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La Sala L, Carlini V, Conte C, Macas-Granizo MB, Afzalpour E, Martin-Delgado J, D'Anzeo M, Pedretti RFE, Naselli A, Pontiroli AE, Cappato R. Metabolic disorders affecting the liver and heart: Therapeutic efficacy of miRNA-based therapies? Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107083. [PMID: 38309383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Liver and heart disease are major causes of death worldwide. It is known that metabolic alteration causing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) coupled with a derangement in lipid homeostasis, may exacerbate hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. Some pharmacological treatments can mitigate organ dysfunctions but the important side effects limit their efficacy leading often to deterioration of the tissues. It needs to develop new personalized treatment approaches and recent progresses of engineered RNA molecules are becoming increasingly viable as alternative treatments. This review outlines the current use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), RNA interference (RNAi) and RNA genome editing as treatment for rare metabolic disorders. However, the potential for small non-coding RNAs to serve as therapeutic agents for liver and heart diseases is yet to be fully explored. Although miRNAs are recognized as biomarkers for many diseases, they are also capable of serving as drugs for medical intervention; several clinical trials are testing miRNAs as therapeutics for type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver as well as cardiac diseases. Recent advances in RNA-based therapeutics may potentially facilitate a novel application of miRNAs as agents and as druggable targets. In this work, we sought to summarize the advancement and advantages of miRNA selective therapy when compared to conventional drugs. In particular, we sought to emphasise druggable miRNAs, over ASOs or other RNA therapeutics or conventional drugs. Finally, we sought to address research questions related to efficacy, side-effects, and range of use of RNA therapeutics. Additionally, we covered hurdles and examined recent advances in the use of miRNA-based RNA therapy in metabolic disorders such as diabetes, liver, and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia La Sala
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Caterina Conte
- IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elham Afzalpour
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Clinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jimmy Martin-Delgado
- Hospital Luis Vernaza, Junta de Beneficiencia de Guayaquil, 090603 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Salud Integral, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090603, Ecuador
| | - Marco D'Anzeo
- AUO delle Marche, SOD Medicina di Laboratorio, Ancona, Italy
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Rios A, Kehrberg L, Davis HE. Consideration of Acute Porphyria in an Emergency Department Patient: A Case Report and Discussion of Common Pitfalls. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2022; 6:310-313. [PMID: 36427037 PMCID: PMC9697880 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2022.9.57507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Porphyria refers to a group of disorders associated with defects in heme synthesis. They can be associated with severely debilitating features, including abdominal pain, psychiatric symptoms, neurological defects, and cardiovascular irregularities. Although these diseases are rare, patients with attacks often do present to the emergency department (ED) where consideration of porphyria is generally not included in the differential. CASE REPORT Here, we examine a case of a 16-year-old male who presented to our ED for evaluation of recurring abdominal pain and auditory hallucinations in which porphyria was considered by the emergency physician. DISCUSSION Not considering acute porphyria in patients with recurring neurovisceral symptoms in the ED can lead to missed opportunities for diagnosing such pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rios
- University of Tennessee, Department of Biochemistry, Knoxville, Tennessee,University of Tennessee Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | - Hillary E. Davis
- University of Tennessee Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
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3
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Yu X, Xiao H, Muqier M, Han S, Baigude H. Effect of the array of amines on the transfection efficiency of cationic peptidomimetic lipid molecules into neural cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21567-21573. [PMID: 35975061 PMCID: PMC9346625 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino groups in the head group of a cationic lipid play a determinative role regarding the nucleic acid delivery efficiency of the LNP formulated from lipids. Herein, we designed four types of lipid bearing different amine-containing branched head groups to investigate the influence of type and number of amines on the neural cell targeted nuclei acid delivery. Conjugation of an ethylamino group at selected positions of a lysine-based cationic lipid resulted in 4 distinct lipids with 3 (denoted N3 lipid), 4 (denoted N4 lipid), 5 (denoted N5 lipid) and 6 (denoted N6 lipid) amino groups, respectively. Comparative analysis by flow cytometry revealed that the N3 lipid had the highest nucleic acid (plasmid and siRNA) transfection efficiency to neural cell lines (BV2 cells and N2a cells). Furthermore, the N3 lipid mediated delivery of siRNA against Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) into oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BV2 cells resulted in remarkable silencing of TLR4, inducing alternative polarization (M2) of the cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the N3 lipid is a promising siRNA delivery agent in neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Hai Xiao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Muqier Muqier
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Shuqin Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Huricha Baigude
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
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Sox2 induces glioblastoma cell stemness and tumor propagation by repressing TET2 and deregulating 5hmC and 5mC DNA modifications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:37. [PMID: 35136034 PMCID: PMC8826438 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a reversible process catalyzed by the ten–eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes (TET1, TET2, TET3) that convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Altered patterns of 5hmC and 5mC are widely reported in human cancers and loss of 5hmC correlates with poor prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms leading to 5hmC loss and its role in oncogenesis will advance the development of epigenetic-based therapeutics. We show that TET2 loss associates with glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells and correlates with poor survival of GBM patients. We further identify a SOX2:miR-10b-5p:TET2 axis that represses TET2 expression, represses 5hmC, increases 5mC levels, and induces GBM cell stemness and tumor-propagating potential. In vivo delivery of a miR-10b-5p inhibitor that normalizes TET2 expression and 5hmC levels inhibits tumor growth and prolongs survival of animals bearing pre-established orthotopic GBM xenografts. These findings highlight the importance of TET2 and 5hmC loss in Sox2-driven oncogenesis and their potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Liedtke C, Nevzorova YA, Luedde T, Zimmermann H, Kroy D, Strnad P, Berres ML, Bernhagen J, Tacke F, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Wree A, Abdullah Z, Tolba RH, Trebicka J, Lammers T, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R. Liver Fibrosis-From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814496. [PMID: 35087852 PMCID: PMC8787129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transregional Collaborative Research Center "Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease" (referred to as SFB/TRR57) was funded for 13 years (2009-2021) by the German Research Council (DFG). This consortium was hosted by the Medical Schools of the RWTH Aachen University and Bonn University in Germany. The SFB/TRR57 implemented combined basic and clinical research to achieve detailed knowledge in three selected key questions: (i) What are the relevant mechanisms and signal pathways required for initiating organ fibrosis? (ii) Which immunological mechanisms and molecules contribute to organ fibrosis? and (iii) How can organ fibrosis be modulated, e.g., by interventional strategies including imaging and pharmacological approaches? In this review we will summarize the liver-related key findings of this consortium gained within the last 12 years on these three aspects of liver fibrogenesis. We will highlight the role of cell death and cell cycle pathways as well as nutritional and iron-related mechanisms for liver fibrosis initiation. Moreover, we will define and characterize the major immune cell compartments relevant for liver fibrogenesis, and finally point to potential signaling pathways and pharmacological targets that turned out to be suitable to develop novel approaches for improved therapy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In summary, this review will provide a comprehensive overview about the knowledge on liver fibrogenesis and its potential therapy gained by the SFB/TRR57 consortium within the last decade. The kidney-related research results obtained by the same consortium are highlighted in an article published back-to-back in Frontiers in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Medical Faculty, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Upchurch M, Donnelly JP, Deremiah E, Barthol C, Hafeez S, Anderson KE, Seifi A. Hereditary Coproporphyria Mimicking Guillain-Barré Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e21586. [PMID: 35228944 PMCID: PMC8873389 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme, coproporphyrinogen oxidase, in the heme synthetic pathway. This disease has a highly variable clinical presentation with acute attacks of neurologic symptoms that can last from days to months. Rarely, it and other acute porphyrias may cause ascending paralysis, which is difficult to distinguish from Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Acute attacks can be triggered by factors that increase the synthesis of heme, such as hormonal changes, certain medications, dietary changes, and infections. We report a 26-year-old female with HCP who presented with acute ascending flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and was initially misdiagnosed and treated for GBS. She was transferred to our neurosciences intensive care unit, where the diagnosis of acute porphyria was established. Initial improvement occurred during treatment for several weeks with hemin (Panhematin®) and continued with givosiran (Givlaari®), which was recently introduced for the prevention of acute attacks. We suggest that acute porphyria should be part of the differential diagnosis when GBS is suspected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an attack of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) that developed after a COVID-19 infection and the first with advanced paresis to be treated with givosiran. Her response suggests that givosiran may contribute to recovery from advanced neurological manifestations of acute porphyrias.
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Abstract
Givosiran (Givlaari®) is an δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1)-directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) approved for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP). In the phase 3 ENVISION trial, givosiran significantly reduced the annualized rate of composite porphyria attacks (i.e. attacks requiring hospitalization, urgent healthcare visit or intravenous hemin administration at home) compared with placebo in patients with recurrent acute intermittent porphyria (the most common type of AHP) attacks. Givosiran also improved several other outcomes, including hemin use and pain (the cardinal symptom of AHP). While generally well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile, the drug may increase the risk of hepatic and kidney adverse events. Givosiran offers the convenience of once-monthly subcutaneous administration. Available evidence indicates that givosiran is an important newer therapeutic option for patients with AHP and severe recurrent attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahiya Y Syed
- Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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8
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Opinion: miRNAs - The new wave of molecular cancer therapeutics. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101064. [PMID: 33721829 PMCID: PMC7957095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge advances in nanomedicine and the recent approval of two siRNA-based therapeutics by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has rekindled the interest in RNA interference (RNAi) as vehicles for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In this perspective, we will briefly discuss how miRNAs are becoming the next-generation RNAi therapeutic, the advances in delivery vehicles for in vivo miRNA delivery, and where miRNA technology stands in terms of clinical translation.
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9
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Zhang MM, Bahal R, Rasmussen TP, Manautou JE, Zhong XB. The growth of siRNA-based therapeutics: Updated clinical studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114432. [PMID: 33513339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than two decades after the natural gene-silencing mechanism of RNA interference was elucidated, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics have finally broken into the pharmaceutical market. With three agents already approved and many others in advanced stages of the drug development pipeline, siRNA drugs are on their way to becoming a standard modality of pharmacotherapy. The majority of late-stage candidates are indicated for rare or orphan diseases, whose patients have an urgent need for novel and effective therapies. Additionally, there are agents that have the potential to meet the need of a broader population. Inclisiran, for instance, is being developed for hypercholesterolemia and has shown benefit in patients who are uncontrolled even after maximal statin therapy. This review provides a brief overview of mechanisms of siRNA action, physiological barriers to its delivery and activity, and the most common chemical modifications and delivery platforms used to overcome these barriers. Furthermore, this review presents comprehensive profiles of the three approved siRNA drugs (patisiran, givosiran, and lumasiran) and the seven other siRNA candidates in Phase 3 clinical trials (vutrisiran, nedosiran, inclisiran, fitusiran, teprasiran, cosdosiran, and tivanisiran), summarizing their modifications and delivery strategies, disease-specific mechanisms of action, updated clinical trial status, and future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M May Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Theodore P Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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The microgravity enhanced polymer-mediated siRNA gene silence by improving cellular uptake. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Abstract
Microgravity (MG) effect is a weightlessness phenomenon caused by the distance from the ground or low gravity of other planets outside the earth’s atmosphere. The various effects of MG have been corroborated in human and animal studies and modeled in cell-based analogs. However, the impact of MG on siRNA performance remains to be elucidated, which is crucial for aerospace medicine. In this study, we prepared nucleic acid nanomicelles (EAASc/siRNA) by using tri-block copolymer of PEG45-PAMA40-P(C7A36-DBA37) (EAASc) and siRNA and explored its working mechanism under simulated microgravity (SMG) condition generated by a random positioning machine (RPM). The binding ability of EAASc to siRNA and silence activity were firstly confirmed in normal gravity (NG) environment. Evaluation of PLK1 mRNA expression revealed that gene inhibition efficiencies were increased by 28.7% (HepG2) and 28.9% (A549) under SMG condition, compared with those under NG condition. In addition, mechanism exploration indicated that morphology and migration capability of cancer cells were significantly changed, the internalization of EAASc/siRNA by cells was magnified when the cells were incubated with RPM. No significant difference was observed regarding the expression profiles of genes involved in RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, including Ago2, Dicer, TRBP, and so on. Taken together, siRNA activity was elevated under SMG condition owning to increased cellular internalization. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, provides valuable theory for development and application of siRNA therapeutic in space in the future.
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Yoo JY, Yeh M, Kaur B, Lee TJ. Targeted delivery of small noncoding RNA for glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:274-280. [PMID: 33176185 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of certain genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to drive cancer development and progression, thus the modification of aberrant gene and miRNA expression presents an opportunity for therapeutic targeting. Ectopic modulation of a single dysregulated miRNA has the potential to revert therapeutically unfavorable gene expression in cancer cells by targeting multiple genes simultaneously. Although the use of noncoding RNA-based cancer therapy is a promising approach, the lack of a feasible delivery platform for small noncoding RNAs has hindered the development of this therapeutic modality. Recently, however, there has been an evolution in RNA nanotechnology, in which small noncoding RNA is loaded onto nanoparticles derived from the pRNA-3WJ viral RNA motif of the bacteriophage phi29. Preclinical studies have shown the capacity of this technology to specifically target tumor cells by conjugating these nanoparticles with ligands specific for cancer cells and resulting in the endocytic delivery of siRNA and miRNA inhibitors directly into the cell. Here we provide a systematic review of the various strategies, which have been utilized for miRNA delivery with a specific focus on the preclinical evaluation of promising RNA nanoparticles for glioblastoma (GBM) targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Margaret Yeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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de Oliveira Neves AC, Galván I. Models for human porphyrias: Have animals in the wild been overlooked?: Some birds and mammals accumulate significant amounts of porphyrins in the body without showing the injurious symptoms observed in human porphyrias. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000155. [PMID: 33155299 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Humans accumulate porphyrins in the body mostly during the course of porphyrias, diseases caused by defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and that produce acute attacks, skin lesions and liver cancer. In contrast, some wild mammals and birds are adapted to accumulate porphyrins without injurious consequences. Here we propose viewing such physiological adaptations as potential solutions to human porphyrias, and suggest certain wild animals as models. Given the enzymatic activity and/or the patterns of porphyrin excretion and accumulation, the fox squirrel, the great bustard and the Eurasian eagle owl may constitute overlooked models for different porphyrias. The Harderian gland of rodents, where large amounts of porphyrins are synthesized, presents an underexplored potential for understanding the carcinogenic/toxic effect of porphyrin accumulation. Investigating how these animals avoid porphyrin pathogenicity may complement the use of laboratory models for porphyrias and provide new insights into the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
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Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu X, Ma N, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Therapeutic strategies for acute intermittent porphyria. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:205-216. [PMID: 33139979 PMCID: PMC7586882 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway. Symptoms of AIP usually manifest as intermittent acute attacks with occasional neuropsychiatric crises. The management of AIP includes treatment of acute attacks, prevention of attacks, long-term monitoring and treatment of chronic complications. Intravenous injection of heme is the most effective method of treating acute attacks. Carbohydrate loading is used when heme is unavailable or in the event of mild attacks. Symptomatic treatment is also needed during attacks. Prevention of attacks includes eliminating precipitating factors, heme prophylaxis and liver transplantation. New treatment options include givosiran (siRNA) to down-regulate ALA synthase-1 (ALAS1) and the messenger RNA of PBGD (PBGD mRNA) delivered to the liver cells of patients with AIP. Long-term monitoring of chronic complications includes regular liver-kidney function and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiantao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ningzhen Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Address correspondence to:Songyun Zhang, Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China. E-mail:
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Noske S, Karimov M, Aigner A, Ewe A. Tyrosine-Modification of Polypropylenimine (PPI) and Polyethylenimine (PEI) Strongly Improves Efficacy of siRNA-Mediated Gene Knockdown. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1809. [PMID: 32927826 PMCID: PMC7557430 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) is an efficient method for gene silencing through the induction of RNA interference (RNAi). It critically relies, however, on efficient vehicles for siRNA formulation, for transfection in vitro as well as for their potential use in vivo. While polyethylenimines (PEIs) are among the most studied cationic polymers for nucleic acid delivery including small RNA molecules, polypropylenimines (PPIs) have been explored to a lesser extent. Previous studies have shown the benefit of the modification of small PEIs by tyrosine grafting which are featured in this paper. Additionally, we have now extended this approach towards PPIs, presenting tyrosine-modified PPIs (named PPI-Y) for the first time. In this study, we describe the marked improvement of PPI upon its tyrosine modification, leading to enhanced siRNA complexation, complex stability, siRNA delivery, knockdown efficacy and biocompatibility. Results of PPI-Y/siRNA complexes are also compared with data based on tyrosine-modified linear or branched PEIs (LPxY or PxY). Taken together, this establishes tyrosine-modified PPIs or PEIs as particularly promising polymeric systems for siRNA formulation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (S.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Alexander Ewe
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (S.N.); (M.K.)
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