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Albreht A, Martelanc M, Žiberna L. Simultaneous determination of free biliverdin and free bilirubin in serum: A comprehensive LC-MS approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342073. [PMID: 38182377 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant biological samples. Free biliverdin and free bilirubin represent important new biomarkers of oxidative stress, however, the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination has hindered progress in biomedical and clinical research. RESULTS Here, we introduce a first comprehensive approach for robust and simultaneous determination of these bilins in serum using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developed analytical method exhibits linearity for both analytes within the concentration range of 0.5-100 nM, with limits of detection and quantitation determined at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, several analytical pitfalls related to the intrinsic molecular structures of free bilirubin and free biliverdin and their trace concentration levels in biological samples are discussed here in detail for the first time. We have shown that the solubility, chemical stability, and affinity of these bilins to various materials strongly depend on the solvent, pH, and addition of stabilizing and chelating agents. Finally, the validated LC-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of both bilins in fetus bovine serums, yielding higher free bilirubin/biliverdin ratios compared with previously reported values for human serum. SIGNIFICANCE Failure to recognize and address the challenges presented here often leads to substantial analytical errors and consequently biased interpretation of the obtained results. This pertains not only to LC-MS, but also to many other analytical platforms due to the compound-derived sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Martelanc
- University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, School for Viticulture and Enology, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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Minic S, Annighöfer B, Milcic M, Maignen F, Brûlet A, Combet S. The effects of biliverdin on pressure-induced unfolding of apomyoglobin: The specific role of Zn 2+ ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125549. [PMID: 37356686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Apomyoglobin (apoMb), a model protein in biochemistry, exhibits a strong propensity to bind various ligands, which makes it a good candidate as a carrier of bioactive hydrophobic drugs. The stability of its hydrophobic pocket determines its potential as a carrier of bioactive compounds. High pressure (HP) is a potent tool for studying protein stability, revealing the specific role of hydrophobic cavities in unfolding. We probed the effects of biliverdin (BV) binding and its complex with Zn2+ ions on the structure and HP stability of apoMb. CD spectroscopy and SAXS measurements revealed that BV and BV-Zn2+ complexes make the apoMb structure more compact with higher α-helical content. We performed in-situ HP measurements of apoMb intrinsic fluorescence to demonstrate the ability of BV to stabilise apoMb structure at HP conditions. Furthermore, the presence of Zn2+ within the apoMb-BV complex significantly enhances the BV stabilisation effect. In-situ visible absorption study of BV chromophore confirmed the ability of Zn2+ to increase the stability of apoMb-BV complex under HP: the onset of complex dissociation is shifted by ~100 MPa in the presence of Zn2+. By combining HP-fluorescence and HP-visible absorption spectroscopy, our strategy highlights the crucial role of tetrapyrrole-metal complexes in stabilising apoMb hydrophobic pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Minic
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France; Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Burkhard Annighöfer
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Milos Milcic
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - François Maignen
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
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Abstract
Transition metals such as zinc and copper are essential in numerous life processes, and both deficiency and toxic overload of these metals are associated with various diseases. Fluorescent metal sensors are powerful tools for studying the roles of metal ions in the physiology and pathology of biological systems. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives are highly utilized for protein-based sensor design, but application to anaerobic systems is limited because these proteins require oxygen to become fluorescent. Bacteriophytochrome-based monomeric near-infrared fluorescent proteins (miRFPs) covalently bind a bilin cofactor, which can be added exogenously for anaerobic cells. miRFPs can also have emission wavelengths extending to >700 nm, which is valuable for imaging applications. Here, we evaluated the suitability of miRFP670 and miRFP709 as platforms for single fluorescent protein metal ion sensors. We found that divalent metal ions like Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ can quench from ∼6-20% (Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+) and up to nearly 90% (Cu2+) of the fluorescence intensity of pure miRFPs and have similar impacts in live Escherichia coli cells expressing miRFPs. The presence of a 6× histidine tag for purification influences metal quenching, but significant Cu2+-induced quenching and a picomolar binding affinity are retained in the absence of the His6 tag in both cuvettes and live bacterial cells. By comparing the Cu2+ and Cu+-induced quenching results for miRFP670 and miRFP709 and through examining absorption spectra and previously reported crystal structures, we propose a surface metal binding site near the biliverdin IXα chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Melissa L Zastrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Fathi P, Roslend A, Mehta K, Moitra P, Zhang K, Pan D. UV-trained and metal-enhanced fluorescence of biliverdin and biliverdin nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2021; 13:4785-4798. [PMID: 33434263 PMCID: PMC9297654 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the fluorescence quantum yield of fluorophores is of great interest for in vitro and in vivo biomedical imaging applications. At the same time, photobleaching and photodegradation resulting from continuous exposure to light are major considerations in the translation of fluorophores from research applications to industrial or healthcare applications. A number of tetrapyrrolic compounds, such as heme and its derivatives, are known to provide fluorescence contrast. In this work, we found that biliverdin (BV), a naturally-occurring tetrapyrrolic fluorophore, exhibits an increase in fluorescence quantum yield, without exhibiting photobleaching or degradation, in response to continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. We attribute this increased fluorescence quantum yield to photoisomerization and conformational changes in BV in response to UV irradiation. This enhanced fluorescence can be further altered by chelating BV with metals. UV irradiation of BV led to an approximately 10-fold increase in its 365 nm fluorescence quantum yield, and the most favorable combination of UV irradiation and metal chelation led to an approximately 18.5-fold increase in its 365 nm fluorescence quantum yield. We also evaluated these stimuli-responsive behaviors in biliverdin nanoparticles (BVNPs) at the bulk-state and single-particle level. We determined that UV irradiation led to an approximately 2.4-fold increase in BVNP 365 nm quantum yield, and the combination of UV irradiation and metal chelation led to up to a 6.75-fold increase in BVNP 365 nm quantum yield. Altogether, these findings suggest that UV irradiation and metal chelation can be utilized alone or in combination to tailor the fluorescence behavior of imaging probes such as BV and BVNPs at selected wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Ayman Roslend
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Kritika Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. and Departments of Diagnostic Radiology Nuclear Medicine, Pediatrics, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland School of Medicine and University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Fathi P, Pan D. Current trends in pyrrole and porphyrin-derived nanoscale materials for biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2493-2515. [PMID: 32975469 PMCID: PMC7610151 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is written to provide an up-to-date review of pyrrole-based biomedical materials. Porphyrins and other tetrapyrrolic molecules possess unique magnetic, optical and other photophysical properties that make them useful for bioimaging and therapy. This review touches briefly on some of the synthetic strategies to obtain porphyrin- and tetrapyrrole-based nanoparticles, as well as the variety of applications in which crosslinked, self-assembled, porphyrin-coated and other nanoparticles are utilized. We explore examples of these nanoparticles' applications in photothermal therapy, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, stimuli response, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. We anticipate that this review will provide a comprehensive summary of pyrrole-derived nanoparticles and provide a guideline for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science & Engineering & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine & Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences Facility III, 670 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Yao Q, Lan QH, Jiang X, Du CC, Zhai YY, Shen X, Xu HL, Xiao J, Kou L, Zhao YZ. Bioinspired biliverdin/silk fibroin hydrogel for antiglioma photothermal therapy and wound healing. Theranostics 2020; 10:11719-11736. [PMID: 33052243 PMCID: PMC7545989 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Photothermal therapy employs the photoabsorbers to generate heat under the near-infrared (NIR) irradiation for thermal tumor ablation. However, NIR irradiation might damage the adjacent tissue due to the leakage of the photoabsorbers and the residual materials after treatment might hinder the local healing process. A bifunctional hydrogel that holds both photothermal property and potent pro-healing ability provides a viable option to resolve this issue. Methods: In this study, we developed a bioinspired green hydrogel (BVSF) with the integration of bioproduct biliverdin into natural derived silk fibroin matrix for antiglioma photothermal therapy and wound healing. Results: The BVSF hydrogel possessed excellent and controllable photothermal activity under NIR irradiation and resulted in effective tumor ablation both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the BVSF hydrogel exerted anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, and stimulated angiogenesis and wound healing in a full-thickness defect rat model. Conclusion: Overall, this proof-of-concept study was aimed to determine the feasibility and reliability of using an all-natural green formulation for photothermal therapy and post-treatment care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang-yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-xiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin-quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Zhao L, Liu Y, Xing R, Yan X. Supramolecular Photothermal Effects: A Promising Mechanism for Efficient Thermal Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:3793-3801. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yamei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ruirui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
- Center for Mesoscience Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yamei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ruirui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
- Center for Mesoscience Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 North Second Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Dimitrijević MS, Žižić M, Piccioli M, Pristov JB, Spasojević I. The conformation of biliverdin in dimethyl sulfoxide: implications for the coordination with copper. Struct Chem 2019; 30:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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