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Rausch JW, Parvez S, Pathak S, Capoferri AA, Kearney MF. HIV Expression in Infected T Cell Clones. Viruses 2024; 16:108. [PMID: 38257808 PMCID: PMC10820123 DOI: 10.3390/v16010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The principal barrier to an HIV-1 cure is the persistence of infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-1 transcriptional suppression, referred to as viral latency, is foremost among persistence determinants, as it allows infected cells to evade the cytopathic effects of virion production and killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and other immune factors. HIV-1 persistence is also governed by cellular proliferation, an innate and essential capacity of CD4+ T cells that both sustains cell populations over time and enables a robust directed response to immunological threats. However, when HIV-1 infects CD4+ T cells, this capacity for proliferation can enable surreptitious HIV-1 propagation without the deleterious effects of viral gene expression in latently infected cells. Over time on ART, the HIV-1 reservoir is shaped by both persistence determinants, with selective forces most often favoring clonally expanded infected cell populations harboring transcriptionally quiescent proviruses. Moreover, if HIV latency is incomplete or sporadically reversed in clonal infected cell populations that are replenished faster than they are depleted, such populations could both persist indefinitely and contribute to low-level persistent viremia during ART and viremic rebound if treatment is withdrawn. In this review, select genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and immunological determinants of viral transcriptional suppression and clonal expansion of HIV-1 reservoir T cells, interdependencies among these determinants, and implications for HIV-1 persistence will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Rausch
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.P.); (S.P.); (A.A.C.); (M.F.K.)
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2
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Chowdhary S, Deka R, Panda K, Kumar R, Solomon AD, Das J, Kanoujiya S, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Gupta PK. Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3698-3740. [PMID: 37486263 PMCID: PMC10410670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chowdhary
- Department
of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Department
of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishikt David Solomon
- Department
of Molecular & Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jimli Das
- Centre
for
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh
University, Assam 786004, India
| | - Supriya Kanoujiya
- School
of
Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty
of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International
University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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3
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Abstract
Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).
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4
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Zhang S, Asquith B, Szydlo R, Tregoning JS, Pollock KM. Peripheral T cell lymphopenia in COVID-19: potential mechanisms and impact. Immunotherapy Advances 2021; 1:ltab015. [PMID: 35965490 PMCID: PMC9364037 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathogenesis involving T lymphocytes, which play a key role in defence against viral infection, could contribute to the spectrum of COVID-19 disease and provide an avenue for treatment. To address this question, a review of clinical observational studies and autopsy data in English and Chinese languages was conducted with a search of registered clinical trials. Peripheral lymphopenia affecting CD4 and CD8 T cells was a striking feature of severe COVID-19 compared with non-severe disease. Autopsy data demonstrated infiltration of T cells into organs, particularly the lung. Seventy-four clinical trials are on-going that could target T cell-related pathogenesis, particularly IL-6 pathways. SARS-CoV-2 infection interrupts T cell circulation in patients with severe COVID-19. This could be due to redistribution of T cells into infected organs, activation induced exhaustion, apoptosis, or pyroptosis. Measuring T cell dynamics during COVID-19 will inform clinical risk-stratification of hospitalised patients and could identify those who would benefit most from treatments that target T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Szydlo
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katrina M Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) which halts HIV-1 replication and reduces plasma viral load to clinically undetectable levels, viral rebound inevitably occurs once ART is interrupted. HIV-1-infected cells can undergo clonal expansion, and these clonally expanded cells increase over time. Over 50% of latent reservoirs are maintained through clonal expansion. The clonally expanding HIV-1-infected cells, both in the blood and in the lymphoid tissues, contribute to viral rebound. The major drivers of clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells include antigen-driven proliferation, homeostatic proliferation and HIV-1 integration site-dependent proliferation. Here, we reviewed how viral, immunologic and genomic factors contribute to clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells, and how clonal expansion shapes the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells specific for different pathogens have different clonal expansion dynamics, depending on antigen exposure, cytokine profiles and exhaustion phenotypes. Homeostatic proliferation replenishes the HIV-1 latent reservoir without inducing viral expression and immune clearance. Integration site-dependent proliferation, a mechanism also deployed by other retroviruses, leads to slow but steady increase of HIV-1-infected cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses integrated in the same orientation at specific sites of certain cancer-related genes. Targeting clonally expanding HIV-1 latent reservoir without disrupting CD4+ T cell function is a top priority for HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | | | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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6
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Gonzalez-Nieto L, Domingues A, Ricciardi M, Gutman MJ, Maxwell HS, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Magnani DM, Martins MA. Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060314 DOI: 10.3791/54881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) tetramers have been an invaluable tool to study CD8+ T-cell responses. Because these reagents directly bind to T-cell receptors on the surface of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, fluorochrome-labeled pMHC-I tetramers enable the accurate detection of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T-cells without the need for in vitro re-stimulation. Moreover, when combined with multi-color flow cytometry, pMHC-I tetramer staining can reveal key aspects of Ag-specific CD8+ T-cells, including differentiation stage, memory phenotype, and activation status. These types of analyses have been especially useful in the field of HIV immunology where CD8+ T-cells can affect progression to AIDS. Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provides an invaluable tool to study cellular immunity against the AIDS virus. As a result, considerable progress has been made in defining and characterizing T-cell responses in this animal model. Here we present an optimized protocol for enumerating SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in rhesus macaques by pMHC-I tetramer staining. Our assay permits the simultaneous quantification and memory phenotyping of two pMHC-I tetramer+ CD8+ T-cell populations per test, which might be useful for tracking SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses generated by vaccination or SIV infection. Considering the relevance of nonhuman primates in biomedical research, this methodology is applicable for studying CD8+ T-cell responses in multiple disease settings.
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Li H, Margolick JB, Bream JH, Nilles TL, Langan S, Bui HT, Sylwester AW, Picker LJ, Leng SX. Heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:400-4. [PMID: 24532602 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of T-cell immunity to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) primarily reflect anti-CMV pp65 or immediate early antigen 1 (IE-1) activity. We assessed responses of T cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and HIV-infected men to peptide pools spanning 19 CMV open reading frames selected because they previously correlated with total CMV-specific T-cell responses in healthy donors. Cells producing cytokines in response to pp65 or IE-1 together composed <12% and <40% of the total CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to CMV, respectively. These proportions were generally similar regardless of HIV serostatus. Thus, analyses of total CMV-specific T-cell responses should extend beyond pp65 and IE-1 regardless of HIV serostatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jay H Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tricia L Nilles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan Langan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hanhvy T Bui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew W Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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8
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Betts MR, Gray CM, Cox JH, Ferrari G. Antigen-specific T-cell-mediated immunity after HIV-1 infection: implications for vaccine control of HIV development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:505-16. [PMID: 16989631 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The definition of immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 infection is pivotal to the design of successful vaccine candidates and strategies. Although significant methodological and conceptual strides have been made in our understanding of HIV-specific cellular immunity, we have not yet defined those parameters that have a role in controlling the spread of HIV infection. This review discusses the basis of our understanding of HIV-specific cellular immunity and identifies its shortcomings. Furthermore, potential protective characteristics will be proposed that may ultimately be required for an effective vaccine designed to stimulate cellular immunity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Betts
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Microbiology, 522E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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9
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Daniel V, Scherer S, Sadeghi M, Terness P, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. HIV-Specific CD8(+) T Lymphocytes in Blood of Long-Term HIV-Infected Hemophilia Patients. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:399-411. [PMID: 24380050 PMCID: PMC3869412 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 30 years ago show increased proportions of activated CD8+DR+ blood lymphocytes. We hypothesized that this might indicate a cellular immune response directed against HIV and might be the reason for long-term clinical stability of these patients. CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) reactive with six HIV and two cytomegalovirus (CMV) pentamers were determined in heparinized whole blood. Additional lymphocyte subsets as well as plasma cytokines and HIV-1 load were studied. Long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with (n=15) or without (n=33) currently detectable HIV-1 load in the plasma showed higher proportions of CD8+ lymphocytes reactive with HIV (p<0.001) and CMV pentamers (p=0.010) than healthy individuals. The cellular anti-HIV response tended to be stronger and more polyclonal in patients during periods of viral replication than in patients with retroviral quiescence (p=0.077). Anti-HIV CD8+ lymphocyte responses were strongest in patients with high counts of activated CD8+DR+ T (r=0.353; p=0.014) and low CD19+ B lymphocyte counts (r=−0.472; p=0.001). Patients with or without HIV-1 viral load showed normal Th1 and Th2 plasma cytokine levels and high plasma interleukin-6 (versus healthy controls, p=0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (p=0.020). Hemophilia patients who have been living with HIV for more than 30 years showed a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell response against HIV and CMV. This cellular antiviral immune response was strongest during periods of HIV-1 replication and remained detectable during periods of HIV-1 quiescence. We hypothesize that the consistent cellular anti-HIV-1 response in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy ensures stability and survival of these chronically HIV-1–infected hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Scherer
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Terness
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Opelz
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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de Silva TI, Peng Y, Leligdowicz A, Zaidi I, Li L, Griffin H, Blais ME, Vincent T, Saraiva M, Yindom LM, van Tienen C, Easterbrook P, Jaye A, Whittle H, Dong T, Rowland-Jones SL. Correlates of T-cell-mediated viral control and phenotype of CD8(+) T cells in HIV-2, a naturally contained human retroviral infection. Blood 2013; 121:4330-9. [PMID: 23558015 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-472787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While a significant proportion of HIV-2-infected individuals are asymptomatic and maintain undetectable viral loads (controllers), 15% to 20% progress to AIDS and are predicted by detectable viremia. Identifying immune correlates that distinguish these 2 groups should provide insights into how a potentially pathogenic retrovirus can be naturally controlled. We performed a detailed study of HIV-2-specific cellular responses in a unique community cohort in Guinea-Bissau followed for over 2 decades. T-cell responses were compared between controllers (n = 33) and viremic subjects (n = 27) using overlapping peptides, major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers, and multiparameter flow cytometry. HIV-2 viral control was significantly associated with a high-magnitude, polyfunctional Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell response but not with greater perforin upregulation. This potentially protective HIV-2-specific response is surprisingly narrow. HIV-2 Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells are at an earlier stage of differentiation than cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T-cells, do not contain high levels of cytolytic markers, and exhibit low levels of activation and proliferation, representing distinct properties from CD8(+) T cells associated with HIV-1 control. These data reveal the potential T-cell correlates of HIV-2 control and the detailed phenotype of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in a naturally contained retroviral infection.
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Abstract
HIV is a disease in which the original clinical observations of severe opportunistic infections gave the first clues regarding the underlying pathology, namely that HIV is essentially an infection of the immune system. HIV infects and deletes CD4(+) T cells that normally coordinate the adaptive T- and B-cell response to defend against intracellular pathogens. The immune defect is immediate and profound: At the time of acute infection with an AIDS virus, typically more than half of the gut-associated CD4(+) T cells are depleted, leaving a damaged immune system to contend with a life-long infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard Mass General Hospital-East, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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12
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Milazzo L, Foschi A, Mazzali C, Viola A, Ridolfo A, Galli M, Antinori S. Short communication: impact of hepatitis C viral clearance on CD4+ T-lymphocyte course in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:989-93. [PMID: 22220723 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin (Peg-IFN-RBV) treatment outcome on CD4 T cell course in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of HCV-RNA clearance by standard anti-HCV therapy on long-term CD4 cells recovery in HIV/HCV patients on successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). We retrospectively enrolled HIV/HCV-coinfected patients on stable cART, treated with Peg-IFN-RBV between 2005 and 2009. CD4(+) T cell counts were registered at baseline (pre-Peg-IFN-RBV), after 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up from therapy discontinuation. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of CD4(+) T cell change following the anti-HCV treatment outcome. Of the 116 patients enrolled, 54 (46.6%) reached a sustained virological response (SVR) and 62 (53.4%) did not. Throughout a median follow-up of 24 months, the SVR group showed a mean annual increase in CD4(+) T cell from baseline of 84 cells/μl at 1 year and of a further 38 cells/μl within the second year (p=0.01, 0.001, respectively). A nonsignificant mean increase of 77 cells/μl occurred in the non-SVR group within month 24 (p=0.06). Variables associated with greater CD4 gains were higher nadir and lower pre-interferon CD4 counts, and lower body mass index (BMI). The achievement of SVR was not significantly associated with the change in CD4(+) count. The clearance of HCV replication did not affect the CD4(+) changes after Peg-IFN-RBV therapy in coinfected patients on efficient cART. Liver fibrosis and higher BMI were negative determinants of immune recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milazzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Foschi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Viola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ridolfo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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13
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Arnoczy GS, Ferrari G, Goonetilleke N, Corrah T, Li H, Kuruc J, Schmitz JL, McGee K, Hicks C, Eron, and the Center for HIV/AIDS V JJ. Massive CD8 T cell response to primary HIV infection in the setting of severe clinical presentation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:789-92. [PMID: 22011008 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV-1 infection causes a rapid total body depletion of CD4(+) T cells in most individuals and HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion in response to viral replication. A numerically high CD8 T cell response may indicate limited T cell repertoire against HIV and rapid progression. We present a detailed evaluation of an acutely infected individual with a strong HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell response targeting multiple epitopes demonstrating that the upper limit of CD8 expansion in this setting may be much higher than previously reported and was likely driven by the narrow HIV-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen S. Arnoczy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joann Kuruc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John L. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kara McGee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Charles Hicks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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Mendoza D, Royce C, Ruff LE, Ambrozak DR, Quigley MF, Dang T, Venturi V, Price DA, Douek DC, Migueles SA, Connors M. HLA B*5701-positive long-term nonprogressors/elite controllers are not distinguished from progressors by the clonal composition of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2012; 86:4014-8. [PMID: 22278241 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.06982-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the qualitative features of effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific immunity, we examined the TCR clonal composition of CD8(+) T cells recognizing conserved HIV p24-derived epitopes in HLA-B*5701-positive long-term nonprogressors/elite controllers (LTNP/EC) and HLA-matched progressors. Both groups displayed oligoclonal HLA-B5701-restricted p24-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses with similar levels of diversity and few public clonotypes. Thus, HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in LTNP/EC are not differentiated from those of progressors on the basis of clonal diversity or TCR sharing.
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15
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Vivar N, Ruffin N, Sammicheli S, Hejdeman B, Rethi B, Chiodi F. Survival and Proliferation of CD28- T Cells During HIV-1 Infection Relate to the Amplitude of Viral Replication. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1658-67. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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16
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Riva A, Vicenzi E, Galli M, Poli G. Strenuous resistance to natural HIV-1 disease progression: viral controllers and long-term nonprogressors. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection leads to AIDS and death within 8–10 years for most individuals in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, a minority of infected individuals show the unusual capacity to spontaneously control disease progression after infection in the absence of any ART. So-called ‘long-term nonprogressors’ are defined by maintenance of peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts >500 cells/µl and good health without ART for >7 years since infection. More recently, ART-naive individuals who spontaneously control their viremia levels at either <50 or <2000 copies of RNA/ml for at least 12 months in the absence of ART have been named ‘elite controllers’ and ‘HIV controllers’, respectively. The overlap between long-term nonprogressors and elite controllers/HIV controllers is partial, and both groups collectively account for <5% of all infected individuals. Unraveling the nature of their relative resistance to HIV-1 disease progression would be of great value for HIV-prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Riva
- Infectious Diseases & Immunopathology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, L Sacco Hospital, Università di Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens & Biosafety & AIDS Immunopathogenesis Units, Division of Immunology, Transplantation & Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; P2/P3 Laboratories, Via Olgettina n 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Infectious Diseases & Immunopathology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, L Sacco Hospital, Università di Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
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Leligdowicz A, Onyango C, Yindom LM, Peng Y, Cotten M, Jaye A, McMichael A, Whittle H, Dong T, Rowland-Jones S. Highly avid, oligoclonal, early-differentiated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic HIV-2 infection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1963-72. [PMID: 20411566 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells are present in most HIV-1-infected people and play an important role in controlling viral replication, but the characteristics of an effective HIV-specific T-cell response are largely unknown. The majority of HIV-2-infected people behave as long-term non-progressors while those who progress to AIDS do so in a manner indistinguishable from HIV-1. A detailed study of HIV-2 infection may identify protective immune responses. Robust gag p26-specific T-cell responses are elicited during HIV-2 infection and correlate with control of viremia. In this study, we analyzed features of an HLA-B 3501-restricted T-cell response to HIV-2 p26 that may contribute to virus control. In contrast to HIV-1, HIV-2-specific T cells are at an early stage of differentiation (CD27(+)CD28(+)), a finding that relates directly to CD4(+) T-cell levels and inversely to immune activation. The cells demonstrate IFN-gamma secretion, oligoclonal T-cell receptor Vbeta gene segment usage, exceptional avidity and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the potentially strong selection pressure imposed on the virus by these cells, there was no evidence of HIV-2 sequence evolution. We propose that in chronic HIV-2 infection, the maintenance of early-differentiated, highly avid CD8(+) T cells could account for the non-progressive course of disease. Such responses may be desirable from an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Horowitz A, Li X, Poles MA, Tsuji M. Use of Immobilized HLA-A2:Ig Dimeric Proteins to Determine the Level of Epitope-Specific, HLA-Restricted CD8+T-Cell Response. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:415-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Migueles SA, Weeks KA, Nou E, Berkley AM, Rood JE, Osborne CM, Hallahan CW, Cogliano-Shutta NA, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Kwan R, Mican JM, Davey RT Jr, Connors M. Defective human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality, proliferation, and cytotoxicity are not restored by antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2009; 83:11876-89. [PMID: 19726501 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01153-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cells that are not merely modulated by the level of virus but clearly distinguish patients with immune control from those without such control is of paramount importance. Features of the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in antiretroviral-treated patients (designated Rx <50) and untreated patients (long-term nonprogressors [LTNP]) matched for very low HIV RNA levels were comprehensively examined. The proliferative capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells was not restored in Rx <50 to the level observed in LTNP, even though HIV-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation in the two patient groups was comparable. This diminished HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation in Rx <50 was primarily due to a smaller fraction of antigen-specific cells recruited to divide and not to the numbers of divisions that proliferating cells had undergone. Exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced proliferating cells to divide further but did not rescue the majority of antigen-specific cells with defective proliferation. In addition, differences in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation could not be attributed to differences in cellular subsets bearing a memory phenotype, IL-2 production, or PD-1 expression. Although polyfunctionality of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in Rx <50 was not restored to the levels observed in LTNP despite prolonged suppression of HIV RNA levels, per-cell cytotoxic capacity was the functional feature that most clearly distinguished the cells of LTNP from those of Rx <50. Taken together, these data suggest that there are selective qualitative abnormalities within the HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell compartment that persist under conditions of low levels of antigen.
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Jagannathan P, Osborne CM, Royce C, Manion MM, Tilton JC, Li L, Fischer S, Hallahan CW, Metcalf JA, McLaughlin M, Pipeling M, McDyer JF, Manley TJ, Meier JL, Altman JD, Hertel L, Davey RT, Connors M, Migueles SA. Comparisons of CD8+ T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus reveal differences in frequency, immunodominance, phenotype, and interleukin-2 responsiveness. J Virol 2009; 83:2728-42. [PMID: 19129459 PMCID: PMC2648273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02128-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the components of an effective immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the CD8(+) T-cell responses to HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were compared with regard to frequency, immunodominance, phenotype, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsiveness. Responses were examined in rare patients exhibiting durable immune-mediated control over HIV, termed long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) or elite controllers, and patients with progressive HIV infection (progressors). The magnitude of the virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell response targeting HIV, CMV, and HCV was not significantly different between LTNP and progressors, even though their capacity to proliferate to HIV antigens was preserved only in LTNP. In contrast to HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses of LTNP, HLA B5701-restricted responses within CMV pp65 were rare and did not dominate the total CMV-specific response. Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells were predominantly CD27(+)45RO(+) for HIV and CD27(-)45RA(+) for CMV; however, these phenotypes were highly variable and heavily influenced by the degree of viremia. Although IL-2 induced significant expansions of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells in LTNP and progressors by increasing both the numbers of cells entering the proliferating pool and the number of divisions, the proliferative capacity of a significant proportion of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells was not restored with exogenous IL-2. These results suggest that immunodominance by HLA B5701-restricted cells is specific to HIV infection in LTNP and is not a feature of responses to other chronic viral infections. They also suggest that poor responsiveness to IL-2 is a property of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells of progressors that is not shared with responses to other viruses over which immunologic control is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1876, USA
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Cao W, Jamieson BD, Hultin LE, Hultin PM, Effros RB, Detels R. Premature aging of T cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:137-47. [PMID: 19131896 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181926c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if untreated HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with premature aging of memory CD8 and CD4 T cells and naive CD4 T cells. METHODS Twenty HIV-1-infected fast progressors and 40 slow progressors were included in our study, using risk set sampling. The expression of cell surface markers reflecting the differentiation stages of lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry analyses performed on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS We found that HIV-1 disease progression is associated with a decreased CD28 median florescence intensity on CD4 and CD8 T cells; an increased proportion of intermediate- and late-differentiated CD8 T cells and a decreased CD31 median florescence intensity on naive CD4 T cells of recent thymic origin. A selective depletion of peripherally expanded naive CD4 T cells was found to be associated with HIV-1 infection but not with HIV-1 disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The overall change during HIV-1 infection and progression is associated with a shift in the T-cell population toward an aged conformation, which may be further compromised by impaired renewal of the less-differentiated CD4 T-cell population. Our results suggest that HIV-1 infection induces an accelerated aging of T lymphocytes, which is associated with the clinical progression to AIDS and death.
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Lee LYH, Ha DLA, Simmons C, de Jong MD, Chau NVV, Schumacher R, Peng YC, McMichael AJ, Farrar JJ, Smith GL, Townsend AR, Askonas BA, Rowland-Jones S, Dong T. Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3478-90. [PMID: 18802496 PMCID: PMC2542885 DOI: 10.1172/jci32460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans remains a global health concern. Current influenza vaccines stimulate antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins but are ineffective against strains that have undergone significant antigenic variation. An alternative approach is to stimulate pre-existing memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection that could cross-react with H5N1 by targeting highly conserved internal proteins. To determine how common cross-reactive T cells are, we performed a comprehensive ex vivo analysis of cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the full proteome of influenza A/Viet Nam/CL26/2005 (H5N1) and influenza A/New York/232/2004 (H3N2) in healthy individuals from the United Kingdom and Viet Nam. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from the majority of participants exhibited human influenza-specific responses and showed cross-recognition of at least one H5N1 internal protein. Participant CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized multiple synthesized influenza peptides, including peptides from the H5N1 strain. Matrix protein 1 (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP) were the immunodominant targets of cross-recognition. In addition, cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognized target cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either H5N1 M1 or NP. Thus, vaccine formulas inducing heterosubtypic T cell-mediated immunity may confer broad protection against avian and human influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Yong-Hwa Lee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Do Lien Anh Ha
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reto Schumacher
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Chun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Farrar
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain R.M. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte A. Askonas
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Thorough research on HIV is progressively enabling us to understand the intricate mechanisms that link HIV-1 infection to the onset of immunodeficiency. The infection and depletion of CD4(+) T cells represent the most fundamental events in HIV-1 infection. However, in recent years, the role played by chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent: quite paradoxically, immune activation levels are directly associated with HIV-1 disease progression. In addition, HIV-1-infected patients present intriguing similarities with individuals of old age: their immune systems are characterized by a loss of regenerative capacity and an accumulation of ageing T cells. In this review, we discuss the potential reasons for the establishment of sustained immune activation and inflammation from the early stages of HIV-1 infection, as well as the long-term consequences of this process on the host immune system and health. A simplified model of HIV pathogenesis is proposed, which links together the three major facets of HIV-1 infection: the massive depletion of CD4(+) T cells, the paradoxical immune activation and the exhaustion of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Appay
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INSERM U543, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Paris, France.
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Wu JQ, Wang B, Belov L, Chrisp J, Learmont J, Dyer WB, Zaunders J, Cunningham AL, Dwyer DE, Saksena NK. Antibody microarray analysis of cell surface antigens on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV+ individuals correlates with disease stages. Retrovirology 2007; 4:83. [PMID: 18036256 PMCID: PMC2212635 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression levels of cell surface antigens such as CD38 and HLA-DR are related to HIV disease stages. To date, the immunophenotyping of cell surface antigens relies on flow cytometry, allowing estimation of 3–6 markers at a time. The recently described DotScan antibody microarray technology enables the simultaneous analysis of a large number of cell surface antigens. This new technology provides new opportunities to identify novel differential markers expressed or co-expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which could aid in defining the stage of evolution of HIV infection and the immune status of the patient. Results Using this new technology, we compared cell surface antigen expression on purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between 3 HIV disease groups (long-term non-progressors controlling viremia naturally; HIV+ patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with HIV plasma viral loads <50 copies/ml; and HIV+ patients with viremia during HAART) and uninfected controls. Pairwise comparisons identified 17 statistically differential cell surface antigens including 5 novel ones (CD212b1, CD218a, CD183, CD3 epsilon and CD9), not previously reported. Notably, changes in activation marker expression were more pronounced in CD8+ T cells, whereas changes in the expression of cell membrane receptors for cytokines and chemokines were more pronounced in CD4+ T cells. Conclusion Our study not only confirmed cell surface antigens previously reported to be related to HIV disease stages, but also identified 5 novel ones. Of these five, three markers point to major changes in responsiveness to certain cytokines, which are involved in Th1 responses. For the first time our study shows how density of cell surface antigens could be efficiently exploited in an array manner in relation to HIV disease stages. This new platform of identifying disease markers can be further extended to study other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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25
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Daniel V, Naujokat C, Sadeghi M, Zimmermann R, Huth-Kühne A, Opelz G. Association of IL-12+ DC with High CD3+CD4-DR+ Lymphocyte Counts in Long-term HIV-infected Hemophilia Patients With Clinically Stable Disease. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:58-72. [PMID: 17879005 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated dendritic cell (DC) subsets as well as cellular and humoral immune parameters in long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with clinically stable disease. DC subsets were determined by their function to produce either IL-10 or IL-12. CD11c(+)CD83(+)CD40(+)IL-10(+) and CD11c(+)CD83(+)CD40(+)IL-12(+) DC were studied in freshly obtained blood samples of 28 HIV(+) and 15 HIV(-) patients and 39 healthy controls using four-color flow cytometry, and were analyzed in relation to blood lymphocyte subpopulation counts, proportions of IgG-coated CD4(+) blood lymphocytes, neopterin, and HIV-1 viral load in the plasma, and in vitro responses of patient lymphocytes to mitogens. Proportions and ratios of IL-10(+) DC and IL-12(+) DC were similar in HIV(+) and HIV(-) patients and healthy controls. Whereas IL-12(+) DC in HIV(+) patients were associated with high CD3(+)CD4(-)DR(+) lymphocyte counts, IL-10(+) DC were associated with the proportion of IgG-coated CD4(+) blood lymphocytes. These data suggest that long-term HIV-infected hemophilia patients with clinically stable disease have normal levels of functional IL-10(+) DC and IL-12(+) DC that might be involved in halting the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Daniel
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Schlaphoff V, Klade CS, Jilma B, Jelovcan SB, Cornberg M, Tauber E, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. Functional and phenotypic characterization of peptide-vaccine-induced HCV-specific CD8+ T cells in healthy individuals and chronic hepatitis C patients. Vaccine 2007; 25:6793-806. [PMID: 17686555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Only very limited information on phenotype and function of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells is available for humans. We investigated hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination with the HCV peptide-vaccine IC41 which includes 5 MHC-class I and 3 MHC class-II-restricted epitopes. In healthy subjects, IC41 induced both HCV-specific central memory as well as effector CD8+ T cells which rapidly expanded upon antigen exposure in vitro. IFNgamma production was dependent on formulation of the synthetic peptides with the adjuvant poly-l-arginine. In chronic HCV patients, the frequency of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells increased after vaccination with a decline of CD45RA-positive effector memory cells in some but not all patients. Thus, this study suggests that HCV-specific memory cells can be induced by peptide vaccination and that a reversion of functional impaired phenotypes by therapeutic vaccination is possible in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schlaphoff
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Human viruses elicit functionally highly diverse CD8+ T-cell responses. This variation, which manifests in the memory or latency stage, includes differences in expansion requirements, migratory properties, homeostatic maintenance mechanisms, and constitutive effector properties, and it may reflect specific adaptations of the human immune system to challenges posed by individual pathogens. Longitudinal follow-up of individuals after primary virus infections has revealed how divergent virus-specific CD8+ T cells may develop from the initially expanded virus-specific T-cell effector pool. Recent findings have shown that CD8+ T cells reactive toward latent viruses may depend on other mechanisms for their homeostatic maintenance than T cells specific for cleared viruses. Whereas the latter can respond to the homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7), many persistent virus-specific T cells, recognizing latent herpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV), lack IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha) and depend on viral antigens to persist. Finally, CMV is unique in that it generates a vast pool of resting virus-specific T cells with constitutive cytolytic effector function. The putative role of functionally diverse CD8+ T cells in protective immunity to persistent viruses is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester M M van Leeuwen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Hoji A, Connolly NC, Buchanan WG, Rinaldo CR. CD27 and CD57 expression reveals atypical differentiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 14:74-80. [PMID: 17079436 PMCID: PMC1797708 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00250-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The failure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8+ T cells to control chronic HIV-1 infection could be due to the progressive loss of their capacities to undergo normal memory effector differentiation. We characterized and compared the expressions of CD27, CD28, CD57, and CD62L by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-, and HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells by six-color, eight-parameter flow cytometry. In contrast to the maturation of EBV- and CMV-specific memory CD8+ T cells, we found that HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells did not display coordinated down-regulation of CD27 and up-regulation of CD57 and accumulated in an atypical CD27(high) CD57(low) subset. Moreover, the accumulation of CD27(high) CD57(low) HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with HIV-1 plasma viremia. The differentiation of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells to an effector subset is therefore impaired during chronic HIV-1 infection. This lack of normal CD8+ T-cell differentiation could contribute to the failure of cellular immune control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Hoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Makadzange AT, Gillespie G, Kimani J, Kiama P, Easterbrook P, Bwayo JJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Identification of a novel HLA B*57 restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope within HIV-1 rev. AIDS 2006; 20:462-4. [PMID: 16439884 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000206509.39654.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HLA-B5701 and its related allele B5703 have been shown to be strongly associated with slow HIV-1 disease progression. To elucidate the effect of these alleles fully on disease progression it is essential to identify key HIV-1 epitopes that are restricted by these alleles. Here we describe the identification of a novel HLA-B5701, B5703 restricted epitope within HIV-1 rev, which accounted for up to 25 and 40% of the total cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in two patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure T Makadzange
- Medical Research Council, Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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30
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Alatrakchi N, Damond F, Matheron S, Beretta-Tempelhoff S, Campa P, Carcelain G, Brun-Vezinet F, Autran B. Proliferative, IFNgamma and IL-2-producing T-cell responses to HIV-2 in untreated HIV-2 infection. AIDS 2006; 20:29-34. [PMID: 16327316 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000198077.30421.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate HIV-2-specific proliferative, interferon (IFN)gamma- and interleukin (IL)-2-producing T-cell responses in HIV-2 infection and their relationship with plasma HIV-2 RNA. METHODS HIV-2-Gag-p26 and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4 T-cell responses from 19 untreated HIV-2-infected subjects (median CD4 cell counts, 561 x 10/l) were compared by lymphoproliferation assay, IFNgamma secretion in culture supernatants by ELISA, and intracellular staining (ICS) of IFNgamma and IL-2. CD8 responses were assessed by IFNgamma-ELISpot using pools of SIVmac239-Gag peptides (87% of homology with HIV-2). RESULTS HIV-2-specific IFNgamma production was detected in 53% and 92% patients by ELISA and ICS, respectively, while HIV-2-specific IL-2 production was detected in only 33% by ICS and lymphoproliferation in 21% patients. All IL-2-producing CD4 T cells co-produced IFNgamma. Overall, frequencies of Th1 responses to HIV-2 were similar to CMV in subjects with undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA, while significantly lower than CMV in HIV-2 RNA-positive subjects, despite similar CD4 cell counts in both groups. In addition, proliferative responses to HIV-2 were correlated to IFNgamma secretion (r > 0.68, P < 0.01), and were significantly higher in HIV-2 RNA-negative (P < 0.05) than in HIV-2 RNA-positive subjects. Frequencies of SIV-Gag-specific CD8 cells, detected in 93% of patients, were also higher in HIV-2 RNA-negative subjects, though not significantly. Overall, HIV-2-specific T-cell responses were not correlated to CD4 cell counts. CONCLUSION Proliferative, IFNgamma- and IL-2-producing T-cell responses to HIV-2 are as robust as CMV-specific responses in untreated HIV-2 subjects with undetectable plasma HIV-2 levels, independently of CD4 cell depletion and despite lower frequencies of IL-2-producing T cells compared to IFNgamma. In addition, lymphoproliferative responses to HIV-2 were associated with lack of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Alatrakchi
- Laboratoire D'Immunologie Cellulaire, INSERM U.543, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Chakraborty R, Morel AS, Sutton JK, Appay V, Ripley RM, Dong T, Rostron T, Ogola S, Palakudy T, Musoke R, D'Agostino A, Ritter M, Rowland-Jones SL. Correlates of delayed disease progression in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children. J Immunol 2005; 174:8191-9. [PMID: 15944328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Without treatment most HIV-1-infected children in Africa die before their third birthday (>89%) and long-term nonprogressors are rare. The mechanisms underlying nonprogression in HIV-1-infected children are not well understood. In the present study, we examined potential correlates of delayed HIV disease progression in 51 HIV-1-infected African children. Children were assigned to progression subgroups based on clinical characterization. HIV-1-specific immune responses were studied using a combination of ELISPOT assays, tetramer staining, and FACS analysis to characterize the magnitude, specificity, and functional phenotype of HIV-1-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Host genetic factors were examined by genotyping with sequence-specific primers. HIV-1 nef gene sequences from infecting isolates from the children were examined for potential attenuating deletions. Thymic output was measured by T cell rearrangement excision circle assays. HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were detected in all progression groups. The most striking attribute of long-term survivor nonprogressors was the detection of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) Th responses in this group at a magnitude substantially greater than previously observed in adult long-term nonprogressors. Although long-term survivor nonprogressors had a significantly higher percentage of CD45RA(+)CD4(+) T cells, nonprogression was not associated with higher thymic output. No protective genotypes for known coreceptor polymorphisms or large sequence deletions in the nef gene associated with delayed disease progression were identified. In the absence of host genotypes and attenuating mutations in HIV-1 nef, long-term surviving children generated strong CD4(+) T cell responses to HIV-1. As HIV-1-specific helper cells support anti-HIV-1 effector responses in active disease, their presence may be important in delaying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Chakraborty
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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32
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Puaux AL, Delache B, Marconi S, Huerre M, Le Grand R, Rivière Y, Michel ML. Loss of reactivity of vaccine-induced CD4 T cells in immunized monkeys after SIV/HIV challenge. AIDS 2005; 19:757-65. [PMID: 15867489 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000168969.72928.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization protocols involving priming with DNA and boosting with recombinant live virus vectors such as recombinant modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) are considered as vaccine candidates against HIV. Such protocols improve the outcome of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) pathogenic challenge in Rhesus monkeys. OBJECTIVES To investigate the fate of vaccine-induced T cells after a mucosal SHIV challenge. METHODS We immunized Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by DNA priming followed by rMVA boost. After intrarectal challenge with SHIV 89.6P, immunized animals demonstrated early control of viral replication and stable CD4 T-cell counts. We monitored T-cell responses by measuring IFN-gamma secretion and proliferation. RESULTS Immunization induced strong and sustained SHIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. CD8 T-cell responses were recalled during acute infection, whereas none of the vaccine-induced SHIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses were recalled. Moreover, most of the CD4 T-cell responses became undetectable in peripheral blood or lymph nodes even after in-vitro peptide stimulation. In contrast, we persistently detected CD4 T-cell responses specific for control recall antigens in infected animals. CONCLUSION SHIV 89.6P challenge results in a lack of reactivity of vaccine-induced SHIV-specific CD4 T cells. These results may have important implications in the AIDS vaccine field, especially for the evaluation of new vaccine candidates, both in preventive and therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Puaux
- INSERM U 370 Carcinogenèse Hépatique et Virologie Moléculaire, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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33
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Scherer A, Bonhoeffer S. Epitope down-modulation as a mechanism for the coexistence of competing T-cells. J Theor Biol 2005; 233:379-90. [PMID: 15652147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune responses against pathogens are frequently characterized by the simultaneous targeting of multiple epitopes. However, it remains unclear how the targeting of multiple epitopes is maintained in the face of competition for antigenic stimulation. Here, we investigate this question by using mathematical models of the population dynamics of a viral pathogen, antigen presentation sites and T-cells. We first show that direct competition for access to antigen presenting sites and indirect competition through killing of the pathogen select for dominance of the T-cell response with the highest affinity for its epitope. We then incorporate in our model that epitopes can become down-modulated following interaction with epitope specific T-cells. We demonstrate that epitope down-modulation leads to differentiation of epitope presentation on antigen presenting sites. This differentiation promotes the coexistence of multiple epitope specific responses. Hence, we propose that the functional relevance of epitope down-modulation may be to enable the persistence of a broad immune response despite competition for antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Scherer
- Ecology & Evolution, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum NW, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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34
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Jansen CA, Piriou E, Bronke C, Vingerhoed J, Kostense S, van Baarle D, Miedema F. Characterization of virus-specific CD8(+) effector T cells in the course of HIV-1 infection: longitudinal analyses in slow and rapid progressors. Clin Immunol 2004; 113:299-309. [PMID: 15507395 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans have provided evidence that CD8(+) T cells exhibit distinct phenotypical and functional properties dependent on virus specificity. It is not known how these T-cell phenotypes develop over the course of infection. Dynamics and properties of T cells specific for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV infection were investigated in relation to viral load. In rapid progressors, HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were less differentiated early in infection and did not develop a more differentiated phenotype. In slow progressors, perforin expression of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells slightly increased over time. HIV and EBV loads were detectable in all individuals, while CMV load could not be detected. Thus, in individuals with progressive HIV infection, HIV-specific T cells are less differentiated already early in infection. This apparent block in differentiation may be partly caused by chronic viremia or lack of CD4(+) T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Jansen
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Dong T, Stewart-Jones G, Chen N, Easterbrook P, Xu X, Papagno L, Appay V, Weekes M, Conlon C, Spina C, Little S, Screaton G, van der Merwe A, Richman DD, McMichael AJ, Jones EY, Rowland-Jones SL. HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells from long-term survivors select a unique T cell receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:1547-57. [PMID: 15596521 PMCID: PMC2212004 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are important in controlling HIV replication, but the magnitude of the CTL response does not predict clinical outcome. In four donors with delayed disease progression we identified Vβ13.2 T cell receptors (TCRs) with very similar and unusually long β-chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) regions in CTL specific for the immunodominant human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA)-B8–restricted human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) nef epitope, FLKEKGGL (FL8). CTL expressing Vβ13.2 TCRs tolerate naturally arising viral variants in the FL8 epitope that escape recognition by other CTL. In addition, they expand efficiently in vitro and are resistant to apoptosis, in contrast to FL8–specific CTL using other TCRs. Selection of Vβ13.2 TCRs by some patients early in the FL8-specific CTL response may be linked with better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS UK
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36
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Bronke C, Westerlaken GHA, Miedema F, Tesselaar K, van Baarle D. Progression to CMV end-organ disease in HIV-1-infected individuals despite abundance of highly differentiated CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Immunol Lett 2004; 97:215-24. [PMID: 15752561 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since CMV-specific T-cells have been shown to generally express an advanced state of differentiation, we investigated whether these mature CMV-specific T-cells are sustained in HIV-infected patients, who are not treated with HAART, receive no CMV medication, but do progress to AIDS with CMV end-organ disease (AIDS-CMV). CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell phenotype was studied in these patients in comparison with long-term asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals, progressors to AIDS without CMV end-organ disease as well as CMV-seropositive HIV-negative controls. CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells from progressors to AIDS-CMV expressed markers typical of highly differentiated effector T-cells, being CCR7-, CD27- CD45RO+/-, with high CD57 expression and increased Ki67 expression, compatible with functional effector cell capabilities. In addition, CD4+ T-cells with the characteristic CD27-CD28- phenotype previously shown to be induced by CMV infection specifically, were found in very high numbers in the HIV+ individuals, but the highest in progressors to AIDS-CMV just before onset of disease. Also the normally rare CD45RO-CD27-CD4+ subset increased significantly, whereas the CD45RO-CD27+CD4+ subset decreased. Our data show that in patients progressing to AIDS-CMV, CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells have expanded and are fully differentiated to mature functional effector T-cells. These cells are not protective apparently, but may contribute to tissue-associated immunopathology characteristic of these clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bronke
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Godard B, Gazagne A, Gey A, Baptiste M, Vingert B, Pegaz-Fiornet B, Strompf L, Fridman WH, Glotz D, Tartour E. Optimization of an elispot assay to detect cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:1307-18. [PMID: 15556681 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Various arguments suggest that CD8+ T lymphocytes play a major role in the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The detection of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells may therefore provide additional information about CMV virus detection to predict the risk of development of CMV disease, especially in immunodepressed transplant recipients. We compared and tested various experimental conditions to optimize an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) assay for the detection of CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. The indirect Elispot assay with one six-day in vitro sensitization step was found to be the most sensitive method to detect CMV-specific CD8+ T cells compared to direct Elispot with unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified CD8+ T cells. We showed that low doses of interleukin-2 during the in vitro culture enhanced the sensitivity of this test, and tetramer staining was performed to verify the high efficiency of this in vitro stimulation step. We directly loaded the specific CMV peptide during the Elispot assay and demonstrated that the use of T2 cells did not improve its sensitivity. Elispot for the detection of interferon-gamma appears to be more sensitive and reliable than measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha or granzyme B. This technique was successfully applied to detect CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in human leukocyte antigen A2 (HLA-A2) and HLA-B7 healthy patients and in one lymphopenic post-transplant patient with positive CMV serology. This highly sensitive test may be a useful tool to assess T-cell immunity directed against CMV in immunodepressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Godard
- Unité d'Immunologie Biologique, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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38
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Tamarit A, Alberola J, Mira JV, Tornero C, Galindo MJ, Navarro D. Assessment of human cytomegalovirus specific T cell immunity in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in different disease stages following HAART and in long-term non-progressors. J Med Virol 2004; 74:382-9. [PMID: 15368523 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunity to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was assessed in HAART-treated HIV-1 infected patients (9 asymptomatic, CDC group A; and 22 symptomatic, CDC group B), and in eight HIV-1 long term non-progressors. Patients were either prospectively or cross-sectionally examined for CD4(+) T cell counts, HIV RNA load, HCMV leukoDNAemia, HCMV DNA in urine, lymphoproliferative response (LPR) to HCMV and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and cytokine secretion (IFN-gamma and IL-4) by HCMV-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. No patient either progressed to clinical AIDS or developed HCMV active infection during the study period. Twenty-nine patients responded to HAART, though 12 patients failed to recover the LPR to HCMV over the study period (three from CDC group A and nine from CDC group B). In contrast to healthy control individuals, most patients displaying positive LPRs LPRs to HCMV had unstable responses. Sustained LPRs to HCMV were significantly associated with high pre-HAART nadir CD4(+) T cell counts. Long-term suppression of HIV viremia correlated with recovery of LPR to HCMV. Sequential PBMC cultures from most patients secreted IFN-gamma (but not IL-4) at normal levels upon HCMV stimulation, irrespective of the pre-HAART nadir CD4(+) T cell counts and CDC group to which patients belonged. Failure to reconstitute IFN-gamma response was associated with very low pre-HAART nadir CD4(+) T cell counts. Control of HCMV infection in the cohort was associated with either recovery or maintenance of IFN-gamma response rather than with reconstitution of LPR to HCMV. A LPR to HCMV was absent in three out of eight long term non-progressors; contrarily, all patients showed preserved IFN-gamma responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Tamarit
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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39
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Gamadia LE, van Leeuwen EMM, Remmerswaal EBM, Yong SL, Surachno S, Wertheim-van Dillen PME, Ten Berge IJM, Van Lier RAW. The Size and Phenotype of Virus-Specific T Cell Populations Is Determined by Repetitive Antigenic Stimulation and Environmental Cytokines. J Immunol 2004; 172:6107-14. [PMID: 15128796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Based on the expression of the TNFR SFP CD27, two Ag-primed CD8(+) T cell subsets can be discerned in the circulation of healthy individuals: CD27(+) T cells that produce a variety of cytokines but do not display immediate cytolytic activity; and cytotoxic CD27(-) T cells, which secrete only IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The mechanism that controls the generation of these different phenotypes is unknown. We show that CMV reactivation not only increases the number of virus-specific T cells but also induces their transition from a CD27(+) to a CD27(-) phenotype. In support of a relation between pool size and phenotype in a cohort of latently infected individuals, the number of Ag-specific CD27(-) CD8(+) T cells was found to be linearly related to the total number of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. In vitro studies revealed that the acquisition of the CD27(-) phenotype on CMV-specific T cells depended on the interaction of CD27 with its cellular ligand, CD70. Expression of CD70 was proportional to the amount of antigenic stimulation and blocked by the CD4(+) T cell-derived cytokine IL-21. Thus, induction of CD70, which may vary in distinct viral infections, appears to be a key factor in determining the size and phenotype of the CMV-specific T cell population in latently infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila E Gamadia
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Yue FY, Kovacs CM, Dimayuga RC, Parks P, Ostrowski MA. HIV-1-Specific Memory CD4+ T Cells Are Phenotypically Less Mature Than Cytomegalovirus-Specific Memory CD4+ T Cells. J Immunol 2004; 172:2476-86. [PMID: 14764720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are qualitatively dysfunctional in the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals and are thus unable to effectively control viral replication. The current study extensively details the maturational phenotype of memory CD4(+) T cells directed against HIV-1 and CMV. We find that HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are skewed to an early central memory phenotype, whereas CMV-specific CD4(+) T cells generally display a late effector memory phenotype. These differences hold true for both IFN-gamma- and IL-2-producing virus-specific CD4(+) T cells, are present during all disease stages, and persist even after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In addition, after HAART, HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are enriched for CD27(+)CD28(-)-expressing cells, a rare phenotype, reflecting an early intermediate stage of differentiation. We found no correlation between differentiation phenotype of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells and HIV-1 plasma viral load or HIV-1 disease progression. Surprisingly, HIV-1 viral load affected the maturational phenotype of CMV-specific CD4(+) T cells toward an earlier, less-differentiated state. In summary, our data indicate that the maturational state of HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells cannot be a sole explanation for loss of containment of HIV-1. However, HIV-1 replication can affect the phenotype of CD4(+) T cells of other specificities, which might adversely affect their ability to control those pathogens. The role for HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells expressing CD27(+)CD28(-) after HAART remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yun Yue
- Clinical Sciences Division, and St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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41
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Abstract
The reasons for the failure of the immune system to control HIV-1 infection, and the resulting immunodeficiency, remain unclear. HIV-1 persists in its host despite vigorous immune responses, including a strong, and probably functional, HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. Interestingly the immunological features of HIV-1-infected individuals show many similarities to those seen in elderly people without HIV infection. We propose that, through a process of continuous immune activation, HIV-1 infection leads to an acceleration of the adaptive immune system ageing process, resulting in premature exhaustion of immune resources, which participates in the onset of immunodeficiency. This hypothesis might shed new light on HIV-1 pathogenesis and could suggest the need to reconsider current immunotherapeutic strategies to fight the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK OX3 9DS.
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