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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Prion Protein Phase Separation in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030705. [PMID: 35163973 PMCID: PMC8839844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability to adapt and thrive in inhospitable, stressful tumor microenvironments (TME) also renders cancer cells resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic treatments and/or novel pharmaceuticals. Cancer cells exhibit extensive metabolic alterations involving hypoxia, accelerated glycolysis, oxidative stress, and increased extracellular ATP that may activate ancient, conserved prion adaptive response strategies that exacerbate multidrug resistance (MDR) by exploiting cellular stress to increase cancer metastatic potential and stemness, balance proliferation and differentiation, and amplify resistance to apoptosis. The regulation of prions in MDR is further complicated by important, putative physiological functions of ligand-binding and signal transduction. Melatonin is capable of both enhancing physiological functions and inhibiting oncogenic properties of prion proteins. Through regulation of phase separation of the prion N-terminal domain which targets and interacts with lipid rafts, melatonin may prevent conformational changes that can result in aggregation and/or conversion to pathological, infectious isoforms. As a cancer therapy adjuvant, melatonin could modulate TME oxidative stress levels and hypoxia, reverse pH gradient changes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and protect lipid raft compositions to suppress prion-mediated, non-Mendelian, heritable, but often reversible epigenetic adaptations that facilitate cancer heterogeneity, stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines some of the mechanisms that may balance physiological and pathological effects of prions and prion-like proteins achieved through the synergistic use of melatonin to ameliorate MDR, which remains a challenge in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
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Miranzadeh Mahabadi H, Bhatti H, Laprairie RB, Taghibiglou C. Cannabinoid receptors distribution in mouse cortical plasma membrane compartments. Mol Brain 2021; 14:89. [PMID: 34099009 PMCID: PMC8183067 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2 receptors) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by endogenous lipids called endocannabinoids to modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in neurons throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and inflammatory processes throughout the body. CB1 receptor is one of the most abundant GPCRs in the CNS and is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including mood, appetite, and nociception. CB2 receptor is primarily found on immunomodulatory cells of both the CNS and the peripheral immune system. In this study, we isolated lipid raft and non-lipid raft fractions of plasma membrane (PM) from mouse cortical tissue by using cold non-ionic detergent and sucrose gradient centrifugation to study the localization of CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor. Lipid raft and non-lipid raft fractions were confirmed by flotillin-1, caveolin-1 and transferrin receptor as their protein biomarkers. Both CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor were found in non-raft compartments that is inconsistent with previous findings in cultured cell lines. This study demonstrates compartmentalization of both CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor in cortical tissue and warrants further investigation of CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor compartmental distribution in various brain regions and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Miranzadeh Mahabadi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology; College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Bldg. Room GD30.5, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Haseeb Bhatti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology; College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Bldg. Room GD30.5, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 3B36, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 3B36, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology; College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Bldg. Room GD30.5, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Martellucci S, Santacroce C, Santilli F, Manganelli V, Sorice M, Mattei V. Prion Protein in Stem Cells: A Lipid Raft Component Involved in the Cellular Differentiation Process. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4168. [PMID: 32545192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is an enigmatic molecule with a pleiotropic effect on different cell types; it is localized stably in lipid raft microdomains and it is able to recruit downstream signal transduction pathways by its interaction with various biochemical partners. Since its discovery, this lipid raft component has been involved in several functions, although most of the publications focused on the pathological role of the protein. Recent studies report a key role of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in physiological processes, including cellular differentiation. Indeed, the PrPC, whose expression is modulated according to the cell differentiation degree, appears to be part of the multimolecular signaling pathways of the neuronal differentiation process. In this review, we aim to summarize the main findings that report the link between PrPC and stem cells.
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Bhattacharya A, Limone A, Napolitano F, Cerchia C, Parisi S, Minopoli G, Montuori N, Lavecchia A, Sarnataro D. APP Maturation and Intracellular Localization Are Controlled by a Specific Inhibitor of 37/67 kDa Laminin-1 Receptor in Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051738. [PMID: 32143270 PMCID: PMC7084285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is processed along both the nonamyloidogenic pathway preventing amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) production and the amyloidogenic pathway, generating Aβ, whose accumulation characterizes Alzheimer’s disease. Items of evidence report that the intracellular trafficking plays a key role in the generation of Aβ and that the 37/67 kDa LR (laminin receptor), acting as a receptor for Aβ, may mediate Aβ-pathogenicity. Moreover, findings indicating interaction between the receptor and the key enzymes involved in the amyloidogenic pathway suggest a strong link between 37/67 kDa LR and APP processing. We show herein that the specific 37/67 kDa LR inhibitor, NSC48478, is able to reversibly affect the maturation of APP in a pH-dependent manner, resulting in the partial accumulation of the immature APP isoforms (unglycosylated/acetylated forms) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in transferrin-positive recycling endosomes, indicating alteration of the APP intracellular trafficking. These effects reveal NSC48478 inhibitor as a novel small molecule to be tested in disease conditions, mediated by the 37/67 kDa LR and accompanied by inactivation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) signalling and activation of Akt (serine/threonine protein kinase) with consequent inhibition of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antaripa Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Adriana Limone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “Drug Discovery Lab”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “Drug Discovery Lab”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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D'Argenio V, Sarnataro D. Microbiome Influence in the Pathogenesis of Prion and Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4704. [PMID: 31547531 PMCID: PMC6801937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded and abnormal β-sheets forms of wild-type proteins, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC) and amyloid beta (Aβ), are believed to be the vectors of neurodegenerative diseases, prion and Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Increasing evidence highlights the "prion-like" seeding of protein aggregates as a mechanism for pathological spread in AD, tauopathy, as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's. Mutations in both PrPC and Aβ precursor protein (APP), have been associated with the pathogenesis of these fatal disorders with clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In addition, a critical role for the gut microbiota is emerging; indeed, as a consequence of gut-brain axis alterations, the gut microbiota has been involved in the regulation of Aβ production in AD and, through the microglial inflammation, in the amyloid fibril formation, in prion diseases. Here, we aim to review the role of microbiome ("the other human genome") alterations in AD and prion disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D'Argenio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
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Pepe A, Avolio R, Matassa DS, Esposito F, Nitsch L, Zurzolo C, Paladino S, Sarnataro D. Regulation of sub-compartmental targeting and folding properties of the Prion-like protein Shadoo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3731. [PMID: 28623368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shadoo (Sho), a member of prion protein family, has been shown to prevent embryonic lethality in Prnp0/0 mice and to be reduced in the brains of rodents with terminal prion diseases. Sho can also affect PrP structural dynamics and can increase the prion conversion into its misfolded isoform (PrPSc), which is amyloidogenic and strictly related to expression, intracellular localization and association of PrPC to lipid rafts. We reasoned that if Sho possesses a natural tendency to convert to amyloid-like forms in vitro, it should be able to exhibit “prion-like” properties, such as PK-resistance and aggregation state, also in live cells. We tested this hypothesis, by different approaches in neuronal cells, finding that Sho shows folding properties partially dependent on lipid rafts integrity whose alteration, as well as proteasomal block, regulated generation of intermediate Sho isoforms and exacerbated its misfolding. Moreover, a 18 kDa isoform of Sho, likely bearing the signal peptide, was targeted to mitochondria by interacting with the molecular chaperone TRAP1 which, in turn controlled Sho dual targeting to ER or mitochondria. Our studies contribute to understand the role of molecular chaperones and of PrP-related folding intermediates in “prion-like” conversion.
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Abstract
The prion protein, PrPC, is a small, cell-surface glycoprotein notable primarily for its critical role in pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders known as prion diseases. A hallmark of prion diseases is the conversion of PrPC into an abnormally folded isoform, which provides a template for further pathogenic conversion of PrPC, allowing disease to spread from cell to cell and, in some circumstances, to transfer to a new host. In addition to the putative neurotoxicity caused by the misfolded form(s), loss of normal PrPC function could be an integral part of the neurodegenerative processes and, consequently, significant research efforts have been directed toward determining the physiological functions of PrPC. In this review, we first summarise important aspects of the biochemistry of PrPC before moving on to address the current understanding of the various proposed functions of the protein, including details of the underlying molecular mechanisms potentially involved in these functions. Over years of study, PrPC has been associated with a wide array of different cellular processes and many interacting partners have been suggested. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the previously well-established links between PrPC and processes such as stress-protection, copper homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Instead, the functions best-supported by the current literature include regulation of myelin maintenance and of processes linked to cellular differentiation, including proliferation, adhesion, and control of cell morphology. Intriguing connections have also been made between PrPC and the modulation of circadian rhythm, glucose homeostasis, immune function and cellular iron uptake, all of which warrant further investigation.
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Tsangaras K, Kolokotronis SO, Ulrich RG, Morand S, Michaux J, Greenwood AD. Negative Purifying Selection Drives Prion and Doppel Protein Evolution. J Mol Evol 2014; 79:12-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-014-9632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mays CE, Coomaraswamy J, Watts JC, Yang J, Ko KW, Strome B, Mercer RC, Wohlgemuth SL, Schmitt-Ulms G, Westaway D. Endoproteolytic processing of the mammalian prion glycoprotein family. FEBS J 2013; 281:862-76. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | | | - Joel C. Watts
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Kerry W.S. Ko
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Bob Strome
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Robert C.C. Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Serene L. Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
- Division of Neurology; Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Qin K, Ding T, Xiao Y, Ma W, Wang Z, Gao J, Zhao L. Differential responses of neuronal and spermatogenic cells to the doppel cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82130. [PMID: 24339999 PMCID: PMC3858285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although structurally and biochemically similar to the cellular prion (PrP(C)), doppel (Dpl) is unique in its biological functions. There are no reports about any neurodegenerative diseases induced by Dpl. However the artificial expression of Dpl in the PrP-deficient mouse brain causes ataxia with Purkinje cell death. Abundant Dpl proteins have been found in testis and depletion of the Dpl gene (Prnd) causes male infertility. Therefore, we hypothesize different regulations of Prnd in the nerve and male productive systems. In this study, by electrophoretic mobility shift assays we have determined that two different sets of transcription factors are involved in regulation of the Prnd promoter in mouse neuronal N2a and GC-1 spermatogenic (spg) cells, i.e., upstream stimulatory factors (USF) in both cells, Brn-3 and Sp1 in GC-1 spg cells, and Sp3 in N2a cells, leading to the expression of Dpl in GC-1 spg but not in N2a cells. We have further defined that, in N2a cells, Dpl induces oxidative stress and apoptosis, which stimulate ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-modulating bindings of transcription factors, p53 and p21, to Prnp promoter, resulting the PrP(C) elevation for counteraction of the Dpl cytotoxicity; in contrast, in GC-1 spg cells, phosphorylation of p21 and N-terminal truncated PrP may play roles in the control of Dpl-induced apoptosis, which may benefit the physiological function of Dpl in the male reproduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Pocanschi CL, Ehsani S, Mehrabian M, Wille H, Reginold W, Trimble WS, Wang H, Yee A, Arrowsmith CH, Bozóky Z, Kay LE, Forman-Kay JD, Rini JM, Schmitt-Ulms G. The ZIP5 ectodomain co-localizes with PrP and may acquire a PrP-like fold that assembles into a dimer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72446. [PMID: 24039764 PMCID: PMC3765157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) was recently observed to co-purify with members of the LIV-1 subfamily of ZIP zinc transporters (LZTs), precipitating the surprising discovery that the prion gene family descended from an ancestral LZT gene. Here, we compared the subcellular distribution and biophysical characteristics of LZTs and their PrP-like ectodomains. When expressed in neuroblastoma cells, the ZIP5 member of the LZT subfamily was observed to be largely directed to the same subcellular locations as PrP(C) and both proteins were seen to be endocytosed through vesicles decorated with the Rab5 marker protein. When recombinantly expressed, the PrP-like domain of ZIP5 could be obtained with yields and levels of purity sufficient for structural analyses but it tended to aggregate, thereby precluding attempts to study its structure. These obstacles were overcome by moving to a mammalian cell expression system. The subsequent biophysical characterization of a homogeneous preparation of the ZIP5 PrP-like ectodomain shows that this protein acquires a dimeric, largely globular fold with an α-helical content similar to that of mammalian PrP(C). The use of a mammalian cell expression system also allowed for the expression and purification of stable preparations of Takifugu rubripes PrP-1, thereby overcoming a key hindrance to high-resolution work on a fish PrP(C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin L. Pocanschi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sepehr Ehsani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Reginold
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S. Trimble
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adelinda Yee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zoltán Bozóky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewis E. Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie D. Forman-Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Rini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lemaire-Vieille C, Bailly Y, Erlich P, Loeuillet C, Brocard J, Haeberlé AM, Bombarde G, Rak C, Demais V, Dumestre-Pérard C, Gagnon J, Cesbron JY. Ataxia with cerebellar lesions in mice expressing chimeric PrP-Dpl protein. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1391-9. [PMID: 23345215 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2231-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the central region of prion protein (PrP) have been shown to be associated with severe neurotoxic activity similar to that observed with Dpl, a PrP-like protein. To further investigate this neurotoxic effect, we generated lines of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing three different chimeric PrP-Dpl proteins. Chi1 (amino acids 1-57 of Dpl replaced by amino acids 1-125 of PrP) and Chi2 (amino acids 1-66 of Dpl replaced by amino acids 1-134 of PrP) abrogated the pathogenicity of Dpl indicating that the presence of a N-terminal domain of PrP (23-134) reduced the toxicity of Dpl, as reported. However, when the amino acids 1-24 of Dpl were replaced by amino acids 1-124 of PrP, Chi3 Tg mice, which express the chimeric protein at a very low level, start developing ataxia at the age of 5-7 weeks. This phenotype was not counteracted by a single copy of full-length-PrP(c) but rather by its overexpression, indicating the strong toxicity of the chimeric protein Chi3. Chi3 Tg mice exhibit severe cerebellar atrophy with a significant loss of granule cells. We concluded that aa25 to aa57 of Dpl, which are not present in Chi1 and Chi2 constructs, confer toxicity to the protein. We tested this possibility by using the 25-57 Dpl peptide in primary culture of mouse embryo cortical neurons and found a significant neurotoxic effect. This finding identifies a protein domain that plays a role in mediating Dpl-related toxicity.
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Abstract
Doppel (Dpl) protein is a paralog of the prion protein (PrP) that shares 25% sequence similarity with the C-terminus of PrP, a common N-glycosylation site and a C-terminal signal peptide for attachment of a glycosylphophatidyl inositol anchor. Whereas PrPC is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), Dpl is detected mostly in testes and its ectopic expression in the CNS leads to ataxia as well as Purkinje and granule cell degeneration in the cerebellum. The mechanism through which Dpl induces neurotoxicity is still debated. In the present work, primary neuronal cultures derived from postnatal cerebellar granule cells of wild-type and PrP-knockout FVB mice were used in order to investigate the molecular events that occur upon exposure to Dpl. Treatment of cultured cerebellar neurons with recombinant Dpl produced apoptosis that could be prevented by PrP co-incubation. When primary neuronal cultures from Bax-deficient mice were incubated with Dpl, no apoptosis was observed, suggesting an important role of Bax in triggering neurodegeneration. Similarly, cell survival increased when recDpl-treated cells were incubated with an inhibitor of caspase-3, which mediates apoptosis in mammalian cells. Together, our findings raise the possibility that Bax and caspase-3 feature in Dpl-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Neurobiology Sector, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Sakudo A, Onodera T. Tissue- and cell type-specific modification of prion protein (PrP)-like protein Doppel, which affects PrP endoproteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:523-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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