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Bershatsky YV, Kuznetsov AS, Idiatullina AR, Bocharova OV, Dolotova SM, Gavrilenkova AA, Serova OV, Deyev IE, Rakitina TV, Zangieva OT, Pavlov KV, Batishchev OV, Britikov VV, Usanov SA, Arseniev AS, Efremov RG, Bocharov EV. Diversity of Structural, Dynamic, and Environmental Effects Explain a Distinctive Functional Role of Transmembrane Domains in the Insulin Receptor Subfamily. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human InsR, IGF1R, and IRR receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) of the insulin receptor subfamily play an important role in signaling pathways for a wide range of physiological processes and are directly associated with many pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. The disulfide-linked dimeric structure of these receptors is unique among RTKs. Sharing high sequence and structure homology, the receptors differ dramatically in their localization, expression, and functions. In this work, using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy supported by atomistic computer modeling, conformational variability of the transmembrane domains and their interactions with surrounding lipids were found to differ significantly between representatives of the subfamily. Therefore, we suggest that the heterogeneous and highly dynamic membrane environment should be taken into account in the observed diversity of the structural/dynamic organization and mechanisms of activation of InsR, IGF1R, and IRR receptors. This membrane-mediated control of receptor signaling offers an attractive prospect for the development of new targeted therapies for diseases associated with dysfunction of insulin subfamily receptors.
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Clerk A, Sugden PH. The insulin receptor family in the heart: new light on old insights. Biosci Rep 2022:BSR20221212. [PMID: 35766350 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20221212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin was discovered over 100 years ago. Whilst the first half century defined many of the physiological effects of insulin, the second emphasised the mechanisms by which it elicits these effects, implicating a vast array of G proteins and their regulators, lipid and protein kinases and counteracting phosphatases, and more. Potential growth-promoting and protective effects of insulin on the heart emerged from studies of carbohydrate metabolism in the 1960s, but the insulin receptors (and the related receptor for insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2) were not defined until the 1980s. A related third receptor, the insulin receptor-related receptor remained an orphan receptor for many years until it was identified as an alkali-sensor. The mechanisms by which these receptors and the plethora of downstream signalling molecules confer cardioprotection remain elusive. Here, we review important aspects of the effects of the three insulin receptor family members in the heart. Metabolic studies are set in the context of what is now known of insulin receptor family signalling and the role of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), and the relationship between this and cardiomyocyte survival versus death is discussed. PKB/Akt phosphorylates numerous substrates with potential for cardioprotection in the contractile cardiomyocytes and cardiac non-myocytes. Our overall conclusion is that the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism that were initially identified remain highly pertinent in managing cardiomyocyte energetics and preservation of function. This alone provides a high level of cardioprotection in the face of pathophysiological stressors such as ischaemia and myocardial infarction.
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Zhang X, Wu C, Wei T, Lu Y, Liu C, Zhang J. Cryo-EM studies of the apo states of human IGF1R. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:148-152. [PMID: 35749888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IGF1R plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism and growth. As a single transmembrane protein, its structure is flexible. Although previous studies revealed some structures of IGF1R, the cryo-EM apo structures of the receptor have never been reported. Herein, we reported four distinct cryo-EM structures that reveal the apo states of IGF1R. These conformations were classified as "Resting states" and "Active states", according to the orientation of α-CT helices and structural symmetry. In addition, a "Ligand-pocket" was formed in the active conformations, which presented a new view of conformational changes of apo-IGF1R. These results suggest a new dynamic change model to show the details of why and how ligands can bind to IGF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Cang Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuang Liu
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang X, Wei T, Wu C, Jiang J, Chen S, Hu Y, Lu Y, Sun D, Zhai L, Zhang J, Liu C. Cryo-EM structure reveals polymorphic ligand-bound states of IGF1R. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167536. [PMID: 35300993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism and cell growth and has been identified as an anticancer drug target. Although previous studies have revealed some structures of IGF1R with different ligands, the continuous dynamic conformation change remains unclear. Here, we report 10 distinct structures (7.9-3.6 Å) of IGF1R bound to IGF1 or insulin to reveal the polymorphic conformations of ligand-bound IGF1R. These results showed that the α-CT2, disulfide bond (C670-C670'), and FnIII-2 domains had the most flexible orientations for the conformational change that occurs when ligands bind to the receptor. In addition, we found one special conformation (tentatively named the diverter-switch state) in both complexes, which may be one of the apo-IGF1R forms under ligand-treatment conditions. Hence, these results illustrated the mechanism of how different ligands could bind to human IGF1R and provided a rational template for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cang Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengming Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinqing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dayong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen People's Second Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liting Zhai
- ChEM-H/Neuroscience Research Complex290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, California, USA.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Kaplun D, Starshin A, Sharko F, Gainova K, Filonova G, Zhigalova N, Mazur A, Prokhortchouk E, Zhenilo S. Kaiso Regulates DNA Methylation Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7587. [PMID: 34299205 PMCID: PMC8307659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain and loss of DNA methylation in cells is a dynamic process that tends to achieve an equilibrium. Many factors are involved in maintaining the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation. Previously, it was shown that methyl-DNA protein Kaiso may attract NCoR, SMRT repressive complexes affecting histone modifications. On the other hand, the deficiency of Kaiso resulted in reduced methylation of ICR in H19/Igf2 locus and Oct4 promoter in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. However, nothing is known about how Kaiso influences DNA methylation at the genome level. Here we show that deficiency of Kaiso led to whole-genome hypermethylation, using Kaiso deficient human renal cancer cell line obtained via CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing. However, Kaiso serves to protect genic regions, enhancers, and regions with a low level of histone modifications from demethylation. We detected hypomethylation of binding sites for Oct4 and Nanog in Kaiso deficient cells. Kaiso immunoprecipitated with de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3a/3b, but not with maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1. Thus, Kaiso may attract methyltransferases to surrounding regions and modulate genome methylation in renal cancer cells apart from being methyl DNA binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kaplun
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Starshin
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Fedor Sharko
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristina Gainova
- Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina Filonova
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadezhda Zhigalova
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Mazur
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Zhenilo
- Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 119071 Moscow, Russia; (D.K.); (A.S.); (F.S.); (G.F.); (N.Z.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Batishchev OV, Kuzmina NV, Mozhaev AA, Goryashchenko AS, Mileshina ED, Orsa AN, Bocharov EV, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Activity-dependent conformational transitions of the insulin receptor-related receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100534. [PMID: 33713705 PMCID: PMC8058561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) form a mini family of predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinases. IR and IGF-1R bind to their peptide agonists triggering metabolic and cell growth responses. In contrast, IRR, despite sharing with them a strong sequence homology, has no peptide-like agonist but can be activated by mildly alkaline media. The spatial structure and activation mechanisms of IRR have not been established yet. The present work represents the first account of a structural analysis of a predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinase by high-resolution atomic force microscopy in their basal and activated forms. Our data suggest that in neutral media, inactive IRR has two conformations, where one is symmetrical and highly similar to the inactive Λ/U-shape of IR and IGF-1R ectodomains, whereas the second is drop-like and asymmetrical resembling the IRR ectodomain in solution. We did not observe complexes of IRR intracellular catalytic domains of the inactive receptor forms. At pH 9.0, we detected two presumably active IRR conformations, Γ-shaped and T-shaped. Both of conformations demonstrated formation of the complex of their intracellular catalytic domains responsible for autophosphorylation. The existence of two active IRR forms correlates well with the previously described positive cooperativity of the IRR activation. In conclusion, our data provide structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of alkali-induced IRR activation under mild native conditions that could be valuable for interpretation of results of IR and IGF-IR structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Kuzmina
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mozhaev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Goryashchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina D Mileshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orsa
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor E Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Delauzun V, Amigues B, Gaubert A, Leone P, Grange M, Gauthier L, Roussel A. Extracellular vesicles as a platform to study cell-surface membrane proteins. Methods 2020; 180:35-44. [PMID: 32156657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Producing intact recombinant membrane proteins for structural studies is an inherently challenging task due to their requirement for a cell-lipid environment. Most of the procedures developed involve isolating the protein by solubilization with detergent and further reconstitutions into artificial membranes. These procedures are highly time consuming and suffer from further drawbacks, including low yields and high cost. We describe here an alternative method for rapidly obtaining recombinant cell-surface membrane proteins displayed on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cells in culture. Interaction between these membrane proteins and ligands can be analyzed directly on EVs. Moreover, EVs can also be used for protein structure determination or immunization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Delauzun
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Beatrice Amigues
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Anais Gaubert
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Magali Grange
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Goryashchenko AS, Mozhaev AA, Serova OV, Erokhina TN, Orsa AN, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Probing Structure and Function of Alkali Sensor IRR with Monoclonal Antibodies. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1060. [PMID: 32708676 PMCID: PMC7408431 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the structure and function of the pH-regulated receptor tyrosine kinase insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR), а member of the insulin receptor family, we obtained six mouse monoclonal antibodies against the recombinant IRR ectodomain. These antibodies were characterized in experiments with exogenously expressed full-length IRR by Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry analyses. Utilizing a previously obtained set of IRR/IR chimeras with swapped small structural domains and point amino acid substitutions, we mapped the binding sites of the obtained antibodies in IRR. Five of them showed specific binding to different IRR domains in the extracellular region, while one failed to react with the full-length receptor. Unexpectedly, we found that 4D5 antibody can activate IRR at neutral pH, and 4C2 antibody can inhibit activation of IRR by alkali. Our study is the first description of the instruments of protein nature that can regulate activity of the orphan receptor IRR and confirms that alkali-induced activation is an intrinsic property of this receptor tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Goryashchenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (O.V.S.); (A.N.O.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Mozhaev
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (O.V.S.); (A.N.O.); (A.G.P.)
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Structures, Department of X-ray and Synchrotron Studies, A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana V. Serova
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (O.V.S.); (A.N.O.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Tatiana N. Erokhina
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orsa
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (O.V.S.); (A.N.O.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Igor E. Deyev
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander G. Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Department of Peptide and Protein Technologies, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (O.V.S.); (A.N.O.); (A.G.P.)
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