1
|
Isaioglou I, Lopez-Madrigal G, Merzaban JS. A fast, easy, cost-free method to remove excess dye or drug from small extracellular vesicle solution. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301761. [PMID: 38718025 PMCID: PMC11078409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tracking small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), such as exosomes, requires staining them with dyes that penetrate their lipid bilayer, a process that leaves excess dye that needs to be mopped up to achieve high specificity. Current methods to remove superfluous dye have limitations, among them that they are time-intensive, carry the risk of losing sample and can require specialized equipment and materials. Here we present a fast, easy-to-use, and cost-free protocol for cleaning excess dye from stained sEV samples by adding their parental cells to the mixture to absorb the extra dye much like sponges do. Since sEVs are considered a next-generation drug delivery system, we further show the success of our approach at removing excess chemotherapeutic drug, daunorubicin, from the sEV solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Isaioglou
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Bioscience Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gloria Lopez-Madrigal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Bioscience Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmeen S. Merzaban
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Bioscience Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boudna M, Campos AD, Vychytilova-Faltejskova P, Machackova T, Slaby O, Souckova K. Strategies for labelling of exogenous and endogenous extracellular vesicles and their application for in vitro and in vivo functional studies. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:171. [PMID: 38461237 PMCID: PMC10924393 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of labelling strategies for endogenous and exogenous extracellular vesicles, that can be utilised both in vitro and in vivo. It covers a broad spectrum of approaches, including fluorescent and bioluminescent labelling, and provides an analysis of their applications, strengths, and limitations. Furthermore, this article presents techniques that use radioactive tracers and contrast agents with the ability to track EVs both spatially and temporally. Emphasis is also placed on endogenous labelling mechanisms, represented by Cre-lox and CRISPR-Cas systems, which are powerful and flexible tools for real-time EV monitoring or tracking their fate in target cells. By summarizing the latest developments across these diverse labelling techniques, this review provides researchers with a reference to select the most appropriate labelling method for their EV based research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boudna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andres Delgado Campos
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tana Machackova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Souckova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Ma J, Tai Z, Li L, Zhang T, Cheng T, Yu J, Zhu Q, Bao L, Chen Z. Nanocarrier-Mediated Immunogenic Cell Death for Melanoma Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7149-7172. [PMID: 38059000 PMCID: PMC10697015 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin tumor, exhibits notable features including heterogeneity, a high mutational load, and innate immune escape. Despite advancements in melanoma treatment, current immunotherapies fail to fully exploit the immune system's maximum potential. Activating immunogenic cell death (ICD) holds promise in enhancing tumor cell immunogenicity, stimulating immune amplification response, improving drug sensitivity, and eliminating tumors. Nanotechnology-enabled ICD has emerged as a compelling therapeutic strategy for augmenting cancer immunotherapy. Nanoparticles possess versatile attributes, such as prolonged blood circulation, stability, and tumor-targeting capabilities, rendering them ideal for drug delivery. In this review, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying ICD induction and associated therapeutic strategies. Additionally, we provide a concise overview of the immune stress response associated with ICD and explore the potential synergistic benefits of combining ICD induction methods with the utilization of nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisha Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxia Yu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leilei Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodriguez BV, Wen Y, Shirk EN, Vazquez S, Gololobova O, Maxwell A, Plunkard J, Castell N, Carlson B, Queen SE, Izzi JM, Driedonks TAP, Witwer KW. An ex vivo model of interactions between extracellular vesicles and peripheral mononuclear blood cells in whole blood. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12368. [PMID: 38047476 PMCID: PMC10694845 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and engineered for retention by specific body sites; therefore, they have great potential for targeted delivery of biomolecules to treat diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of EVs in large animals remain relatively unknown, especially in primates. We recently reported that when cell culture-derived EVs are administered intravenously to Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), they differentially associate with specific subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). More than 60% of CD20+ B cells were observed to associate with EVs for up to 1 h post-intravenous administration. To investigate these associations further, we developed an ex vivo model of whole blood collected from healthy pig-tailed macaques. Using this ex vivo system, we found that labelled EVs preferentially associate with B cells in whole blood at levels similar to those detected in vivo. This study demonstrates that ex vivo blood can be used to study EV-blood cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca V. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Erin N. Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Samuel Vazquez
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda Maxwell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jessica Plunkard
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Natalie Castell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bess Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Suzanne E. Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jessica M. Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Tom A. P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- University Medical CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saari H, Pusa R, Marttila H, Yliperttula M, Laitinen S. Development of tandem cation exchange chromatography for high purity extracellular vesicle isolation: The effect of ligand steric availability. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464293. [PMID: 37579702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Purification of extracellular vesicles for research and therapeutic applications requires updated methodology to address the limitations of traditional ultracentrifugation and other size-based separation techniques. Their downfalls include induced extracellular vesicle aggregation, low yields, poor scalability and one-dimensionality of the separation process, as the size or sedimentation speed of extracellular vesicles is often the only selection criterion. Ion exchange chromatography is a promising alternative or supplementary method candidate, as it offers a different approach for extracellular vesicle separation, which is surface charge. For now, mostly anion exchange chromatography has been evaluated for extracellular vesicle purification, as it successfully relies on the strongly negative surface charge of extracellular vesicles. However, as extracellular vesicles are very complex in their structure, also cation exchange chromatography could be applicable, due to individual cationic domains on the extracellular vesicle surface. Here, we compare anion exchange chromatography to different types of cation exchange chromatography for the purification of platelet extracellular vesicle samples also containing plasma-derived impurities. We found that the choice of resin structure used for cation exchange chromatography is critical for binding platelet extracellular vesicles, as a conventional-type cation exchanger was found to only capture and elute less than 20% of extracellular vesicles. With the tentacle-type resin, it was possible to obtain comparable platelet extracellular vesicle yields (over 90%) with cation exchange chromatography compared to anion exchange chromatography, as well as superior purity, especially when it was combined to conventional cation exchange resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Saari
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service. Härkälenkki 13, 01730 Vantaa, Finland.
| | - Reetta Pusa
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service. Härkälenkki 13, 01730 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Heli Marttila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service. Härkälenkki 13, 01730 Vantaa, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bao C, Xiang H, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Gao Q, Huang F, Mao L. A Review of Labeling Approaches Used in Small Extracellular Vesicles Tracing and Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4567-4588. [PMID: 37588627 PMCID: PMC10426735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from the endosomal compartment, are a kind of lipid bilayer vesicles released by almost all types of cells, serving as natural carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids for intercellular communication and transfer of bioactive molecules. The current findings suggest their vital role in physiological and pathological processes. Various sEVs labeling techniques have been developed for the more advanced study of the function, mode of action, bio-distribution, and related information of sEVs. In this review, we summarize the existing and emerging sEVs labeling techniques, including fluorescent labeling, radioisotope labeling, nanoparticle labeling, chemical contrast agents labeling, and label-free technique. These approaches will pave the way for an in-depth study of sEVs. We present a systematic and comprehensive review of the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these techniques, to help promote applications of these labeling approaches in future research on sEVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rautaniemi K, John T, Richter M, Huck BC, Zini J, Loretz B, Lehr CM, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Lisitsyna E, Laaksonen T. Intracellular Dynamics of Extracellular Vesicles by Segmented Trajectory Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17770-17778. [PMID: 36512439 PMCID: PMC9798377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of nanoparticle (NP) dynamics in live cell studies by video tracking provides detailed information on their interactions and trafficking in the cells. Although the video analysis is not yet routinely used in NP studies, the equipment suitable for the experiments is already available in most laboratories. Here, we compare trajectory patterns, diffusion coefficients, and particle velocities of NPs in A549 cells with a rather simple experimental setup consisting of a fluorescence microscope and openly available trajectory analysis software. The studied NPs include commercial fluorescent polymeric particles and two subpopulations of PC-3 cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). As bioderived natural nanoparticles, the fluorescence intensities of the EVs limited the recording speed. Therefore, we studied the effect of the recording frame rate and analysis parameters to the trajectory results with bright fluorescent commercial NPs. We show that the trajectory classification and the apparent particle velocities are affected by the recording frame rate, while the diffusion constants stay comparable. The NP trajectory patterns were similar for all NP types and resembled intracellular vesicular transport. Interestingly, the EV movements were faster than the commercial NPs, which contrasts with their physical sizes and may indicate a greater role of the motor proteins in their intracellular transports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rautaniemi
- Chemistry
and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720Tampere, Finland,
| | - Thomas John
- Experimental
Physics, Saarland University, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maximilian Richter
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany,Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Benedikt C. Huck
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany,Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jacopo Zini
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany,Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elina Vuorimaa-Laukkanen
- Chemistry
and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720Tampere, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Lisitsyna
- Chemistry
and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Chemistry
and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720Tampere, Finland,Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Lu Y, Jurchuk S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles. Nanophotonics 2022; 11:2827-2863. [PMID: 35880114 PMCID: PMC9128385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles endogenously secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a specific molecular cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids derived from cells of origin and play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Upon release, they may be found in different body fluids that can be easily accessed via noninvasive methodologies. Due to the unique information encoded in their molecular cargo, they may reflect the state of the parent cell and therefore EVs are recognized as a rich source of biomarkers for early diagnostics involving liquid biopsy. However, body fluids contain a mixture of EVs released by different types of healthy and diseased cells, making the detection of the EVs of interest very challenging. Recent research efforts have been focused on the detection and characterization of diagnostically relevant subpopulations of EVs, with emphasis on label-free methods that simplify sample preparation and are free of interfering signals. Therefore, in this paper, we review the recent progress of the label-free optical methods employed for the detection, counting, and morphological and chemical characterization of EVs. We will first briefly discuss the biology and functions of EVs, and then introduce different optical label-free techniques for rapid, precise, and nondestructive characterization of EVs such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy. In the end, we will discuss their applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and provide an outlook on the future impact and challenges of these technologies to the field of liquid biopsy via EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yao Lu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, 1006, Montreal, QC, H3C6W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jurchuk
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, Rm#350, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 University St., MC362, Montreal, H3A 0E9l, Canada
| |
Collapse
|