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Sohn EJ, Goralsky JA, Shay JW, Min J. The Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071945. [PMID: 37046606 PMCID: PMC10093677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As detailed by the end replication problem, the linear ends of a cell's chromosomes, known as telomeres, shorten with each successive round of replication until a cell enters into a state of growth arrest referred to as senescence. To maintain their immortal proliferation capacity, cancer cells must employ a telomere maintenance mechanism, such as telomerase activation or the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres pathway (ALT). With only 10-15% of cancers utilizing the ALT mechanism, progress towards understanding its molecular components and associated hallmarks has only recently been made. This review analyzes the advances towards understanding the ALT pathway by: (1) detailing the mechanisms associated with engaging the ALT pathway as well as (2) identifying potential therapeutic targets of ALT that may lead to novel cancer therapeutic treatments. Collectively, these studies indicate that the ALT molecular mechanisms involve at least two distinct pathways induced by replication stress and damage at telomeres. We suggest exploiting tumor dependency on ALT is a promising field of study because it suggests new approaches to ALT-specific therapies for cancers with poorer prognosis. While substantial progress has been made in the ALT research field, additional progress will be required to realize these advances into clinical practices to treat ALT cancers and improve patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Sohn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia A Goralsky
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Jaewon Min
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Ghosh S, De D, Banerjee V, Biswas S, Ghosh U. High throughput screening of a new fluorescent G-quadruplex ligand having telomerase inhibitory activity in human A549 cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2023:1-22. [PMID: 36919622 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2188220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of a new G-quadruplex ligand having anti-telomerase activity would be a promising strategy for cancer therapy. The screened compound from ZINC database using docking studies was experimentally verified for its binding with three different telomeric G-quadruplex DNA sequences and anti-telomerase activity in A549 cells. Identified compound is an intrinsic fluorescent molecule, permeable to live cells and has a higher affinity to 22AG out of three different telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. It showed cytotoxicity and a significant reduction of telomerase activity in human A549 cells at a very low dose. So, this compound has a good anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Debapriya De
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Victor Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Soumyajit Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
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3
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Abstract
Cancer cells establish replicative immortality by activating a telomere-maintenance mechanism (TMM), be it telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Targeting telomere maintenance represents an intriguing opportunity to treat the vast majority of all cancer types. Whilst telomerase inhibitors have historically been heralded as promising anticancer agents, the reality has been more challenging, and there are currently no therapeutic options for cancer types that use ALT despite their aggressive nature and poor prognosis. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic differences between telomere maintenance by telomerase and ALT, the current methods used to detect each mechanism, the utility of these tests for clinical diagnosis, and recent developments in the therapeutic strategies being employed to target both telomerase and ALT. We present notable developments in repurposing established therapeutic agents and new avenues that are emerging to target cancer types according to which TMM they employ. These opportunities extend beyond inhibition of telomere maintenance, by finding and exploiting inherent weaknesses in the telomeres themselves to trigger rapid cellular effects that lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Gao
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Revikumar A, Kashyap V, Palollathil A, Aravind A, Raguraman R, Kumar KMK, Vijayakumar M, Prasad TSK, Raju R. Multiple G-quadruplex binding ligand induced transcriptomic map of cancer cell lines. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:129-135. [PMID: 34309794 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-quadruplexes (G4s) are a class of DNA secondary structures with guanine rich DNA sequences that can fold into four stranded non-canonical structures. At the genomic level, their pivotal role is well established in DNA replication, telomerase functions, constitution of topologically associating domains, and the regulation of gene expression. Genome instability mediated by altered G4 formation and assembly has been associated with multiple disorders including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple tools have also been developed to predict the potential G4 regions in genomes and the whole genome G4 maps are also being derived through sequencing approaches. Enrichment of G4s in the cis-regulatory elements of genes associated with tumorigenesis has accelerated the quest for identification of G4-DNA binding ligands (G4DBLs) that can selectively bind and regulate the expression of such specific genes. In this context, the analysis of G4DBL responsive transcriptome in diverse cancer cell lines is inevitable for assessment of the specificity of novel G4DBLs. Towards this, we assembled the transcripts differentially regulated by different G4DBLs and have also identified a core set of genes regulated in diverse cancer cell lines in response to 3 or more of these ligands. With the mode of action of G4DBLs towards topology shifts, folding, or disruption of G4 structure being currently visualized, we believe that this dataset will serve as a platform for assembly of G4DBL responsive transcriptome for comparative analysis of G4DBLs in multiple cancer cells based on the expression of specific cis-regulatory G4 associated genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjesh Revikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India.
| | - Vivek Kashyap
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Akhina Palollathil
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Anjana Aravind
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rajeswari Raguraman
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India.,Health Science Centre, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, USA
| | | | - Manavalan Vijayakumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India. .,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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5
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Yan X, Wen J, Zhou L, Fan L, Wang X, Xu Z. Current Scenario of 1,3-oxazole Derivatives for Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1916-1937. [PMID: 32579505 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200624161151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, which has been cursed for human beings for long time is considered as one of the
leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. In spite of different types of treatments
available, chemotherapy is still deemed as a favored treatment for the cancer. Unfortunately, many currently
accessible anticancer agents have developed multidrug resistance along with fatal adverse effects.
Therefore, intensive efforts have been made to seek for new active drugs with improved anticancer efficacy
and reduced adverse effects. In recent years, the emergence of heterocyclic ring-containing anticancer
agents has gained a great deal of attention among medicinal chemists. 1,3- oxazole is a versatile
heterocyclic compound, and its derivatives possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties, including
anticancer activity against both drug-susceptible, drug-resistant and even multidrug-resistant cancer
cell lines through multiple mechanisms. Thus, the 1,3-oxazole moiety is a useful template for the development
of novel anticancer agents. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent
advances on 1,3-oxazole derivatives with potential therapeutic applications as anticancer agents, focus
on the chemical structures, anticancer activity, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 967th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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Carella A, Roviello V, Iannitti R, Palumbo R, La Manna S, Marasco D, Trifuoggi M, Diana R, Roviello GN. Evaluating the biological properties of synthetic 4-nitrophenyl functionalized benzofuran derivatives with telomeric DNA binding and antiproliferative activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:77-88. [PMID: 30261256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four 4-nitrophenyl-functionalized benzofuran (BF1, BF2) and benzodifuran (BDF1, BDF2) compounds were synthesized by a convenient route based on the Craven reaction. All the compounds underwent a detailed chemical-physical characterization to evaluate their structural, thermal and optical properties. An investigation on the therapeutic potential of the reported compounds was performed by analyzing their antiproliferative activity on prostatic tumour cells (PC-3). In both classes of compounds, anticancer potential is in direct correlation with the lipophilicity. From our study it emerged that antiproliferative activity was higher for benzofuran derivatives as compared to benzodifuran systems. Moreover, we report a mechanistic study relative to the most promising molecule, i.e. the apolar benzofuran BF1, that relates the antiproliferative properties found in our investigation to its ability to bind telomeric DNA (proven by CD and fluorescence techniques on tel22 G4 DNA), and highlights its unexpected impact on cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carella
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Sciences, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Roviello
- Analytical Chemistry for the Environment and CeSMA (Advanced Metrologic Service Center), University of Naples Federico II, Corso N. Protopisani, 80146 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Iannitti
- CNR, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging - (Via Mezzocannone Site and Headquarters), 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Palumbo
- CNR, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging - (Via Mezzocannone Site and Headquarters), 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara La Manna
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- CNR, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging - (Via Mezzocannone Site and Headquarters), 80134 Naples, Italy; University of Naples Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Sciences, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosita Diana
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Sciences, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni N Roviello
- CNR, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging - (Via Mezzocannone Site and Headquarters), 80134 Naples, Italy.
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7
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Muoio D, Berardinelli F, Leone S, Coluzzi E, di Masi A, Doria F, Freccero M, Sgura A, Folini M, Antoccia A. Naphthalene diimide-derivatives G-quadruplex ligands induce cell proliferation inhibition, mild telomeric dysfunction and cell cycle perturbation in U251MG glioma cells. FEBS J 2018; 285:3769-3785. [PMID: 30095224 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, the biological effects of three different naphthalene diimides (NDIs) G-quadruplex (G4) ligands (H-NDI-Tyr, H-NDI-NMe2, and tetra-NDI-NMe2) were comparatively evaluated to those exerted by RHPS4, a well-characterized telomeric G4-ligand, in an in vitro model of glioblastoma. Data indicated that NDIs were very effective in blocking cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations, although displaying a lower specificity for telomere targeting compared to RHPS4. In addition, differently from RHPS4, NDIs failed to enhance the effect of ionizing radiation, thus suggesting that additional targets other than telomeres could be involved in the strong NDI-mediated anti-proliferative effects. In order to test telomeric off-target action of NDIs, a panel of genes involved in tumor progression, DNA repair, telomere maintenance, and cell-cycle regulation were evaluated at transcriptional and translational level. Specifically, the compounds were able to cause a marked reduction of TERT and BCL2 amounts as well as to favor the accumulation of proteins involved in cell cycle control. A detailed cytofluorimetric analysis of cell cycle progression by means of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and staining of phospho-histone H3 indicated that NDIs greatly reduce the progression through S-phase and lead to G1 accumulation of BrdU-positive cells. Taken together, these data indicated that, besides effects on telomeres and oncogenes such as Tert and Bcl2, nanomolar concentrations of NDIs determined a sustained block of cell proliferation by slowing down cell cycle progression during S-phase. In conclusion, our data indicate that NDIs G4-ligands are powerful antiproliferative agents, which act through mechanisms that ultimately lead to altered cell-cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Folini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Applicata e Sviluppo Tecnologico, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MIlano, Milano, Italy
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8
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Yadav K, Meka PNR, Sadhu S, Guggilapu SD, Kovvuri J, Kamal A, Srinivas R, Devayani P, Babu BN, Nagesh N. Telomerase Inhibition and Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA Stabilization by a β-Carboline-Benzimidazole Derivative at Low Concentrations. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4392-4404. [PMID: 28737386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Guanine rich regions in DNA, which can form highly stable secondary structures, namely, G-quadruplex or G4 DNA structures, affect DNA replication and transcription. Molecules that stabilize G4 DNA have become important in recent years. In this study, G4 DNA stabilization, inhibition of telomerase, and anticancer activity of synthetic β-carboline-benzimidazole derivatives (5a, 5d, 5h, and 5r) were studied. Among them, derivatives containing a 4-methoxyphenyl ring at C1 and a 6-methoxy-substituted benzimidazole at C3 (5a) were found to stabilize telomeric G-quadruplex DNA efficiently. The stoichiometry and interaction of a synthetic, β-carboline-benzimidazole derivative, namely, 3-(6-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (5a), with human intermolecular G-quadruplex DNA at low concentrations were examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Spectroscopy techniques indicate that 5a may intercalate between the two stacks of G-quadruplex DNA. This model is supported by docking studies. When cancer cells are treated with 5a, the cell cycle arrest occurs at the sub-G1 phase. In addition, an apoptosis assay and fluorescence microscopy studies using cancer cells indicate that 5a can induce apoptosis. Results of biochemical assays such as the polymerase chain reaction stop assay and telomerase activity assay indicate that 5a has the potential to stabilize G-quadruplex DNA, and thereby, it may interfere with in vitro DNA synthesis and decrease telomerase activity. The results of this study reveal that the β-carboline-benzimidazole derivative (5a) is efficient in G-quadruplex DNA stabilization over double-stranded DNA, inhibits telomerase activity, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranthikumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Penchala Narasimha Rao Meka
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sudeshna Sadhu
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sravanthi Devi Guggilapu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Jeshma Kovvuri
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ragampeta Srinivas
- Analytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Panuganti Devayani
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad 500007, India
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schwenk
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ansgar Oberheide
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
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10
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Abstract
Targeting a G-quadruplex with chemical small molecules is a useful strategy for gene therapy for disease. The guanine-rich sequence d(5′-TG1G2CCTG3G4G5CG6G7G8ACTG9G10G11-3′) in the HIV-1 promoter can form a G-quadruplex structure. In this study, circular dichroism was performed to study the conformation and thermal stability of the HIV-1 G-quadruplex before and after adding small molecules. A DMS footprinting assay was used to identify which guanosine can be integrated into the G-quadruplex structure. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the binding affinities of the small molecules with the G-quadruplex. Our results showed that G1, G2, G3, G4, G7, G8, G9, and G10 of the above oligonucleotides formed a two G-tetrad antiparallel G-quadrulex, and nitidine chloride was found to have the highest binding affinity toward the HIV-1 G-quadruplex among the eight studied small molecules. The Tm value of the G-quadruplex was enhanced from 56.6 to 63.2 °C when fourfold nitidine chloride was added. This is potentially a novel approach for anti-HIV-1 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Sui
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangwei He
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of marthiapeptide A is reported. Two synthetic procedures are described: the first, which was unsuccessful, attempts to close the ring at position I, and the second, which was successful, closes the ring at position II. It appears that the first route was unsuccessful because it required cyclization next to the rigid thiazole moiety, whereas the second route closed next to the more flexible thiazoline ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Gate 2 High Street, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Md Amirul Islam
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Gate 2 High Street, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Gate 2 High Street, Sydney 2052, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and biological activity evaluation of 2,4 linked azole-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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13
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Métifiot M, Amrane S, Litvak S, Andreola ML. G-quadruplexes in viruses: function and potential therapeutic applications. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12352-66. [PMID: 25332402 PMCID: PMC4227801 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G-rich nucleic acids can form non-canonical G-quadruplex structures (G4s) in which four guanines fold in a planar arrangement through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. Although many biochemical and structural studies have focused on DNA sequences containing successive, adjacent guanines that spontaneously fold into G4s, evidence for their in vivo relevance has recently begun to accumulate. Complete sequencing of the human genome highlighted the presence of ∼300,000 sequences that can potentially form G4s. Likewise, the presence of putative G4-sequences has been reported in various viruses genomes [e.g., Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), papillomavirus (HPV)]. Many studies have focused on telomeric G4s and how their dynamics are regulated to enable telomere synthesis. Moreover, a role for G4s has been proposed in cellular and viral replication, recombination and gene expression control. In parallel, DNA aptamers that form G4s have been described as inhibitors and diagnostic tools to detect viruses [e.g., hepatitis A virus (HAV), EBV, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS), simian virus 40 (SV40)]. Here, special emphasis will be given to the possible role of these structures in a virus life cycle as well as the use of G4-forming oligonucleotides as potential antiviral agents and innovative tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métifiot
- CNRS UMR-5234, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Samir Amrane
- INSERM, U869, IECB, ARNA laboratory, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Simon Litvak
- CNRS UMR-5234, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- CNRS UMR-5234, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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14
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Ohnmacht SA, Neidle S. Small-molecule quadruplex-targeted drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2602-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Telomerase is an attractive drug target to develop new generation drugs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudeb Maji
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012, India
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
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16
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Wu Q, Chen T, Zhang Z, Liao S, Wu X, Wu J, Mei W, Chen Y, Wu W, Zeng L, Zheng W. Microwave-assisted synthesis of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes [(η6-RC6H5)Ru(m-MOPIP)Cl]Cl (R = -H and -CH3) as groove binder to c-myc G4 DNA. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:9216-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two arene Ru(ii) complexes are prepared under microwave irradiation and display application potential as small molecule inhibitors of c-myc G4 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siyan Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
| | - Yanhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weili Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingli Zeng
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
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17
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Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Nagasawa K, Shin-ya K, Baumgartner M, Grotzer M. G-quadruplexes as potential therapeutic targets for embryonal tumors. Molecules 2013; 18:12500-37. [PMID: 24152672 PMCID: PMC6269990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors include a heterogeneous group of highly malignant neoplasms that primarily affect infants and children and are characterized by a high rate of mortality and treatment-related morbidity, hence improved therapies are clearly needed. G-quadruplexes are special secondary structures adopted in guanine (G)-rich DNA sequences that are often present in biologically important regions, e.g. at the end of telomeres and in the regulatory regions of oncogenes such as MYC. Owing to the significant roles that both telomeres and MYC play in cancer cell biology, G-quadruplexes have been viewed as emerging therapeutic targets in oncology and as tools for novel anticancer drug design. Several compounds that target these structures have shown promising anticancer activity in tumor xenograft models and some of them have entered Phase II clinical trials. In this review we examine approaches to DNA targeted cancer therapy, summarize the recent developments of G-quadruplex ligands as anticancer drugs and speculate on the future direction of such structures as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for embryonal tumors of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shalaby
- Division of Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
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18
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Blankson G, Rzuczek SG, Bishop C, Pilch DS, Liu A, Liu L, Lavoie EJ, Rice JE. Macrocyclic pyridyl polyoxazoles: structure-activity studies of the aminoalkyl side-chain on G-quadruplex stabilization and cytotoxic activity. Molecules 2013; 18:11938-63. [PMID: 24077174 PMCID: PMC3949622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridyl polyoxazoles are 24-membered macrocyclic lactams comprised of a pyridine, four oxazoles and a phenyl ring. A derivative having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl chain attached to the 5-position of the phenyl ring was recently identified as a selective G-quadruplex stabilizer with excellent cytotoxic activity, and good in vivo anticancer activity against a human breast cancer xenograft in mice. Here we detail the synthesis of eight new dimethylamino-substituted pyridyl polyoxazoles in which the point of attachment to the macrocycle, as well as the distance between the amine and the macrocycle are varied. Each compound was evaluated for selective G-quadruplex stabilization and cytotoxic activity. The more active analogs have the amine either directly attached to, or separated from the phenyl ring by two methylene groups. There is a correlation between those macrocycles that are effective ligands for the stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA (DT(tran) 15.5-24.6 °C) and cytotoxicity as observed in the human tumor cell lines, RPMI 8402 (IC₅₀ 0.06-0.50 μM) and KB3-1 (IC₅₀ 0.03-0.07 μM). These are highly selective G-quadruplex stabilizers, which should prove especially useful for evaluating both in vitro and in vivo mechanism(s) of biological activity associated with G-quaqdruplex ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gifty Blankson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Blankson GA, Pilch DS, Liu AA, Liu LF, Rice JE, LaVoie EJ. Macrocyclic biphenyl tetraoxazoles: synthesis, evaluation as G-quadruplex stabilizers and cytotoxic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4511-20. [PMID: 23787291 PMCID: PMC3949619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of macrocyclic biphenyl tetraoxazoles was synthesized. The latter stages of the synthetic approach allowed for the addition of varied N-protected α-amino acids, which were subsequently deprotected and condensed to provide the desired macrocycles. Improved yields could be realized in the macrocyclization step of their synthesis relative to other macrocyclic G-quadruplex stabilizers. These 24-membered macrocycles were evaluated for their ability to stabilize G-quadruplex DNA and for their relative cytotoxicity against human tumor cells. These biphenyl tetraoxazoles were not strong ligands for G-quadruplex DNA relative to other macrocyclic polyoxazoles. This reduced stabilizing potential did correlate with their comparatively lower cytotoxic activity as observed in the human tumor cell lines, RPMI 8402 and KB3-1. These studies provide useful insights into the conformational requirements for the development of selective and more potent G-quadruplex ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gifty A. Blankson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Angela A. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Leroy F. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joseph E. Rice
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Edmond J. LaVoie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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21
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Kumar YP, Bhowmik S, Das RN, Bessi I, Paladhi S, Ghosh R, Schwalbe H, Dash J. A Fluorescent Guanosine Dinucleoside as a Selective Switch-On Sensor forc-mycG-Quadruplex DNA with Potent Anticancer Activities. Chemistry 2013; 19:11502-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Wei CY, Wang JH, Wen Y, Liu J, Wang LH. 4-(1H-Imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol-based G-quadruplex DNA binding agents: Telomerase inhibition, cytotoxicity and DNA-binding studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iida K, Majima S, Nakamura T, Seimiya H, Nagasawa K. Evaluation of the interaction between long telomeric DNA and macrocyclic hexaoxazole (6OTD) dimer of a G-quadruplex ligand. Molecules 2013; 18:4328-41. [PMID: 23584054 PMCID: PMC6269967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic hexaoxazole dimer of L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) was newly synthesized as a telomeric G-quadruplex (G4) ligand, and interaction with long telomeric DNAs telo48, 72, and 96 was evaluated by means of electrophoresis mobility shift assay, CD spectra analysis, and CD melting experiments. The L2H2-6OTD-dimer (3) interacted with the long telomeric DNAs by inducing anti-parallel type G4 structure of each unit of 24 bases, i.e., (TTAGGG)₄ sequences. Dimer 3 stabilizes long telomeric DNAs more efficiently than the corresponding monomer of L2H2-6OTD (2). It showed potent inhibitory activity against telomerase, with an IC₅₀ value of 7.5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Satoki Majima
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 185-0031, Japan
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25
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Wei C, Wen Y, Wang J. Novel platinum complexes as efficient G-quadruplex DNA binders and telomerase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 55:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Iida K, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura T, Majima S, Seimiya H, Nagasawa K. Interaction of long telomeric DNAs with macrocyclic hexaoxazole as a G-quadruplex ligand. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of long telomeric DNAs, which mimic telomeres in living cells, with a macrocyclic hexaoxazole ligand L2H2-6OTD (2) were investigated by means of electrophoresis mobility shift assay, circular dichroism (CD) titration analysis, and DNA melting measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iida
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Gen Tsubouchi
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Satoki Majima
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR)
- Koto-ku
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)
- Koganei-shi
- Japan
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Weng HY, Huang HL, Zhao PP, Zhou H, Qu LH. Translational repression of cyclin D3 by a stable G-quadruplex in its 5' UTR: implications for cell cycle regulation. RNA Biol 2012; 9:1099-109. [PMID: 22858673 DOI: 10.4161/rna.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
cyclin D3 (CCND3) is one of the three D-type cyclins that regulate the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. Expression of CCND3 is observed in nearly all proliferating cells; however, the presence of high levels of CCND3 has been linked to a poor prognosis for several types of cancer. Therefore, further mechanistic studies on the regulation of CCND3 expression are urgently needed to provide therapeutic implications. In this study, we report that a conserved RNA G-quadruplex-forming sequence (hereafter CRQ), located in the 5' UTR of mammalian CCND3 mRNA, is able to fold into an extremely stable, intramolecular, parallel G-quadruplex in vitro. The CRQ G-quadruplex dramatically reduces the activity of a reporter gene in human cell lines, but it has little impact on its mRNA level, indicating a translational repression. Moreover, the CRQ sequence in its natural context inhibits translation of CCND3. Disruption of the G-quadruplex structure by G/U-mutation or deletion results in an elevated expression of CCND3 and an increased phosphorylation of Rb, a downstream target of CCND3, which promotes progression of cells through the G1 phase. Our results add to the growing understanding of the regulation of CCND3 expression and provide a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-You Weng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Orlotti NI, Cimino-Reale G, Borghini E, Pennati M, Sissi C, Perrone F, Palumbo M, Daidone MG, Folini M, Zaffaroni N. Autophagy acts as a safeguard mechanism against G-quadruplex ligand-mediated DNA damage. Autophagy 2012; 8:1185-96. [PMID: 22627293 DOI: 10.4161/auto.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex ligands have attracted considerable interest as novel anticancer therapeutics due to their capability to interfere with guanosine-rich DNA/RNA sequences, such as telomeres. Elucidation of the structures of telomeric G-quadruplexes has led, in the past few years, to the rational development of effective G-quadruplex-stabilizing small molecules. In the present study, we showed that short-term exposure of melanoma cells to Ant1,5--an anthracene-based ligand able to stabilize telomeric G-quadruplexes--impaired cell growth without inducing cell senescence or apoptosis. Conversely, drug-treated cells were characterized by the occurrence of typical biochemical and morphological features associated with autophagy, such as an increase in the lipidated form of the autophagic marker LC3B and the accumulation of autophagosomes. Such drug-induced autophagy occurred as a consequence of DNA damage induction, at least in part dependent on drug-mediated telomere uncapping, through a pathway converging on the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21). Indeed, melanoma cells depleted for CDKN1A did not show evidence of autophagic markers upon exposure to Ant1,5. The inhibition of autophagy by a pharmacologic inhibitor or through RNAi-mediated depletion of the ATG5 gene enhanced the cytotoxic activity of Ant1,5, as revealed by the marked increase in drug-induced apoptosis. Our data outline a molecular scenario in which G-quadruplex ligand-induced telomeric dysfunctions and DNA damage are translated into an autophagic response and provide the first evidence of autophagy as a safeguard mechanism activated by melanoma cells to counteract G-quadruplex ligand-mediated cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ivan Orlotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Doria F, Nadai M, Folini M, Di Antonio M, Germani L, Percivalle C, Sissi C, Zaffaroni N, Alcaro S, Artese A, Richter SN, Freccero M. Hybrid ligand-alkylating agents targeting telomeric G-quadruplex structures. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2798-806. [PMID: 22367401 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, physico-chemical properties and biological effects of a new class of naphthalene diimides (NDIs) capable of reversibly binding telomeric DNA and alkylate it through an electrophilic quinone methide moiety (QM), are reported. FRET and circular dichroism assays showed a marked stabilization and selectivity towards telomeric G4 DNA folded in a hybrid topology. NDI-QMs' alkylating properties revealed a good reactivity on single nucleosides and selectivity towards telomeric G4. A selected NDI was able to significantly impair the growth of melanoma cells by causing telomere dysfunction and down-regulation of telomerase expression. These findings points to our hybrid ligand-alkylating NDIs as possible tools for the development of novel targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Doria
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
RNA structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs influence post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Much of the knowledge in this area depends on canonical double-stranded RNA elements. There has been considerable recent advancement of our understanding of guanine(G)-rich nucleic acids sequences that form four-stranded structures, called G-quadruplexes. While much of the research has been focused on DNA G-quadruplexes, there has recently been a rapid emergence of interest in RNA G-quadruplexes, particularly in the 5′-UTRs of mRNAs. Collectively, these studies suggest that RNA G-quadruplexes exist in the 5′-UTRs of many genes, including genes of clinical interest, and that such structural elements can influence translation. This review features the progresses in the study of 5′-UTR RNA G-quadruplex-mediated translational control. It covers computational analysis, cell-free, cell-based and chemical biology studies that have sought to elucidate the roles of RNA G-quadruplexes in both cap-dependent and -independent regulation of mRNA translation. We also discuss protein trans-acting factors that have been implicated and the evidence that such RNA motifs have potential as small molecule target. Finally, we close the review with a perspective on the future challenges in the field of 5′-UTR RNA G-quadruplex-mediated translation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bugaut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash K. Jain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- Chemical Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Von ST, Seng HL, Lee HB, Ng SW, Kitamura Y, Chikira M, Ng CH. DNA molecular recognition and cellular selectivity of anticancer metal(II) complexes of ethylenediaminediacetate and phenanthroline: multiple targets. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 17:57-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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Kumar P, Yadav VK, Baral A, Kumar P, Saha D, Chowdhury S. Zinc-finger transcription factors are associated with guanine quadruplex motifs in human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat promoters genome-wide. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:8005-16. [PMID: 21729868 PMCID: PMC3185432 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of non-B DNA structures are poorly understood though several bioinformatics studies predict role of the G-quadruplex DNA structure in transcription. Earlier, using transcriptome profiling we found evidence of widespread G-quadruplex-mediated gene regulation. Herein, we asked whether potential G-quadruplex (PG4) motifs associate with transcription factors (TF). This was analyzed using 220 position weight matrices [designated as transcription factor binding sites (TFBS)], representing 187 unique TF, in >75 000 genes in human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat. Results show binding sites of nine TFs, including that of AP-2, SP1, MAZ and VDR, occurred significantly within 100 bases of the PG4 motif (P < 1.24E-10). PG4–TFBS combinations were conserved in ‘orthologously’ related promoters across all four organisms and were associated with >850 genes in each genome. Remarkably, seven of the nine TFs were zinc-finger binding proteins indicating a novel characteristic of PG4 motifs. To test these findings, transcriptome profiles from human cell lines treated with G-quadruplex-specific molecules were used; 66 genes were significantly differentially expressed across both cell-types, which also harbored conserved PG4 motifs along with one/more of the nine TFBS. In addition, genes regulated by PG4–TFBS combinations were found to be co-regulated in human tissues, further emphasizing the regulatory significance of the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- GNR Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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Li L, Zhou Y, Wang G, Liao S, Ke Y, Wu W, Li X, Zhang R, Fu Y. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome controls HEC1 stability. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:1-9. [PMID: 21199005 PMCID: PMC6496518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome segregation during mitosis requires a physically large proteinaceous structure called the kinetochore to generate attachments between chromosomal DNA and spindle microtubules. It is essential for kinetochore components to be carefully regulated to guarantee successful cell division. Depletion, mutation or dysregulation of kinetochore proteins results in mitotic arrest and/or cell death. HEC1 (high expression in cancer) has been reported to be a kinetochore protein, depletion of which, by RNA interference, results in catastrophic mitotic exit. MATERIALS AND METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate how HEC1 protein is controlled post-translation, we analysed the role of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1 in degradation of HEC1 protein. In this study, we show that HEC1 is an unstable protein and can be targeted by endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome system in HEK293T cells. Results of RNA interference and in vivo ubiquitination assay indicated that HEC1 could be ubiquitinated and degraded by APC/C-hCdh1 E3 ligase. The evolutionally conserved D-box at the C-terminus functioned as the degron of HEC1, destruction of which resulted in resistance to degradation mediated by APC/C-Cdh1. Overexpression of non-degradable HEC1 (D-box destroyed) induced accumulation of cyclin B protein in vivo and triggered mitotic arrest. CONCLUSION APC/C-Cdh1 controls stability of HEC1, ensuring normal cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Li
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G.‐F. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - S.‐C. Liao
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y.‐B. Ke
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - W. Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - X.‐H. Li
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - R.‐L. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology; Shenzhen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y.‐C. Fu
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Linder J, Garner TP, Williams HEL, Searle MS, Moody CJ. Telomestatin: formal total synthesis and cation-mediated interaction of its seco-derivatives with G-quadruplexes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:1044-51. [PMID: 21162526 DOI: 10.1021/ja109158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The structurally unique natural product telomestatin incorporates seven oxazole rings and one sulfur-containing thiazoline in a macrocyclic arrangement. The compound is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme telomerase and therefore provides a structural framework for developing new potential therapeutic agents for cancer. An efficient formal total synthesis of telomestatin is reported in which the key steps are the use of dirhodium(II)-catalyzed reactions of diazocarbonyl compounds to generate six oxazole rings, demonstrating the power of rhodium carbene methodology in organic chemical synthesis. CD spectroscopy establishes that seco-derivatives of telomestatin are potent stabilizers of G-quadruplex structures derived from the human telomeric repeat sequence. Mass spectrometry studies, confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, provide the first evidence that high affinity binding to terminal G-tetrads in both 1:1 and 2:1 ligand complexes is mediated through the macrocycle coordinating a monovalent cation, with selectivity for the antiparallel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Linder
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Rzuczek SG, Pilch DS, Liu A, Liu L, LaVoie EJ, Rice JE. Macrocyclic pyridyl polyoxazoles: selective RNA and DNA G-quadruplex ligands as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3632-44. [PMID: 20359224 DOI: 10.1021/jm1000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 24-membered pyridine-containing polyoxazole macrocycles is described. Seventeen new macrocycles were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against RPMI 8402, KB-3, and KB-3 cell lines that overexpress the efflux transporters MDR1 (KBV-1) and BCRP (KBH5.0). Macrocycles in which the pyridyl-polyoxazole moiety is linked by a 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)phenyl group with a 5-(2-aminoethyl)- (18) or a 5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)- substituent (19) displayed the greatest cytotoxic potency. These compounds exhibit exquisite selectivity for stabilizing G-quadruplex DNA with no stabilization of duplex DNA or RNA. Compound 19 stabilizes quadruplex mRNA that encodes the cell-cycle checkpoint protein kinase Aurora A to a greater extent than the quadruplex DNA of a human telomeric sequence. These data may suggest a role for G-quadruplex ligands interacting with mRNA being associated with the biological activity of macrocyclic polyoxazoles. Compound 19 has significant in vivo anticancer activity against a human breast cancer xenograft (MDA-MB-435) in athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Rzuczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020, USA
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Monchaud D, Granzhan A, Saettel N, Guédin A, Mergny JL, Teulade-Fichou MP. "One ring to bind them all"-part I: the efficiency of the macrocyclic scaffold for g-quadruplex DNA recognition. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20725629 PMCID: PMC2915875 DOI: 10.4061/2010/525862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic scaffolds are particularly attractive for designing selective G-quadruplex ligands essentially because, on one hand, they show a poor affinity for the “standard” B-DNA conformation and, on the other hand, they fit nicely with the external G-quartets of quadruplexes. Stimulated by the pioneering studies on the cationic porphyrin TMPyP4 and the natural product telomestatin, follow-up studies have developed, rapidly leading to a large diversity of macrocyclic structures with remarkable-quadruplex binding properties and biological activities. In this review we summarize the current state of the art in detailing the three main categories of quadruplex-binding macrocycles described so far (telomestatin-like polyheteroarenes, porphyrins and derivatives, polyammonium cyclophanes), and in addressing both synthetic issues and biological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Monchaud
- Section Recherche, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR176, Centre Universitaire Paris XI, Batiment 110, 91405 Orsay, France
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Satyanarayana M, Kim YA, Rzuczek SG, Pilch DS, Liu AA, Liu LF, Rice JE, LaVoie EJ. Macrocyclic hexaoxazoles: Influence of aminoalkyl substituents on RNA and DNA G-quadruplex stabilization and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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