1
|
Halim MA, Bieser JMH, Thomas SC. Large, sustained soil CO 2 efflux but rapid recovery of CH 4 oxidation in post-harvest and post-fire stands in a mixedwood boreal forest. Sci Total Environ 2024; 930:172666. [PMID: 38653415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The net effect of forest disturbances, such as fires and harvesting, on soil greenhouse gas fluxes is determined by their impacts on both biological and physical factors, as well as the temporal dynamics of these effects post-disturbance. Although harvesting and fire may have distinct effects on soil carbon (C) dynamics, the temporal patterns in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes and the potential differences between types of disturbances, remain poorly characterized in boreal forests. In this study, we measured soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes using a off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy system in snow-free seasons over two years in post-harvest and post-fire chronosequence sites within a mixedwood boreal forest in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Soil CO2 efflux showed a post-disturbance peak, with differing dynamics depending on the disturbance type: post-harvest stands exhibited a nearly tenfold increase (from ∼1 to ∼11 μmol CO2.m-2.s-1) from 1 to 9-10 years post-disturbance, followed by a steep decline; post-fire stands showed a more gradual increase, peaking at ∼6-7.2 μmol CO2.m-2.s-1 after ∼12-15 years. The youngest post-harvest stands were net sources of CH4,whereas post-fire stands were never net CH4 sources. In both disturbance types, the strength of the CH4 sink increased with stand age, approaching ∼2.4 nmol.m-2.s-1 by 15 years post-disturbance. Volumetric water content, bulk density, litter depth, and pH were significant predictors of CO2 fluxes; for CH4 fluxes, litter depth, pH, and the interaction of VWC and soil temperature were significant predictors in both disturbance types, with EC also showing a relationship in post-harvest stands. Our findings indicate that while soil CH4 oxidation rapidly recovers following disturbance, both post-harvest and post-fire stands show a multi-decade release of soil CO2 that is too large to be offset by C gains over this period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Halim
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, M5S 3B3 Toronto, Canada; Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Jillian M H Bieser
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, M5S 3B3 Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, M5S 3B3 Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duveiller G, Filipponi F, Ceglar A, Bojanowski J, Alkama R, Cescatti A. Revealing the widespread potential of forests to increase low level cloud cover. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4337. [PMID: 34267204 PMCID: PMC8282670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests play a key role in humanity's current challenge to mitigate climate change thanks to their capacity to sequester carbon. Preserving and expanding forest cover is considered essential to enhance this carbon sink. However, changing the forest cover can further affect the climate system through biophysical effects. One such effect that is seldom studied is how afforestation can alter the cloud regime, which can potentially have repercussions on the hydrological cycle, the surface radiation budget and on planetary albedo itself. Here we provide a global scale assessment of this effect derived from satellite remote sensing observations. We show that for 67% of sampled areas across the world, afforestation would increase low level cloud cover, which should have a cooling effect on the planet. We further reveal a dependency of this effect on forest type, notably in Europe where needleleaf forests generate more clouds than broadleaf forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Duveiller
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
| | - Federico Filipponi
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Roma, Italy
| | - Andrej Ceglar
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jędrzej Bojanowski
- Remote Sensing Centre, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ramdane Alkama
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gutierrez Lopez J, Tor-Ngern P, Oren R, Kozii N, Laudon H, Hasselquist NJ. How tree species, tree size, and topographical location influenced tree transpiration in northern boreal forests during the historic 2018 drought. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3066-3078. [PMID: 33949757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees in northern latitude ecosystems are projected to experience increasing drought stress as a result of rising air temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in northern latitude ecosystems. However, most drought-related studies on high-latitude boreal forests (>50°N) have been conducted in North America, with few studies quantifying the response in European and Eurasian boreal forests. Here, we tested how daily whole-tree transpiration (Q, Liters day-1 ) and Q normalized for mean daytime vapor pressure deficit (QDZ , Liters day-1 kPa-1 ) were affected by the historic 2018 drought in Europe. More specifically, we examined how tree species, size, and topographic position affected drought response in high-latitude mature boreal forest trees. We monitored 30 Pinus sylvestris (pine) and 30 Picea abies (spruce) trees distributed across a topographic gradient in northern Sweden. In general, pine showed a greater QDZ control compared to spruce during periods of severe drought (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index: SPEI < -1.5), suggesting that the latter are more sensitive to drought. Overall, QDZ reductions (using non-drought QDZ as reference) were less pronounced in larger trees during severe drought, but there was a species-specific pattern: QDZ reductions were greater in pine trees at high elevations and greater in spruce trees at lower elevations. Despite lower QDZ during severe drought, drought spells were interspersed with small precipitation events and overcast conditions, and QDZ returned to pre-drought conditions relatively quickly. This study highlights unique species-specific responses to drought, which are additionally driven by a codependent interaction among tree size, relative topographic position, and unique regional climate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez Lopez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Environment, Health and Social Data Analytics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environment Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science & Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nataliia Kozii
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niles J Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cristóbal J, Prakash A, Anderson MC, Kustas WP, Alfieri JG, Gens R. Surface Energy Flux Estimation in Two Boreal Settings in Alaska Using a Thermal-Based Remote Sensing Model. Remote Sensing 2020; 12:4108. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12244108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent Arctic warming has led to changes in the hydrological cycle. Circum-Arctic and circumboreal ecosystems are showing evidence of “greening” and “browning” due to temperature warming leading to shrub encroachment, tree mortality and deciduousness. Increases in latent heat flux from increased evapotranspiration rates associated with deciduous-dominated ecosystems may be significant, because deciduous vegetation has extremely high-water use and water storage capacity compared to coniferous and herbaceous plant species. Thus, the impact of vegetation change in boreal ecosystems on regional surface energy balance is a significant knowledge gap that must be addressed to better understand observed trends in water use/availability and tree mortality. To this end, output from a two-source energy balance model (TSEB) with modifications for high latitude boreal ecosystems was evaluated using flux tower measurements and Terra/Aqua MODIS remote sensing data collected over the two largest boreal forest types in Alaska (birch and black spruce). Data under clear and overcast days and from leaf-out to senescence from 2012 to 2016 were used for validation. Using flux tower observations and local model inputs, modifications to the model formulation for soil heat flux, net radiation partitioning, and canopy transpiration were required for the boreal forest. These improvements resulted in a mean absolute percent difference of around 23% for turbulent daytime fluxes when surface temperature from the flux towers was used, similar to errors reported in other studies conducted in warmer climates. Results when surface temperature from Terra/Aqua MODIS estimates were used as model input suggested that these model improvements are pertinent for regional scale applications. Vegetation indices and LAI time-series from the Terra/Aqua MODIS products were confirmed to be appropriate for energy flux estimation in the boreal forest to describe vegetation properties (LAI and green fraction) when field observations are not available. Model improvements for boreal settings identified in this study will be implemented operationally over North America to map surface energy fluxes at regional scales using long time series of remote sensing estimates as part of NOAA’s GOES Evapotranspiration and Drought Information System.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Zagirova SV, Mikhaylov OA, Elsakov VV. Carbon Dioxide, Heat, and Water Vapor Fluxes between a Spruce Forest and the Atmosphere in Northeastern European Russia. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Truchy A, Sarremejane R, Muotka T, Mykrä H, Angeler DG, Lehosmaa K, Huusko A, Johnson RK, Sponseller RA, McKie BG. Habitat patchiness, ecological connectivity and the uneven recovery of boreal stream ecosystems from an experimental drought. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3455-3472. [PMID: 32124522 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is increasing the occurrence and intensity of drought episodes worldwide, including in boreal regions not previously regarded as drought prone, and where the impacts of drought remain poorly understood. Ecological connectivity is one factor that might influence community structure and ecosystem functioning post-drought, by facilitating the recovery of sensitive species via dispersal at both local (e.g. a nearby habitat patch) and regional (from other systems within the same region) scales. In an outdoor mesocosm experiment, we investigated how impacts of drought on boreal stream ecosystems are altered by the spatial arrangement of local habitat patches within stream channels, and variation in ecological connectivity with a regional species pool. We measured basal ecosystem processes underlying carbon and nutrient cycling: (a) algal biomass accrual; (b) microbial respiration; and (c) decomposition of organic matter, and sampled communities of aquatic fungi and benthic invertebrates. An 8-day drought event had strong impacts on both community structure and ecosystem functioning, including algal accrual, leaf decomposition and microbial respiration, with many of these impacts persisting even after water levels had been restored for 3.5 weeks. Enhanced connectivity with the regional species pool and increased aggregation of habitat patches also affected multiple response variables, especially those associated with microbes, and in some cases reduced the effects of drought to a small extent. This indicates that spatial processes might play a role in the resilience of communities and ecosystem functioning, given enough time. These effects were however insufficient to facilitate significant recovery in algal growth before seasonal dieback began in autumn. The limited resilience of ecosystem functioning in our experiment suggests that even short-term droughts can have extended consequences for stream ecosystems in the world's vast boreal region, and especially on the ecosystem processes and services mediated by algal biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Truchy
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Romain Sarremejane
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Timo Muotka
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Mykrä
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - David G Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kaisa Lehosmaa
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paltamo, Finland
| | - Richard K Johnson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ryan A Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hadiwijaya B, Pepin S, Isabelle P, Nadeau DF. The Dynamics of Transpiration to Evapotranspiration Ratio under Wet and Dry Canopy Conditions in a Humid Boreal Forest. Forests 2020; 11:237. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humid boreal forests are unique environments characterized by a cold climate, abundant precipitation, and high evapotranspiration. Transpiration ( E T ), as a component of evapotranspiration (E), behaves differently under wet and dry canopy conditions, yet very few studies have focused on the dynamics of transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio ( E T / E ) under transient canopy wetness states. This study presents field measurements of E T / E at the Montmorency Forest, Québec, Canada: a balsam fir boreal forest that receives ∼ 1600 mm of precipitation annually (continental subarctic climate; Köppen classification subtype Dfc). Half-hourly observations of E and E T were obtained over two growing seasons using eddy-covariance and sap flow (Granier’s constant thermal dissipation) methods, respectively, under wet and dry canopy conditions. A series of calibration experiments were performed for sap flow, resulting in species-specific calibration coefficients that increased estimates of sap flux density by 34 % ± 8 % , compared to Granier’s original coefficients. The uncertainties associated with the scaling of sap flow measurements to stand E T , especially circumferential and spatial variations, were also quantified. From 30 wetting–drying events recorded during the measurement period in summer 2018, variations in E T / E were analyzed under different stages of canopy wetness. A combination of low evaporative demand and the presence of water on the canopy from the rainfall led to small E T / E . During two growing seasons, the average E T / E ranged from 35 % ± 2 % to 47 % ± 3 % . The change in total precipitation was not the main driver of seasonal E T / E variation, therefore it is important to analyze the impact of rainfall at half-hourly intervals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wen J, Chuai X, Li S, Song S, Li Y, Wang M, Wu S. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Carbon Emission Effect Resulting from Urban Expansion among Three Coastal Agglomerations in China. Sustainability 2019; 11:4590. [DOI: 10.3390/su11174590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Land-use change, particularly urban expansion, can greatly affect the carbon balance, both from the aspects of terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic carbon emissions. Coastal China is a typical region of rapid urban expansion, and obvious spatial heterogeneity exists from the north to south. However, the different urban change characteristics and the effect on carbon balance remain undetermined. By unifying the spatial-temporal resolution of carbon source and sink data, we effectively compared the carbon budgets of three coastal urban agglomerations in China. The results show that all of the three urban agglomerations have undergone an obvious urban expansion process, with the built-up area increasing from 1.03 × 104 km2 in 2000 to 3.06 × 104 km2 in 2013. For Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the built-up area gradually expanded. The built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) gradually changed before 2007 but rapidly grew thereafter. The built-up expansion of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) passed through three growing stages and showed the largest mean patch size. Carbon emission spatial patterns in the three urban agglomerations are consistent with their economic development, from which the net ecosystem production (NEP) spatial patterns are very different. Compared to carbon emissions, NEP has a carbon sink effect and can absorb some carbon emissions, but the amounts were all much lower than the carbon emissions in the three urban agglomerations. The carbon sink effect in the Yangtze River Delta is the most obvious, with the Pearl River Delta following, and the lowest effect is in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei. Finally, a scientific basis for policy-making is provided for viable CO2 emission mitigation policies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zagirova SV, Mikhailov OA, Elsakov VV. Carbon Dioxide and Water Exchange between Spruce Forest and Atmosphere in Spring—Summer under Different Weather Conditions. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425519010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Rahman MA, Moser A, Gold A, Rötzer T, Pauleit S. Vertical air temperature gradients under the shade of two contrasting urban tree species during different types of summer days. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:100-111. [PMID: 29573677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Moderation of thermal energy balance through the canopies of urban trees is well known. However, a more functional and quantitative view of the heterogeneous urban environment and their influence on the below-canopy vertical air temperature gradients is largely missing. Throughout the summer 2016 we continuously measured air temperature at three different heights (at 1.5, 3 and 4.5m from the ground) under the canopies of two common but contrasting street tree species in respect of eco-physiology and morphology in Munich, Germany: Robinia pseudoacacia L. (ring porous) and Tilia cordata Mill. (diffuse porous). Along with air and surface temperature we also measured meteorological and edaphic variables and categorized summer time as cool, mild, summer and hot days. Global radiation, vapour pressure deficit and soil temperature increased as the days got warmer but precipitation, soil moisture and wind speed showed the reversed pattern. Overall, T. cordata trees with higher leaf area index and sap-wood area provided three times more transpiration than R. pseudoacacia. On an average air temperature gradient of outside to inside canopy dropped from 1.8°C to 1.3°C for T. cordata but from 1.5°C to only 0.5°C for R. pseudoacacia as the days got warmer. Vertical decline of air cooling effect was around 1°C from canopy to the near-ground (1.5m). Lower soil moisture but higher soil temperature suggested that cool air from the canopy mixed with a higher amount of sensible heat flux under the canopies of T. cordata compared to the R. pseudoacacia as the days got warmer. The study indicated a threshold for extreme hot days when grass surface evapotranspirational cooling will not be as effective and act like built surfaces rather deep shading from tree canopies will be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rahman
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Astrid Moser
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Anna Gold
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rötzer
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pauleit
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Helliker BR, Song X, Goulden ML, Clark K, Bolstad P, Munger JW, Chen J, Noormets A, Hollinger D, Wofsy S, Martin T, Baldocchi D, Euskirchenn E, Desai A, Burns SP. Assessing the interplay between canopy energy balance and photosynthesis with cellulose δ18O: large-scale patterns and independent ground-truthing. Oecologia 2018; 187:995-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Soulard C, Walker J, Griffith G. Forest Harvest Patterns on Private Lands in the Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. Forests 2017; 8:383. [DOI: 10.3390/f8100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Launiainen S, Katul GG, Kolari P, Lindroth A, Lohila A, Aurela M, Varlagin A, Grelle A, Vesala T. Do the energy fluxes and surface conductance of boreal coniferous forests in Europe scale with leaf area? Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:4096-4113. [PMID: 27614117 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth observing systems are now routinely used to infer leaf area index (LAI) given its significance in spatial aggregation of land surface fluxes. Whether LAI is an appropriate scaling parameter for daytime growing season energy budget, surface conductance (Gs ), water- and light-use efficiency and surface-atmosphere coupling of European boreal coniferous forests was explored using eddy-covariance (EC) energy and CO2 fluxes. The observed scaling relations were then explained using a biophysical multilayer soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model as well as by a bulk Gs representation. The LAI variations significantly alter radiation regime, within-canopy microclimate, sink/source distributions of CO2 , H2 O and heat, and forest floor fluxes. The contribution of forest floor to ecosystem-scale energy exchange is shown to decrease asymptotically with increased LAI, as expected. Compared with other energy budget components, dry-canopy evapotranspiration (ET) was reasonably 'conservative' over the studied LAI range 0.5-7.0 m2 m-2 . Both ET and Gs experienced a minimum in the LAI range 1-2 m2 m-2 caused by opposing nonproportional response of stomatally controlled transpiration and 'free' forest floor evaporation to changes in canopy density. The young forests had strongest coupling with the atmosphere while stomatal control of energy partitioning was strongest in relatively sparse (LAI ~2 m2 m-2 ) pine stands growing on mineral soils. The data analysis and model results suggest that LAI may be an effective scaling parameter for net radiation and its partitioning but only in sparse stands (LAI <3 m2 m-2 ). This finding emphasizes the significance of stand-replacing disturbances on the controls of surface energy exchange. In denser forests, any LAI dependency varies with physiological traits such as light-saturated water-use efficiency. The results suggest that incorporating species traits and site conditions are necessary when LAI is used in upscaling energy exchanges of boreal coniferous forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Launiainen
- Nature Resources Institute Finland, Environmental Impacts of Production, Jokiniemenkuja 1, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, PO Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00140 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Timo Vesala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00140 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00140, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Helbig M, Wischnewski K, Kljun N, Chasmer LE, Quinton WL, Detto M, Sonnentag O. Regional atmospheric cooling and wetting effect of permafrost thaw-induced boreal forest loss. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:4048-4066. [PMID: 27153776 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the sporadic permafrost zone of North America, thaw-induced boreal forest loss is leading to permafrost-free wetland expansion. These land cover changes alter landscape-scale surface properties with potentially large, however, still unknown impacts on regional climates. In this study, we combine nested eddy covariance flux tower measurements with satellite remote sensing to characterize the impacts of boreal forest loss on albedo, eco-physiological and aerodynamic surface properties, and turbulent energy fluxes of a lowland boreal forest region in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Planetary boundary layer modelling is used to estimate the potential forest loss impact on regional air temperature and atmospheric moisture. We show that thaw-induced conversion of forests to wetlands increases albedo: and bulk surface conductance for water vapour and decreases aerodynamic surface temperature. At the same time, heat transfer efficiency is reduced. These shifts in land surface properties increase latent at the expense of sensible heat fluxes, thus, drastically reducing Bowen ratios. Due to the lower albedo of forests and their masking effect of highly reflective snow, available energy is lower in wetlands, especially in late winter. Modelling results demonstrate that a conversion of a present-day boreal forest-wetland to a hypothetical homogeneous wetland landscape could induce a near-surface cooling effect on regional air temperatures of up to 3-4 °C in late winter and 1-2 °C in summer. An atmospheric wetting effect in summer is indicated by a maximum increase in water vapour mixing ratios of 2 mmol mol-1 . At the same time, maximum boundary layer heights are reduced by about a third of the original height. In fall, simulated air temperature and atmospheric moisture between the two scenarios do not differ. Therefore, permafrost thaw-induced boreal forest loss may modify regional precipitation patterns and slow down regional warming trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Helbig
- Département de géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, 520 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Karoline Wischnewski
- Département de géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, 520 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Natascha Kljun
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA28PP, Swansea, UK
| | - Laura E Chasmer
- Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - William L Quinton
- Cold Regions Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Matteo Detto
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Ave., Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republica de Panama
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie & Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, 520 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang M, Piao S, Zeng Z, Peng S, Ciais P, Cheng L, Mao J, Poulter B, Shi X, Yao Y, Yang H, Wang Y. Seasonal responses of terrestrial ecosystem water-use efficiency to climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2165-77. [PMID: 26663766 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem water-use efficiency (EWUE) is an indicator of carbon-water interactions and is defined as the ratio of carbon assimilation (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). Previous research suggests an increasing long-term trend in annual EWUE over many regions and is largely attributed to the physiological effects of rising CO2 . The seasonal trends in EWUE, however, have not yet been analyzed. In this study, we investigate seasonal EWUE trends and responses to various drivers during 1982-2008. The seasonal cycle for two variants of EWUE, water-use efficiency (WUE, GPP/ET), and transpiration-based WUE (WUEt , the ratio of GPP and transpiration), is analyzed from 0.5° gridded fields from four process-based models and satellite-based products, as well as a network of 63 local flux tower observations. WUE derived from flux tower observations shows moderate seasonal variation for most latitude bands, which is in agreement with satellite-based products. In contrast, the seasonal EWUE trends are not well captured by the same satellite-based products. Trend analysis, based on process-model factorial simulations separating effects of climate, CO2 , and nitrogen deposition (NDEP), further suggests that the seasonal EWUE trends are mainly associated with seasonal trends of climate, whereas CO2 and NDEP do not show obvious seasonal difference in EWUE trends. About 66% grid cells show positive annual WUE trends, mainly over mid- and high northern latitudes. In these regions, spring climate change has amplified the effect of CO2 in increasing WUE by more than 0.005 gC m(-2) mm(-1) yr(-1) for 41% pixels. Multiple regression analysis further shows that the increase in springtime WUE in the northern hemisphere is the result of GPP increasing faster than ET because of the higher temperature sensitivity of GPP relative to ET. The partitioning of annual EWUE to seasonal components provides new insight into the relative sensitivities of GPP and ET to climate, CO2, and NDEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Huang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Bat. 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Bat. 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lei Cheng
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ben Poulter
- Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yitong Yao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere Flagship, PMB 1, Aspendale, Vic., 3195, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Melvin AM, Mack MC, Johnstone JF, David Mcguire A, Genet H, Schuur EAG. Differences in Ecosystem Carbon Distribution and Nutrient Cycling Linked to Forest Tree Species Composition in a Mid-Successional Boreal Forest. Ecosystems 2015; 18:1472-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Launiainen S, Katul GG, Lauren A, Kolari P. Coupling boreal forest CO2, H2O and energy flows by a vertically structured forest canopy – Soil model with separate bryophyte layer. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Lizarazo CI, Lampi AM, Liu J, Sontag-Strohm T, Piironen V, Stoddard FL. Nutritive quality and protein production from grain legumes in a boreal climate. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:2053-64. [PMID: 25242296 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boreal cropping systems are heavily focused on the production of small-grain cereals; to improve their resilience to climate change and to achieve food and feed security, diversification is needed. This study investigated the potential of faba bean, narrow-leafed lupin and lentil as protein crops in southern Finland, where faba bean is traditional but the other two are novel. RESULTS Early cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin and lentil matured adequately. Protein concentration in faba bean was, at 32%, higher than the world average of 29%, while those of narrow-leafed lupin and lentil were close to their world averages. Protein yields decreased in the order faba bean > narrow-leafed lupin > lentil. Lipid content of faba bean and lentil was about 1.2% and that of narrow-leafed lupin about 5.5%, and fatty acid composition was largely oleic and linoleic in all three species. CONCLUSION Both lentil and narrow-leafed lupin can be added to the range of feed and food crops produced at high latitudes in Europe. While faba bean produces the greatest protein yield and lysine concentration, the higher sulfur amino acid concentration in lupin, its oil content and its adaptation to acid, sandy soils not suitable for faba bean make it an attractive alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara I Lizarazo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Lampi
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Sontag-Strohm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vieno Piironen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frederick L Stoddard
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bright RM. Metrics for biogeophysical climate forcings from land use and land cover changes and their inclusion in life cycle assessment: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3291-3303. [PMID: 25719274 DOI: 10.1021/es505465t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulation by vegetation of heat, momentum, and moisture exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere is a major component in Earth's climate system. By altering surface biogeophysics, anthropogenic land use activities often perturb these exchanges and thereby directly affect climate. Although long recognized scientifically as being important, biogeophysical climate forcings from land use and land cover changes (LULCC) are rarely included in life cycle assessment (LCA). Here, I review climate metrics for characterizing biogeophysical climate forcings from LULCC, focusing mostly on those that do not require coupled land-atmosphere climate models to compute. I discuss their merits, highlight their pros and cons in terms of their compatibility with the LCA framework, outline near-term practical guidelines and solutions for their integration, and point to areas of longer term research needs in both the climate science and LCA research communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bright
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, N-1431 Ås, Norway
- Industrial Ecology Program, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Landry J, Ramankutty N. Carbon Cycling, Climate Regulation, and Disturbances in Canadian Forests: Scientific Principles for Management. Land 2015; 4:83-118. [DOI: 10.3390/land4010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Kasurinen V, Alfredsen K, Kolari P, Mammarella I, Alekseychik P, Rinne J, Vesala T, Bernier P, Boike J, Langer M, Belelli Marchesini L, van Huissteden K, Dolman H, Sachs T, Ohta T, Varlagin A, Rocha A, Arain A, Oechel W, Lund M, Grelle A, Lindroth A, Black A, Aurela M, Laurila T, Lohila A, Berninger F. Latent heat exchange in the boreal and arctic biomes. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:3439-3456. [PMID: 24889888 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study latent heat flux (λE) measurements made at 65 boreal and arctic eddy-covariance (EC) sites were analyses by using the Penman-Monteith equation. Sites were stratified into nine different ecosystem types: harvested and burnt forest areas, pine forests, spruce or fir forests, Douglas-fir forests, broadleaf deciduous forests, larch forests, wetlands, tundra and natural grasslands. The Penman-Monteith equation was calibrated with variable surface resistances against half-hourly eddy-covariance data and clear differences between ecosystem types were observed. Based on the modeled behavior of surface and aerodynamic resistances, surface resistance tightly control λE in most mature forests, while it had less importance in ecosystems having shorter vegetation like young or recently harvested forests, grasslands, wetlands and tundra. The parameters of the Penman-Monteith equation were clearly different for winter and summer conditions, indicating that phenological effects on surface resistance are important. We also compared the simulated λE of different ecosystem types under meteorological conditions at one site. Values of λE varied between 15% and 38% of the net radiation in the simulations with mean ecosystem parameters. In general, the simulations suggest that λE is higher from forested ecosystems than from grasslands, wetlands or tundra-type ecosystems. Forests showed usually a tighter stomatal control of λE as indicated by a pronounced sensitivity of surface resistance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Nevertheless, the surface resistance of forests was lower than for open vegetation types including wetlands. Tundra and wetlands had higher surface resistances, which were less sensitive to vapor pressure deficits. The results indicate that the variation in surface resistance within and between different vegetation types might play a significant role in energy exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. These results suggest the need to take into account vegetation type and phenology in energy exchange modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Kasurinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, POBox 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuusinen N, Lukeš P, Stenberg P, Levula J, Nikinmaa E, Berninger F. Measured and modelled albedos in Finnish boreal forest stands of different species, structure and understory. Ecol Modell 2014; 284:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Barman R, Jain AK, Liang M. Climate-driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial energy and water fluxes: a site-level to global-scale analysis. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:1885-1900. [PMID: 24273011 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We used a land surface model constrained using data from flux tower sites, to analyze the biases in ecosystem energy and water fluxes arising due to the use of meteorological reanalysis datasets. Following site-level model calibration encompassing major vegetation types from the tropics to the northern high-latitudes, we repeated the site and global simulations using two reanalysis datasets: the NCEP/NCAR and the CRUNCEP. In comparison with the model simulations using observed meteorology from sites, the reanalysis-driven simulations produced several systematic biases in net radiation (Rn ), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) fluxes. These include: (i) persistently positive tropical/subtropical biases in Rn using the NCEP/NCAR, and gradually transitioning to negative Rn biases in the higher latitudes; (ii) large positive H biases in the tropics/subtropics using the NCEP/NCAR; (iii) negative LE biases using the NCEP/NCAR above 40°N; (iv) high tropical LE using the CRUNCEP in comparison with observationally derived global estimates; and (v) flux-partitioning biases from canopy and ground components. Across vegetation types, we investigated the role of the meteorological drivers (shortwave and longwave radiation, atmospheric humidity, temperature, precipitation) and their seasonal biases in controlling these reanalysis-driven uncertainties. At the global scale, our site-level analysis explains several model-data differences in the LE and H fluxes when compared with observationally derived global estimates of these fluxes. Using our results, we discuss the implications of site-level model calibration on subsequent regional/global applications to study energy and hydrological processes. The flux-partitioning biases presented in this study have potential implications on the couplings among terrestrial carbon, energy, and water fluxes, and for the calibration of land-atmosphere parameterizations that are dependent on LE/H partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Barman
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tang Y, Wen X, Sun X, Wang H. Interannual variation of the Bowen ratio in a subtropical coniferous plantation in southeast China, 2003-2012. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88267. [PMID: 24520360 PMCID: PMC3919728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interannual variation of the Bowen ratio, through its effect on the warming extent of available energy to the ecosystem land surface air, heavily influences the ecosystem microclimate and affects the hydrological cycle at both regional and global scales. Although the precipitation amount in southeast China is not expected to change greatly as a result of climate change, the precipitation frequency may be altered in the future. We explored the interannual variation of the Bowen ratio and its affecting mechanisms based on eddy covariance measurements in a subtropical plantation in southeast China during 2003-2012. The results indicated that the annual mean Bowen ratio was 0.35 ± 0.06, with a range of 0.29-0.45. The Bowen ratio during the dry season (July-October) positively correlated with the annual Bowen ratio (R(2) = 0.85, p<0.001). The effective precipitation frequency during the dry season, through its positive effect on shallow soil water content, indirectly and negatively affected the annual Bowen ratio. Between 2003 and 2012, the annual Bowen ratio exhibited a marginally significant decreasing trend (p = 0.061), meanwhile the effective precipitation frequency and shallow soil water content during the dry season increased significantly (p<0.001). The annual Bowen ratio may decrease further if the effective precipitation frequency and shallow soil water content during the dry season follow similar trends in the future. The warming effect of available energy to the surface air of our studied plantation may decline with the decreasing annual Bowen ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bright RM, Antón-Fernández C, Astrup R, Cherubini F, Kvalevåg M, Strømman AH. Climate change implications of shifting forest management strategy in a boreal forest ecosystem of Norway. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:607-621. [PMID: 24277242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Empirical models alongside remotely sensed and station measured meteorological observations are employed to investigate both the local and global direct climate change impacts of alternative forest management strategies within a boreal ecosystem of eastern Norway. Stand-level analysis is firstly executed to attribute differences in daily, seasonal, and annual mean surface temperatures to differences in surface intrinsic biophysical properties across conifer, deciduous, and clear-cut sites. Relative to a conifer site, a slight local cooling of −0.13 °C at a deciduous site and −0.25 °C at a clear-cut site were observed over a 6-year period, which were mostly attributed to a higher albedo throughout the year. When monthly mean albedo trajectories over the entire managed forest landscape were taken into consideration, we found that strategies promoting natural regeneration of coniferous sites with native deciduous species led to substantial global direct climate cooling benefits relative to those maintaining current silviculture regimes – despite predicted long-term regional warming feedbacks and a reduced albedo in spring and autumn months. The magnitude and duration of the cooling benefit depended largely on whether management strategies jointly promoted an enhanced material supply over business-as-usual levels. Expressed in terms of an equivalent CO2 emission pulse at the start of the simulation, the net climate response at the end of the 21st century spanned −8 to −159 Tg-CO2-eq., depending on whether near-term harvest levels increased or followed current trends, respectively. This magnitude equates to approximately −20 to −300% of Norway's annual domestic (production) emission impact. Our analysis supports the assertion that a carbon-only focus in the design and implementation of forest management policy in boreal and other climatically similar regions can be counterproductive – and at best – suboptimal if boreal forests are to be used as a tool to mitigate global warming.
Collapse
|
28
|
Belyea LR. Nonlinear Dynamics of Peatlands and Potential Feedbacks on the Climate System. Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Feng Z, Alfaro-murillo JA, Deangelis DL, Schmidt J, Barga M, Zheng Y, Ahmad Tamrin MHB, Olson M, Glaser T, Kielland K, Chapin FS, Bryant J. Plant toxins and trophic cascades alter fire regime and succession on a boreal forest landscape. Ecol Modell 2012; 244:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Jin Y, Randerson JT, Goetz SJ, Beck PSA, Loranty MM, Goulden ML. The influence of burn severity on postfire vegetation recovery and albedo change during early succession in North American boreal forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Park H, Iijima Y, Yabuki H, Ohta T, Walsh J, Kodama Y, Ohata T. The application of a coupled hydrological and biogeochemical model (CHANGE) for modeling of energy, water, and CO2exchanges over a larch forest in eastern Siberia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Xue BL, Kumagai T, Iida S, Nakai T, Matsumoto K, Komatsu H, Otsuki K, Ohta T. Influences of canopy structure and physiological traits on flux partitioning between understory and overstory in an eastern Siberian boreal larch forest. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Euskirchen ES, McGuire AD, Rupp TS, Chapin FS, Walsh JE. Projected changes in atmospheric heating due to changes in fire disturbance and the snow season in the western Arctic, 2003–2100. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Bonan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krishnan P, Black TA, Barr AG, Grant NJ, Gaumont-Guay D, Nesic Z. Factors controlling the interannual variability in the carbon balance of a southern boreal black spruce forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Gu S, Tang Y, Cui X, Du M, Zhao L, Li Y, Xu S, Zhou H, Kato T, Qi P, Zhao X. Characterizing evapotranspiration over a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Lyons EA, Jin Y, Randerson JT. Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Lyons
- Department of Geography; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yufang Jin
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
DeWilde L, Chapin FS. Human Impacts on the Fire Regime of Interior Alaska: Interactions among Fuels, Ignition Sources, and Fire Suppression. Ecosystems 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-006-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
39
|
Mcguire AD, Chapin FS, Wirth C, Apps M, Bhatti J, Callaghan T, Christensen TR, Clein JS, Fukuda M, Maximov T, Onuchin A, Shvidenko A, Vaganov E. Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change: Potential Consequences for the Climate System. Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
40
|
Wang S, Trishchenko AP, Khlopenkov KV, Davidson A. Comparison of International Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report climate model simulations of surface albedo with satellite products over northern latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
41
|
Dou J, Zhang Y, Yu G, Zhao S, Wang X, Song Q. A preliminary study on the heat storage fluxes of a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 49:163-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-006-8163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Kang S, Kimball JS, Running SW. Simulating effects of fire disturbance and climate change on boreal forest productivity and evapotranspiration. Sci Total Environ 2006; 362:85-102. [PMID: 16364407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We used a terrestrial ecosystem process model, BIOME-BGC, to investigate historical climate change and fire disturbance effects on regional carbon and water budgets within a 357,500 km(2) portion of the Canadian boreal forest. Historical patterns of increasing atmospheric CO2, climate change, and regional fire activity were used as model drivers to evaluate the relative effects of these impacts to spatial patterns and temporal trends in forest net primary production (NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Historical trends of increasing atmospheric CO2 resulted in overall 13% and 5% increases in annual NPP and ET from 1994 to 1996, respectively. NPP was found to be relatively sensitive to changes in air temperature (T(a)), while ET was more sensitive to precipitation (P) change within the ranges of observed climate variability (e.g., +/-2 degrees C for T(a) and +/-20% for P). In addition, the potential effect of climate change related warming on NPP is exacerbated or offset depending on whether these changes are accompanied by respective decreases or increases in precipitation. Historical fire activity generally resulted in reductions of both NPP and ET, which consumed an average of approximately 6% of annual NPP from 1959 to 1996. Areas currently occupied by dry conifer forests were found to be subject to more frequent fire activity, which consumed approximately 8% of annual NPP. The results of this study show that the North American boreal ecosystem is sensitive to historical patterns of increasing atmospheric CO2, climate change and regional fire activity. The relative impacts of these disturbances on NPP and ET interact in complex ways and are spatially variable depending on regional land cover and climate gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinkyu Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do 200-701, South Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Wolf A, Akshalov K, Saliendra N, Johnson DA, Laca EA. Inverse estimation of Vcmax, leaf area index, and the Ball-Berry parameter from carbon and energy fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Chambers SD. Fire effects on net radiation and energy partitioning: Contrasting responses of tundra and boreal forest ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru KOMATSU
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Norifumi HOTTA
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
McClelland JW. Increasing river discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: Consideration of dams, permafrost thaw, and fires as potential agents of change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|