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Agarwal A, Bathla G, Soni N, Desai A, Ajmera P, Rao D, Gupta V, Vibhute P. Newly Recognized Genetic Tumor Syndromes of the CNS in the 5th WHO Classification: Imaging Overview with Genetic Updates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2024; 45:128-138. [PMID: 37945522 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system is commonly involved in a wide range of genetic tumor-predisposition syndromes. The classification of genetic tumor syndromes has evolved during the past years; however, it has now become clear that these syndromes can be categorized into a relatively small number of major mechanisms, which form the basis of the new 5th edition of the World Health Organization book (beta online version) on genetic tumor syndromes. For the first time, the World Health Organization has also included a separate chapter on genetic tumor syndromes in the latest edition of all the multisystem tumor series, including the 5th edition of CNS tumors. Our understanding of these syndromes has evolved rapidly since the previous edition (4th edition, 2016) with recognition of 8 new syndromes, including the following: Elongator protein complex-medulloblastoma syndrome, BRCA1-associated protein 1 tumor-predisposition syndrome, DICER1 syndrome, familial paraganglioma syndrome, melanoma-astrocytoma syndrome, Carney complex, Fanconi anemia, and familial retinoblastoma. This review provides a description of these new CNS tumor syndromes with a focus on imaging and genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- From the Department of Radiology (A.A., G.B., N.S., P.A.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Girish Bathla
- From the Department of Radiology (A.A., G.B., N.S., P.A.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Neetu Soni
- From the Department of Radiology (A.A., G.B., N.S., P.A.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Amit Desai
- Department of Neuroradiology (A.D., D.R., V.G., P.V.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Pranav Ajmera
- From the Department of Radiology (A.A., G.B., N.S., P.A.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Dinesh Rao
- Department of Neuroradiology (A.D., D.R., V.G., P.V.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Neuroradiology (A.D., D.R., V.G., P.V.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Prasanna Vibhute
- Department of Neuroradiology (A.D., D.R., V.G., P.V.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Freire NH, Jaeger MDC, de Farias CB, Nör C, Souza BK, Gregianin L, Brunetto AT, Roesler R. Targeting the epigenome of cancer stem cells in pediatric nervous system tumors. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2241-2255. [PMID: 36637615 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and pediatric glioma account for almost 30% of all cases of pediatric cancers. Recent evidence indicates that pediatric nervous system tumors originate from stem or progenitor cells and present a subpopulation of cells with highly tumorigenic and stem cell-like features. These cancer stem cells play a role in initiation, progression, and resistance to treatment of pediatric nervous system tumors. Histone modification, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA regulation display a range of regulatory activities involved in cancer origin and progression, and cellular identity, especially those associated with stem cell features, such as self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation potential. Here, we review the contribution of different epigenetic mechanisms in pediatric nervous system tumor cancer stem cells. The choice between a differentiated and undifferentiated state can be modulated by alterations in the epigenome through the regulation of stemness genes such as CD133, SOX2, and BMI1 and the activation neuronal of differentiation markers, RBFOX3, GFAP, and S100B. Additionally, we highlighted the stage of development of epigenetic drugs and the clinical benefits and efficacy of epigenetic modulators in pediatric nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Hogetop Freire
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 (Setor IV - Campus do Vale), Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nör
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lauro Gregianin
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 (Setor IV - Campus do Vale), Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Telomere maintenance plays important roles in genome stability and cell proliferation. Tumor cells acquire replicative immortality by activating a telomere-maintenance mechanism (TMM), either telomerase, a reverse transcriptase, or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. Recent advances in the genetic and molecular characterization of TMM revealed that telomerase activation and ALT define distinct neuroblastoma (NB) subgroups with adverse outcomes, and represent promising therapeutic targets in high-risk neuroblastoma (HRNB), an aggressive childhood solid tumor that accounts for 15% of all pediatric-cancer deaths. Patients with HRNB frequently present with widely metastatic disease, with tumors harboring recurrent genetic aberrations (MYCN amplification, TERT rearrangements, and ATRX mutations), which are mutually exclusive and capable of promoting TMM. This review provides recent insights into our understanding of TMM in NB tumors, and highlights emerging therapeutic strategies as potential treatments for telomerase- and ALT-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Akter
- Saitama Cancer Center, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama 362-0806, Japan;
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Saitama Cancer Center, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama 362-0806, Japan;
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
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4
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Li N, Torres MB, Spetz MR, Wang R, Peng L, Tian M, Dower CM, Nguyen R, Sun M, Tai CH, de Val N, Cachau R, Wu X, Hewitt SM, Kaplan RN, Khan J, St Croix B, Thiele CJ, Ho M. CAR T cells targeting tumor-associated exons of glypican 2 regress neuroblastoma in mice. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100297. [PMID: 34195677 PMCID: PMC8233664 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting solid tumors must overcome several major obstacles, in particular, the identification of elusive tumor-specific antigens. Here, we devise a strategy to help identify tumor-specific epitopes. Glypican 2 (GPC2) is overexpressed in neuroblastoma. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we show that exon 3 and exons 7-10 of GPC2 are expressed in cancer but are minimally expressed in normal tissues. Accordingly, we discover a monoclonal antibody (CT3) that binds exons 3 and 10 and visualize the complex structure of CT3 and GPC2 by electron microscopy. The potential of this approach is exemplified by designing CT3-derived chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that regress neuroblastoma in mice. Genomic sequencing of T cells recovered from mice reveals the CAR integration sites that may contribute to CAR T cell proliferation and persistence. These studies demonstrate how RNA-seq data can be exploited to help identify tumor-associated exons that can be targeted by CAR T cell therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Glypicans/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glypicans/chemistry
- Glypicans/genetics
- Glypicans/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Molecular
- Nervous System Neoplasms/genetics
- Nervous System Neoplasms/mortality
- Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology
- Nervous System Neoplasms/therapy
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/mortality
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madeline B. Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madeline R. Spetz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luyi Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meijie Tian
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher M. Dower
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rosa Nguyen
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chin-Hsien Tai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raul Cachau
- Data Science and Information Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosandra N. Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Carol J. Thiele
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Li S, Yeo KS, Levee TM, Howe CJ, Her ZP, Zhu S. Zebrafish as a Neuroblastoma Model: Progress Made, Promise for the Future. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030580. [PMID: 33800887 PMCID: PMC8001113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly a decade, researchers in the field of pediatric oncology have been using zebrafish as a model for understanding the contributions of genetic alternations to the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma (NB), and exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie neuroblastoma initiation and metastasis. In this review, we will enumerate and illustrate the key advantages of using the zebrafish model in NB research, which allows researchers to: monitor tumor development in real-time; robustly manipulate gene expression (either transiently or stably); rapidly evaluate the cooperative interactions of multiple genetic alterations to disease pathogenesis; and provide a highly efficient and low-cost methodology to screen for effective pharmaceutical interventions (both alone and in combination with one another). This review will then list some of the common challenges of using the zebrafish model and provide strategies for overcoming these difficulties. We have also included visual diagram and figures to illustrate the workflow of cancer model development in zebrafish and provide a summary comparison of commonly used animal models in cancer research, as well as key findings of cooperative contributions between MYCN and diverse singling pathways in NB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
| | - Kok Siong Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
| | - Taylor M. Levee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
| | - Cassie J. Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
| | - Zuag Paj Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (S.L.); (K.S.Y.); (T.M.L.); (C.J.H.); (Z.P.H.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Yu Y, Chen F, Jin Y, Yang Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Chen C, Zeng Q, Han W, Wang H, Guo Y, Ni X. Downregulated NORAD in neuroblastoma promotes cell proliferation via chromosomal instability and predicts poor prognosis. Acta Biochim Pol 2020; 67:595-603. [PMID: 33326736 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in neuroblastoma (NB) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles and underlying mechanism of non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) in childhood NB. Both public data and clinical specimens were used to determine NORAD expression. Colony formation, cell proliferation and wound healing assays were performed to evaluate NORAD effects on proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2) cells. Flow cytometry was used to examine the cell cycle changes. The expression of genes and proteins involved in chromosomal instability was determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Our results showed that low NORAD expression correlated with advanced tumor stage, high risk and MYCN amplification in both public data and clinical samples. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with low NORAD expression had poor survival outcomes. Functional research showed that NORAD knockdown promoted cell proliferation and migration, and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Moreover, the expression of the DNA damage sensor, PARP1, increased after NORAD knockdown, indicating a potential contribution of NORAD to DNA damage repair. NORAD silencing also affected the expression of genes and proteins related to sister chromatid cohesion and segregation, which are involved in chromosomal instability and consequent aneuploidy. These results suggest that NORAD may serve as a tumor suppressor in NB pathogenesis and progression. Thus, NORAD is a potential therapeutic target and a promising prognostic marker for NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yaqiong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yeran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Shengcai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chenghao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China; 2Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing 100045, China
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Dobrotkova V, Chlapek P, Jezova M, Adamkova K, Mazanek P, Sterba J, Veselska R. Prediction of neuroblastoma cell response to treatment with natural or synthetic retinoids using selected protein biomarkers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218269. [PMID: 31188873 PMCID: PMC6561640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the administration of retinoids represents an important part of treatment for children suffering from high-risk neuroblastomas, approximately 50% of these patients do not respond to this therapy or develop resistance to retinoids during treatment. Our study focused on the comparative analysis of the expression of five genes and corresponding proteins (DDX39A, HMGA1, HMGA2, HOXC9 and PBX1) that have recently been discussed as possible predictive biomarkers of clinical response to retinoid differentiation therapy. Expression of these five candidate biomarkers was evaluated at both the mRNA and protein level in the same subset of 8 neuroblastoma cell lines after treatment with natural or synthetic retinoids. We found that the cell lines that were HMGA2-positive and/or HOXC9-negative have a reduced sensitivity to retinoids. Furthermore, the experiments revealed that the retinoid-sensitive cell lines showed a uniform pattern of change after treatment with both natural and sensitive retinoids: increased DDX39A and decreased PBX1 protein levels. Our results showed that in NBL cells, these putative protein biomarkers are associated with sensitivity or resistance to retinoids, and their endogenous or induced expression can distinguish between these two phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Dobrotkova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chlapek
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Jezova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavska, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamkova
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mazanek
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni, Czech Republic
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8
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Schultz CR, Geerts D, Mooney M, El-Khawaja R, Koster J, Bachmann AS. Synergistic drug combination GC7/DFMO suppresses hypusine/spermidine-dependent eIF5A activation and induces apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Biochem J 2018; 475:531-545. [PMID: 29295892 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which contributes to several crucial processes during protein translation, is the only protein that requires activation by a unique post-translational hypusine modification. eIF5A hypusination controls cell proliferation and has been linked to cancer. eIF5A hypusination requires the enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase and uniquely depends on the polyamine (PA) spermidine as the sole substrate. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in PA biosynthesis. Both ODC and PAs control cell proliferation and are frequently dysregulated in cancer. Since only spermidine can activate eIF5A, we chose the hypusine-PA nexus as a rational target to identify new drug combinations with synergistic antiproliferative effects. We show that elevated mRNA levels of the two target enzymes DHPS and ODC correlate with poor prognosis in a large cohort of neuroblastoma (NB) tumors. The DHPS inhibitor GC7 (N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane) and the ODC inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) are target-specific and in combination induced synergistic effects in NB at concentrations that were not individually cytotoxic. Strikingly, while each drug alone at higher concentrations is known to induce p21/Rb- or p27/Rb-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest, we found that the drug combination induced caspase 3/7/9, but not caspase 8-mediated apoptosis, in NB cells. Hypusinated eIF5A levels and intracellular spermidine levels correlated directly with drug treatments, signifying specific drug targeting effects. This two-pronged GC7/DFMO combination approach specifically inhibits both spermidine biosynthesis and post-translational, spermidine-dependent hypusine-eIF5A activation, offering an exciting clue for improved NB drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Schultz
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, U.S.A
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Mooney
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, U.S.A
| | | | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André S Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, U.S.A.
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9
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Rogawski DS, Vitanza NA, Gauthier AC, Ramaswamy V, Koschmann C. Integrating RNA sequencing into neuro-oncology practice. Transl Res 2017; 189:93-104. [PMID: 28746860 PMCID: PMC5659901 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) cause substantial morbidity and mortality, yet efforts to optimize chemo- and radiotherapy have largely failed to improve dismal prognoses. Over the past decade, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome of CNS tumor cells in one high-throughput step, leading to improved understanding of CNS tumor biology and suggesting new routes for targeted therapies. RNA-seq has been instrumental in improving the diagnostic classification of brain tumors, characterizing oncogenic fusion genes, and shedding light on intratumor heterogeneity. Currently, RNA-seq is beginning to be incorporated into regular neuro-oncology practice in the form of precision neuro-oncology programs, which use information from tumor sequencing to guide implementation of personalized targeted therapies. These programs show great promise in improving patient outcomes for tumors where single agent trials have been ineffective. As RNA-seq is a relatively new technique, many further applications yielding new advances in CNS tumor research and management are expected in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rogawski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Young SA, McCabe KE, Bartakova A, Delaney J, Pizzo DP, Newbury RO, Varner JA, Schlaepfer DD, Stupack DG. Integrin α4 Enhances Metastasis and May Be Associated with Poor Prognosis in MYCN-low Neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120815. [PMID: 25973900 PMCID: PMC4431816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma is associated with an overall survival rate of 30–50%. Neuroblastoma-expressed cell adhesion receptors of the integrin family impact cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. Integrin α4 is essential for neural crest cell motility during development, is highly expressed on leukocytes, and is critical for transendothelial migration. Thus, cancer cells that express this receptor may exhibit increased metastatic potential. We show that α4 expression in human and murine neuroblastoma cell lines selectively enhances in vitro interaction with the alternatively spliced connecting segment 1 of fibronectin, as well as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and increases migration. Integrin α4 expression enhanced experimental metastasis in a syngeneic tumor model, reconstituting a pattern of organ involvement similar to that seen in patients. Accordingly, antagonism of integrin α4 blocked metastasis, suggesting adhesive function of the integrin is required. However, adhesive function was not sufficient, as mutants of integrin α4 that conserved the matrix-adhesive and promigratory function in vitro were compromised in their metastatic capacity in vivo. Clinically, integrin α4 is more frequently expressed in non-MYNC amplified tumors, and is selectively associated with poor prognosis in this subset of disease. These results reveal an unexpected role for integrin α4 in neuroblastoma dissemination and identify α4 as a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanique A. Young
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Katelyn E. McCabe
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Alena Bartakova
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Joe Delaney
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Pizzo
- University of California San Diego Center for Advanced Laboratory Medicine, 10300 Campus Point Drive, MC7210, Room 1253, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Newbury
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Varner
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Dwayne G. Stupack
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Delattre JY, Dehais C, Ducray F, Figarella-Branger D. [POLA network: a national network for high-grade oligodendroglial tumors]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:643-5. [PMID: 25455381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Delattre
- Service de neurologie 2, bâtiment Mazarin, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; UMRS 975, centre de recherche de l'institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (CRICM), université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - C Dehais
- Service de neurologie 2, bâtiment Mazarin, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - F Ducray
- Hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital neurologique, Bron, France; Inserm U1028/CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon - université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - D Figarella-Branger
- Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, service d'anatomie pathologique et de neuropathologie, hôpital de la Timone, Aix-Marseille université, Marseille, France
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12
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Kim YH, Ohta T, Oh JE, Le Calvez-Kelm F, McKay J, Voegele C, Durand G, Mittelbronn M, Kleihues P, Paulus W, Ohgaki H. TP53, MSH4, and LATS1 germline mutations in a family with clustering of nervous system tumors. Am J Pathol 2014; 184:2374-81. [PMID: 25041856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exome DNA sequencing of blood samples from a Li-Fraumeni family with a TP53 germline mutation (codon 236 deletion) and multiple nervous system tumors revealed additional germline mutations. Missense mutations in the MSH4 DNA repair gene (c.2480T>A; p.I827N) were detected in three patients with gliomas (two anaplastic astrocytomas, two glioblastomas). Two family members without a TP53 germline mutation who developed peripheral schwannomas also carried the MSH4 germline mutation, and in addition, a germline mutation of the LATS1 gene (c.286C>T; p.R96W). LATS1 is a downstream mediator of the NF2, but has not previously been found to be related to schwannomas. We therefore screened the entire coding sequence of the LATS1 gene in 65 sporadic schwannomas, 12 neurofibroma/schwannoma hybrid tumors, and 4 cases of schwannomatosis. We only found a single base deletion at codon 827 (exon 5) in a spinal schwannoma, leading to a stop at codon 835 (c.2480delG; p.*R827Kfs*8). Mutational loss of LATS1 function may thus play a role in some inherited schwannomas, but only exceptionally in sporadic schwannomas. This is the first study reporting a germline MSH4 mutation. Since it was present in all patients, it may have contributed to the subsequent acquisition of TP53 and LATS1 germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Kim
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Translational Epidemiology Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Takashi Ohta
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Kleihues
- Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hiroko Ohgaki
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Nagasawa K, Shin-ya K, Baumgartner M, Grotzer M. G-quadruplexes as potential therapeutic targets for embryonal tumors. Molecules 2013; 18:12500-37. [PMID: 24152672 PMCID: PMC6269990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors include a heterogeneous group of highly malignant neoplasms that primarily affect infants and children and are characterized by a high rate of mortality and treatment-related morbidity, hence improved therapies are clearly needed. G-quadruplexes are special secondary structures adopted in guanine (G)-rich DNA sequences that are often present in biologically important regions, e.g. at the end of telomeres and in the regulatory regions of oncogenes such as MYC. Owing to the significant roles that both telomeres and MYC play in cancer cell biology, G-quadruplexes have been viewed as emerging therapeutic targets in oncology and as tools for novel anticancer drug design. Several compounds that target these structures have shown promising anticancer activity in tumor xenograft models and some of them have entered Phase II clinical trials. In this review we examine approaches to DNA targeted cancer therapy, summarize the recent developments of G-quadruplex ligands as anticancer drugs and speculate on the future direction of such structures as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for embryonal tumors of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shalaby
- Division of Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
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14
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Lundberg G, Jin Y, Sehic D, Øra I, Versteeg R, Gisselsson D. Intratumour diversity of chromosome copy numbers in neuroblastoma mediated by on-going chromosome loss from a polyploid state. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59268. [PMID: 23555645 PMCID: PMC3605453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas (NBs) are tumours of the sympathetic nervous system accounting for 8–10% of paediatric cancers. NBs exhibit extensive intertumour genetic heterogeneity, but their extent of intratumour genetic diversity has remained unexplored. We aimed to assess intratumour genetic variation in NBs with a focus on whole chromosome changes and their underlying mechanism. Allelic ratios obtained by SNP-array data from 30 aneuploid primary NBs and NB cell lines were used to quantify the size of clones harbouring specific genomic imbalances. In 13 cases, this was supplemented by fluorescence in situ hybridisation to assess copy number diversity in detail. Computer simulations of different mitotic segregation errors, single cell cloning, analysis of mitotic figures, and time lapse imaging of dividing NB cells were used to infer the most likely mechanism behind intratumour variation in chromosome number. Combined SNP array and FISH analyses showed that all cases exhibited higher inter-cellular copy number variation than non-neoplastic control tissue, with up to 75% of tumour cells showing non-modal chromosome copy numbers. Comparisons of copy number profiles, resulting from simulations of different segregation errors to genomic profiles of 120 NBs indicated that loss of chromosomes from a tetraploid state was more likely than other mechanisms to explain numerical aberrations in NB. This was supported by a high frequency of lagging chromosomes at anaphase and polyploidisation events in growing NB cells. The dynamic nature of numerical aberrations was corroborated further by detecting substantial copy number diversity in cell populations grown from single NB cells. We conclude that aneuploid NBs typically show extensive intratumour chromosome copy number diversity, and that this phenomenon is most likely explained by continuous loss of chromosomes from a polyploid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuesheng Jin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Sehic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Øra
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Gisselsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Skåne University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Beltrami S, Kim R, Gordon J. Neurofibromatosis type 2 protein, NF2: an uncoventional cell cycle regulator. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:1-11. [PMID: 23267122 PMCID: PMC3725758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 protein (NF2) is an underappreciated tumor suppressor involved in a broad range of nervous system tumors. Inactivation of the NF2 gene leads to neurofibromatosis type-2, which is characterized by multiple benign nervous system tumors and mutations in the gene have been demonstrated in many other tumor types as well. All tumors, regardless of location or grade, lack a fundamental control over cell cycle progression. Historically, NF2 is an unconventional tumor suppressor protein in that it does not directly influence the cell cycle. NF2 links receptors at the plasma membrane to their cytoplasmic kinases to facilitate contact inhibition. However, NF2 can also interact with an array of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins that affect cell cycle progression. Furthermore, through some of these pathways, NF2 may reverse the functional inhibition of conventional tumor suppressor pathways. Here we review mechanisms utilized by NF2 to regain control of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beltrami
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Biomedical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Teitz T, Stanke JJ, Federico S, Bradley CL, Brennan R, Zhang J, Johnson MD, Sedlacik J, Inoue M, Zhang ZM, Frase S, Rehg JE, Hillenbrand CM, Finkelstein D, Calabrese C, Dyer MA, Lahti JM. Preclinical models for neuroblastoma: establishing a baseline for treatment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19133. [PMID: 21559450 PMCID: PMC3084749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical models of pediatric cancers are essential for testing new
chemotherapeutic combinations for clinical trials. The most widely used
genetic model for preclinical testing of neuroblastoma is the TH-MYCN mouse.
This neuroblastoma-prone mouse recapitulates many of the features of human
neuroblastoma. Limitations of this model include the low frequency of bone
marrow metastasis, the lack of information on whether the gene expression
patterns in this system parallels human neuroblastomas, the relatively slow
rate of tumor formation and variability in tumor penetrance on different
genetic backgrounds. As an alternative, preclinical studies are frequently
performed using human cell lines xenografted into immunocompromised mice,
either as flank implant or orthtotopically. Drawbacks of this system include
the use of cell lines that have been in culture for years, the inappropriate
microenvironment of the flank or difficult, time consuming surgery for
orthotopic transplants and the absence of an intact immune system. Principal Findings Here we characterize and optimize both systems to increase their utility for
preclinical studies. We show that TH-MYCN mice develop tumors in the
paraspinal ganglia, but not in the adrenal, with cellular and gene
expression patterns similar to human NB. In addition, we present a new
ultrasound guided, minimally invasive orthotopic xenograft method. This
injection technique is rapid, provides accurate targeting of the injected
cells and leads to efficient engraftment. We also demonstrate that tumors
can be detected, monitored and quantified prior to visualization using
ultrasound, MRI and bioluminescence. Finally we develop and test a
“standard of care” chemotherapy regimen. This protocol, which is
based on current treatments for neuroblastoma, provides a baseline for
comparison of new therapeutic agents. Significance The studies suggest that use of both the TH-NMYC model of neuroblastoma and
the orthotopic xenograft model provide the optimal combination for testing
new chemotherapies for this devastating childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Teitz
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Stanke
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sara Federico
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cori L. Bradley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Brennan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melissa D. Johnson
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Madoka Inoue
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ziwei M. Zhang
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cell and Tissue Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Claudia M. Hillenbrand
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Information Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher Calabrese
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (JML); (MAD)
| | - Jill M. Lahti
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JML); (MAD)
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Lima SCS, Hernandez-Vargas H, Herceg Z. Epigenetic signatures in cancer: Implications for the control of cancer in the clinic. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2010; 12:316-324. [PMID: 20521220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in the field of cancer epigenetics has enhanced the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in cellular processes and in abnormal events involved in tumorigenesis. Many studies have investigated epigenetic alterations in cancer cells and have revealed that epigenetic deregulation is important for the development of malignancy. These studies have also demonstrated that epigenetic changes are present in almost every human cancer, and that different cancers may harbor a specific 'epigenetic signature', which can be used for cancer control. This review focuses on studies that have revealed the existence of specific epigenetic changes related to particular cancer types and associated risk-factor exposures, and how these epigenetic signatures may be exploited in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C S Lima
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Epigenetics Group, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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18
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Moody SE, Boehm JS, Barbie DA, Hahn WC. Functional genomics and cancer drug target discovery. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2010; 12:284-293. [PMID: 20521217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of technologies for whole-genome sequencing, copy number analysis and expression profiling enables the generation of comprehensive descriptions of cancer genomes. However, although the structural analysis and expression profiling of tumors and cancer cell lines can allow the identification of candidate molecules that are altered in the malignant state, functional analyses are necessary to confirm such genes as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Moreover, recent research suggests that tumor cells also depend on synthetic lethal targets, which are not mutated or amplified in cancer genomes; functional genomics screening can facilitate the discovery of such targets. This review provides an overview of the tools available for the study of functional genomics, and discusses recent research involving the use of these tools to identify potential novel drug targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Moody
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Almeida LOD, Custódio AC, Santos MJD, Almeida JRW, Clara CA, Pinto GR, Rey JA, Casartelli C. The A61G EGF polymorphism is associated with development of extraaxial nervous system tumors but not with overall survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 198:15-21. [PMID: 20303009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor can activate several signaling pathways, leading to proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis of epithelial tissues by binding with its receptor. The EGF protein is involved in nervous system development, and polymorphisms in the EGF gene on chromosome band 4q25 are associated with brain cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the single-nucleotide polymorphism of EGF+61G/A and extraaxial brain tumors in a population of the southeast of Brazil. We analyzed the genotype distribution of this polymorphism in 90 patients and 100 healthy subjects, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Comparison of genotype distribution revealed a significant difference between patients and control subjects (P < 0.001). The variant genotypes of A/G and G/G were associated with a significant increase of the risk of tumor development, compared with the homozygote A/A (P < 0.0001). When the analyses were stratified, we observed that the genotype G/G was more frequent in female patients (P=0.021). The same genotype was observed more frequently in patients with low-grade tumors (P=0.001). Overall survival rates did not show statistically significant differences. Our data suggest that the EGF A61G polymorphism can be associated with susceptibility to development of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Oliveira de Almeida
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Ambroise MM, Khosla C, Ghosh M, Mallikarjuna VS, Annapurneswari S. The role of immunohistochemistry in predicting behavior of astrocytic tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11:1079-1084. [PMID: 21133628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the significance of p53, bcl-2 and EGFR expression in the grading and biological behavior of astrocytic tumors, especially in the Indian population. A total of 117 cases of astrocytomas graded using the WHO grading system published in 2007 were immunolabeled using p53, EGFR and bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies and analyzed with respect to grade and other relevant parameters. The 117 cases included 16 cases of pilocytic astrocytomas and 25, 15 and 61 cases of diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas WHO grade II, anaplastic astrocytomas WHO grade III and glioblastomas (GBM), respectively. Our results showed that p53 alterations is an early event in astrocytic gliomagenesis, but is not significant in the evolution of pilocytic astrocytomas. Bcl-2 expression did not correlate with grade and no statistical correlation was seen with p53 expression. EGFR protein expression correlated with the severity of tumor grade. Of the GBM cases, 47.5% were p53 positive only, 18% were EGFR positive only, 16.5% were negative for both and 18% were positive for both. The mean age in the dual positive category was significantly higher when compared to the others. EGFR and p53 alterations are not mutually exclusive and might act synergistically to promote progression. We also noted a significantly higher p53 expression in females in GBMs. Though most of our findings correlated with those of previous studies, some differences were noted, especially in the pattern of immunoexpression in GBMs, perhaps because of ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moses Ambroise
- Department of Histopathology, Apollo Specialty Hospital, Padma Complex, India.
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Bray I, Bryan K, Prenter S, Buckley PG, Foley NH, Murphy DM, Alcock L, Mestdagh P, Vandesompele J, Speleman F, London WB, McGrady PW, Higgins DG, O'Meara A, O'Sullivan M, Stallings RL. Widespread dysregulation of MiRNAs by MYCN amplification and chromosomal imbalances in neuroblastoma: association of miRNA expression with survival. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7850. [PMID: 19924232 PMCID: PMC2773120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and their dysregulation can play major roles in the pathogenesis of many different forms of cancer, including neuroblastoma, an often fatal paediatric cancer originating from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. We have analyzed a set of neuroblastoma (n = 145) that is broadly representative of the genetic subtypes of this disease for miRNA expression (430 loci by stem-loop RT qPCR) and for DNA copy number alterations (array CGH) to assess miRNA involvement in disease pathogenesis. The tumors were stratified and then randomly split into a training set (n = 96) and a validation set (n = 49) for data analysis. Thirty-seven miRNAs were significantly over- or under-expressed in MYCN amplified tumors relative to MYCN single copy tumors, indicating a potential role for the MYCN transcription factor in either the direct or indirect dysregulation of these loci. In addition, we also determined that there was a highly significant correlation between miRNA expression levels and DNA copy number, indicating a role for large-scale genomic imbalances in the dysregulation of miRNA expression. In order to directly assess whether miRNA expression was predictive of clinical outcome, we used the Random Forest classifier to identify miRNAs that were most significantly associated with poor overall patient survival and developed a 15 miRNA signature that was predictive of overall survival with 72.7% sensitivity and 86.5% specificity in the validation set of tumors. We conclude that there is widespread dysregulation of miRNA expression in neuroblastoma tumors caused by both over-expression of the MYCN transcription factor and by large-scale chromosomal imbalances. MiRNA expression patterns are also predicative of clinical outcome, highlighting the potential for miRNA mediated diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bray
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Bryan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Prenter
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick G. Buckley
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh H. Foley
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek M. Murphy
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leah Alcock
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pieter Mestdagh
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wendy B. London
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick W. McGrady
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Desmond G. Higgins
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne O'Meara
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen O'Sullivan
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raymond L. Stallings
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Vecht
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Neurology, The Hague Medical Center, POP 432, 2501 CK The Hague, Netherlands.
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23
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Timmers HJLM, Pacak K, Bertherat J, Lenders JWM, Duet M, Eisenhofer G, Stratakis CA, Niccoli-Sire P, Tran BHP, Burnichon N, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP. Mutations associated with succinate dehydrogenase D-related malignant paragangliomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:561-6. [PMID: 17973943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hereditary paraganglioma (PGL) syndromes result from germline mutations in genes encoding subunits B, C and D of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB, SDHC and SDHD). SDHB-related PGLs are known in particular for their high malignant potential. Recently, however, malignant PGLs were also reported among a small minority of Dutch carriers of the SDHD founder mutation D92Y. The aim of the study was to investigate which SDHD mutations are associated with malignant PGL. DESIGN Case histories; collaborative study between referral centres in France, the USA, and the Netherlands. PATIENTS Six unrelated patients with metastatic PGLs of either sympathetic or parasympathetic origin. MEASUREMENTS Assessment of SDHD mutations underlying malignant PGL. RESULTS Germline SDHD mutations underlying metastatic PGL were G148D, Y114X, L85X, W43X, D92Y, and IVS2+5G-->A. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that malignant SDHD-related PGL is associated with several mutations besides D92Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J L M Timmers
- Reproductive Biology and Adult Endocrinology Program, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1109, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Dominantly heritable susceptibility is known for virtually every cancer. Susceptibility is typically restricted to one or a few tumours. For some tumours there appear to be at least two different predisposing conditions. Some mutant gene carriers survive to old age without developing the expected tumour(s). Some cases are new germline mutations. None of the conditions is very common, because of natural selection against gene carriers. Two questions arise: What is inherited? What is the relationship between the hereditary and non-hereditary forms of the same tumour? Retinoblastoma is a prototypic tumour. Penetrance in humans is nearly complete by the age of five years in the heritable form, which usually affects both eyes. Rare cases in which there is a constitutional deletion of chromosomal band 13q14 permitted localization of the responsible gene. Tumour formation is clearly a rare event at the cellular level, suggesting the necessity of a second, somatic, event. The difference in ages at diagnosis between unilateral and bilateral cases also suggests that two somatic events occur in non-hereditary cases. One explanation is that the gene is recessive and the second event involves loss of the remaining normal allele by mutation, non-disjunction, deletion or somatic recombination. The normal allele may be regarded as anti-oncogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Knudson
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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25
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Westhout FD, Mathews M, Paré LS, Armstrong WB, Tully P, Linskey ME. Recognizing Schwannomatosis and Distinguishing it From Neurofibromatosis Type 1 or 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 20:329-32. [PMID: 17538359 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0b013e318033ee0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DATA Schwannomatosis has become a newly recognized classification of neurofibromatosis. Although the genetic loci are on chromosome 22, it lacks the classic bilateral vestibular schwannomas as seen in NF-2. We present the surgical treatment of 4 patients with schwannomatosis, including a brother and sister. METHOD Case 1 presented with multiple progressively enlarging peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Case 4 presented with a trigeminal schwannoma and a vagal nerve schwannoma. Three of 4 patients had spinal intradural, extramedullary nerve sheath tumors. Surgery in all was multistaged and consisted of spinal laminectomies, site-specific explorations, and microsurgical tumor dissection and resection, with intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (including somatosensory-evoked and motor-evoked potentials, upper extremity electromyography and intraoperative nerve action potential monitoring, as appropriate). RESULTS Intraoperatively the schwannomas had cystic and solid features and in all surgical cases the tumors arose from discrete fascicles of sensory nerve roots or sensory peripheral nerve branches. None of the patients experienced neurologic worsening as a result of their resections. Pathologic analysis of specimens from all cases demonstrated schwannoma. CONCLUSIONS Not all patients with multiple schwannomas of cranial nerve, spinal nerve root, or peripheral nerve origin have NF-1 or NF-2. In schwannomatosis, these lesions are present in the absence of cutaneous stigmata, neurofibromas, vestibular schwannomas, or parenchymal brain tumors. Schwannomas in schwannomatosis can be large, cystic, and multiple. However, the predominant nerve involvement seems to be sensory and discrete fascicular in origin, facilitating microsurgical resection with minimal deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin D Westhout
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Pasmant E, Laurendeau I, Héron D, Vidaud M, Vidaud D, Bièche I. Characterization of a germ-line deletion, including the entire INK4/ARF locus, in a melanoma-neural system tumor family: identification of ANRIL, an antisense noncoding RNA whose expression coclusters with ARF. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3963-9. [PMID: 17440112 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously detected a large germ-line deletion, which included the entire p15/CDKN2B-p16/CDKN2A-p14/ARF gene cluster, in the largest melanoma-neural system tumor (NST) syndrome family known to date by means of heterozygosity mapping based on microsatellite markers. Here, we used gene dose mapping with sequence-tagged site real-time PCR to locate the deletion end points, which were then precisely characterized by means of long-range PCR and nucleotide sequencing. The deletion was exactly 403,231 bp long and included the entire p15/CDKN2B, p16/CDKN2A, and p14/ARF genes. We then developed a simple and rapid assay to detect the junction fragment and to serve as a direct predictive DNA test for this large French family. We identified a new large antisense noncoding RNA (named ANRIL) within the 403-kb germ-line deletion, with a first exon located in the promoter of the p14/ARF gene and overlapping the two exons of p15/CDKN2B. Expression of ANRIL mainly coclustered with p14/ARF both in physiologic (various normal human tissues) and in pathologic conditions (human breast tumors). This study points to the existence of a new gene within the p15/CDKN2B-p16/CDKN2A-p14/ARF locus putatively involved in melanoma-NST syndrome families and in melanoma-prone families with no identified p16/CDKN2A mutations as well as in somatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pasmant
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire-Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U745, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris V
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27
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Stanchescu R, Betts DR, Yekutieli D, Ambros P, Cohen N, Rechavi G, Amariglio N, Trakhtenbrot L. SKY analysis of childhood neural tumors and cell lines demonstrates a susceptibility of aberrant chromosomes to further rearrangements. Cancer Lett 2007; 250:47-52. [PMID: 17084022 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant solid tumors are commonly characterized by a large number of complex structural and numerical chromosomal alterations, which often reflect the level of genomic instability and can be associated with disease progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chromosomes that harbor primary aberrations have a higher susceptibility to accumulate further alterations. We used spectral karyotyping (SKY), to compare the individual chromosomal instability of two chromosome types: chromosomes that have a primary aberration and chromosomes without an aberration, in 13 primary childhood neural tumors and seven cell lines. We found that chromosomes that contain a primary aberration are significantly (p-value<0.001) more likely to gain further structural rearrangements or to undergo numerical changes (22.6%, 36 of 159 chromosomes) than chromosomes with no initial aberration (4.9%, 54 of 1099 chromosomes). These results are highly suggestive that aberrant chromosomes in solid tumors have a higher susceptibility to accumulate further rearrangements than "normal" chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheli Stanchescu
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cancer Research Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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28
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Abstract
Reliable data on familial risks are important for clinical counseling and cancer genetics. We wanted to study incidence trends and familial risks for pituitary adenomas and associated tumors through parental and sibling probands, using the nation-wide Swedish Family-Cancer Database on 10.5 million individuals, containing families with parents and offspring. Cancer data were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1958 to 2002, including 3239 pituitary tumor patients. Familial risk for offspring was defined through standardized incidence ratio (SIR), adjusted for many variables. The incidence of pituitary adenoma has increased moderately from 1958 to the 1990s and declined thereafter. There were only three offspring-parent pairs with a concordant pituitary tumor, the SIR was not significant. Parental skin cancer (SIR 1.60) and leukemia (1.90, chronic lymphatic leukemia 2.59) were associated with offspring pituitary adenoma diagnosed at any age up to 70 years. There was a strong association of pituitary adenomas with nervous system hemangiopericytomas, SIR 182. The only significant association among siblings was between pituitary tumors and breast cancer (1.46). The risk of pituitary adenoma was marginally increased in individuals whose siblings were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The results suggest an association of pituitary adenomas with nervous system hemangiopericytomas and breast and colorectal cancers, in addition to some other tumor types. Whether these associations can be explained by the recently identified pituitary adenoma predisposing gene, AIP, remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Wippold FJ, Perry A. Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: fluorescence in situ hybridization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:406-10. [PMID: 17353304 PMCID: PMC7977815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Fluorescence in situ hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic technique that localizes segments of DNA within tumor cells by using dyes that are visible with a fluorescent microscope. The technique has proved useful in typing a variety of tumors such as oligodendrogliomas and in understanding the genetic forces driving oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Wippold
- Neuroradiology Section, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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30
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Hiyama E, Yamaoka H, Kamimatsuse A, Onitake Y, Hiyama K, Nishiyama M, Sueda T. Single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis to predict clinical outcome in neuroblastoma patients. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:2032-6. [PMID: 17161199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous tumor and demonstrates favorable or unfavorable outcomes. In Japan, a nationwide NB mass screening (MS) had been performed on 6-month-old infants for approximately 20 years, which might have detected almost all NB including regressing/maturing tumors. To clarify the heterogeneity of this tumor, we examined genetic alterations in the representative cases using genomewide microarrays. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 198 NB tissue samples and paired blood samples including 76 MS-detected cases and analyzed by single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. RESULTS The single nucleotide polymorphism array classified the genetic aberrations into 4 types: whole gain/loss type, partial gain/loss type, MYCN-amplified type, and silent type. Most MS-detecting cases belonged to the whole gain/loss type, whereas unfavorable cases who died of disease showed partial gain/loss, MYCN-amplified, or silent types. CONCLUSIONS Genomewide genetic analysis is useful to predict the outcome of patients. Although the cases whose tumors showed whole gain/loss may respond well to contemporary therapy, sparing intensive surgery, current therapeutic strategy may be insufficient for the subgroups with partial gain/loss, MYCN-amplified, or silent type. Validation of these results would provide new tools to predict clinical outcome of children with NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiso Hiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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31
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Izquierdo M. [Gene therapy in neuro-oncology]. Rev Neurol 2006; 43:613-7. [PMID: 17099854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT The concept of gene therapy implies the transfer of genetic material to a cell, a tissue or an organ with the aim to cure an illness or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient. The essential components of the therapy are: a vector able to enter efficiently and selectively the target cells; and the therapeutic gene competent to cure the pathology. In cancer therapies, retroviruses are preferentially used as vectors because they only infect dividing cells. Among the most popular and successful gene therapies against cancer we find the immunotherapy, the antiangiogenic strategies, the killer-suicide genes and RNA interference against specific oncogenes. CONCLUSIONS Each one of these therapies have proven successful in cancer cell lines and in experimental animals where it has been shown a clear antitumoral effect in the absence of appreciable secondary effects. At present, the majority of these procedures are in clinical phases but none as yet is considered a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Izquierdo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Blom T, Tynninen O, Puputti M, Halonen M, Paetau A, Haapasalo H, Tanner M, Nupponen NN. Molecular genetic analysis of the REST/NRSF gene in nervous system tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:483-90. [PMID: 16823502 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene for RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) alias neuron-restrictive silencer factor NRSF, acts as a transcriptional repressor in the neuronal differentiation pathways in non-neuronal cells, and plays an important role in neuronal development. Inactivating mutations or overexpression of REST have previously been reported in various types of cancer, but no data is available for the role of REST alterations in gliomas. REST gene was screened for mutations in 161 nervous system tumors consisting of astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas and schwannomas. REST exons 1-3 were analyzed using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing. The gene copy numbers of REST were investigated by chromogenic (CISH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Non-synonymous SNPs (P797L, P815S) were found in eight different brain tumor samples. No truncating or activating novel mutations of REST were discovered. Since REST is located at 4q12, a chromosome region implicated in brain tumorigenesis, we conducted gene copy number analyses in medulloblastomas and gliomas. The majority of gliomas (67%) demonstrated low-level amplifications of REST, and only one oligodendroglioma showed high-level amplification of the gene. In medulloblastomas, 38% of samples were determined as aneuploidic, no high-level amplifications were found. Our data suggests that REST is neither activated nor inactivated via mutations in gliomas, while high-level amplification may rarely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Blom
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 180, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Genetic heterogeneity of neuroblastic tumors leads to biochemical changes that manifest themselves in different symptoms and clinical courses, which may vary from spontaneous regression and remission to progression with fatal outcome. METHODS To test the hypothesis that ratios of dopamine (DA) to noradrenaline and of DA to vanillylmandelic acid reflect the composition of adrenergic clones and tumor heterogeneity, we determined urinary DA/noradrenaline and DA/vanillylmandelic acid ratios that presumably reflect DA-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and the prognostic values thereof. RESULTS Based on catecholamine metabolism, 4 model situations were defined: (a) complete block of DBH in all cells; (b) block of DBH in some cells; (c) a different enzymatic block; and (d) normal DBH activity in the population of tumor-forming cells. Normal DBH activity was encountered most frequently in children younger than 2 years and in tumors representing favorable prognostic stages (I, II, and IVS). Surviving children with stage IV neuroblastoma presented with tumors composed primarily of cells without the DBH block. Further stratification of 2 prognostically poor groups (stages IV and III + IV) was possible with respect to DBH activity. CONCLUSIONS Differential production of neurotransmitters in a population of tumor cells may be explained in terms of tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Izbicki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Research Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
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Nowak K, Kerl K, Fehr D, Kramps C, Gessner C, Killmer K, Samans B, Berwanger B, Christiansen H, Lutz W. BMI1 is a target gene of E2F-1 and is strongly expressed in primary neuroblastomas. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1745-54. [PMID: 16582100 PMCID: PMC1421501 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene BMI1 encodes a polycomb group transcription factor that is required for embryonic development and self-renewal of stem cells. Despite these important functions little is known about the regulation of BMI1 expression. A cDNA microarray based search for target genes of E2F-1 in neuroblastoma cells expressing a 4-OHT-regulated E2F-1-ER fusion protein identified many hitherto unknown E2F-1 regulated genes. A total of 10% of these genes, including BMI1, encode proteins that function primarily in the regulation of gene expression. The BMI1 promoter contains a putative E2F binding site that was required for the activation of a BMI1 promoter-dependent reporter construct by E2F-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed 4-OHT-dependent binding of E2F-1-ER and binding of endogenous E2F-1 to the BMI1 promoter in tumor cells. We have previously shown activation of the oncogene MYCN by E2F. Thus, in neuroblastomas deregulated E2F-1 can activate two oncogenes, MYCN and BMI1 that are known to co-operate in tumor formation. Consistent with a role of Bmi1 in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis we found strong Bmi1 expression in primary neuroblastomas. Our results reveal a novel link between E2F and polycomb transcription factors and suggest a role of Bmi1 in neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Berwanger
- Children's HospitalDeutschhausstrasse 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Werner Lutz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6421 2865390; Fax: +49 6421 2865196;
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35
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Abstract
A few twin studies on cancer have addressed questions on the possible carcinogenic or protective effects of twining by comparing the occurrence of cancer in twins and singletons. The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database of 10.2 million individuals and 69,654 0- to 70-year-old twin pairs were used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all main cancers compared to singletons. The overall risk of cancer in same- or different-sex twins was at the same level as the risk for singletons. Testicular cancer, particularly seminoma, was increased among same-sex twins (1.54) and all twins to an SIR of 1.38. Among other tumors, neurinomas and non-thyroid endocrine gland tumors were increased. Colorectal cancers and leukemia were decreased among all twins. Melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer were decreased in male same-sex twins. The data on this unselected population of twins suggest that twinning per se is not a risk factor of cancer. In utero hormonal exposures or postnatal growth stimulation may be related to the risk of testicular cancer and pituitary tumors. Protective effects against colorectal cancer may be related to a beneficial diet, and in melanoma and skin cancer, to socioeconomic factors. The study involved multiple comparisons, and internal consistency between the results was one of the main factors considered for their plausibility. The results should encourage others working on twin and singleton populations to examine the specific associations and emerging hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Carén H, Holmstrand A, Sjöberg RM, Martinsson T. The two human homologues of yeast UFD2 ubiquitination factor, UBE4A and UBE4B, are located in common neuroblastoma deletion regions and are subject to mutations in tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:381-7. [PMID: 16386891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes 11q and 1p are commonly deleted in advanced-stage neuroblastomas and are therefore assumed to contain tumour suppressor genes involved in the development of this cancer. The two UFD2 yeast gene human homologues, UBE4A and UBE4B, involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, are located in 11q and 1p, respectively. UBE4B has previously been analysed for mutations and one mutation in the splice donor site of exon 9, c.1439 + 1G > C, was found in a neuroblastoma tumour with fatal outcome. We speculated that the homologue UBE4A might be involved in an alternative tumourigenesis pathway. The coding exons of UBE4A were therefore sequenced. One putative missense mutation (1028T > C, leading to I343T, residing in exon 8) was found in neuroblastoma tumour 20R8; this finding was confirmed by sequencing in both directions. The change, isoleucine (non-polar) to threonine (polar), was situated in a highly conserved amino acid region. In addition, two novel variants were also found in intronic sequences of UBE4A. It might be speculated that the proteins generated from UBE4B and UBE4A are involved in protecting the cell from environmental stress and that inactivation of either of them could contribute to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Carén
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute for the Health of Women and Children, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital-East, SE-41685 Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
In this paper the authors describe a patient with neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) who presented with sequelae of this disease. They also review the current literature on NF1 and NF2 published between 2001 and 2005.
The method used to obtain information for the case report consisted of a family member interview and a review of the patient's chart. For the literature review the authors used the search engine Ovid Medline to identify papers published on the topic between 2001 and 2005. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 appears in approximately one in 2500 to 4000 births, is caused by a defect on 17q11.2, and results in neurofibromin inactivation. The authors reviewed the current literature with regard to the following aspects of this disease: 1) diagnostic criteria for NF1; 2) criteria for other NF1-associated manifestations; 3) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs); 4) the examination protocol for a patient with an NF1-related NST; 5) imaging findings in patients with NF1; 6) other diagnostic studies; 7) surgical and adjuvant treatment for NSTs and malignant PNSTs; and 8) hormone receptors in NF1-related tumors. Pertinent illustrations are included.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 occurs much less frequently than NF1, that is, in one in 33,000 births. Mutations in NF2 occur on 22q12 and result in inactivation of the tumor suppressor merlin. The following data on this disease are presented: 1) diagnostic criteria for NF2; 2) criteria for other NF2 manifestations; 3) malignant PNSTs in patients with NF2; 4) examination protocol for the patient with NF2 who has an NST; and 5) imaging findings in patients with NF2. Relevant illustrations are included.
It is important that neurosurgeons be aware of the sequelae of NF1 and NF2, because they may be called on to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Murovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5327, USA
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Abstract
Tumors of the nervous system most often occur in both children and adults as sporadic events with no family history of the disease, but they are also among the clinical manifestations of a significant number of familial cancer syndromes, including familial retinoblastoma, neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, and Cowden, Turcot, Li-Fraumeni and nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndromes. All of these syndromes involve transmissible genetic risk resulting from loss of a functional allele, or inheritance of a structurally defective allele, of a specific gene. These genes include RB1, NF1, NF2, TSC1, TSC2, TP53, PTEN, APC, hMLH1, hPSM2, and PTCH, most of which function as tumor suppressor genes. The same genes are also observed in mutated and inactive forms, or are deleted, in tumor cells in sporadic cases of the same tumors. The nature of the mutational events that give rise to these inactivated alleles suggests a possible role of environmental mutagens in their causation. However, only external ionizing radiation at high doses is clearly established as an environmental cause of brain, nerve and meningeal tumors in humans. Transplacental carcinogenesis studies in rodents and other species emphasize the extraordinary susceptibility of the developing mammalian nervous system to carcinogenesis, but the inverse relationship of latency to dose suggests that low transplacental exposures to genotoxicants are more likely to result in brain tumors late in life, rather than in childhood. While not all neurogenic tumor-related genes in humans have similar effects in experimental rodents, genetically engineered mice (GEM) increasingly provide useful insights into the combined effects of multiple tumor suppressor genes and of gene-environment interactions in the genesis of brain tumors, especially pediatric brain tumors such as medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Rice
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Maris JM, Hii G, Gelfand CA, Varde S, White PS, Rappaport E, Surrey S, Fortina P. Region-specific detection of neuroblastoma loss of heterozygosity at multiple loci simultaneously using a SNP-based tag-array platform. Genome Res 2005; 15:1168-76. [PMID: 16077016 PMCID: PMC1182230 DOI: 10.1101/gr.3865305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers are characterized by chromosomal aberrations that may be predictive of disease outcome. Human neuroblastomas are characterized by somatically acquired copy number changes, including loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at multiple chromosomal loci, and these aberrations are strongly associated with clinical phenotype including patient outcome. We developed a method to assess region-specific LOH by genotyping multiple SNPs simultaneously in DNA from tumor tissues. We identified informative SNPs at an average 293-kb density across nine regions of recurrent LOH in human neuroblastomas. We also identified SNPs in two copy number neutral regions, as well as two regions of copy number gain. SNPs were PCR-amplified in 12-plex reactions and used in solution-phase single-nucleotide extension incorporating tagged dideoxynucleotides. Each extension primer had 5' complementarity to one of 2000 oligonucleotides on a commercially available tag-array platform allowing for solid-phase sorting and identification of individual SNPs. This approach allowed for simultaneous detection of multiple regions of LOH in six human neuroblastoma-derived cell lines, and, more importantly, 14 human neuroblastoma primary tumors. Concordance with conventional genotyping was nearly absolute. Detection of LOH in this assay may not require comparison to matched normal DNAs because of the redundancy of informative SNPs in each region. The customized tag-array system for LOH detection described here is rapid, results in parallel assessment of multiple genomic alterations, and may speed identification of and/or assaying prognostically relevant DNA copy number alterations in many human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Maris
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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40
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Abstract
Germ line and somatic mutations in the neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene predispose individuals to tumors of the nervous system, including schwannomas and meningiomas. Since identification of the NF2 gene more than a decade ago, a large body of information has been collected on the nature and consequences of these alterations in patients with NF2 and in individuals in whom sporadic tumors associated with NF2 develop. The catalog of mutations identified thus far has facilitated extensive genetic analysis, including studies of patients with mosaicism and phenotype–genotype correlations, and has also led to experiments that have begun to unravel the molecular biology of the NF2 gene and its role in tumorigenesis. The authors describe some of the most significant findings in NF2 genetics and biology over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Ruttledge
- Department of Neurology, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Marian C, Scope A, Laud K, Friedman E, Pavlotsky F, Yakobson E, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Azizi E. Search for germline alterations in CDKN2A/ARF and CDK4 of 42 Jewish melanoma families with or without neural system tumours. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:2278-85. [PMID: 15928671 PMCID: PMC2361801 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the inherited predisposition to melanoma and associated neural system tumours, 42 Jewish, mainly Ashkenazi, melanoma families with or without neural system tumours were genotyped for germline point mutations and genomic deletions at the CDKN2A/ARF and CDK4 loci. CDKN2A/ARF deletion detection was performed using D9S1748, an intragenic microsatellite marker. Allele dosage at the p14ARF locus was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR employing a TaqMan probe that anneals specifically to exon 1β of the p14ARF gene. For detecting point mutations, dHPLC and direct sequencing of the coding sequences of CDKN2A/ARF and CDK4 was used. No germline alterations in any of the tested genes were detected among the families under study. We conclude that in the majority of Ashkenazi Jewish families, the genes tested are unlikely to be implicated in the predisposition to melanoma and associated neural system tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marian
- Service de Génétique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - A Scope
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel. E-mail:
| | - K Laud
- Service de Génétique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - E Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - F Pavlotsky
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - E Yakobson
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - E Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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42
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Liu DG. [Review of neuropathology in the past 10 years in China]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2005; 34:550-2. [PMID: 16468302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Zhou YH, Wu X, Tan F, Shi YX, Glass T, Liu TJ, Wathen K, Hess KR, Gumin J, Lang F, Yung WKA. PAX6 suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:223-9. [PMID: 15735909 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-1720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Majority of GBMs has loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10. The PAX6 encodes a transcription factor that involves in development of the brain, where its expression persists. We have reported that the expression of PAX6 was significantly reduced in GBMs and that a low level of PAX6 expression is a harbinger of an unfavorable prognosis for patients with malignant astrocytic glioma. Interestingly, PAX6 expression was increased in suppressed somatic cell hybrids derived from introducing a normal human chromosome 10 into U251 GBM cells. Thus it is interesting to determine if repression of PAX6 expression is involved in anti-tumor suppression function in GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We overexpressed PAX6 in a GBM cell line U251HF via either stable transfection or infection with recombinant adenovirus, and examined cell growth in vitro and in vivo. RESULT Although we did not observe changes in the cell doubling time for PAX6-stable transfectants, significantly fewer numbers of PAX6-positive colonies grew in soft agar. Transient overexpression of PAX6 via adenovirus, however, suppressed cell growth by increasing the number of cells in G1 and by decreasing the number of cells in S-phase, and later on caused a dramatic level of cell death. Repeated subcutaneous and intracranial implantation experiments in nude mice using PAX6-stable transfectants provided solid evidence that PAX6 suppressed tumor growth in vivo and significantly extended mouse survival. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that PAX6exerts a tumor suppressor function that limits the growth of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 753, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic condition in which affected individuals develop benign and malignant nervous system tumours. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of these NF1-associated nervous system tumours recapitulate several of the unique clinical aspects of the disease. Moreover, these Nf1 GEM models allow for a direct examination of the earliest stages of tumour evolution, including the contributions that Nf1(+/-) cellular elements and cooperating genetic changes make to facilitate the transition from the pre-neoplastic to the neoplastic state and, in some cases, to promote malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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45
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Chang PA, Wu YJ, Chen R, Li M, Li W, Qin QL. Inhibition of neuropathy target esterase expressing by antisense RNA does not affect neural differentiation in human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 272:47-54. [PMID: 16010971 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-6753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is phosphorylated and aged by oraganophosphorus compounds (OP) that induce delayed neuropathy in human and some animals. NTE has been proposed to play a role in neurite outgrowth and process elongation during neural differentiation. However, to date, there is no direct evidence of the relevance of NTE in neural differentiation under physiological conditions. In this study we have investigated a possible role for NTE in the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells by antisense RNA. A NTE antisense RNA construct was generated and then transfected into human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. A positive cell clone that can stably express NTE antisense RNA was obtained by G418 selection and then identified by western blotting. NTE activity was depressed in the transfected cells with only about 50% activity of the enzyme in the control cells. ATRA-induced differentiation of the neuroblastoma cells with lowered NTE activity revealed that inhibition of NTE expression does not affect neural differentiation in SK-N-SH cells. The result suggested that organophosphates may inhibit neural differentiation by initially acting on other targets other than NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-An Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Trochet D, O’Brien LM, Gozal D, Trang H, Nordenskjöld A, Laudier B, Svensson PJ, Uhrig S, Cole T, Munnich A, Gaultier C, Lyonnet S, Amiel J. PHOX2B genotype allows for prediction of tumor risk in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:421-6. [PMID: 15657873 PMCID: PMC1196394 DOI: 10.1086/428366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Phox2b gene is necessary for autonomic nervous-system development. Phox2b-/- mice die in utero with absent autonomic nervous system circuits, since autonomic nervous system neurons either fail to form or degenerate. We first identified the Phox2b human ortholog, PHOX2B, as the gene underlying congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS, or Ondine curse), with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and de novo mutation at the first generation. We have subsequently shown that heterozygous mutations of PHOX2B may account for several combined or isolated disorders of autonomic nervous-system development--namely, tumors of the sympathetic nervous system (TSNS), such as neuroblastoma and late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome. Here, we report the clinical and molecular assessments of a cohort of 188 probands with CCHS, either isolated or associated with Hirschsprung disease and/or TSNS. The mutation-detection rate was 92.6% (174/188) in our series, and the most prevalent mutation was an in-frame duplication leading to an expansion of +5 to +13 alanines in the 20-alanine stretch at the carboxy terminal of the protein. Such findings suggest PHOX2B mutation screening as a simple and reliable tool for the diagnosis of CCHS, independent of the clinically variable phenotype. In addition, somatic mosaicism was detected in 4.5% of parents. Most interestingly, analysis of genotype-phenotype interactions strongly supports the contention that patients with CCHS who develop malignant TSNS will harbor either a missense or a frameshift heterozygous mutation of the PHOX2B gene. These data further highlight the link between congenital malformations and tumor predisposition when a master gene in development is mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Trochet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M. O’Brien
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gozal
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ha Trang
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Béatrice Laudier
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pär-Johan Svensson
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Uhrig
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Cole
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claude Gaultier
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l’Enfant INSERM U-393, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, and Service de Physiologie Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 9202, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris; Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm; Institut of Humangenetik, Giessen, Germany; and Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Scope A, Friedman E, Azizi E. A familial syndromic association between cutaneous malignant melanoma and neural system tumours. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:1278-9; author reply 1279. [PMID: 15606533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Bello MJ, Alonso ME, Amiñoso C, Anselmo NP, Arjona D, Gonzalez-Gomez P, Lopez-Marin I, de Campos JM, Gutierrez M, Isla A, Kusak ME, Lassaletta L, Sarasa JL, Vaquero J, Casartelli C, Rey JA. Hypermethylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT: association with TP53 G:C to A:T transitions in a series of 469 nervous system tumors. Mutat Res 2004; 554:23-32. [PMID: 15450401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) plays a major role in repairing DNA damage from alkylating agents. By removing alkyl groups from the O6-position in guanine, MGMT can prevent G:C to A:T transition mutations, a type of variation frequently involving TP53 mutations in brain tumors. Promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands in tumor-related genes can lead to their transcriptional inactivation, and this epigenetic mechanism has been shown to participate in MGMT silencing in some cancers, including those affecting the nervous system. Accordingly, a link between both genetic and epigenetic anomalies may exist in these neoplasms. To determine the relevance of defective MGMT function due to aberrant methylation in relation to the presence of TP53 mutations, we studied 469 nervous system tumors (including all major histological subtypes) for MGMT promoter methylation and TP53 mutations at exons 5-8. Overall, aberrant methylation occurred in 38% of the samples (180/469), with values higher than 50% in the more malignant forms such as glioblastomas and anaplastic gliomas including those with astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal differentiation. In contrast, the non-glial tumors displayed an overall aberrant MGMT promoter methylation of 26%, even though this group includes highly malignant tumors such as neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas and brain metastases. Overall, TP53 mutations were found in 25% of the methylated MGMT tumors (45/180), whereas only 10% of the unmethylated MGMT tumors (30/289) showed TP53 changes (P < 0.001). G:C to A:T changes occurred at CpG sites in 9% of methylated tumors, and in 0.7% of the unmethylated samples. This type of transition at non-CpG dinucleotides was also more frequent in the tumors with aberrant MGMT methylation (5%) than the unmethylated tumors (0.7%). These data suggest that MGMT silencing as a result of promoter hypermethylation may lead to G:C to A:T transition mutations in the TP53 gene of some histological nervous system tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Josefa Bello
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Laboratorio de Oncogenetica Molecular, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Abstract
Nervous system tumors represent unique neoplasms that arise within the central and peripheral nervous system. While the vast majority of nervous system neoplasm occur sporadically, most of the adult and pediatric forms have a hereditary equivalent. In a little over a decade, we have seen a tremendous increase in knowledge of the primary genetic basis of many of the familial cancer syndromes that involve the nervous system, syndromes that are mostly inherited as autosomal dominant traits. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on the genetic basis of hereditary nervous system tumors. The identification of genes associated with familial cancer syndromes has in some families enabled a "molecular diagnosis" that complements clinical assessment and allows directed cancer surveillance for those individuals determined to be at-risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Melean
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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50
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Rice JM. Causation of nervous system tumors in children: insights from traditional and genetically engineered animal models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 199:175-91. [PMID: 15313589 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric neurogenic tumors include primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), especially medulloblastoma; ependymomas and choroid plexus papillomas; astrocytomas; retinoblastoma; and sympathetic neuroblastoma. Meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors, although uncommon in childhood, are also significant because they can result from exposures of children to ionizing radiation. Specific chromosomal loci and specific genes are related to each of these tumor types. Virtually all these genes appear to act as tumor suppressor genes, which are inactivated in tumor cells by mutations or by chromosomal loss. In genetically engineered mice, some genes that are clearly associated with specific human tumors (e.g., RB1 in retinoblastoma and NF2 in meningiomas and schwannomas) have no such effect. Other genetic constructs in mice involving the genes p53, ptc1, and Nf1 have produced tumors remarkably similar to some of the human pediatric neoplasms. Some of these tumors become clinically apparent after only a few weeks, while the mice are still juveniles, especially when two or more tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in the same genetic construct. Conversely, at least one genetic pathway in rodents involving point mutation in the coding region of a transforming gene (neu in malignant schwannomas) does not appear to operate in any human tumors. The nervous system is markedly susceptible to experimental carcinogenesis during early life in rodents, dogs, primates, and other nonhuman species, and there is no obvious reason why this generalization should not also apply to humans. However, except for therapeutic ionizing radiation, no physical, chemical, or biological cause of human pediatric nervous system tumors is known. The failure of experimental transplacental carcinogenesis to mirror human pediatric experience more closely may reflect the need for multiple mutational events in target cells, and for experimental carcinogens that are capable of causing the full spectrum of mutations that occur in cancer-related genes in pediatric neurogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Rice
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
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