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Ray GW, Zeng Q, Kusi P, Zhang H, Shao T, Yang T, Wei Y, Li M, Che X, Guo R. Genetic and inflammatory factors underlying gestational diabetes mellitus: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1399694. [PMID: 38694942 PMCID: PMC11061502 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1399694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses a significant global health concern, impacting both maternal and fetal well-being. Early detection and treatment are imperative to mitigate adverse outcomes during pregnancy. This review delves into the pivotal role of insulin function and the influence of genetic variants, including SLC30A8, CDKAL1, TCF7L2, IRS1, and GCK, in GDM development. These genetic variations affect beta-cell function and insulin activity in crucial tissues, such as muscle, disrupting glucose regulation during pregnancy. We propose a hypothesis that this variation may disrupt zinc transport, consequently impairing insulin production and secretion, thereby contributing to GDM onset. Furthermore, we discussed the involvement of inflammatory pathways, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, in predisposing individuals to GDM. Genetic modulation of these pathways may exacerbate glucose metabolism dysregulation observed in GDM patients. We also discussed how GDM affects cardiovascular disease (CVD) through a direct correlation between pregnancy and cardiometabolic function, increasing atherosclerosis, decreased vascular function, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in women with GDM history. However, further research is imperative to unravel the intricate interplay between inflammatory pathways, genetics, and GDM. This understanding is pivotal for devising targeted gene therapies and pharmacological interventions to rectify genetic variations in SLC30A8, CDKAL1, TCF7L2, IRS1, GCK, and other pertinent genes. Ultimately, this review offers insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of GDM, providing a foundation for developing strategies to mitigate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Watson Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Qiaoli Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Phidelia Kusi
- University of Ghana, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Fisheries Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hengli Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Taotao Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Taili Yang
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yue Wei
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Mianqin Li
- Department of Obstetric, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqun Che
- Department of Obstetric, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Runmin Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
- Matenal and Child Research Institute, Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
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She L, Li W, Guo Y, Zhou J, Liu J, Zheng W, Dai A, Chen X, Wang P, He H, Zhang P, Zeng J, Xiang B, Li S, Wang L, Dai Q, Yang M. Association of glucokinase gene and glucokinase regulatory protein gene polymorphisms with gestational diabetes mellitus: A case-control study. Gene X 2022; 824:146378. [PMID: 35276241 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association of glucokinase (GCK) gene, glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to GDM in Chinese population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This case-control study included 835 GDM patients and 870 non-diabetic pregnant women who had their prenatal examinations at 24-28 gestational weeks at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province from January 15, 2018 to March 31, 2019. The nurses were trained to collect clinical information and blood samples. The candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs, GCK rs1799884, rs4607517, rs10278336, rs2268574, rs730497 and GCKR rs780094, rs1260326) were genotyped on Sequenom Massarray platform. Statistical analysis including independent sample t test, chi-square test, logistic regression and one-way ANOVA were performed to evaluate the differences in allele and genotype distributions and their correlations with the odds of GDM. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in age, pre-gestational BMI, education level and family history of diabetes between case and control group (P < 0.05). After adjusting for these confounders, GCK rs1799884 was still significantly associated with GDM (P < 0.05), but there were no significant associations between rs4607517, rs10278336 and rs2268574, rs780094 and rs1260326 polymorphisms and GDM odds (P > 0.05). In addition, the pregnant women with rs4607517 TT genotype had the significantly higher fasting blood glucose level than CC genotype (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION GCK rs1799884 mutation is associated with higher GDM odds in Chinese population. Further larger studies are needed to explore the association between GCK and GCKR polymorphisms and GDM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu She
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947, Heping Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.288 Machang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Chongqing Yubei, No. 71 ShuanghuZhi Road, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianqiong Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenpei Zheng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Anna Dai
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua He
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947, Heping Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947, Heping Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Xiang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947, Heping Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.288 Machang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Dai
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947, Heping Road, Wuhan, China.
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Koike S, Hsu MF, Bettaieb A, Chu B, Matsumoto N, Morisseau C, Havel PJ, Huising MO, Hammock BD, Haj FG. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates high fat diet-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:48-57. [PMID: 34038767 PMCID: PMC9901526 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are crucial regulators of systemic glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction and loss are central features in type 2 diabetes. Interventions that rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss are essential to combat this deadly malady. In the current study, we sought to delineate the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in β-cells under diet-induced metabolic stress. The expression of sEH was upregulated in murine and macaque diabetes models and islets of diabetic human patients. We postulated that hyperglycemia-induced elevation in sEH leads to a reduction in its substrates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and attenuates the function of β-cells. Genetic deficiency of sEH potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice, likely in a cell-autonomous manner, contributing to better systemic glucose control. Consistent with this observation, genetic and pharmacological inactivation of sEH and the treatment with EETs exhibited insulinotropic effects in isolated murine islets ex vivo. Additionally, sEH deficiency enhanced glucose sensing and metabolism with elevated ATP and cAMP concentrations. This phenotype was associated with attenuated oxidative stress and diminished β-cell death in sEH deficient islets. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of sEH in vivo mitigated, albeit partly, high fat diet-induced β-cell loss and dedifferentiation. The current observations provide new insights into the role of sEH in β-cells and information that may be leveraged for the development of a mechanism-based intervention to rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ming-Fo Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bryan Chu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology & Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Jiang F, Yan J, Zhang R, Ma X, Bao Y, Gu Y, Hu C. Functional Characterization of a Novel Heterozygous Mutation in the Glucokinase Gene That Causes MODY2 in Chinese Pedigrees. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:803992. [PMID: 34956103 PMCID: PMC8695754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.803992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GCK) plays a central role in glucose regulation. The heterozygous mutations of GCK can cause a monogenic form of diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) directly. In our study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of the novel mutation GCK p.Ala259Thr leading to glucokinase deficiency and hyperglycemia. METHODS Thirty early-onset diabetes pedigrees were referred to whole exome sequencing for novel mutations identification. Purified wild-type and mutant GCK proteins were obtained from E.coli systems and then subjected to the kinetic and thermal stability analysis to test the effects on GCK activity. RESULTS One novel missense mutation GCK p.Ala259Thr was identified and co-segregated with diabetes in a Chinese MODY2 pedigree. The kinetic analysis showed that this mutation result in a decreased affinity and catalytic capability for glucose. The thermal stability analysis also indicated that the mutant protein presented dramatically decreased activity at the same temperature. CONCLUSION Our study firstly identified a novel MODY2 mutation p.Ala259Thr in Chinese diabetes pedigrees. The kinetic and thermal stability analysis confirmed that this mutation caused hyperglycemia through severely damaging the enzyme activities and protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Hu, ; Yujuan Gu,
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Hu, ; Yujuan Gu,
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Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling is critical to many physiological processes, and its kinetics and subcellular localization are tightly regulated in all cell types. All Ca2+ flux perturbations impact cell function and may contribute to various diseases, including cancer. Several modulators of Ca2+ signaling are attractive pharmacological targets due to their accessibility at the plasma membrane. Despite this, the number of specific inhibitors is still limited, and to date there are no anticancer drugs in the clinic that target Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+ dynamics are impacted, in part, by modifications of cellular metabolic pathways. Conversely, it is well established that Ca2+ regulates cellular bioenergetics by allosterically activating key metabolic enzymes and metabolite shuttles or indirectly by modulating signaling cascades. A coordinated interplay between Ca2+ and metabolism is essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the reciprocal interaction between Ca2+ and metabolism and discuss the potential consequences of this interplay in cancer cells. We highlight the contribution of Ca2+ to the metabolic reprogramming observed in cancer. We also describe how the metabolic adaptation of cancer cells influences this crosstalk to regulate protumorigenic signaling pathways. We suggest that the dual targeting of these processes might provide unprecedented opportunities for anticancer strategies. Interestingly, promising evidence for the synergistic effects of antimetabolites and Ca2+-modulating agents is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dejos
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Anna Rita Cantelmo
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France
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Cho J, Horikawa Y, Enya M, Takeda J, Imai Y, Imai Y, Handa H, Imai T. L-Arginine prevents cereblon-mediated ubiquitination of glucokinase and stimulates glucose-6-phosphate production in pancreatic β-cells. Commun Biol 2020; 3:497. [PMID: 32901087 PMCID: PMC7479149 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine a mechanism by which L-arginine increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β-cells by finding a protein with affinity to L-arginine using arginine-immobilized magnetic nanobeads technology. Glucokinase (GCK), the key regulator of GSIS and a disease-causing gene of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2), was found to bind L-arginine. L-Arginine stimulated production of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and induced insulin secretion. We analyzed glucokinase mutants and identified three glutamate residues that mediate binding to L-arginine. One MODY2 patient with GCKE442* demonstrated lower C-peptide-to-glucose ratio after arginine administration. In β-cell line, GCKE442* reduced L-arginine-induced insulin secretion compared with GCKWT. In addition, we elucidated that the binding of arginine protects glucokinase from degradation by E3 ubiquitin ligase cereblon mediated ubiquitination. We conclude that L-arginine induces insulin secretion by increasing G6P production by glucokinase through direct stimulation and by prevention of degradation. Using arginine-immobilized magnetic nanobeads, Cho et al. show that glucokinase, the key regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, binds L-arginine, which protects glucokinase from ubiquitination-mediated degradation while inducing insulin secretion. This study provides mechanistic insights into how L-arginine increases insulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Cho
- Department Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yukio Horikawa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mayumi Enya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yoichi Imai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Nanoparticle Translational Research, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Department Aging Intervention, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
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Whitticar NB, Nunemaker CS. Reducing Glucokinase Activity to Enhance Insulin Secretion: A Counterintuitive Theory to Preserve Cellular Function and Glucose Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:378. [PMID: 32582035 PMCID: PMC7296051 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells are the only cells in the body that can synthesize and secrete insulin. Through the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, beta-cells release insulin into circulation, stimulating GLUT4-dependent glucose uptake into peripheral tissue. Insulin is normally secreted in pulses that promote signaling at the liver. Long before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, beta-cells become oversensitive to glucose, causing impaired pulsatility and overstimulation in fasting levels of glucose. The resulting hypersecretion of insulin can cause poor insulin signaling and clearance at the liver, leading to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Continued overactivity can eventually lead to beta-cell exhaustion and failure at which point type 2 diabetes begins. To prevent or reverse the negative effects of overstimulation, beta-cell activity can be reduced. Clinical studies have revealed the potential of beta-cell rest to reverse new cases of diabetes, but treatments lack durable benefits. In this perspective, we propose an intervention that reduces overactive glucokinase activity in the beta-cell. Glucokinase is known as the glucose sensor of the beta-cell due to its high control over insulin secretion. Therefore, glycolytic overactivity may be responsible for hyperinsulinemia early in the disease and can be reduced to restore normal stimulus-secretion coupling. We have previously reported that reducing glucokinase activity in prediabetic mouse islets can restore pulsatility and enhance insulin secretion. Building on this counterintuitive finding, we review the importance of pulsatile insulin secretion and highlight how normalizing glucose sensing in the beta cell during prediabetic hyperinsulinemia may restore pulsatility and improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Whitticar
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Craig S. Nunemaker
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Tang KS. The current and future perspectives of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2019; 239:117011. [PMID: 31669241 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted and costly disease, which requires serious attention. Finding a cheaper anti-diabetic alternative that can act on multiple disease-related targets and pathways is the ultimate treatment goal for DM. Nanotechnology has offered some exciting possibilities in biomedical and drug delivery applications. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), a novel agent to deliver zinc, have great implications in many disease therapies including DM. This review summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms by which ZnO-NPs alleviate DM and diabetic complications. Research implications and future perspectives were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Du T, Yang L, Xu X, Shi X, Xu X, Lu J, Lv J, Huang X, Chen J, Wang H, Ye J, Hu L, Shen X. Vincamine as a GPR40 agonist improves glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:195-214. [PMID: 30400036 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vincamine, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid extracted from the Madagascar periwinkle, is clinically used for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, while also treated as a dietary supplement with nootropic function. Given the neuronal protection of vincamine and the potency of β-cell amelioration in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we investigated the potential of vincamine in protecting β-cells and ameliorating glucose homeostasis in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we found that vincamine could protect INS-832/13 cells function by regulating G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40)/cAMP/Ca2+/IRS2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, while increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by modulating GPR40/cAMP/Ca2+/CaMKII pathway, which reveals a novel mechanism underlying GPR40-mediated cell protection and GSIS in INS-832/13 cells. Moreover, administration of vincamine effectively ameliorated glucose homeostasis in either HFD/STZ or db/db type 2 diabetic mice. To our knowledge, our current work might be the first report on vincamine targeting GPR40 and its potential in the treatment of T2DM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Glucose/metabolism
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Insulin Secretion/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Vincamine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Du
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Xu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianlu Lv
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Huang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heyao Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Ye
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lihong Hu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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10
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Sternisha SM, Miller BG. Molecular and cellular regulation of human glucokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:199-213. [PMID: 30641049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in humans is tightly controlled by the activity of glucokinase (GCK). GCK is predominantly produced in the pancreas, where it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of insulin secretion, and in the liver, where it participates in glycogen synthesis. A multitude of disease-causing mutations within the gck gene have been identified. Activating mutations manifest themselves in the clinic as congenital hyperinsulinism, while loss-of-function mutations produce several diabetic conditions. Indeed, pharmaceutical companies have shown great interest in developing GCK-associated treatments for diabetic patients. Due to its essential role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, GCK activity is extensively regulated at multiple levels. GCK possesses a unique ability to self-regulate its own activity via slow conformational dynamics, which allows for a cooperative response to glucose. GCK is also subject to a number of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modification events that produce a broad range of physiological consequences. While significant advances in our understanding of these individual regulatory mechanisms have been recently achieved, how these strategies are integrated and coordinated within the cell is less clear. This review serves to synthesize the relevant findings and offer insights into the connections between molecular and cellular control of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sternisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over 25 years ago enabled the development of a diverse array of genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors that are capable of measuring the spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction pathways in live cells. In an effort to encapsulate the breadth over which fluorescent biosensors have expanded, we endeavored to assemble a comprehensive list of published engineered biosensors, and we discuss many of the molecular designs utilized in their development. Then, we review how the high temporal and spatial resolution afforded by fluorescent biosensors has aided our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks at the cellular and subcellular level. Finally, we highlight some emerging areas of research in both biosensor design and applications that are on the forefront of biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Greenwald
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
| | - Sohum Mehta
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
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12
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Snell NE, Rao VP, Seckinger KM, Liang J, Leser J, Mancini AE, Rizzo MA. Homotransfer of FRET Reporters for Live Cell Imaging. Biosensors (Basel) 2018; 8:bios8040089. [PMID: 30314323 PMCID: PMC6316388 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorophores of the same species was recognized in the early to mid-1900s, well before modern heterotransfer applications. Recently, homotransfer FRET principles have re-emerged in biosensors that incorporate genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. Homotransfer offers distinct advantages over the standard heterotransfer FRET method, some of which are related to the use of fluorescence polarization microscopy to quantify FRET between two fluorophores of identical color. These include enhanced signal-to-noise, greater compatibility with other optical sensors and modulators, and new design strategies based upon the clustering or dimerization of singly-labeled sensors. Here, we discuss the theoretical basis for measuring homotransfer using polarization microscopy, procedures for data collection and processing, and we review the existing genetically-encoded homotransfer biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Snell
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Vishnu P Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Kendra M Seckinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Junyi Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Jenna Leser
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Allison E Mancini
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - M A Rizzo
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St/HH525B, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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13
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Jiang WJ, Peng YC, Yang KM. Cellular signaling pathways regulating β-cell proliferation as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3275-3285. [PMID: 30233674 PMCID: PMC6143874 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that a decrease in β-cell number and deficiency in the function of existing β-cells contribute to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, a major focus of current research is to identify novel methods of improving the number and function of β-cells, so as to prevent and/or postpone the development of diabetes mellitus and potentially reverse diabetes mellitus. Based on prior knowledge of the above-mentioned causes, promising therapeutic approaches may include direct transplantation of islets, implantation and subsequent induced differentiation of progenitors/stem cells to β-cells, replication of pre-existing β-cells, or activation of endogenous β-cell progenitors. More recently, with regards to cell replacement and regenerative treatment for diabetes patients, the identification of cellular signaling pathways with related genes or corresponding proteins involved in diabetes has become a topic of interest. However, the majority of pathways and molecules associated with β-cells remain unresolved, and the specialized functions of known pathways remain unclear, particularly in humans. The current article has evaluated the progress of research on pivotal cellular signaling pathways involved with β-cell proliferation and survival, and their validity for therapeutic adult β-cell regeneration in diabetes. More efforts are required to elucidate the cellular events involved in human β-cell proliferation in terms of the underlying mechanisms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Jiang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Chuan Peng
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Ming Yang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
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14
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Seckinger KM, Rao VP, Snell NE, Mancini AE, Markwardt ML, Rizzo MA. Nitric Oxide Activates β-Cell Glucokinase by Promoting Formation of the "Glucose-Activated" State. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5136-5144. [PMID: 30053375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The release of insulin from the pancreas is tightly controlled by glucokinase (GCK) activity that couples β-cell metabolism to changes in blood sugar. Despite having only a single glucose-binding site, GCK displays positive glucose cooperativity. Ex vivo structural studies have identified several potential protein conformations with varying levels of enzymatic activity, yet it is unclear how living cells regulate GCK cooperativity. To better understand the cellular regulation of GCK activation, we developed a homotransfer Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) GCK biosensor and used polarization microscopy to eliminate fluorescence crosstalk from FRET quantification and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. This approach enhanced sensor contrast compared to that seen with the heterotransfer FRET GCK reporter and allowed observation of individual GCK states using an automated method to analyze FRET data at the pixel level. Mutations known to activate and inhibit GCK activity produced distinct anisotropy distributions, suggesting that at least two conformational states exist in living cells. A high glucose level activated the biosensor in a manner consistent with GCK's enzymology. Interestingly, glucose-free conditions did not affect GCK biosensor FRET, indicating that there is a single low-activity state, which is counter to proposed structural models of GCK cooperativity. Under low-glucose conditions, application of chemical NO donors efficiently shifted GCK to the more active conformation. Notably, GCK activation by mutation, a high glucose level, a pharmacological GCK activator, or S-nitrosylation all shared the same FRET distribution. These data suggest a simplified model for GCK activation in living cells, where post-translational modification of GCK by S-nitrosylation facilitates a single conformational transition that enhances GCK enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Seckinger
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Vishnu P Rao
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Nicole E Snell
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Allison E Mancini
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Michele L Markwardt
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - M A Rizzo
- Department of Physiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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15
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Ross BL, Tenner B, Markwardt ML, Zviman A, Shi G, Kerr JP, Snell NE, McFarland JJ, Mauban JR, Ward CW, Rizzo MA, Zhang J. Single-color, ratiometric biosensors for detecting signaling activities in live cells. eLife 2018; 7:e35458. [PMID: 29968564 PMCID: PMC6037473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have revolutionized the study of signal transduction by enabling the real-time tracking of signaling activities in live cells. Investigating the interaction between signaling networks has become increasingly important to understanding complex cellular phenomena, necessitating an update of the biosensor toolkit to allow monitoring and perturbing multiple activities simultaneously in the same cell. We therefore developed a new class of fluorescent biosensors based on homo-FRET, deemed FLuorescence Anisotropy REporters (FLAREs), which combine the multiplexing ability of single-color sensors with a quantitative, ratiometric readout. Using an array of color variants, we were able to demonstrate multiplexed imaging of three activity reporters simultaneously in the same cell. We further demonstrate the compatibility of FLAREs for use with optogenetic tools as well as intravital two-photon imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Ross
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Brian Tenner
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Program in Molecular BiophysicsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michele L Markwardt
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Adam Zviman
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jaclyn P Kerr
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nicole E Snell
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Joseph R Mauban
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Megan A Rizzo
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Program in Molecular BiophysicsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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16
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Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells occurs in a pulsatile fashion, with a typical period of ∼5 min. The basis of this pulsatility in mouse islets has been investigated for more than four decades, and the various theories have been described as either qualitative or mathematical models. In many cases the models differ in their mechanisms for rhythmogenesis, as well as other less important details. In this Perspective, we describe two main classes of models: those in which oscillations in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration drive oscillations in metabolism, and those in which intrinsic metabolic oscillations drive oscillations in Ca2+ concentration and electrical activity. We then discuss nine canonical experimental findings that provide key insights into the mechanism of islet oscillations and list the models that can account for each finding. Finally, we describe a new model that integrates features from multiple earlier models and is thus called the Integrated Oscillator Model. In this model, intracellular Ca2+ acts on the glycolytic pathway in the generation of oscillations, and it is thus a hybrid of the two main classes of models. It alone among models proposed to date can explain all nine key experimental findings, and it serves as a good starting point for future studies of pulsatile insulin secretion from human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bertram
- Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arthur S Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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17
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Tarnowski M, Malinowski D, Pawlak K, Dziedziejko V, Safranow K, Pawlik A. GCK , GCKR , FADS1 , DGKB/TMEM195 and CDKAL1 Gene Polymorphisms in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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