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Naik HM, Cai X, Ladiwala P, Reddy JV, Betenbaugh MJ, Antoniewicz MR. Elucidating uptake and metabolic fate of dipeptides in CHO cell cultures using 13C labeling experiments and kinetic modeling. Metab Eng 2024; 83:12-23. [PMID: 38460784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly growing market of biologics including monoclonal antibodies has stimulated the need to improve biomanufacturing processes including mammalian host systems such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Cell culture media formulations continue to be enhanced to enable intensified cell culture processes and optimize cell culture performance. Amino acids, major components of cell culture media, are consumed in large amounts by CHO cells. Due to their low solubility and poor stability, certain amino acids including tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine can pose major challenges leading to suboptimal bioprocess performance. Dipeptides have the potential to replace amino acids in culture media. However, very little is known about the cleavage, uptake, and utilization kinetics of dipeptides in CHO cell cultures. In this study, replacing amino acids, including leucine and tyrosine by their respective dipeptides including but not limited to Ala-Leu and Gly-Tyr, supported similar cell growth, antibody production, and lactate profiles. Using 13C labeling techniques and spent media studies, dipeptides were shown to undergo both intracellular and extracellular cleavage in cultures. Extracellular cleavage increased with the culture duration, indicating cleavage by host cell proteins that are likely secreted and accumulate in cell culture over time. A kinetic model was built and for the first time, integrated with 13C labeling experiments to estimate dipeptide utilization rates, in CHO cell cultures. Dipeptides with alanine at the N-terminus had a higher utilization rate than dipeptides with alanine at the C-terminus and dipeptides with glycine instead of alanine at N-terminus. Simultaneous supplementation of more than one dipeptide in culture led to reduction in individual dipeptide utilization rates indicating that dipeptides compete for the same cleavage enzymes, transporters, or both. Dipeptide utilization rates in culture and cleavage rates in cell-free experiments appeared to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, reaching a maximum at higher dipeptide concentrations. Dipeptide utilization behavior was found to be similar in cell-free and cell culture environments, paving the way for future testing approaches for dipeptides in cell-free environments prior to use in large-scale bioreactors. Thus, this study provides a deeper understanding of the fate of dipeptides in CHO cell cultures through an integration of cell culture, 13C labeling, and kinetic modeling approaches providing insights in how to best use dipeptides in media formulations for robust and optimal mammalian cell culture performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xiangchen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Pranay Ladiwala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Li XD, Lu Y, Luo CY, Xin WG, Kang X, Lin YC, Lin LB. Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis mediate intestinal microbiome and microbiota-derived metabolites regulating the growth and immunity of chicks. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109969. [PMID: 38211362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence confirms beneficial properties of probiotics in promoting growth and immunity of farmed chicken. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-microbiome interactions mediated by probiotics are not fully understood. In this study, the internal mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus chiayiensis-mediated host-microbiome interactions and to elucidate how it promotes host growth were investigated by additional supplementation with L. chiayiensis. We conducted experiments, including intestinal cytokines, digestive enzymes test, intestinal microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that chickens fed L. chiayiensis exhibited higher body weight gain and digestive enzyme activity, and lower pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared to controls. Microbiota sequencing analysis showed that the gut microbiota structure was reshaped with L. chiayiensis supplementation. Specifically, Lactobacillus and Escherichia increased in abundance and Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Corynebacterium, Weissella and Gallicola decreased. In addition, the bacterial community diversity was significantly increased compared to controls. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that higher bile acids and N-acyl amides concentrations and lower carbohydrates concentrations in L. chiayiensis-fed chickens. Meanwhile, the expression of genes related to nutrient transport and absorption in the intestine was upregulated, which reflected the enhanced digestion and absorption of nutrients in chickens supplemented with L. chiayiensis. Moreover, supplementation of L. chiayiensis down-regulated genes involved in inflammation-related, mainly involved in NF-κB signaling pathway and MHC-II mediated antigen presentation process. Cumulatively, these findings highlight that host-microbiota crosstalk enhances the host growth phenotype in two ways: by enhancing bile acid metabolism and digestive enzyme activity, and reducing the occurrence of intestinal inflammation to promote nutrient absorption and maintain intestinal health. This provides a basis for the application of LAB as an alternative to antibiotics in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Dong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Gang Xin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cen Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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3
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Con P, Hamar J, Biran J, Kültz D, Cnaani A. Cell-based homologous expression system for in-vitro characterization of environmental effects on transmembrane peptide transport in fish. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100118. [PMID: 38298473 PMCID: PMC10825657 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
All organisms encounter environmental changes that lead to physiological adjustments that could drive evolutionary adaptations. The ability to adjust performance in order to cope with environmental changes depends on the organism's physiological plasticity. These adjustments can be reflected in behavioral, physiological, and molecular changes, which interact and affect each other. Deciphering the role of molecular adjustments in physiological changes will help to understand how multiple levels of biological organization are synchronized during adaptations. Transmembrane transporters, which facilitate a cell's interaction with its surroundings, are prime targets for molecular studies of the environmental effects on an organism's physiology. Fish are subjected to environmental fluctuations and exhibit different coping mechanisms. To study the molecular adjustments of fish transporters to their external surrounding, suitable experimental systems must be established. The Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) is an excellent model for environmental stress studies, due to its extreme salinity tolerance. We established a homologous cellular-based expression system and uptake assay that allowed us to study the effects of environmental conditions on transmembrane transport. We applied our expression system to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the activity of PepT2, a transmembrane transporter critical in the absorption of dietary peptides and drugs. We created a stable, modified fish cell-line, in which we exogenously expressed the tilapia PepT2, and tested the effects of water temperature and salinity on the uptake of a fluorescent di-peptide, β-Ala-Lys-AMCA. While temperature affected only Vmax, medium salinity had a bi-directional effect, with significantly reduced Vmax in hyposaline conditions and significantly increased Km in hypersaline conditions. These assays demonstrate the importance of suitable experimental systems for fish ecophysiology studies. Furthermore, our in-vitro results show how the effect of hypersaline conditions on the transporter activity can explain expression shifts seen in the intestine of saltwater-acclimated fish, emphasizing the importance of complimentary studies in better understanding environmental physiology. This research highlights the advantages of using homologous expression systems to study environmental effects encountered by fish, in a relevant cellular context. The presented tools and methods can be adapted to study other transporters in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Con
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jens Hamar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jakob Biran
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Elewa SH, Osman MA, Essa EA, Sultan AA. Intestinal absorption pathways of lisinopril: Mechanistic investigations. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:233-246. [PMID: 36299167 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lisinopril is an antihypertensive drug with poor intestinal permeability. Enhancement of intestinal absorption depends on a clear understanding of the permeation pathways and absorption mechanisms. Unfortunately, these are not fully elucidated for lisinopril. Accordingly, the aim was to determine lisinopril permeation pathways and obstacles limiting membrane transport with subsequent nomination of appropriate permeation enhancers. This employed an in situ rabbit intestinal perfusion technique, which revealed site-dependent absorptive clearance (PeA/L) from a lisinopril simple solution (5 μg/ml), with paracellular absorption playing a role. Regional drug permeability ranked as colon> duodenum> jejunum> ileum opposing intestinal expression rank of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporters. Duodenal and jejunal perfusion of a higher lisinopril concentration (50 μg/ml) reflected saturable absorption, suggesting carrier-mediated transport. The effect of piperine and verapamil as P-gp inhibitors on intestinal absorption of lisinopril was investigated. Coperfusion with either piperine or verapamil significantly enhanced lisinopril absorption, with enhancement being dominant in the ileum segment. This supported the contribution of P-gp transporters to poor lisinopril permeability. On the other hand, coperfusion of lisinopril with zinc acetate dihydrate significantly multiplied lisinopril PeA/L by 2.3- and 6.6-fold in duodenum and ileum segments, respectively, through magnifying intestinal water flux. The study explored the barriers limiting lisinopril intestinal absorption. Moreover, the study exposed clinically relevant lisinopril interactions with common coadministered cargos that should be considered for an appropriate lisinopril regimen. However, this requires further in vivo verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Elewa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ebtessam A Essa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amal A Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
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Mukhtar I, Anwar H, Iftikhar A, Hashem HE, Ali Q, Siddique F. Human targeted phenobarbital presents a poor substrate of gut microbiome deciphering new drug targets beyond pharmacokinetic curbs. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:85. [DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The gut microbiome, a new organ of the body, can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs through microbial enzymes. However, absorption of orally administered non-antibiotic drugs by the gut microbiome, during drug-microbiome interaction, is barely addressed. Structural homology studies confirm similar membrane transport proteins in gut epithelial cells and the gut microbiome of the host that may compete for drug substrates with the host itself for its absorbance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that orally administered human targeted phenobarbital may interact and/or be uptake by the gut microbiome during its transit through the small intestine.
Methods
In the current in vivo study, thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups including one control and 5 treatment groups, each having an equal number of rats (n = 6). Phenobarbital was administered orally (single dose of 15 mg/kg bw) to treatment groups. Animals were subsequently sacrificed to harvest microbial mass pallets residing in the small intestine after 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h of phenobarbital administration. Phenobarbital absorbance by the microbiome in the microbial lysate was estimated through RP-HPLC–UV at a wavelength of 207 nm.
Results
Maximum phenobarbital absorbance (149.0 ± 5.93 µg) and drug absorbance per milligram of microbial mass (1.19 ± 0.05 µg) were found significantly higher at 4 h of post-administration in comparison to other groups. Percent dose recovery of phenobarbital was 5.73 ± 0.19% at 4 h while the maximum intestinal transit time was 5 h till the drug was absorbed by the microbes. Such results pronounce the idea of the existence of structural homology between membrane transporters of the gut microbiome and intestinal enterocytes of the host that may competitively absorb orally administered phenobarbital during transit in the small intestine. The docking studies revealed that the phenobarbital is a poor substrate for the gut microbiome.
Conclusion
Gut microbiome may competitively absorb the non-antibiotics such as phenobarbital as novel substrates due to the presence of structurally homologous transporting proteins as in enterocytes. This phenomenon suggests the microbiome as a potential candidate that can significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs.
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Fasciani I, Carli M, Petragnano F, Colaianni F, Aloisi G, Maggio R, Scarselli M, Rossi M. GPCRs in Intracellular Compartments: New Targets for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1343. [PMID: 36291552 PMCID: PMC9599219 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of eukaryotic cells is defined by extensive membrane-delimited compartments, which entails separate metabolic processes that would otherwise interfere with each other, leading to functional differences between cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface receptors, and their signal transduction is traditionally viewed as a chain of events initiated from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, their intracellular trafficking, internalization, and recycling were considered only to regulate receptor desensitization and cell surface expression. On the contrary, accumulating data strongly suggest that GPCRs also signal from intracellular compartments. GPCRs localize in the membranes of endosomes, nucleus, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum apparatuses, mitochondria, and cell division compartments. Importantly, from these sites they have shown to orchestrate multiple signals that regulate different cell pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of this fascinating phenomenon, explaining how GPCRs reach the intracellular sites, are stimulated by the endogenous ligands, and their potential physiological/pathophysiological roles. Finally, we illustrate several mechanisms involved in the modulation of the compartmentalized GPCR signaling by drugs and endogenous ligands. Understanding how GPCR signaling compartmentalization is regulated will provide a unique opportunity to develop novel pharmaceutical approaches to target GPCRs and potentially lead the way towards new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Colaianni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Wang C, Chu C, Ji X, Luo G, Xu C, He H, Yao J, Wu J, Hu J, Jin Y. Biology of Peptide Transporter 2 in Mammals: New Insights into Its Function, Structure and Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182874. [PMID: 36139448 PMCID: PMC9497230 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) in mammals plays essential roles in the reabsorption and conservation of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney and in maintaining neuropeptide homeostasis in the brain. It is also of significant medical and pharmacological significance in the absorption and disposing of peptide-like drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-lactam antibiotics and antiviral prodrugs. Understanding the structure, function and regulation of PepT2 is of emerging interest in nutrition, medical and pharmacological research. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, substrate preferences and localization of PepT2 in mammals. As PepT2 is expressed in various organs, its function in the liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung and mammary gland has also been addressed. Finally, the regulatory factors that affect the expression and function of PepT2, such as transcriptional activation and posttranslational modification, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chunling Xu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
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Yamamura N, Mikkaichi T, Itokawa KI, Hoshi M, Damme K, Geigner S, Baumhauer C. Mirogabalin, a novel α 2δ ligand, is not a substrate of LAT1, but of PEPT1, PEPT2, OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2-K. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:997-1009. [PMID: 36170033 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mirogabalin is a α2δ ligand as well as pregabalin. The aim of this study was to clarify whether mirogabalin is a substrate of human LAT1, which involved in absorption and disposition of pregabalin, and to investigate transporters involved in renal secretion and absorption of mirogabalin using transporter-expressing cells and fresh human kidney slices.We employed uptake assay of [3H]mirogabalin by HEK293T or HEK293 cells transiently overexpress human OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, LAT1/4F2hc, LAT2/4F2hc, PEPT1, and PEPT2 proteins. Transport assay of MDCKII cells transiently overexpress OCT2/MATE1, and OCT2/MATE2-K proteins was conducted. Contribution of transporters to renal secretion was investigated by uptake assay using human kidney slices.Uptake clearances of [3H]mirogabalin by OAT1-, OAT3-, OCT2-, PEPT1-, and PEPT2-expressing cells were higher than that by vector cells, but by LAT1/4F2hc and LAT2/4F2hc-expressing cells were not. In transport assay using OCT2/MATE1 and OCT2/MATE2-K cells, [3H]mirogabalin showed directional transport from basolateral to apical side. Contribution of OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 was observed by uptake of [3H]mirogabalin into the kidney slices.These results indicate that mirogabalin is not a substrate of LAT1, but of PEPT1 and PEPT2 involved in absorption and of OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, MATE1 and/or MATE2-K involved in its urinary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Yamamura
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mikkaichi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Itokawa
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misa Hoshi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katja Damme
- Tissue and Cell Research Center Munich, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Geigner
- Tissue and Cell Research Center Munich, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christine Baumhauer
- Tissue and Cell Research Center Munich, Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
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Bajraktari-Sylejmani G, von Linde T, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE, Sauter M, Weiss J. Evaluation of PepT1 (SLC15A1) Substrate Characteristics of Therapeutic Cyclic Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081610. [PMID: 36015235 PMCID: PMC9415731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human peptide transporter hPepT1 (SLC15A1), physiologically transporting dipeptides and tripeptides generated during food digestion, also plays a role in the uptake of small bioactive peptides and peptide-like drugs. Moreover, it might be addressed in prodrug strategies of poorly absorbed drugs. We hypothesised that the cyclic drug peptides octreotide and pasireotide could be substrates of this transporter because their diameter can resemble the size of dipeptides or tripeptides due to their strong structural curvature and because they reach the systemic circulation in Beagle dogs. For investigating possible hPepT1 substrate characteristics, we generated and characterised a CHO-K1 cell line overexpressing SLC15A1 by transfection and selection via magnetic beads. Possible inhibition of the uptake of the prototypical substrate Gly-Sar by octreotide and pasireotide was screened, followed by quantifying the uptake of the cyclic peptides in cells overexpressing SLC15A1 compared with the parental cell line. Although inhibition of Gly-Sar uptake was observed, uptake of octreotide and pasireotide was not increased in SLC15A1 overexpressing cells, indicating a lack of transport by hPepT1. Our data clearly indicate that octreotide and pasireotide are nonsubstrate inhibitors of hPepT1 and that their oral bioavailability cannot be explained by absorption via hPepT1.
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Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147733. [PMID: 35887081 PMCID: PMC9323678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort peptides (USPs), consisting of 2–7 amino-acid residues, are a group of signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis under normal conditions in various diseases and ageing. USPs serve as a basis for the development of drugs with a targeted mechanism of action. The purpose of this review is to systematize the available data on USP transport involving POT and LAT transporters in various organs and tissues under normal, pathological and ageing conditions. The carriers of the POT family (PEPT1, PEPT2, PHT1, PHT2) transport predominantly di- and tripeptides into the cell. Methods of molecular modeling and physicochemistry have demonstrated the ability of LAT1 to transfer not only amino acids but also some di- and tripeptides into the cell and out of it. LAT1 and 2 are involved in the regulation of the antioxidant, endocrine, immune and nervous systems’ functions. Analysis of the above data allows us to conclude that, depending on their structure, di- and tripeptides can be transported into the cells of various tissues by POT and LAT transporters. This mechanism is likely to underlie the tissue specificity of peptides, their geroprotective action and effectiveness in the case of neuroimmunoendocrine system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Khavinson
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
- Group of Peptide Regulation of Aging, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-(921)-9110800
| | - Natalia Linkova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
- The Laboratory “Problems of Aging”, Belgorod National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kozhevnikova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Anastasiia Dyatlova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Mikhael Petukhov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named after B.P. Konstantinov, NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Group of Biophysics, Higher Engineering and Technical School, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Alghamdi OA, King N, Andronicos NM, Jones GL, Chami B, Witting PK, Moens PDJ. Hypertension alters the function and expression profile of the peptide cotransporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 in the rodent renal proximal tubule. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1001-1011. [PMID: 35386060 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for kidney and cardiovascular disease. The treatment of hypertensive individuals by selected ACE inhibitors and certain di-and tripeptides halts the progression of renal deterioration and extends life-span. Renal reabsorption of these low molecular weight substrates are mediated by the PEPT1 and PEPT2 cotransporters. This study aims to investigate whether hypertension and ageing affects renal PEPT cotransporters at gene, protein expression and distribution as well as function in the superficial cortex and the outer medulla of the kidney. Membrane vesicles from the brush border (BBMV) and outer medulla (OMMV) were isolated from the kidneys of young Wistar Kyoto (Y-WKY), young spontaneously hypertensive (Y-SHR), and middle aged SHR (M-SHR) rats. Transport activity was measured using the substrate, β-Ala-Lys (AMCA). Gene expression levels of PEPT genes were assessed with qRT-PCR while renal localisation of PEPT cotransporters was examined by immunohistochemistry with Western Blot validation. The Km and Vmax of renal PEPT1 were decreased significantly in SHR compared to WKY BBMV, whilst the Vmax of PEPT2 showed differences between SHR and WKY. By contrast to the reported cortical distribution of PEPT1, PEPT1-staining was detected in the outer medulla, whilst PEPT2 was expressed primarily in the cortex of all SHR; PEPT1 was significantly upregulated in the cortex of Y-SHR. These outcomes are indicative of a redistribution of PEPT1 and PEPT2 in the kidney proximal tubule under hypertensive conditions that has potential repercussions for nutrient handling and the therapeutic use of ACE inhibitors in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola King
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Nicholas M Andronicos
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Graham L Jones
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Belal Chami
- Sydney Dental School, The Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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12
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13
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Rafiq M, Ernst HA, Aduri NG, Prabhala BK, Tufail S, Rahman M, Bloch MB, Mirza N, Taylor NMI, Boesen T, Gajhede M, Mirza O. Expression, purification and characterization of human proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 hPEPT1. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 190:105990. [PMID: 34637915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1) is responsible for uptake of dietary di- and tripeptides and a number of drugs from the small intestine by utilizing the proton electrochemical gradient, and hence an important target for peptide-like drug design and drug delivery. hPEPT1 belongs to the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily that all contain a 12TM core structure, with global conformational changes occurring during the transport cycle. Several bacterial homologues of these transporters have been characterized, providing valuable insight into the transport mechanism of this family. Here we report the overexpression and purification of recombinant hPEPT1 in a detergent-solubilized state. Thermostability profiling of hPEPT1 at different pH values revealed that hPEPT1 is more stable at pH 6 as compared to pH 7 and 8. Micro-scale thermophoresis (MST) confirmed that the purified hPEPT1 was able to bind di- and tripeptides respectively. To assess the in-solution oligomeric state of hPEPT1, negative stain electron microscopy was performed, demonstrating a predominantly monomeric state.
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14
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Mostafa MS, Gamal Y, Soliman MH. Peptide-based enteral formula vs a whole protein enteral formula after major intestinal surgeries in children. Ann Pediatr Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43159-021-00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malnutrition is a common finding after major abdominal surgeries especially after prolonged period of fasting in children. Enteral feeding is the commonest support way postoperatively for stimulating gut hormones, modulating immunity, and maintaining the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa.
Our aim was to compare the results and outcome regarding tolerance, nutritional status, and hospital stay following a postoperative diet of peptide-based enteral formula against a whole protein enteral formula after major intestinal surgeries in pediatric patients who had resection and re-anastomosis after intussusception.
Results
This is a prospective cohort study on two groups of patients with a total of 30 patients during the period between January 2019 and June 2020.
All patients in both groups underwent major intestinal surgeries (resection and re-anastomosis after intussusception). The first group received postoperative whole protein formula exclusively on the 3rd postoperative day while the other group received peptide-based formula exclusively on the same day.
Postoperative mean serum albumin and pre-albumin levels were significantly higher in peptide-based formula group compared to those who had protein-based formula as their initial feeds (P value < 0.05). The average hospital stay was also significantly shorter in the peptide group (P value < 0.05). Peptide formula was easily tolerated than protein formula in postoperative children who had major intestinal surgeries.
Conclusion
Peptide-based enteral formulas are better tolerated and more useful as regards nutritional status than whole-protein formulas in post-operative course of pediatric patients regarding clinical outcome and better economically with shorter hospital stay.
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15
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Meirelles MG, Nornberg BF, da Silveira TLR, Kütter MT, Castro CG, Ramirez JRB, Pedrosa V, Romano LA, Marins LF. Growth Hormone Overexpression Induces Hyperphagia and Intestinal Morphophysiological Adaptations to Improve Nutrient Uptake in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723853. [PMID: 34539447 PMCID: PMC8442846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess of circulating growth hormone (GH) in most transgenic animals implies mandatory growth resulting in higher metabolic demand. Considering that the intestine is the main organ responsible for the digestion, absorption, and direction of dietary nutrients to other tissues, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which gh overexpression modulates the intestine to support higher growth. For this purpose, we designed an 8-weeks feeding trial to evaluate growth parameters, feed intake, and intestinal morphometric indices in the adult gh-transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. To access the sensitivity of the intestine to the excess of circulating GH, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of intestine GH receptors (GHRs) (ghra and ghrb) was analyzed. In addition, the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1a (igf1a) and genes encoding for di and tripeptide transporters (pept1a and pept1b) were assessed. Gh-transgenic zebrafish had better growth performance and higher feed intake compared to non-transgenic sibling controls. Chronic excess of GH upregulates the expression of its cognate receptor (ghrb) and the main growth factor related to trophic effects in the intestine (igf1a). Moreover, transgenic zebrafish showed an increased intestinal absorptive area and higher expression of crucial genes related to the absorption of products from meal protein degradation. These results reinforce the ability of GH to modulate intestinal morphology and the mechanisms of assimilation of nutrients to sustain the energy demand for the continuous growth induced by the excess of circulating GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G Meirelles
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Nornberg
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Tony L R da Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Mateus T Kütter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline G Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Juan Rafael B Ramirez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Funcional de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Pedrosa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Romano
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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16
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Behzadipour Y, Gholampour M, Pirhadi S, Seradj H, Khoshneviszadeh M, Hemmati S. Viral 3CL pro as a Target for Antiviral Intervention Using Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:2703-2716. [PMID: 34548852 PMCID: PMC8444528 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of the picornavirus-like supercluster mainly achieve cleavage of polyproteins into mature proteins through viral 3-chymotrypsin proteases (3Cpro) or 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro). Due to the essential role in processing viral polyproteins, 3Cpro/3CLpro is a drug target for treating viral infections. The 3CLpro is considered the main protease (Mpro) of coronaviruses. In the current study, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory activity of di- and tri-peptides (DTPs) resulted from the proteolysis of bovine milk proteins was evaluated. A set of 326 DTPs were obtained from virtual digestion of bovine milk major proteins. The resulted DTPs were screened using molecular docking. Twenty peptides (P1–P20) showed the best binding energies (ΔGb < − 7.0 kcal/mol). Among these 20 peptides, the top five ligands, namely P1 (RVY), P3 (QSW), P17 (DAY), P18 (QSA), and P20 (RNA), based on the highest binding affinity and the highest number of interactions with residues in the active site of Mpro were selected for further characterization by ADME/Tox analyses. For further validation of our results, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out for P3 as one of the most favorable candidates for up to 100 ns. In comparison to N3, a peptidomimetic control inhibitor, high stability was observed as supported by the calculated binding energy of the Mpro-P3 complex (− 59.48 ± 4.87 kcal/mol). Strong interactions between P3 and the Mpro active site, including four major hydrogen bonds to HIS41, ASN142, GLU166, GLN189 residues, and many hydrophobic interactions from which the interaction with CYS145 as a catalytic residue is worth mentioning. Conclusively, milk-derived bioactive peptides, especially the top five selected peptides P1, P3, P17, P18, and P20, show promise as an antiviral lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Behzadipour
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO. Box: 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholampour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Seradj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO. Box: 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Fotopoulou E, Titilas I, Ronconi L. Metallodrugs as Anticancer Chemotherapeutics and Diagnostic Agents: A Critical Patent Review (2010-2020). Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:42-54. [PMID: 34493191 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210907101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of metallodrugs with potential applications in cancer treatment and diagnosis has been a hot topic since the approval and subsequent marketing of the anticancer drug cisplatin in 1978. Since then, thousands of metal-based derivatives have been reported and evaluated for their chemotherapeutic or tumor imaging properties, but only a very limited number gained clinical status. Nonetheless, research in the field has been increasing exponentially over the years, especially in a view to exploiting novel drug designing approaches and strategies aimed at improving pharmacological outcomes and, at the same time, reducing side-effects. OBJECTIVE This review article reports on the patents filed during the last decade and strictly focusing on the development of metal-based anticancer and diagnostic agents. The goal is to identify the latest trends and designing strategies in the field, which would represent a valuable starting point to researchers interested in the development of metallodrugs. METHODS The most relevant patents filed in the 2010-2020 timeframe have been retrieved from various databases using dedicated search engines (such as SciFinder, Google Patents, PatentPak, Espacenet, Global Dossier, PatentScope), sorted by type of metallodrug and screened to include those reporting a substantial amount of biological data. RESULTS The majority of patents here reviewed are concerned with metallodrugs (mostly platinum-based) showing interesting pharmacological properties but no specific tumor-targeting features. Nonetheless, some promising trends in the development of novel drug delivery strategies and/or metallodrugs with potential applications in targeted chemotherapy are envisaged. CONCLUSION In this review, the latest trends in the development of metallodrugs from recent patents are summarized and critically discussed. Such trends would be of interest not only to the scientific community but also to lay audiences aiming to broaden their knowledge of the field and industrial stakeholders potentially interested in the exploitation and commercialization of this class of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Fotopoulou
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33. Ireland
| | - Ioannis Titilas
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33. Ireland
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33. Ireland
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18
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Mukhtar I, Iftikhar A, Imran M, Ijaz MU, Irfan S, Anwar H. The Competitive Absorption by the Gut Microbiome Suggests the First-Order Absorption Kinetics of Caffeine. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211033111. [PMID: 34421438 PMCID: PMC8375357 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211033111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the literature archive, the intestinal microbiome is now considered as a discrete organ system. Despite living symbiotically with the human body, the gut microbiome is represented as potential drug targets because of its ability to modify the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Structural biology analysis indicates the existence of homology between transport proteins of microbial cells and membranes of enterocytes. It is speculated that structural similarity in the protein transporters may provoke an unwanted phenomenon of drug uptake by the gut microbiome present in the small intestine of the host. Considering this hypothesis, we analyzed the absorbance of orally administered caffeine by the gut microbiota in in vivo albino rat model through the RP-HPLC-UV approach. Microbiome absorbed the caffeine maximally at 2 hours and minimally at 5 hours post-drug administration following first-order absorption kinetics in a nonlinear way. Drug absorbance of microbial pellet and percent dose recovery was found significantly higher (P ≤ .05) at 2 hours post-administration as compared to all other groups. As speculated, our findings advocated the phenomenon that the gut microbiome influences the absorption of caffeine molecules. Members of the gut microbiome exhibited grouped behavior following first-order absorption kinetics in a nonlinear pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mukhtar
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi Post Graduate Medical College, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Iftikhar
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Irfan
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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19
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Churchill GC, Strupp M, Factor C, Bremova-Ertl T, Factor M, Patterson MC, Platt FM, Galione A. Acetylation turns leucine into a drug by membrane transporter switching. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15812. [PMID: 34349180 PMCID: PMC8338929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small changes to molecules can have profound effects on their pharmacological activity as exemplified by the addition of the two-carbon acetyl group to make drugs more effective by enhancing their pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties. N-acetyl-D,L-leucine is approved in France for vertigo and its L-enantiomer is being developed as a drug for rare and common neurological disorders. However, the precise mechanistic details of how acetylation converts leucine into a drug are unknown. Here we show that acetylation of leucine switches its uptake into cells from the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT1) used by leucine to organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) and the monocarboxylate transporter type 1 (MCT1). Both the kinetics of MCT1 (lower affinity compared to LAT1) and the ubiquitous tissue expression of MCT1 make it well suited for uptake and distribution of N-acetyl-L-leucine. MCT1-mediated uptake of a N-acetyl-L-leucine as a prodrug of leucine bypasses LAT1, the rate-limiting step in activation of leucine-mediated signalling and metabolic process inside cells such as mTOR. Converting an amino acid into an anion through acetylation reveals a way for the rational design of drugs to target anion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cailley Factor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, BE, Switzerland
- Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, Bern, BE, Switzerland
| | - Mallory Factor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc C Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
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20
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Zhou M, Liu G, Liu W, Zhu M, Wang C. Cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the donkey (Equus asinus) oligopeptide transporter 2. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1165-1172. [PMID: 34314070 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide transporter 2 (PepT2) is an important transporter of oligopeptides. In the present study, we describe the molecular cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of a donkey (Equus asinus) PepT2. The cloned cDNA sequence was 2202 bp at full length, encoding a 733 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 81.9 kDa and a theoretical pI of 8.92. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the deduced peptide sequence possessed all the characteristic features of PepT2. The expression of PepT2 in the kidney and lung was significantly higher than that observed in the ileum, duodenum, jejunum, spleen, liver, heart and stomach. Functional characterization by heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-N-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) by donkey PepT2-Chinese hamster ovary cells was dependent on time, pH and substrate concentration, with a low Km value of 91.51 ± 14.14 μM and a maximum velocity of 41.37 ± 2.193 pmol/min/mg protein. In the present study, for the first time, the expression and functional characteristics of donkey PepT2 were evaluated, the results of which provide new insights and a better understanding of its crucial role in oligopeptide transport in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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21
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von Linde T, Bajraktari-Sylejmani G, Haefeli WE, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Sauter M. Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Intracellular Glycyl-Sarcosine for Semi-High-Throughput Screening for Inhibitors of PEPT-1. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1019. [PMID: 34371711 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide transporter PEPT-1 (SLC15A1) plays a major role in nutritional supply with amino acids by mediating the intestinal influx of dipeptides and tripeptides generated during food digestion. Its role in the uptake of small bioactive peptides and various therapeutics makes it an important target for the investigation of the systemic absorption of small peptide-like active compounds and prodrug strategies of poorly absorbed therapeutics. The dipeptide glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar), which comprises an N-methylated peptide bond that increases stability against enzymatic degradation, is widely utilized for studying PEPT-1-mediated transport. To support experiments on PEPT-1 inhibitor screening to identify potential substrates, we developed a highly sensitive Gly-Sar quantification assay for Caco-2 cell lysates with a dynamic range of 0.1 to 1000 ng/mL (lower limit of quantification 0.68 nM) in 50 µL of cell lysate. The assay was validated following the applicable recommendations for bioanalytic method validation of the FDA and EMA. Sample preparation and quantification were established in 96-well cell culture plates that were also used for the cellular uptake studies, resulting in a rapid and robust screening assay for PEPT-1 inhibitors. This sample preparation principle, combined with the high sensitivity of the UPLC-MS/MS quantification, is suitable for screening assays for PEPT-1 inhibitors and substrates in high-throughput formats and holds the potential for automation. Applicability was demonstrated by IC50 determinations of the known PEPT-1 inhibitor losartan, the known substrates glycyl-proline (Gly-Pro), and valaciclovir, the prodrug of aciclovir, which itself is no substrate of PEPT-1 and consequently showed no inhibition in our assay.
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22
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Del Vecchio G, Lai F, Gomes AS, Verri T, Kalananthan T, Barca A, Handeland S, Rønnestad I. Effects of Short-Term Fasting on mRNA Expression of Ghrelin and the Peptide Transporters PepT1 and 2 in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Physiol 2021; 12:666670. [PMID: 34234687 PMCID: PMC8255630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.666670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is a vital process that supplies necessary energy and essential nutrients to the body. Information regarding luminal composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) collected through mechanical and nutrient sensing mechanisms are generally conveyed, in both mammals and fish, to the hypothalamic neurocircuits. In this context, ghrelin, the only known hormone with an orexigenic action, and the intestinal peptide transporters 1 and 2, involved in absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides, exert important and also integrated roles for the nutrient uptake. Together, both are potentially involved in signaling pathways that control food intake originating from different segments of the GIT. However, little is known about the role of different paralogs and their response to fasting. Therefore, after 3 weeks of acclimatization, 12 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt were fasted for 4 days to explore the gastrointestinal response in comparison with fed control (n = 12). The analysis covered morphometric (weight, length, condition factor, and wet content/weight fish %), molecular (gene expression variations), and correlation analyses. Such short-term fasting is a common and recommended practice used prior to any handling in commercial culture of the species. There were no statistical differences in length and weight but a significant lower condition factor in the fasted group. Transcriptional analysis along the gastrointestinal segments revealed a tendency of downregulation for both paralogous genes slc15a1a and slc15a1b and with significant lowered levels in the pyloric ceca for slc15a1a and in the pyloric ceca and midgut for slc15a1b. No differences were found for slc15a2a and slc15a2b (except a higher expression of the fasted group in the anterior midgut), supporting different roles for slc15 paralogs. This represents the first report on the effects of fasting on slc15a2 expressed in GIT in teleosts. Transcriptional analysis of ghrelin splicing variants (ghrl-1 and ghrl-2) showed no difference between treatments. However, correlation analysis showed that the mRNA expression for all genes (restricted to segment with the highest levels) were affected by the residual luminal content. Overall, the results show minimal effects of 4 days of induced fasting in Atlantic salmon, suggesting that more time is needed to initiate a large GIT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Floriana Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Sigurd Handeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Santos RR, Oosterveer-van der Doelen MAM, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, Molist F, Mézes M, Gehring R. Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens to Deoxynivalenol Exposure via Artificial or Natural Dietary Contamination. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:989. [PMID: 33916064 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the effect of diets artificially or naturally contaminated with 4000 μg/kg deoxyvalenol (DON) on the intestinal integrity and nutrient absorption of broiler chickens. Young broiler chickens (14 days old) were more sensitive to DON than older birds (28 days old), and negative impacts were observed when diets were naturally contaminated with DON. Aside from the decrease in the villus height of the jejunum in young broilers, their capacity to absorb peptides was decreased, as shown by the down-regulation of a peptide transporter. However, this effect was compensated in older broilers by an increase in the expression of carbohydrate transporter. Abstract Multi-mycotoxin contamination of poultry diets is a recurrent problem, even if the mycotoxins levels are below EU recommendations. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main studied mycotoxins due to its risks to animal production and health. When evaluating the effects of DON, one must consider that under practical conditions diets will not be contaminated solely with this mycotoxin. In the present study, broiler chickens were fed diets with negligible mycotoxin levels or with naturally or artificially contaminated diets containing approximately 4000 μg/kg DON. Birds were sampled at D14 and D28. Naturally-contaminated diets caused the most harm to the birds, especially the young ones, which presented decreased jejunal villus height and increased lesions, down-regulation of a peptide transporter. At D28 broiler chickens seemed to have adapted to the dietary conditions, when no differences were observed in villus morphometry, together with up-regulation of a carbohydrate transporter. However, intestinal lesions remained present in these older birds.
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Pangeni R, Kang S, Jha SK, Subedi L, Park JW. Intestinal membrane transporter-mediated approaches to improve oral drug delivery. J Pharm Investig 2021; 51:137-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mukhtar I, Anwar H, Mirza OA, Ali Q, Ijaz MU, Hume M, Prabhala BK, Iftikhar A, Hussain G, Sohail MU, Khan KUR. Sulpiride Serves, a Substrate for the Gut Microbiome. Dose Response 2021; 19:1559325820987943. [PMID: 33628152 PMCID: PMC7882762 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820987943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the contemporary research world, the intestinal microbiome is now envisioned as a new body organ. Recently, the gut microbiome represents a new drug target in the gut, since various orthologues of intestinal drug transporters are also found present in the microbiome that lines the small intestine of the host. Owing to this, absorbance of sulpiride by the gut microbiome in an in vivo albino rats model was assessed after the oral administration with a single dose of 20mg/kg b.w. The rats were subsequently sacrificed at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours post oral administration to collect the gut microbial mass pellet. The drug absorbance by the gut microbiome was determined by pursuing the microbial lysate through RP-HPLC-UV. Total absorbance of sulpiride by the whole gut microbiome and drug absorbance per milligram of microbial pellet were found significantly higher at 4 hours post-administration as compared to all other groups. These results affirm the hypothesis that the structural homology between membrane transporters of the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelium of the host might play an important role in drug absorbance by gut microbes in an in vivo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mukhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Osman Asghar Mirza
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bala Krishna Prabhala
- Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arslan Iftikhar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Alghamdi O, King N, Jones GL, Moens PDJ. Effect of ageing and hypertension on the expression and activity of PEPT2 in normal and hypertrophic hearts. Amino Acids 2021; 53:183-193. [PMID: 33404911 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some dipeptides have been implicated in myocardial protection, but little is known about their membrane transporter PEPT2. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression and activity of the cardiac-type PEPT2 cotransporter could be affected by ageing and/or hypertension. Sarcolemmal vesicles (SV) were isolated from the hearts of all rat groups using a standard procedure to investigate the transport activity and protein abundance by fluorescence spectroscopy and Western blot, respectively. SLC15A2 "PEPT2" gene expression was relatively quantified by RT-qPCR. In the Wistar rat groups, the protein and gene expression of PEPT2 were upregulated with ageing. These changes were accompanied by corresponding increases in the competitive inhibition and the transport rate (Vmax) of β-Ala-Lys (AMCA) into SV isolated from middle-aged hearts. Although, the transport rate of β-Ala-Lys (AMCA) into SV isolated from old hearts was significantly the lowest compared to middle-aged and young adult hearts, the inhibition percentage of β-Ala-Lys (AMCA) transport by Gly-Gln was the highest. In the WKY and SHR rat groups, Y-SHR hypertrophied hearts showed an increase in PEPT2 gene expression accompanied by a significant decrease in protein expression and activity. With advanced age, however, M-SHR hypertrophied hearts revealed significantly lower gene expression, but higher protein expression and activity than Y-SHR hearts. These findings suggest that increased expression of PEPT2 cotransporter in all types of middle-aged hearts could be exploited to facilitate di-and tripeptide transport by PEPT2 in these hearts, which subsequently could result in improved myocardial protection in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola King
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Graham L Jones
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Pierre D J Moens
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Wang Y, Alkhalidy H, Liu D. The Emerging Role of Polyphenols in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030703. [PMID: 33572808 PMCID: PMC7866283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a fast-increasing health problem globally, and it results from insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is recognized as one of the major regulatory organs of glucose homeostasis that involves multiple gut hormones and microbiota. Notably, the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells plays a pivotal role in maintaining glucose homeostasis via eliciting pleiotropic effects, which are largely mediated via its receptor. Thus, targeting the GLP-1 signaling system is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy to treatment T2D. Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites from plants, have drawn considerable attention because of their numerous health benefits, including potential anti-diabetic effects. Although the major targets and locations for the polyphenolic compounds to exert the anti-diabetic action are still unclear, the first organ that is exposed to these compounds is the GI tract in which polyphenols could modulate enzymes and hormones. Indeed, emerging evidence has shown that polyphenols can stimulate GLP-1 secretion, indicating that these natural compounds might exert metabolic action at least partially mediated by GLP-1. This review provides an overview of nutritional regulation of GLP-1 secretion and summarizes recent studies on the roles of polyphenols in GLP-1 secretion and degradation as it relates to metabolic homeostasis. In addition, the effects of polyphenols on microbiota and microbial metabolites that could indirectly modulate GLP-1 secretion are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
| | - Hana Alkhalidy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-3402; Fax: +1-540-231-3916
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Abstract
Introduction: Solute Carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed in the intestine, liver, and kidney determine the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs. In addition, most molecular and cellular processes show circadian rhythmicity controlled by circadian clocks that leads to diurnal variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs and affects their therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.Area covered: This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the circadian rhythmicity of drug transporters and the molecular mechanisms of their circadian control. Evidence for coupling drug transporters to circadian oscillators and the plausible candidates conveying circadian clock signals to target drug transporters, particularly transcription factors operating as the output of clock genes, is discussed.Expert opinion: The circadian machinery has been demonstrated to interact with the uptake and efflux of various drug transporters. The evidence supports the concept that diurnal changes that affect drug transporters may influence the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. However, more systematic studies are required to better define the timing of pharmacologically important drug transporter regulation and determine tissue- and sex-dependent differences. Finally, the transfer of knowledge based on the results and conclusions obtained primarily from animal models will require careful validation before it is applied to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Balounová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Soták
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lasitza‐Male T, Bartels K, Jungwirth J, Wiggers F, Rosenblum G, Hofmann H, Löw C. Membrane Chemistry Tunes the Structure of a Peptide Transporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19121-19128. [PMID: 32744783 PMCID: PMC7590137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins require lipid bilayers for function. While lipid compositions reach enormous complexities, high-resolution structures are usually obtained in artificial detergents. To understand whether and how lipids guide membrane protein function, we use single-molecule FRET to probe the dynamics of DtpA, a member of the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POT) family, in various lipid environments. We show that detergents trap DtpA in a dynamic ensemble with cytoplasmic opening. Only reconstitutions in more native environments restore cooperativity, allowing an opening to the extracellular side and a sampling of all relevant states. Bilayer compositions tune the abundance of these states. A novel state with an extreme cytoplasmic opening is accessible in bilayers with anionic head groups. Hence, chemical diversity of membranes translates into structural diversity, with the current POT structures only sampling a portion of the full structural space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Lasitza‐Male
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceHerzl St. 2347610001RehovotIsrael
| | - Kim Bartels
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB)DESY and European Molecular Biology Laboratory HamburgNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Jakub Jungwirth
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceHerzl St. 2347610001RehovotIsrael
| | - Felix Wiggers
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceHerzl St. 2347610001RehovotIsrael
| | - Gabriel Rosenblum
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceHerzl St. 2347610001RehovotIsrael
| | - Hagen Hofmann
- Department of Structural BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceHerzl St. 2347610001RehovotIsrael
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB)DESY and European Molecular Biology Laboratory HamburgNotkestrasse 8522607HamburgGermany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska Institutet17177StockholmSweden
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Bryniarski MA, Ren T, Rizvi AR, Snyder AM, Morris ME. Targeting the Choroid Plexuses for Protein Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100963. [PMID: 33066423 PMCID: PMC7602164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system is challenged by the barriers in place to regulate brain homeostasis. This is especially true for protein therapeutics. Targeting the barrier formed by the choroid plexuses at the interfaces of the systemic circulation and ventricular system may be a surrogate brain delivery strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Heterogenous cell populations located at the choroid plexuses provide diverse functions in regulating the exchange of material within the ventricular space. Receptor-mediated transcytosis may be a promising mechanism to deliver protein therapeutics across the tight junctions formed by choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid flow and other barriers formed by ependymal cells and perivascular spaces should also be considered for evaluation of protein therapeutic disposition. Various preclinical methods have been applied to delineate protein transport across the choroid plexuses, including imaging strategies, ventriculocisternal perfusions, and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell models. When used in combination with simultaneous measures of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, they can yield important insight into pharmacokinetic properties within the brain. This review aims to provide an overview of the choroid plexuses and ventricular system to address their function as a barrier to pharmaceutical interventions and relevance for central nervous system drug delivery of protein therapeutics. Protein therapeutics targeting the ventricular system may provide new approaches in treating central nervous system diseases.
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Lasitza‐Male T, Bartels K, Jungwirth J, Wiggers F, Rosenblum G, Hofmann H, Löw C. Membrane Chemistry Tunes the Structure of a Peptide Transporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Lasitza‐Male
- Department of Structural Biology Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl St. 234 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Kim Bartels
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) DESY and European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jakub Jungwirth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl St. 234 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Felix Wiggers
- Department of Structural Biology Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl St. 234 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Gabriel Rosenblum
- Department of Structural Biology Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl St. 234 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Hagen Hofmann
- Department of Structural Biology Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl St. 234 7610001 Rehovot Israel
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) DESY and European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet 17177 Stockholm Sweden
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations. AREAS COVERED The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Gote
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansong
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
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Viennois E, Pujada A, Sung J, Yang C, Gewirtz AT, Chassaing B, Merlin D. Impact of PepT1 deletion on microbiota composition and colitis requires multiple generations. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:27. [PMID: 32694535 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies of knockout mice find impacts on microbiota composition that influence host phenotype. However, such differences can vanish when KO mice are compared directly to WT littermates, suggesting these differences do not reflect the genetic deletion per se but microbiota composition drifting over generations. Hence, our hypothesis that absence of di/tri-peptide transporter PepT1 altered microbiota composition resulting in resistance to colitis compelled scrutiny. In this study, we used PepT1−/− and WT founder mice bred separately for multiple generations. Such mice were then bred to each other to generate F1 PepT1−/− and WT littermates, which were then bred within their genotype to generate F2, F3, and F4, offspring. Here we report that founder PepT1−/− mice were, relative to their WT counterparts, resistant to DSS colitis. Such resistance was associated with alterations in gut microbiota, which, when transplanted to germfree mice, was sufficient to transfer resistance to colitis. Such differences were not observed when comparing F1 PepT1−/− to F1 WT littermates but rather, returned gradually over subsequent generations such that, relative to their F4 WT controls, F4 PepT1−/− displayed microbiota composition and colitis-resistant phenotype nearly identical to the founder PepT1−/− mice. Our findings indicate a role for PepT1 in influencing microbiota composition and, consequently, proneness to colitis and cancer. Overall, our study indicates that littermate-controlled experiments can be insufficient for assessing microbiota-dependent phenotypes and prevent a full comprehension of genotype-driven phenomena. Rather, impact of a single genetic alteration on microbiota and host phenotype may take generations to manifest.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are counterregulatory hormones with broad effects on the digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the main expression sites of nutrient transporters and the effects of GCs on the gene expression of these transporters in the rabbit small intestine. The results showed that peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), facultative amino acid transporter (rBAT), neutral amino acid transporter (B0AT), excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) were mainly expressed in the distal segment, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and fatty-acid-binding protein 4 (FATP4) were mainly expressed in the proximal segment and cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1) was mainly expressed in the middle segment of the rabbit small intestine. In addition, we analysed the effects of 3 h (short-term) or 7 days (long-term) dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on the gene expression of most nutrient transporters. The results showed that short-term DEX treatment significantly decreased PepT1, B0AT, EAAT3, rBAT and SGLT1 expressions in all small intestinal segments, while it significantly decreased GLUT2 in the duodenum and FATP4 in the duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05). Long-term DEX treatment also significantly decreased PepT1, CAT1, B0AT, EAAT3, rBAT and SGLT1 in all small intestinal segments and significantly decreased GLUT2 in the jejunum and FATP4 in the ileum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DEX could decrease the gene expression of most nutrient transporters (except GLUT5) and affect the transport of intestinal amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong271018, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong271018, China
| | - F Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Road, Taian, Shandong271018, China
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Gomes AS, Vacca F, Cinquetti R, Murashita K, Barca A, Bossi E, Rønnestad I, Verri T. Identification and characterization of the Atlantic salmon peptide transporter 1a. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C191-C204. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mediates the uptake of dietary di-/tripeptides in vertebrates. However, in teleost fish gut, more than one PepT1-type transporter might operate, because of teleost-specific whole gen(om)e duplication event(s) that occurred during evolution. Here, we describe a novel teleost di-/tripeptide transporter, i.e., the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) peptide transporter 1a [PepT1a; or solute carrier family 15 member 1a (Slc15a1a)], which is a paralog (77% similarity and 64% identity at the amino acid level) of the well-described Atlantic salmon peptide transporter 1b [PepT1b, alias PepT1; or solute carrier family 15 member 1b (Slc15a1b)]. Comparative analysis and evolutionary relationships of gene/protein sequences were conducted after ad hoc database mining. Tissue mRNA expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, whereas transport function analysis was accomplished by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements. Atlantic salmon pept1a is highly expressed in the proximal intestine (pyloric ceca ≈ anterior midgut > midgut >> posterior midgut), in the same gut regions as pept1b but notably ~5-fold less abundant. Like PepT1b, Atlantic salmon PepT1a is a low‐affinity/high‐capacity system. Functional analysis showed electrogenic, Na+-independent/pH-dependent transport and apparent substrate affinity ( K0.5) values for Gly-Gln of 1.593 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.076 mmol/L at pH 6.5. In summary, we show that a piscine PepT1a-type transporter is functional. Defining the role of Atlantic salmon PepT1a in the gut will help to understand the evolutionary and functional relationships among peptide transporters. Its functional characterization will contribute to elucidate the relevance of peptide transporters in Atlantic salmon nutritional physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Koji Murashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Center for Aquaculture Systems, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Japan
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elena Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Wang Y, Li P, Song F, Yang X, Weng Y, Ma Z, Wang L, Jiang H. Substrate Transport Properties of the Human Peptide/Histidine Transporter PHT2 in Transfected MDCK Cells. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3416-3424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Garibsingh RAA, Schlessinger A. Advances and Challenges in Rational Drug Design for SLCs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:790-800. [PMID: 31519459 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are over 420 human solute carrier (SLC) transporters from 65 families that are expressed ubiquitously in the body. The SLCs mediate the movement of ions, drugs, and metabolites across membranes and their dysfunction has been associated with a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Thus, SLCs are emerging as important targets for therapeutic intervention. Recent technological advances in experimental and computational biology allow better characterization of SLC pharmacology. Here we describe recent approaches to modulate SLC transporter function, with an emphasis on the use of computational approaches and computer-aided drug design (CADD) to study nutrient transporters. Finally, we discuss future perspectives in the rational design of SLC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel-Ann A Garibsingh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Piechulek A, Berwanger LC, von Mikecz A. Silica nanoparticles disrupt OPT-2/PEP-2-dependent trafficking of nutrient peptides in the intestinal epithelium. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1133-1148. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1643048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Piechulek
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz C. Berwanger
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna von Mikecz
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Oppermann H, Heinrich M, Birkemeyer C, Meixensberger J, Gaunitz F. The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters PEPT2, PHT1 and PHT2 mediate the uptake of carnosine in glioblastoma cells. Amino Acids 2019; 51:999-1008. [PMID: 31073693 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The previous studies demonstrated that carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) inhibits the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Considering carnosine for the treatment of glioblastoma, we investigated which proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) are present in glioblastoma cells and how they contribute to the uptake of carnosine. Therefore, mRNA expression of the four known POTs (PEPT1, PEPT2, PHT1, and PHT2) was examined in three glioblastoma cell lines, ten primary tumor cell cultures, in freshly isolated tumor tissue and in healthy brain. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, the uptake of carnosine was investigated in the presence of competitive inhibitors and after siRNA-mediated knockdown of POTs. Whereas PEPT1 mRNA was not detected in any sample, expression of the three other transporters was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to healthy brain. In cell culture, PHT1 expression was comparable to expression in tumor tissue, PHT2 exhibited a slightly reduced expression, and PEPT2 expression was reduced to normal brain tissue levels. In the cell line LN405, the competitive inhibitors β-alanyl-L-alanine (inhibits all transporters) and L-histidine (inhibitor of PHT1/2) both inhibited the uptake of carnosine. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of PHT1 and PHT2 revealed a significantly reduced uptake of carnosine. Interestingly, despite its low expression at the level of mRNA, knockdown of PEPT2 also resulted in decreased uptake. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the transporters PEPT2, PHT1, and PHT2 are responsible for the uptake of carnosine into glioblastoma cells and full function of all three transporters is required for maximum uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Oppermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Forschungslabore, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus Heinrich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Forschungslabore, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Meixensberger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Forschungslabore, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Gaunitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Forschungslabore, Liebigstraße 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the expression profile, transport kinetics, and regulation of peptide transporters in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Quantitative reverse-transcription real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the expression of peptide transporters in bovine mammary tissues. The effects of time, pH, concentration, and specific inhibitors on β-alanyl-l-lysyl- Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) uptake in BMECs were also studied. The results showed that the peptide transporters PepT2 and PhT1 are both expressed in bovine mammary glands. The optimal pH for the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs was 6.5. The transport-kinetics study suggested that the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs is saturable over the tested concentration, with a Km value of 82 ± 18 μM and a Vmax of 124 ± 11 pmol/min per milligram of protein. Other dipeptides, including Gly-Sar, Met-Gly, and Met-Met, competitively inhibited β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake in BMECs. However, histidine had no effect on β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake. Furthermore, knocking down PepT2 could significantly reduce β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake, but PhT1 interference had no effect on peptide uptake in BMECs. The inhibition of PI3K and Akt decreased the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA. The above results revealed functional characteristics of peptide transporters and demonstrated that PepT2 may play a major role in β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake in BMECs. Moreover, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may regulate the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yalu Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Liu L, Liu H, Ning L, Li F. Rabbit SLC15A1, SLC7A1 and SLC1A1 genes are affected by site of digestion, stage of development and dietary protein content. Animal 2019; 13:326-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rohm F, Skurk T, Daniel H, Spanier B. Appearance of Di- and Tripeptides in Human Plasma after a Protein Meal Does Not Correlate with PEPT1 Substrate Selectivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:1801094. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Spanier B, Wallwitz J, Zapoglou D, Idrissou BMG, Fischer C, Troll M, Petzold K, Daniel H. The Reproduction Rate of Peptide Transporter PEPT-1 Deficient C. elegans Is Dependent on Dietary Glutamate Supply. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 30560135 PMCID: PMC6284198 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of dietary amino acids is mediated via two routes. Free amino acids released by hydrolysis of dietary proteins are taken up by a multitude of amino acid transporters while di- and tripeptides released are taken up by the peptide transporter PEPT-1. Loss of PEPT-1 impairs growth, post-embryonic development and reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans, and supplementation with a mixture of all L-amino acids only partially rescues fertility. In the present study, we demonstrate that dietary L-glutamate is the responsible amino acid that can increase fertility in hermaphrodite pept-1 worms. This effect was associated with a significantly higher uptake of glutamate/aspartate in pept-1 than in wildtype C. elegans. Furthermore, we found that the intestinal transporter proteins SNF-5 of the solute carrier SLC6 family of nutrient amino acid transporters (NAT) and AAT-6 of the SLC7 family as the light subunit of a heteromeric amino acid transporter (HAT) play a key role in glutamate homeostasis in pept-1 C. elegans. Genes encoding these transporters are highly expressed and upon silencing a 95% reduced fertility (snf-5) and sterility (aat-6) was observed. A subsequent L-glutamate supplementation failed to rescue these phenotypes. Dietary glutamate supplementation did neither influence the feeding frequency, nor did it improve mating efficiency of pept-1 males. Most strikingly, pept-1 were more prone to habituation to repeated gentle touch stimuli than wildtype C. elegans, and dietary glutamate supply was sufficient to alter this behavioral output by restoring the mechanosensory response to wildtype levels. Taken together, our data demonstrate a key role of L-glutamate in amino acid homeostasis in C. elegans lacking the peptide transporter in the intestine and demonstrate its distinct role in reproduction and for neural circuits mediating touch sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Spanier
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Despoina Zapoglou
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christine Fischer
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Troll
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Petzold
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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44
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Chen F, Li DY, Zhang B, Sun JY, Sun F, Ji X, Qiu JC, Parker RB, Laizure SC, Xu J. Alterations of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under diabetic conditions: what is the potential clinical significance? Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:369-397. [PMID: 30221555 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1497645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - De-Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jie-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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45
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Akazawa T, Yoshida S, Ohnishi S, Kanazu T, Kawai M, Takahashi K. Application of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Differentiated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Studies of Prodrug Hydrolysis and Drug Absorption in the Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1497-1506. [PMID: 30135242 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell models to investigate intestinal absorption functions, such as those of transporters and metabolic enzymes, are essential for oral drug discovery and development. The purpose of this study was to generate intestinal epithelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-IECs) and then clarify whether the functions of hydrolase and transporters in them reflect oral drug absorption in the small intestine. The hiPSC-IECs showed the transport activities of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), revealed by using their probe substrates ([3H]digoxin, sulfasalazine, and [14C]glycylsarcosine), and the metabolic activities of CYP3A4, CES2, and CES1, which were clarified using their probe substrates (midazolam, irinotecan, and temocapril). The intrinsic clearance by hydrolysis of six ester prodrugs into the active form in hiPSC-IECs was correlated with the plasma exposure (Cmax , AUC, and bioavailability) of the active form after oral administration of these prodrugs to rats. Also, the permeability coefficients of 14 drugs, containing two substrates of P-gp (doxorubicin and [3H]digoxin), one substrate of BCRP (sulfasalazine), and 11 nonsubstrates of transporters (ganciclovir, [14C]mannitol, famotidine, sulpiride, atenolol, furosemide, ranitidine, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, propranolol, and antipyrine) in hiPSC-IECs were correlated with their values of the fraction of intestinal absorption (Fa) in human clinical studies. These findings suggest that hiPSC-IECs would be a useful cell model to investigate the hydrolysis of ester prodrugs and to predict drug absorption in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Akazawa
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yoshida
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohnishi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawai
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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46
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Foley DW, Pathak RB, Phillips TR, Wilson GL, Bailey PD, Pieri M, Senan A, Meredith D. Thiodipeptides targeting the intestinal oligopeptide transporter as a general approach to improving oral drug delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:180-189. [PMID: 30006163 PMCID: PMC6107785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The broad substrate capacity of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter, PepT1, has made it a key target of research into drug delivery. Whilst the substrate capacity of this transporter is broad, studies have largely been limited to small peptides and peptide-like drugs. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a diverse range of drugs can be targeted towards transport by PepT1 using a hydrolysis resistant carrier. Eleven prodrugs were synthesized by conjugating modified dipeptides containing a thioamide bond to the approved drugs ibuprofen, gabapentin, propofol, aspirin, acyclovir, nabumetone, atenolol, zanamivir, baclofen and mycophenolate. Except for the aspirin and acyclovir prodrugs, which were unstable in the assay conditions and were not further studied, the prodrugs were tested for affinity and transport by PepT1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes: binding affinities ranged from approximately 0.1 to 2 mM. Compounds which showed robust transport in an oocyte trans-stimulation assay were then tested for transcellular transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers: all five tested prodrugs showed significant PepT1-mediated transcellular uptake. Finally, the ibuprofen and propofol prodrugs were tested for absorption in rats: following oral dosing the intact prodrugs and free ibuprofen were measured in the plasma. This provides proof-of-concept for the idea of targeting poorly bioavailable drugs towards PepT1 transport as a general means of improving oral permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Foley
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ravindra B Pathak
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Theresa R Phillips
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gayle L Wilson
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Patrick D Bailey
- EPSAM Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Myrtani Pieri
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417, P.O.Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anish Senan
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Meredith
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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47
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Losacco MC, de Almeida CFT, Hijo AHT, Bargi-Souza P, Gama P, Nunes MT, Goulart-Silva F. High-fat diet affects gut nutrients transporters in hypo and hyperthyroid mice by PPAR-a independent mechanism. Life Sci 2018; 202:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Boscutti G, Nardon C, Marchiò L, Crisma M, Biondi B, Dalzoppo D, Dalla Via L, Formaggio F, Casini A, Fregona D. Anticancer Gold(III) Peptidomimetics: From Synthesis to in vitro and ex vivo Biological Evaluations. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1131-1145. [PMID: 29570944 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Five new AuIII -peptidodithiocarbamato complexes of the type [AuIII Br2 (dtc-AA1 -AA2 -OR] (in which AA1 =N-methylglycine (Sar), l/d-Pro; AA2 =l/d-Ala, α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib); R=OtBu, triethylene glycol methyl ether), differing with regard to the amino acid sequence and/or the chiral amino acid configuration, were designed to enhance tumor selectivity and bioavailability. The gold(III)-based moiety was functionalized to exploit the targeting properties of the peptidomimetic ligand toward two peptide transporters (namely PEPT1 and PEPT2), which are upregulated in several tumor cells. The compounds were synthesized and fully characterized, mainly by means of elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR, and UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The crystal structures of three compounds were also solved by X-ray diffraction. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using a panel of human tumor cell lines (A549 [non-small-cell lung carcinoma], MCF-7 [breast cancer], A2780 [ovarian carcinoma], H1975 [non-small-cell lung carcinoma], H460 [large-cell lung carcinoma], and A431 [human epidermoid carcinoma]) showed the dtc-Pro-Aib-OtBu derivative to be very effective, with GI50 values much lower than those of cisplatin. This complex was thus selected for evaluating stability under physiological conditions and possible interactions with serum albumin, as well in PARP-1 enzyme inhibition assays and preliminary ex vivo toxicity experiments on healthy rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Boscutti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- SCVSA Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Dalzoppo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 GV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Bachhawat AK, Yadav S. The glutathione cycle: Glutathione metabolism beyond the γ-glutamyl cycle. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:585-592. [PMID: 29667297 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione was discovered in 1888, over 125 years ago. Since then, our understanding of various functions and metabolism of this important molecule has grown over these years. But it is only now, in the last decade, that a somewhat complete picture of its metabolism has emerged. Glutathione metabolism has till now been largely depicted and understood by the γ-glutamyl cycle that was proposed in 1970. However, new findings and knowledge particularly on the transport and degradation of glutathione have revealed that many aspects of the γ-glutamyl cycle are incorrect. Despite this, an integrated critical analysis of the cycle has never been undertaken and this has led to the cycle and its errors perpetuating in the literature. This review takes a careful look at the γ-glutamyl cycle and its shortcomings and presents a "glutathione cycle" that captures the current understanding of glutathione metabolism. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(7):585-592, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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50
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Spanier B, Rohm F. Proton Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) Function, Regulation, and Influence on the Intestinal Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:843-869. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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