaches that are reviewed herein, industrial adaptation for consumer electronics remains unpredictable without a designated break-through commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Nagels
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMEC VZW-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Wim Deferme
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMEC VZW-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Ding S, Tian Y, Jiu J, Suganuma K. Highly conductive and transparent copper nanowire electrodes on surface coated flexible and heat-sensitive substrates. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2109-2115. [PMID: 35542590 PMCID: PMC9077247 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12738c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper nanowire (CuNW) based flexible transparent electrodes have been extensively investigated due to their outstanding performances and low price. However, commonly used methods for processing CuNW transparent electrodes such as thermal annealing and photonic sintering inevitably damage the flexible substrates leading to low transmittance. Herein, a surface coating layer was demonstrated to protect the heat-sensitive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer from being destroyed by the instantaneous high temperature during the photonic sintering process. The stable ceramic surface coating layer avoided the direct exposure of PET to intense light, further reduced the heat releasing to the bottom part of the PET, protecting the flexible PET base from destruction and ensuring high transparency for the CuNW transparent electrodes. A CuNW transparent electrode on surface coated PET (C-PET) substrates with a sheet resistance of 33 Ohm sq−1 and high transmittance of 82% has been successfully fabricated by the photonic sintering method using light intensity of 557 mJ cm−2 within several seconds in ambient conditions. The surface coating layers open a novel method to optimize the rapid photonic sintering technique for processing metal nanomaterials on heat-sensitive substrates. The optoelectrical property of CuNW transparent electrodes on C-PET substrates was superior to that on N-PET because the surface coatings protected the destruction of PET polymer by the high-energy light during the photonic sintering process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering
| | - Yanhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jinting Jiu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Osaka 5650871
- Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suganuma
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Osaka 5650871
- Japan
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Park J, Kim J, Kim SY, Cheong WH, Jang J, Park YG, Na K, Kim YT, Heo JH, Lee CY, Lee JH, Bien F, Park JU. Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaap9841. [PMID: 29387797 PMCID: PMC5787380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in wearable electronics combined with wireless communications are essential to the realization of medical applications through health monitoring technologies. For example, a smart contact lens, which is capable of monitoring the physiological information of the eye and tear fluid, could provide real-time, noninvasive medical diagnostics. However, previous reports concerning the smart contact lens have indicated that opaque and brittle components have been used to enable the operation of the electronic device, and this could block the user's vision and potentially damage the eye. In addition, the use of expensive and bulky equipment to measure signals from the contact lens sensors could interfere with the user's external activities. Thus, we report an unconventional approach for the fabrication of a soft, smart contact lens in which glucose sensors, wireless power transfer circuits, and display pixels to visualize sensing signals in real time are fully integrated using transparent and stretchable nanostructures. The integration of this display into the smart lens eliminates the need for additional, bulky measurement equipment. This soft, smart contact lens can be transparent, providing a clear view by matching the refractive indices of its locally patterned areas. The resulting soft, smart contact lens provides real-time, wireless operation, and there are in vivo tests to monitor the glucose concentration in tears (suitable for determining the fasting glucose level in the tears of diabetic patients) and, simultaneously, to provide sensing results through the contact lens display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Hyung Cheong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiuk Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Na
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Tae Kim
- School of Life Sciences, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Lee
- School of Life Sciences, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.-U.P.); (F.B.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Franklin Bien
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.-U.P.); (F.B.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.-U.P.); (F.B.); (J.H.L.)
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Hasegawa M. Development of Solution-Processable, Optically Transparent Polyimides with Ultra-Low Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E520. [PMID: 30965827 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the development of new high-temperature polymeric materials applicable to plastic substrates in image display devices with a focus on our previous results. Novel solution-processable colorless polyimides (PIs) with ultra-low linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are proposed in this paper. First, the principles of the coloration of PI films are briefly discussed, including the influence of the processing conditions on the film coloration, as well as the chemical and physical factors dominating the low CTE characteristics of the resultant PI films to clarify the challenges in simultaneously achieving excellent optical transparency, a very high Tg, a very low CTE, and excellent film toughness. A possible approach of achieving these target properties is to use semi-cycloaliphatic PI systems consisting of linear chain structures. However, semi-cycloaliphatic PIs obtained using cycloaliphatic diamines suffer various problems during precursor polymerization, cyclodehydration (imidization), and film preparation. In particular, when using trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine (t-CHDA) as the cycloaliphatic diamine, a serious problem emerges: salt formation in the initial stages of the precursor polymerization, which terminates the polymerization in some cases or significantly extends the reaction period. The system derived from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (s-BPDA) and t-CHDA can be polymerized by a controlled heating method and leads to a PI film with relatively good properties, i.e., excellent light transmittance at 400 nm (T400 = ~80%), a high Tg (>300 °C), and a very low CTE (10 ppm·K−1). However, this PI film is somewhat brittle (the maximum elongation at break, εb max is about 10%). On the other hand, the combination of cycloaliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and aromatic diamines does not result in salt formation. The steric structures of cycloaliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides significantly influence the polymerizability with aromatic diamines and the CTE values of the resultant PI films. For three isomers of hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride, the steric structure effect on the polymerizability and the properties of the PI films is discussed. 1,2,3,4-Cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) is a very unusual cycloaliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride that is suitable for reducing the CTE. For example, the PI system derived from CBDA and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) yields a colorless PI film with a relatively low CTE (21 ppm·K−1). However, this PI is insoluble in common organic solvents, which means that it is neither solution-processable nor compatible with the chemical imidization process; furthermore, the film is somewhat brittle (εb < 10%). In addition, the effect of the film preparation route on the film properties is shown to be significant. Films prepared via chemical imidization always have higher optical transparency and lower CTE values than those prepared via the conventional two-step process (i.e., precursor casting and successive thermal imidization). These results suggest that compatibility with the chemical imidization process is the key for achieving our goal. To dramatically improve the solubility in the CBDA-based PI systems, a novel amide-containing aromatic diamine (AB-TFMB), which possesses the structural features of TFMB and 4,4′-diaminobenzanilide (DABA), is proposed. The CBDA(70);6FDA(30)/AB-TFMB copolymer has an ultra-low CTE (7.3 ppm·K−1), excellent optical transparency (T400 = 80.6%, yellowness index (YI) = 2.5, and haze = 1.5%), a very high Tg (329 °C), sufficient ductility (εb max > 30%), and good solution-processability. Therefore, this copolymer is a promising candidate for use as a novel coating-type plastic substrate material. This paper also discusses how the target properties can be achieved without the help of cycloaliphatic monomers. Thus, elaborate molecular design allows the preparation of highly transparent and low-CTE aromatic poly(amide imide) and poly(ester imide) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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38
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Jeong Y, Shin S, Choi H, Kim S, Kim J, Kwon S, Kim K, Lee S, Jung Y, Cho Y. Fabrication of Nano-Micro Hybrid Structures by Replication and Surface Treatment of Nanowires. Crystals 2017; 7:215. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7070215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Lim GH, Ahn K, Bok S, Nam J, Lim B. Curving silver nanowires using liquid droplets for highly stretchable and durable percolation networks. Nanoscale 2017; 9:8938-8944. [PMID: 28654124 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02615c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) are promising building blocks for the fabrication of stretchable electrodes, but they may undergo mechanical fracture at low tensile strains, which leads to degradation in electrical performance of Ag NW-based stretchable electrodes. Here we report on a simple route to create the percolation networks of Ag NW rings via a conventional spray coating process. We discovered that Ag NWs can be bent into curved shapes within micrometer-sized liquid droplets generated during the spraying process due to elasto-capillary interaction. This curving phenomenon allowed the deposition of Ag NW rings directly on a desired substrate without the need for any complicated process. The network of Ag NW rings effectively releases the applied tensile strains thanks to curved shapes of the constituent NWs, enabling the achievement of excellent electromechanical stability as well as high stretchability. Our approach not only provides a simple, low cost, and scalable route to the fabrication of high-performance Ag NW-based stretchable electrodes, but also opens a new and useful way of engineering the structure of NWs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guh-Hwan Lim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
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Abstract
Wearable technology has attracted significant public attention and has generated huge societal and economic impact, leading to changes of both personal lifestyles and formats of healthcare. An important type of devices in wearable technology is flexible and stretchable skin sensors used primarily for biophysiological signal sensing and biomolecule analysis on skin. These sensors offer mechanical compatibility to human skin and maximum compliance to skin morphology and motion, demonstrating great potential as promising alternatives to current wearable electronic devices based on rigid substrates and packages. The mechanisms behind the design and applications of these sensors are numerous, involving profound knowledge about the physical and chemical properties of the sensors and the skin. The corresponding materials are diverse, featuring thin elastic films and unique stretchable structures based on traditional hard or ductile materials. In addition, the fabrication techniques that range from complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication to innovative additive manufacturing have led to various sensor formats. This paper reviews mechanisms, materials, fabrication techniques, and representative applications of flexible and stretchable skin sensors, and provides perspective of future trends of the sensors in improving biomedical sensing, human machine interfacing, and quality of life.
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Ahn J, Seo JW, Lee TI, Kwon D, Park I, Kim TS, Lee JY. Extremely Robust and Patternable Electrodes for Copy-Paper-Based Electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:19031-7. [PMID: 27378213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose a fabrication process for extremely robust and easily patternable silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes on paper. Using an auxiliary donor layer and a simple laminating process, AgNWs can be easily transferred to copy paper as well as various other substrates using a dry process. Intercalating a polymeric binder between the AgNWs and the substrate through a simple printing technique enhances adhesion, not only guaranteeing high foldability of the electrodes, but also facilitating selective patterning of the AgNWs. Using the proposed process, extremely crease-tolerant electronics based on copy paper can be fabricated, such as a printed circuit board for a 7-segment display, portable heater, and capacitive touch sensor, demonstrating the applicability of the AgNWs-based electrodes to paper electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Ahn
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Seo
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ik Lee
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Kwon
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Graphene Research Center, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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