1
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Cooke SF, Wright TA, Sin YY, Ling J, Kyurkchieva E, Phanthaphol N, Mcskimming T, Herbert K, Rebus S, Biankin AV, Chang DK, Baillie GS, Blair CM. Disruption of the pro-oncogenic c-RAF-PDE8A complex represents a differentiated approach to treating KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8998. [PMID: 38637546 PMCID: PMC11026450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the western world, offering advanced stage patients with few viable treatment options. Consequently, there remains an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can effectively inhibit pro-oncogenic molecular targets underpinning PDACs pathogenesis and progression. One such target is c-RAF, a downstream effector of RAS that is considered essential for the oncogenic growth and survival of mutant RAS-driven cancers (including KRASMT PDAC). Herein, we demonstrate how a novel cell-penetrating peptide disruptor (DRx-170) of the c-RAF-PDE8A protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a differentiated approach to exploiting the c-RAF-cAMP/PKA signaling axes and treating KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC. Through disrupting the c-RAF-PDE8A protein complex, DRx-170 promotes the inactivation of c-RAF through an allosteric mechanism, dependent upon inactivating PKA phosphorylation. DRx-170 inhibits cell proliferation, adhesion and migration of a KRASMT PDAC cell line (PANC1), independent of ERK1/2 activity. Moreover, combining DRx-170 with afatinib significantly enhances PANC1 growth inhibition in both 2D and 3D cellular models. DRx-170 sensitivity appears to correlate with c-RAF dependency. This proof-of-concept study supports the development of DRx-170 as a novel and differentiated strategy for targeting c-RAF activity in KRAS-c-RAF dependent PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Cooke
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas A Wright
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Yuan Yan Sin
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jiayue Ling
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Elka Kyurkchieva
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Nattaporn Phanthaphol
- Siriraj Centre of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas Mcskimming
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Katharine Herbert
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Selma Rebus
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - David K Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Connor M Blair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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2
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Glebov-McCloud AGP, Saide WS, Gaine ME, Strack S. Protein Kinase A in neurological disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38481146 PMCID: PMC10936040 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a multi-functional serine/threonine kinase that regulates a wide variety of physiological processes including gene transcription, metabolism, and synaptic plasticity. Genomic sequencing studies have identified both germline and somatic variants of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA in patients with metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we discuss the classical cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and the disease phenotypes that result from PKA variants. This review highlights distinct isoform-specific cognitive deficits that occur in both PKA catalytic and regulatory subunits, and how tissue-specific distribution of these isoforms may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders in comparison to more generalized endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G P Glebov-McCloud
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Walter S Saide
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marie E Gaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy Building, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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3
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Mastos C, Xu X, Keen AC, Halls ML. Signalling of Adrenoceptors: Canonical Pathways and New Paradigms. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38227198 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The concept of G protein-coupled receptors initially arose from studies of the β-adrenoceptor, adenylyl cyclase, and cAMP signalling pathway. Since then both canonical G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways and emerging paradigms in receptor signalling have been defined by experiments focused on adrenoceptors. Here, we discuss the evidence for G protein coupling specificity of the nine adrenoceptor subtypes. We summarise the ability of each of the adrenoceptors to activate proximal signalling mediators including cAMP, calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and protein kinase C pathways. Finally, we highlight the importance of precise spatial and temporal control of adrenoceptor signalling that is controlled by the localisation of receptors at intracellular membranes and in larger protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Mastos
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair C Keen
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Parsons EC, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. Revisiting the roles of cAMP signalling in the progression of prostate cancer. Biochem J 2023; 480:1599-1614. [PMID: 37830741 PMCID: PMC10586777 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and one of the top causes of death in men worldwide. Development and function of both normal prostate cells and early-stage prostate cancer cells are dependent on the cross-talk between androgen signalling systems and a variety of other transduction pathways which drive differentiation of these cells towards castration-resistance. One such signalling pathway is the ubiquitous cAMP signalling axis which functions to activate spatially restricted pools of cAMP effectors such as protein kinase A (PKA). The importance of both PKA and cAMP in the development of prostate cancer, and their interactions with the androgen receptor, were the focus of a review by Merkle and Hoffmann in 2010. In this updated review, we revisit this topic with analysis of current PKA-related prostate cancer literature and introduce novel information on the relevance of another cAMP effector, the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Parsons
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Oncology, Philips Research Eindhoven, High Tech Campus 34, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - George S. Baillie
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Oliveros A, Poleschuk M, Cole PD, Boison D, Jang MH. Chemobrain: An accelerated aging process linking adenosine A 2A receptor signaling in cancer survivors. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 170:267-305. [PMID: 37741694 PMCID: PMC10947554 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has a significant positive impact in cancer treatment outcomes, reducing recurrence and mortality. However, many cancer surviving children and adults suffer from aberrant chemotherapy neurotoxic effects on learning, memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. This chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is referred to as "chemobrain" or "chemofog". While the underlying mechanisms mediating CICI are still unclear, there is strong evidence that chemotherapy accelerates the biological aging process, manifesting as effects which include telomere shortening, epigenetic dysregulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial defects, impaired neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation, all of which are known to contribute to increased anxiety and neurocognitive decline. Despite the increased prevalence of CICI, there exists a lack of mechanistic understanding by which chemotherapy detrimentally affects cognition in cancer survivors. Moreover, there are no approved therapeutic interventions for this condition. To address this gap in knowledge, this review attempts to identify how adenosine signaling, particularly through the adenosine A2A receptor, can be an essential tool to attenuate accelerated aging phenotypes. Importantly, the adenosine A2A receptor uniquely stands at the crossroads of cancer treatment and improved cognition, given that it is widely known to control tumor induced immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, while also posited to be an essential regulator of cognition in neurodegenerative disease. Consequently, we propose that the adenosine A2A receptor may provide a multifaceted therapeutic strategy to enhance anticancer activity, while combating chemotherapy induced cognitive deficits, both which are essential to provide novel therapeutic interventions against accelerated aging in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Oliveros
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Michael Poleschuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Peter D Cole
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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Rohrer L, Spohr C, Beha C, Griffin R, Braun S, Halbach S, Brummer T. Analysis of RAS and drug induced homo- and heterodimerization of RAF and KSR1 proteins in living cells using split Nanoluc luciferase. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:136. [PMID: 37316874 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The dimerization of RAF kinases represents a key event in their activation cycle and in RAS/ERK pathway activation. Genetic, biochemical and structural approaches provided key insights into this process defining RAF signaling output and the clinical efficacy of RAF inhibitors (RAFi). However, methods reporting the dynamics of RAF dimerization in living cells and in real time are still in their infancy. Recently, split luciferase systems have been developed for the detection of protein-protein-interactions (PPIs), incl. proof-of-concept studies demonstrating the heterodimerization of the BRAF and RAF1 isoforms. Due to their small size, the Nanoluc luciferase moieties LgBiT and SmBiT, which reconstitute a light emitting holoenzyme upon fusion partner promoted interaction, appear as well-suited to study RAF dimerization. Here, we provide an extensive analysis of the suitability of the Nanoluc system to study the homo- and heterodimerization of BRAF, RAF1 and the related KSR1 pseudokinase. We show that KRASG12V promotes the homo- and heterodimerization of BRAF, while considerable KSR1 homo- and KSR1/BRAF heterodimerization already occurs in the absence of this active GTPase and requires a salt bridge between the CC-SAM domain of KSR1 and the BRAF-specific region. We demonstrate that loss-of-function mutations impairing key steps of the RAF activation cycle can be used as calibrators to gauge the dynamics of heterodimerization. This approach identified the RAS-binding domains and the C-terminal 14-3-3 binding motifs as particularly critical for the reconstitution of RAF mediated LgBiT/SmBiT reconstitution, while the dimer interface was less important for dimerization but essential for downstream signaling. We show for the first time that BRAFV600E, the most common BRAF oncoprotein whose dimerization status is controversially portrayed in the literature, forms homodimers in living cells more efficiently than its wildtype counterpart. Of note, Nanoluc activity reconstituted by BRAFV600E homodimers is highly sensitive to the paradox-breaking RAFi PLX8394, indicating a dynamic and specific PPI. We report the effects of eleven ERK pathway inhibitors on RAF dimerization, incl. third-generation compounds that are less-defined in terms of their dimer promoting abilities. We identify Naporafenib as a potent and long-lasting dimerizer and show that the split Nanoluc approach discriminates between type I, I1/2 and II RAFi. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lino Rohrer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Corinna Spohr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Carina Beha
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Ricarda Griffin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Sebastian Halbach
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellforschung (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
- Center for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
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7
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Lee HS, Sun H, Lagarrigue F, Kim SHJ, Fox JW, Sherman NE, Gingras AR, Ginsberg MH. Phostensin enables lymphocyte integrin activation and population of peripheral lymphoid organs. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211637. [PMID: 35766979 PMCID: PMC9247717 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rap1 GTPase drives assembly of the Mig-10/RIAM/Lamellipodin (MRL protein)-integrin-talin (MIT) complex that enables integrin-dependent lymphocyte functions. Here we used tandem affinity tag-based proteomics to isolate and analyze the MIT complex and reveal that Phostensin (Ptsn), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1, is a component of the complex. Ptsn mediates dephosphorylation of Rap1, thereby preserving the activity and membrane localization of Rap1 to stabilize the MIT complex. CRISPR/Cas9-induced deletion of PPP1R18, which encodes Ptsn, markedly suppresses integrin activation in Jurkat human T cells. We generated apparently healthy Ppp1r18-/- mice that manifest lymphocytosis and reduced population of peripheral lymphoid tissues ascribable, in part, to defective activation of integrins αLβ2 and α4β7. Ppp1r18-/- T cells exhibit reduced capacity to induce colitis in a murine adoptive transfer model. Thus, Ptsn enables lymphocyte integrin-mediated functions by dephosphorylating Rap1 to stabilize the MIT complex. As a consequence, loss of Ptsn ameliorates T cell-mediated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sup Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Frédéric Lagarrigue
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | | | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Nam G, An SK, Park IC, Bae S, Lee JH. Daphnetin inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis via PKA and ERK signaling pathways in B16F10 melanoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:596-609. [PMID: 35325017 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Daphnetin is a dehydroxylated derivative of coumarin isolated from Daphne species. However, the effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16F10 cells and its potential mechanism. Melanin content analysis and cellular tyrosinase activity assay showed that daphnetin inhibited melanin biosynthesis in α-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR also indicated that daphnetin suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a mastering transcription factor of melanogenesis and its downstream melanogenic enzymes including tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related proteins. Moreover, daphnetin downregulated the phosphorylation of PKA, ERK, MSK1, and CREB. Additionally, daphnetin inhibited melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned medium system suggesting that daphnetin has potential as an antipigmentation activity in a physiological skin condition. Our data propose that daphnetin inhibits melanogenesis via modulating both the PKA/CREB and the ERK/MSK1/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Nam
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwan An
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Raymond JH, Aktary Z, Larue L, Delmas V. Targeting GPCRs and Their Signaling as a Therapeutic Option in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:706. [PMID: 35158973 PMCID: PMC8833576 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sixteen G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been involved in melanogenesis or melanomagenesis. Here, we review these GPCRs, their associated signaling, and therapies. Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve prominent roles in melanocyte lineage physiology, with an impact at all stages of development, as well as on mature melanocyte functions. GPCR ligands are present in the skin and regulate melanocyte homeostasis, including pigmentation. The role of GPCRs in the regulation of pigmentation and, consequently, protection against external aggression, such as ultraviolet radiation, has long been established. However, evidence of new functions of GPCRs directly in melanomagenesis has been highlighted in recent years. GPCRs are coupled, through their intracellular domains, to heterotrimeric G-proteins, which induce cellular signaling through various pathways. Such signaling modulates numerous essential cellular processes that occur during melanomagenesis, including proliferation and migration. GPCR-associated signaling in melanoma can be activated by the binding of paracrine factors to their receptors or directly by activating mutations. In this review, we present melanoma-associated alterations of GPCRs and their downstream signaling and discuss the various preclinical models used to evaluate new therapeutic approaches against GPCR activity in melanoma. Recent striking advances in our understanding of the structure, function, and regulation of GPCRs will undoubtedly broaden melanoma treatment options in the future.
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Bączyk M, Manuel M, Roselli F, Zytnicki D. From Physiological Properties to Selective Vulnerability of Motor Units in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Adv Neurobiol 2022; 28:375-394. [PMID: 36066833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal alpha-motoneurons are classified in several types depending on the contractile properties of the innervated muscle fibers. This diversity is further displayed in different levels of vulnerability of distinct motor units to neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We summarize recent data suggesting that, contrary to the excitotoxicity hypothesis, the most vulnerable motor units are hypoexcitable and experience a reduction in their firing prior to symptoms onset in ALS. We suggest that a dysregulation of activity-dependent transcriptional programs in these motoneurons alter crucial cellular functions such as mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, axonal sprouting capability and re-innervation of neuromuscular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bączyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marin Manuel
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Zytnicki
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Miningou Zobon NT, Jędrzejewska-Szmek J, Blackwell KT. Temporal pattern and synergy influence activity of ERK signaling pathways during L-LTP induction. eLife 2021; 10:e64644. [PMID: 34374340 PMCID: PMC8363267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting long-term potentiation (L-LTP) is a cellular mechanism of learning and memory storage. Studies have demonstrated a requirement for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in L-LTP produced by a diversity of temporal stimulation patterns. Multiple signaling pathways converge to activate ERK, with different pathways being required for different stimulation patterns. To answer whether and how different temporal patterns select different signaling pathways for ERK activation, we developed a computational model of five signaling pathways (including two novel pathways) leading to ERK activation during L-LTP induction. We show that calcium and cAMP work synergistically to activate ERK and that stimuli given with large intertrial intervals activate more ERK than shorter intervals. Furthermore, these pathways contribute to different dynamics of ERK activation. These results suggest that signaling pathways with different temporal sensitivities facilitate ERK activation to diversity of temporal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatic, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bioengineering Department, George Mason UniversityFairfaxUnited States
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason UniversityFairfaxUnited States
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Hamed O, Joshi R, Michi AN, Kooi C, Giembycz MA. β 2-Adrenoceptor Agonists Promote ERK1/2 Dephosphorylation in Human Airway Epithelial Cells by Canonical, cAMP-driven Signaling Independently of β-Arrestin 2. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:388-405. [PMID: 34341099 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of β2-adrenoceptor agonists as a monotherapy in asthma is associated with a loss of disease control and an increased risk of mortality. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that β2-adrenoceptor agonists, including formoterol, promote biased, β-arrestin 2 (βArr2)-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK1/2, in human airway epithelial cells and, thereby, effect changes in gene expression that could contribute to their adverse clinical outcomes. Three airway epithelial cell models were used: the BEAS-2B cell line, human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) grown in submersion culture and HBEC that were highly differentiated at an air-liquid interface. Unexpectedly, treatment of all epithelial cell models with formoterol decreased basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This was mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and involved the inactivation of C-rapidly-activated fibrosarcoma, which attenuated down-stream ERK1/2 activity, and the induction of dual-specificity phosphatase-1. Formoterol also inhibited the basal expression of early growth response-1, an ERK1/2-regulated gene that controls cell growth and repair in the airways. Neither carvedilol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist biased towards βArr2, nor formoterol promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation in BEAS-2B cells although β2-adrenoceptor desensitization was compromised in ARRB2-deficient cells. Collectively, these results contest the hypothesis that formoterol activates ERK1/2 in airway epithelia by nucleating a βArr2 signaling complex; instead, they indicate that β2-adrenoceptor agonists inhibit constitutive ERK1/2 activity in a cAMP-dependent manner. These findings are the antithesis of results obtained using acutely challenged native and engineered HEK293 cells, which have been used extensively to study mechanisms of ERK1/2 activation, and highlight the cell-type-dependence of β2-adrenoceptor-mediated signaling. Significance Statement It has been proposed that the adverse-effects of β2-adrenoceptor agonist monotherapy in asthma are mediated by genomic mechanisms that occur principally in airway epithelial cells and are the result of β-arrestin 2-dependent activation of ERK1/2. This study shows that β2-adrenoceptor agonists, paradoxically, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in airway epithelia by disrupting upstream Ras-C-Raf complex formation and inducing DUSP1. Moreover, these effects were PKA-dependent suggesting that β2-adrenoceptor agonists were not biased toward β-arrestin 2 and acted via canonical, cAMP-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hamed
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Simple Summary In 2021 it is estimated that there will be 44,280 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States and the incidence rate is higher in women than in men by almost 3 times. Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer and includes follicular (FTC) and papillary (PTC) carcinomas. Over the last decade, researchers have been able to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis, identifying genes including but not limited to RAS, BRAF, PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements and others, as well as several tumor genes involved in major signaling pathways regulating cell cycle, differentiation, growth, or proliferation. Patients with Carney complex (CNC) have increased incidence of thyroid tumors, including cancer, yet little is known about this association. CNC is a familial multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome cause by inactivating mutations in the PRKAR1A gene which encodes the regulatory subunit type 1α of protein kinase A. This work summarizes what we know today about PRKAR1A defects in humans and mice and their role in thyroid tumor development, as the first such review on this issue. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and the incidence is rapidly increasing. Follicular (FTC) and papillary thyroid (PTC) carcinomas comprise the well-differentiated subtype and they are the two most common thyroid carcinomas. Multiple molecular genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified in various types of thyroid tumors over the years. Point mutations in BRAF, RAS as well as RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements are common. Thyroid cancer, including both FTC and PTC, has been observed in patients with Carney Complex (CNC), a syndrome that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and predisposes to various tumors. CNC is caused by inactivating mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene encoding the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) type 1α regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) mapped in chromosome 17 (17q22–24). Growth of the thyroid is driven by the TSH/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and it has been shown in mouse models that PKA activation through genetic ablation of the regulatory subunit Prkar1a can cause FTC. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms contributing to thyroid tumorigenesis associated with inactivation of the RRKAR1A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-451-7177
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Qian H, Xiao J, Shang Q, Wang J, Liang M, Gao B, Chen G, Li T, Liu X. Spatiotemporal expression of Rap1 and Ras mediates the acquisition and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in mice via extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1035-40. [PMID: 34232127 DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic recurrent brain disease characterized by compulsive drug use and a high tendency to relapse. We previously reported that the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-ΔFosB pathway in the caudate putamen (CPu) was involved in methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Rap1, as an antagonist of Ras originally, was found to participate in neuronal synaptic plasticity recently, but the role of Rap1 in methamphetamine addiction is unclear. First, in this study, we constructed the acquisition, extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice, respectively. Then, protein levels of Rap1, Ras and pERK/ERK in the prefrontal cortex (PFc), CPu and hippocampus of CPP mice on three phases were detected. We found that protein levels of Rap1, Ras and pERK/ERK in the CPu were significantly increased after repeated methamphetamine administration, as well as Rap1 and pERK/ERK in the hippocampus. However, protein levels of Rap1 and pERK/ERK in the CPu were decreased on the reinstatement of CPP mice. Therefore, Rap1 and Ras in the CPu and Rap1 in the hippocampus may participate in the regulation of the acquisition of methamphetamine-induced CPP in mice by activating ERK. Moreover, Rap1-ERK cascade in the CPu contributes to both the acquisition and reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced CPP in mice.
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15
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Kermath BA, Vanderplow AM, Bjornson KJ, Seablom EN, Novak AM, Bernhardt CR, Cahill ME. The Rap1 small GTPase is a critical mediator of the effects of stress on prefrontal cortical dysfunction. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3223-39. [PMID: 32651478 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neural molecular and biochemical response to stress is a distinct physiological process, and multiple lines of evidence indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly sensitive to, and afflicted by, exposure to stress. Largely through this PFC dysfunction, stress has a characterized role in facilitating cognitive impairment, which is often dissociable from its effects on non-cognitive behaviors. The Rap1 small GTPase pathway has emerged as a commonly disrupted intracellular target in neuropsychiatric conditions, whether it be via alterations in Rap1 expression or through alterations in the expression of direct and specific upstream Rap1 activators and inhibitors. Here we demonstrate that escalating, intermittent stress increases Rap1 in mouse PFC synapses, results in cognitive impairments, and reduces the preponderance of mature dendritic spines in PFC neurons. Using viral-mediated gene transfer, we reveal that the hyper-induction of Rap1 in the PFC is sufficient to drive stress-relevant cognitive and synaptic phenotypes. These findings point to Rap1 as a critical mediator of stress-driven neuronal and behavioral pathology and highlight a previously unrecognized involvement for Rap1 in novelty-driven PFC engagement.
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16
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Mehta S, Zhang J. Biochemical Activity Architectures Visualized-Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors to Map the Spatial Boundaries of Signaling Compartments. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2409-2420. [PMID: 33949851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All biological processes arise through the coordinated actions of biochemical pathways. How such functional diversity is achieved by a finite cast of molecular players remains a central mystery in biology. Spatial compartmentation-the idea that biochemical activities are organized around discrete spatial domains within cells-was first proposed nearly 40 years ago and has become firmly rooted in our understanding of how biochemical pathways are regulated to ensure specificity. However, directly interrogating spatial compartmentation and its mechanistic origins has only really become possible in the last 20 or so years, following technological advances such as the development of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors. These powerful molecular tools permit a direct, real-time visualization of dynamic biochemical processes in native biological contexts, and they are essential for probing the spatial regulation of biochemical activities. In this Account, we review our lab's efforts in developing and using biosensors to map the spatial compartmentation of intracellular signaling pathways and illuminate key mechanisms that establish the boundaries of an intricate biochemical activity architecture. We first discuss the role of regulatory fences, wherein the dynamic activation and deactivation of diffusible messengers produce diverse signaling compartments. For example, we used biosensors for the Ca2+ effector calmodulin and its downstream target calcineurin to reveal a spatial gradient of calmodulin that controls the temporal dynamics of calcineurin signaling. Our studies using cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) biosensors have similarly elucidated fenced cAMP domains generated by competing production and degradation pathways, ranging in size from cell-spanning gradients to nanoscale hotspots. Second, we describe the role played by intracellular membranes in creating unique signaling platforms with distinctive pathway regulation, as revealed through studies using subcellularly targeted fluorescent biosensors. Using biosensors to visualize subcellular extracellular response kinase (ERK) pathway activity, for example, led us to discover a local signaling circuit that mediates distinct plasma membrane ERK dynamics versus global ERK signaling. Similarly, our work developing biosensors to monitor the subcellular mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling allowed us to not only clarify the presence of mTORC1 activity in the nucleus but also identify a novel mechanism governing the activation of mTORC1 in this location. Finally, we detail how molecular assemblies enable the precise spatial tuning of biochemical activity, through investigations enabled by cutting-edge advances in biosensor design. We recently identified liquid-liquid phase separation as a major factor in cAMP compartmentation aided by a new strategy for targeting biosensors to endogenously expressed proteins via genome editing, for instance, and have also been able to directly visualize nanometer-scale protein kinase signalosomes using an entirely new class of biosensors specifically developed for the dynamic super-resolution imaging of live-cell biochemical activities. Our work provides key insights into the molecular logic of spatially regulated signaling and lays the foundation for a broader exploration of biochemical activity architectures across multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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17
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, Machado C, Ferro Aissa A, Dos Santos PW, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. p-synephrine induces transcriptional changes via the cAMP/PKA pathway but not cytotoxicity or mutagenicity in human gastrointestinal cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2021; 84:196-212. [PMID: 33292089 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1855490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
p-Synephrine (SN) is an alkaloid added to thermogenic formulations for weight loss that is predominantly absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI). As the adverse effects of SN on GI cells remain unclear, the aim of present study was to examine whether SN affected cell viability, cell cycle kinetics, genomic stability, redox status, and expression of cAMP/PKA pathway genes related to metabolism/energy homeostasis in stomach mucosa (MNP01) and colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) human cells. p-Synephrine at 25-5000 μM was not cytotoxic to both cell lines. At 2-200 μM, SN increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also enhanced levels of antioxidant defense molecules glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity, which may account for the absence of cytotoxicity/mutagenicity in both cell lines. SN induced expression of the cAMP/PKA pathway genes ADCY3 and MAPK1 in MNP01 cells and MAPK1, GNAS, PRKACA, and PRKAR2A in Caco-2 cells, as well as modulated the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation (JUN; AKT1) and inflammation (RELA; TNF) in both cell lines. Therefore, the improved antioxidant state mitigated pro-oxidative effects attributed to SN. Evidence indicates that SN does not appear to exhibit adverse potential but modulated the cAMP/PKA pathway in human GI cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington Dos Santos
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Braune S, Küpper JH, Jung F. Effect of Prostanoids on Human Platelet Function: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239020. [PMID: 33260972 PMCID: PMC7730041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoids are bioactive lipid mediators and take part in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in practically every organ, tissue and cell, including the vascular, renal, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. In this review, we focus on their influence on platelets, which are key elements in thrombosis and hemostasis. The function of platelets is influenced by mediators in the blood and the vascular wall. Activated platelets aggregate and release bioactive substances, thereby activating further neighbored platelets, which finally can lead to the formation of thrombi. Prostanoids regulate the function of blood platelets by both activating or inhibiting and so are involved in hemostasis. Each prostanoid has a unique activity profile and, thus, a specific profile of action. This article reviews the effects of the following prostanoids: prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2), prostaglandin-E1, -E2 and E3 (PGE1, PGE2, PGE3), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane-A2 (TXA2) on platelet activation and aggregation via their respective receptors.
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19
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Comer S, Nagy Z, Bolado A, von Kriegsheim A, Gambaryan S, Walter U, Pagel O, Zahedi RP, Jurk K, Smolenski A. The RhoA regulators Myo9b and GEF-H1 are targets of cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases in platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3002-3012. [PMID: 32692911 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating platelets are maintained in an inactive state by the endothelial lining of the vasculature. Endothelium-derived prostacyclin and nitric oxide stimulate cAMP- and cGMP-dependent kinases, PKA and PKG, to inhibit platelets. PKA and PKG effects include the inhibition of the GTPase RhoA, which has been suggested to involve the direct phosphorylation of RhoA on serine 188. OBJECTIVES We wanted to confirm RhoA S188 phosphorylation by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases and to identify possible alternative mechanisms of RhoA regulation in platelets. METHODS Phosphoproteomics data of human platelets were used to identify candidate PKA and PKG substrates. Phosphorylation of individual proteins was studied by Western blotting and Phos-tag gel electrophoresis in human platelets and transfected HEK293T cells. Pull-down assays were performed to analyze protein interaction and function. RESULTS Our data indicate that RhoA is not phosphorylated by PKA in platelets. Instead, we provide evidence that cyclic nucleotide effects are mediated through the phosphorylation of the RhoA-specific GTPase-activating protein Myo9b and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1. We identify Myo9b S1354 and guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) S886 as PKA and PKG phosphorylation sites. Myo9b S1354 phosphorylation enhances its GTPase activating protein function leading to reduced RhoA-GTP levels. GEF-H1 S886 phosphorylation stimulates binding of 14-3-3β and has been shown to inhibit GEF function by facilitating binding of GEF-H1 to microtubules. Microtubule disruption increases RhoA-GTP levels confirming the importance of GEF-H1 in platelets. CONCLUSION Phosphorylation of RhoA regulatory proteins Myo9b and GEF-H1, but not RhoA itself, is involved in cyclic nucleotide-mediated control of RhoA in human platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Comer
- UCD School of Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- UCD School of Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Bolado
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute for Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Pagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albert Smolenski
- UCD School of Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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20
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Hoy JJ, Salinas Parra N, Park J, Kuhn S, Iglesias-Bartolome R. Protein kinase A inhibitor proteins (PKIs) divert GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling toward EPAC and ERK activation and are involved in tumor growth. FASEB J 2020; 34:13900-13917. [PMID: 32830375 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001515r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The PKA-inhibitor (PKI) family members PKIα, PKIβ, and PKIγ bind with high affinity to PKA and block its kinase activity, modulating the extent, and duration of PKA-mediated signaling events. While PKA is a well-known regulator of physiological and oncogenic events, the role of PKI proteins in these pathways has remained elusive. Here, by measuring activation of the MAPK pathway downstream of GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling, we show that the expression levels of PKI proteins can alter the balance of activation of two major cAMP targets: PKA and EPAC. Our results indicate that PKA maintains repressive control over MAPK signaling as well as a negative feedback on cAMP concentration. Overexpression of PKI and its subsequent repression of PKA dysregulates these signaling pathways, resulting in increased intracellular cAMP, and enhanced activation of EPAC and MAPK. We also find that amplifications of PKIA are common in prostate cancer and are associated with reduced progression free survival. Depletion of PKIA in prostate cancer cells leads to reduced migration, increased sensitivity to anoikis and reduced tumor growth. By altering PKA activity PKI can act as a molecular switch, driving GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling toward activation of EPAC-RAP1 and MAPK, ultimately modulating tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Hoy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natalia Salinas Parra
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeannie Park
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Skyler Kuhn
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Keyes J, Ganesan A, Molinar-Inglis O, Hamidzadeh A, Zhang J, Ling M, Trejo J, Levchenko A, Zhang J. Signaling diversity enabled by Rap1-regulated plasma membrane ERK with distinct temporal dynamics. eLife 2020; 9:57410. [PMID: 32452765 PMCID: PMC7289600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of different signals induce specific responses through a common, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent cascade. It has been suggested that signaling specificity can be achieved through precise temporal regulation of ERK activity. Given the wide distrubtion of ERK susbtrates across different subcellular compartments, it is important to understand how ERK activity is temporally regulated at specific subcellular locations. To address this question, we have expanded the toolbox of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based ERK biosensors by creating a series of improved biosensors targeted to various subcellular regions via sequence specific motifs to measure spatiotemporal changes in ERK activity. Using these sensors, we showed that EGF induces sustained ERK activity near the plasma membrane in sharp contrast to the transient activity observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, EGF-induced plasma membrane ERK activity involves Rap1, a noncanonical activator, and controls cell morphology and EGF-induced membrane protrusion dynamics. Our work strongly supports that spatial and temporal regulation of ERK activity is integrated to control signaling specificity from a single extracellular signal to multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Keyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ambhighainath Ganesan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Archer Hamidzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jinfan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Megan Ling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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22
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Demircioglu F, Wang J, Candido J, Costa ASH, Casado P, de Luxan Delgado B, Reynolds LE, Gomez-Escudero J, Newport E, Rajeeve V, Baker AM, Roy-Luzarraga M, Graham TA, Foster J, Wang Y, Campbell JJ, Singh R, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Balkwill FR, Sosabowski J, Cutillas PR, Frezza C, Sancho P, Hodivala-Dilke K. Cancer associated fibroblast FAK regulates malignant cell metabolism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32157087 PMCID: PMC7064590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cell metabolism can be regulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), but the mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we show that CAFs regulate malignant cell metabolism through pathways under the control of FAK. In breast and pancreatic cancer patients we find that low FAK expression, specifically in the stromal compartment, predicts reduced overall survival. In mice, depletion of FAK in a subpopulation of CAFs regulates paracrine signals that increase malignant cell glycolysis and tumour growth. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis in our mouse model identifies metabolic alterations which are reflected at the transcriptomic level in patients with low stromal FAK. Mechanistically we demonstrate that FAK-depletion in CAFs increases chemokine production, which via CCR1/CCR2 on cancer cells, activate protein kinase A, leading to enhanced malignant cell glycolysis. Our data uncover mechanisms whereby stromal fibroblasts regulate cancer cell metabolism independent of genetic mutations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Juliana Candido
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Beatriz de Luxan Delgado
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesus Gomez-Escudero
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emma Newport
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marina Roy-Luzarraga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | | | - Rajinder Singh
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Thomas J Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 Maude Ave, Mountain View, CA94043, USA
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jane Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer and Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- IIS Aragon, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Nussinov R, Jang H, Zhang M, Tsai CJ, Sablina AA. The Mystery of Rap1 Suppression of Oncogenic Ras. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:369-379. [PMID: 32249186 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades ago, Rap1, a small GTPase very similar to Ras, was observed to suppress oncogenic Ras phenotype, reverting its transformation. The proposed reason, persisting since, has been competition between Ras and Rap1 for a common target. Yet, none was found. There was also Rap1's puzzling suppression of Raf-1 versus activation of BRAF. Reemerging interest in Rap1 envisages capturing its Ras suppression action by inhibitors. Here, we review the literature and resolve the enigma. In vivo oncogenic Ras exists in isoform-distinct nanoclusters. The presence of Rap1 within the nanoclusters reduces the number of the clustered oncogenic Ras molecules, thus suppressing Raf-1 activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Nanoclustering suggests that Rap1 suppression is Ras isoform dependent. Altogether, a potent Rap1-like inhibitor appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna A Sablina
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease and KU Leuven Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Kosuru R, Chrzanowska M. Integration of Rap1 and Calcium Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1616. [PMID: 32120817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal intracellular signal. The modulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration regulates a plethora of cellular processes, such as: synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, chemotaxis of immune cells, platelet aggregation, vasodilation, and cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Rap1 GTPases are ubiquitously expressed binary switches that alternate between active and inactive states and are regulated by diverse families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Active Rap1 couples extracellular stimulation with intracellular signaling through secondary messengers—cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ca2+, and diacylglycerol (DAG). Much evidence indicates that Rap1 signaling intersects with Ca2+ signaling pathways to control the important cellular functions of platelet activation or neuronal plasticity. Rap1 acts as an effector of Ca2+ signaling when activated by mechanisms involving Ca2+ and DAG-activated (CalDAG-) GEFs. Conversely, activated by other GEFs, such as cAMP-dependent GEF Epac, Rap1 controls cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. It does so by regulating the activity of Ca2+ signaling proteins such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). In this review, we focus on the physiological significance of the links between Rap1 and Ca2+ signaling and emphasize the molecular interactions that may offer new targets for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, among other diseases.
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Miningou N, Blackwell KT. The road to ERK activation: Do neurons take alternate routes? Cell Signal 2020; 68:109541. [PMID: 31945453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ERK cascade is a central signaling pathway that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, learning and memory, development, and synaptic plasticity. A wide range of inputs travel from the membrane through different signaling pathway routes to reach activation of one set of output kinases, ERK1&2. The classical ERK activation pathway beings with growth factor activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Numerous G-protein coupled receptors and ionotropic receptors also lead to ERK through increases in the second messengers calcium and cAMP. Though both types of pathways are present in diverse cell types, a key difference is that most stimuli to neurons, e.g. synaptic inputs, are transient, on the order of milliseconds to seconds, whereas many stimuli acting on non-neural tissue, e.g. growth factors, are longer duration. The ability to consolidate these inputs to regulate the activation of ERK in response to diverse signals raises the question of which factors influence the difference in ERK activation pathways. This review presents both experimental studies and computational models aimed at understanding the control of ERK activation and whether there are fundamental differences between neurons and other cells. Our main conclusion is that differences between cell types are quite subtle, often related to differences in expression pattern and quantity of some molecules such as Raf isoforms. In addition, the spatial location of ERK is critical, with regulation by scaffolding proteins producing differences due to colocalization of upstream molecules that may differ between neurons and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiatou Miningou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States of America
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience and Bioengineering Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States of America.
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Tschaikner P, Enzler F, Torres-Quesada O, Aanstad P, Stefan E. Hedgehog and Gpr161: Regulating cAMP Signaling in the Primary Cilium. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010118. [PMID: 31947770 PMCID: PMC7017137 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization of diverse types of signaling molecules contributes to the precise coordination of signal propagation. The primary cilium fulfills this function by acting as a spatiotemporally confined sensory signaling platform. For the integrity of ciliary signaling, it is mandatory that the ciliary signaling pathways are constantly attuned by alterations in both oscillating small molecules and the presence or absence of their sensor/effector proteins. In this context, ciliary G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways participate in coordinating the mobilization of the diffusible second messenger molecule 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP fluxes in the cilium are primarily sensed by protein kinase A (PKA) complexes, which are essential for the basal repression of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here, we describe the dynamic properties of underlying signaling circuits, as well as strategies for second messenger compartmentalization. As an example, we summarize how receptor-guided cAMP-effector pathways control the off state of Hh signaling. We discuss the evidence that a macromolecular, ciliary-localized signaling complex, composed of the orphan GPCR Gpr161 and type I PKA holoenzymes, is involved in antagonizing Hh functions. Finally, we outline how ciliary cAMP-linked receptor pathways and cAMP-sensing signalosomes may become targets for more efficient combinatory therapy approaches to counteract dysregulation of Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Tschaikner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.T.); (F.E.); (O.T.-Q.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Florian Enzler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.T.); (F.E.); (O.T.-Q.)
| | - Omar Torres-Quesada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.T.); (F.E.); (O.T.-Q.)
| | - Pia Aanstad
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.T.); (F.E.); (O.T.-Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-507-57531; Fax: +43-512-507-57599
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Andres-Alonso M, Ammar MR, Butnaru I, Gomes GM, Acuña Sanhueza G, Raman R, Yuanxiang P, Borgmeyer M, Lopez-Rojas J, Raza SA, Brice N, Hausrat TJ, Macharadze T, Diaz-Gonzalez S, Carlton M, Failla AV, Stork O, Schweizer M, Gundelfinger ED, Kneussel M, Spilker C, Karpova A, Kreutz MR. SIPA1L2 controls trafficking and local signaling of TrkB-containing amphisomes at presynaptic terminals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5448. [PMID: 31784514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphisomes are organelles of the autophagy pathway that result from the fusion of autophagosomes with late endosomes. While biogenesis of autophagosomes and late endosomes occurs continuously at axon terminals, non-degradative roles of autophagy at boutons are barely described. Here, we show that in neurons BDNF/TrkB traffick in amphisomes that signal locally at presynaptic boutons during retrograde transport to the soma. This is orchestrated by the Rap GTPase-activating (RapGAP) protein SIPA1L2, which connects TrkB amphisomes to a dynein motor. The autophagosomal protein LC3 regulates RapGAP activity of SIPA1L2 and controls retrograde trafficking and local signaling of TrkB. Following induction of presynaptic plasticity, amphisomes dissociate from dynein at boutons enabling local signaling and promoting transmitter release. Accordingly, sipa1l2 knockout mice show impaired BDNF-dependent presynaptic plasticity. Taken together, the data suggest that in hippocampal neurons, TrkB-signaling endosomes are in fact amphisomes that during retrograde transport have local signaling capacity in the context of presynaptic plasticity. There is growing evidence that autophagy might serve specialized functions in neurons besides its role in protein homeostasis. In this study, authors demonstrate that axonal retrograde transport of BDNF/TrkB in neuronal amphisomes is involved in plasticity-relevant local signaling at presynaptic boutons and that SIPA1L2, a member of the SIPA1L family of neuronal RapGAPs, associates via LC3b to TrkB-containing amphisomes to regulate its motility and signaling at the axon terminals
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Yang L, Zheng L, Chng WJ, Ding JL. Comprehensive Analysis of ERK1/2 Substrates for Potential Combination Immunotherapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:897-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang XY, Guo H, Huang Y, Hao PQ, Yang Y, Liu Y, Guo XX, Hao Q, An S, Xu TR. Comparative interactome analysis reveals distinct and overlapping properties of Raf family kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Turnham RE, Smith FD, Kenerson HL, Omar MH, Golkowski M, Garcia I, Bauer R, Lau HT, Sullivan KM, Langeberg LK, Ong SE, Riehle KJ, Yeung RS, Scott JD. An acquired scaffolding function of the DNAJ-PKAc fusion contributes to oncogenic signaling in fibrolamellar carcinoma. eLife 2019; 8:44187. [PMID: 31063128 PMCID: PMC6533061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver cancer. FLCs uniquely produce DNAJ-PKAc, a chimeric enzyme consisting of a chaperonin-binding domain fused to the Cα subunit of protein kinase A. Biochemical analyses of clinical samples reveal that a unique property of this fusion enzyme is the ability to recruit heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). This cellular chaperonin is frequently up-regulated in cancers. Gene-editing of mouse hepatocytes generated disease-relevant AML12DNAJ-PKAc cell lines. Further analyses indicate that the proto-oncogene A-kinase anchoring protein-Lbc is up-regulated in FLC and functions to cluster DNAJ-PKAc/Hsp70 sub-complexes with a RAF-MEK-ERK kinase module. Drug screening reveals Hsp70 and MEK inhibitor combinations that selectively block proliferation of AML12DNAJ-PKAc cells. Phosphoproteomic profiling demonstrates that DNAJ-PKAc biases the signaling landscape toward ERK activation and engages downstream kinase cascades. Thus, the oncogenic action of DNAJ-PKAc involves an acquired scaffolding function that permits recruitment of Hsp70 and mobilization of local ERK signaling. Fibrolamellar carcinoma (or FLC for short) is a rare type of liver cancer that affects teenagers and young adults. FLC tumors are often resistant to standard radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatments. The only way to treat FLC is to remove tumors by surgery. However, often the tumors come back after initial treatment and spread to other locations. Therefore, there is a genuine need to improve the treatment options available to FLC patients. The tumor cells of FLC patients contain a genetic defect that fuses together two genes, which produce proteins called DNAJ and PKAc. Normally, DNAJ helps other proteins in the cell to fold into their correct shapes, while PKAc is an enzyme that can control how cells communicate. However, it is not clear what the abnormal DNAJ-PKAc fusion protein does, or how it causes FLC. Turnham, Smith et al. have now used gene editing to make mouse liver cells that mimic the human FLC mutation. Biochemical experiments on these cells showed that the DNAJ-PKAc protein brings together unique combinations of enzymes that drive uncontrolled cell growth. Analyzing cells taken from tumors in FLC patients confirmed that these enzymes are also activated in the human disease. Turnham, Smith et al. also found that combinations of drugs that simultaneously target the DNAJ-PKAc protein and the recruited enzymes slowed down the growth of FLC cells. More experiments are now needed to test these drug combinations on human FLC cells or in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigney E Turnham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - F Donelson Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Mitchell H Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Irvin Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Renay Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Ho-Tak Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kevin M Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Lorene K Langeberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, United States
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Abstract
This review addresses the issue of the numerous roles played by Rap1 GTPase (guanosine triphosphatase) in different cell types, in terms of both physiology and pathology. It is one among a myriad of small G proteins with endogenous GTP-hydrolyzing activity that is considerably stimulated by posttranslational modifications (geranylgeranylation) or guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and inhibited by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Rap1 is a ubiquitous protein that plays an essential role in the control of metabolic processes, such as signal transduction from plasma membrane receptors, cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for cell division, intracellular and substratum adhesion, as well as cell motility, which is needed for extravasation or fusion. We present several examples of how Rap1 affects cells and organs, pointing to possible molecular manipulations that could have application in the therapy of several diseases.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is an emerging health problem in the United States and worldwide. With incidence rates of thyroid cancer rapidly rising, the need to develop new treatment options is becoming a priority, and understanding the molecular mechanisms of this disease is crucial to furthering these efforts. Thyroid growth is driven by the TSH/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and it has previously been shown that activation of PKA through genetic ablation of the regulatory subunit Prkar1a (Prkar1a KO) is sufficient to cause follicular thyroid cancer in mouse models. cAMP also activates the Epac proteins and their downstream effectors, Rap1a and Rap1b. METHODS Previously, the authors' laboratory generated a mouse model of follicular thyroid cancer by conferring thyroid-specific deletion of Prkar1a (R1a-TpoKO). To probe the roles of other components of the PKA signaling system in the development of thyroid cancer, this study deleted Rap1 and Epac1 in the setting of the Prkar1a knockout. RESULTS Deletion of Rap1 significantly decreases thyroid size and cancer incidence in Prkar1a KO thyroids. Further, isoform-specific ablation of Rap1a and Rap1b implicates Rap1b as the downstream effector of PKA during thyroid carcinogenesis. In vivo modeling provides definitive evidence that Epac1 plays little role in thyroid proliferation and is dispensable for thyroid carcinogenesis arising from the deletion of Prkar1a. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrate that PKA signaling to Rap1b is a key signaling node for follicular thyroid carcinogenesis, while Epac1 activity is not required for tumor development. This work sheds new light on the pathways involved in FTC development and identifies a possible target for the development of new therapies in the treatment of FTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Huk
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amruta Ashtekar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alexa Magner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Address correspondence to:Lawrence S. Kirschner, MD, PhDThe Ohio State University460 W 12th Ave, Rm 510Columbus, OH 43210
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Das M, Das S. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Induced Morphological Differentiation of Astrocytes Is Associated with Transcriptional Upregulation and Endocytosis of β 2-AR. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2685-2702. [PMID: 30054857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important ω-3 fatty acid, is abundantly present in the central nervous system and is important in every step of brain development. Much of this knowledge has been based on studies of the role of DHA in the function of the neurons, and reports on its effect on the glial cells are few and far between. We have previously reported that DHA facilitates astrocyte differentiation in primary culture. We have further explored the signaling mechanism associated with this event. It was observed that a sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) appeared to be critical for DHA-induced differentiation of the cultured astrocytes. Prior exposure to different endocytic inhibitors blocked both ERK activation and differentiation of the astrocytes during DHA treatment suggesting that the observed induction of ERK-2 was purely endosomal. Unlike the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) antagonist, atenolol, pre-treatment of the cells with the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) antagonist, ICI-118,551 inhibited the DHA-induced differentiation process, indicating a downstream involvement of β2-AR in the differentiation process. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated a significant induction in the mRNA and protein expression of β2-AR at 18-24 h of DHA treatment, suggesting that the induction of β2-AR may be due to transcriptional upregulation. Moreover, DHA caused activation of PKA at 6 h, followed by activation of downstream cAMP response element-binding protein, a known transcription factor for β2-AR. Altogether, the observations suggest that DHA upregulates β2-AR in astrocytes, which undergo endocytosis and signals for sustained endosomal ERK activation to drive the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moitreyi Das
- Neurobiology Division, Cell Biology & Physiology Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sumantra Das
- Neurobiology Division, Cell Biology & Physiology Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Abstract
Platelets are highly specialized cells that continuously patrol the vasculature to ensure its integrity (hemostasis). At sites of vascular injury, they are able to respond to trace amounts of agonists and to rapidly transition from an anti-adhesive/patrolling to an adhesive state (integrin inside-out activation) required for hemostatic plug formation. Pathological conditions that disturb the balance in the underlying signaling processes can lead to unwanted platelet activation (thrombosis) or to an increased bleeding risk. The small GTPases of the RAP subfamily, highly expressed in platelets, are critical regulators of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and MAP kinase signaling. Studies by our group and others demonstrate that RAP GTPases, in particular RAP1A and RAP1B, are the key molecular switches that turn on platelet activation/adhesiveness at sites of injury. In this review, we will summarize major findings on the role of RAP GTPases in platelet biology with a focus on the signaling pathways leading to the conversion of integrins to a high-affinity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NC), USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NC), USA
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Zhang X, Cao S, Barila G, Edreira MM, Hong K, Wankhede M, Naim N, Buck M, Altschuler DL. Cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is a prenyl-binding partner of Rap1 GTPase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7659-7673. [PMID: 29618512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1 proteins are members of the Ras subfamily of small GTPases involved in many biological responses, including adhesion, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Like all small GTPases, they work as molecular allosteric units that are active in signaling only when associated with the proper membrane compartment. Prenylation, occurring in the cytosol, is an enzymatic posttranslational event that anchors small GTPases at the membrane, and prenyl-binding proteins are needed to mask the cytoplasm-exposed lipid during transit to the target membrane. However, several of these proteins still await discovery. In this study, we report that cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) binds Rap1. We found that this binding is GTP-independent, does not involve Rap1's effector domain, and is fully contained in its C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR). Furthermore, Rap1 prenylation was required for high-affinity interactions with CAP1 in a geranylgeranyl-specific manner. The prenyl binding specifically involved CAP1's C-terminal hydrophobic β-sheet domain. We present a combination of experimental and computational approaches, yielding a model whereby the high-affinity binding between Rap1 and CAP1 involves electrostatic and nonpolar side-chain interactions between Rap1's HVR residues, lipid, and CAP1 β-sheet domain. The binding was stabilized by the lipid insertion into the β-solenoid whose interior was occupied by nonpolar side chains. This model was reminiscent of the recently solved structure of the PDEδ-K-Ras complex; accordingly, disruptors of this complex, e.g. deltarasin, blocked the Rap1-CAP1 interaction. These findings indicate that CAP1 is a geranylgeranyl-binding partner of Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Shufen Cao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44116
| | - Guillermo Barila
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Martin M Edreira
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Kyoungja Hong
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Mamta Wankhede
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Nyla Naim
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44116
| | - Daniel L Altschuler
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
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37
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Abstract
Ras oncoproteins play pivotal roles in both the development and maintenance of many tumor types. Unfortunately, these proteins are difficult to directly target using traditional pharmacological strategies, in part due to their lack of obvious binding pockets or allosteric sites. This obstacle has driven a considerable amount of research into pursuing alternative ways to effectively inhibit Ras, examples of which include inducing mislocalization to prevent Ras maturation and inactivating downstream proteins in Ras-driven signaling pathways. Ras proteins are archetypes of a superfamily of small GTPases that play specific roles in the regulation of many cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking, nuclear transport, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell cycle progression. Several other superfamily members have also been linked to the control of normal and cancer cell growth and survival. For example, Rap1 has high sequence similarity to Ras, has overlapping binding partners, and has been demonstrated to both oppose and mimic Ras-driven cancer phenotypes. Rap1 plays an important role in cell adhesion and integrin function in a variety of cell types. Mechanistically, Ras and Rap1 cooperate to initiate and sustain ERK signaling, which is activated in many malignancies and is the target of successful therapeutics. Here we review the role activated Rap1 in ERK signaling and other downstream pathways to promote invasion and cell migration and metastasis in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shah
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ethan J Brock
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have important contributions to the development of the mammalian brain, targeting its actions on both neurons and glial cells. Astrocytes, which constitute about half of the glial cells, characteristically undergo dramatic changes in their morphology during development and such changes become necessary for the proper development of the brain. Interestingly, a large number of studies have suggested that THs play a profound role in such morphological maturation of the astrocytes. This review discusses the present knowledge on the mechanisms by which THs elicit progressive differentiation and maturation of the astrocytes. As a prelude, information on astrocyte morphology during development and its regulations, the role of THs in the various functions of astrocyte shall be dealt with for a thorough understanding of the subject of this review.
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