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Lauretti L, Pallini R, Romani R, Di Rocco F, Ciampini A, Gangitano C, Del Fa A, Fernandez E. Lower trunk of brachial plexus injury in the neonate rat: effects of timing repair. Neurol Res 2013; 31:518-27. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x355477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Xiyang YB, Liu S, Liu J, Hao CG, Wang ZJ, Ni W, Wang XY, Wang TH. Roles of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-B Expression in the Ventral Horn and Motor Cortex in the Spinal Cord–Hemisected Rhesus Monkey. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:275-87. [PMID: 19236168 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Xiyang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Su Liu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chun-Guang Hao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xu-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
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Petri S, Krampfl K, Kuhlemann K, Dengler R, Grothe C. Preserved expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF receptor 1 in brain and spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sun WW, Liu J, Wang XY, Zhang LS, Zhang W, Li LY, Li H, Wang TH. Changes in PDGF expression in spared dorsal root ganglia and associated spinal dorsal horns in cats subjected to partial dorsal root ganglionectomy. Neurosci Lett 2008; 431:112-7. [PMID: 18180109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and associated spinal dorsal horns were evaluated in cats subjected to unilateral removal of L1-L5 and L7-S2 DRG, sparing the L6 DRG. The number of PDGF immunopositive neurons and protein expression decreased significantly in the spared DRG and associated dorsal horns of the L3 and L6 cord segments at 3 days post-operation (dpo). It bottomed to the lowest level at 7 dpo in the DRG, then returned to the control level at 14 dpo; while in the L6 dorsal horn, it rapidly increased at 7 dpo and exceeded the control level at 14 dpo. This showed a significant upregulation in the spared DRG and associated spinal dorsal horns, especially in the L6 cord segment following a transient decrease. Meanwhile, a significant upregulation of PDGF mRNA was also seen in L6 DRG and L3 and L6 dorsal horns at 3 dpo. The upregulation of the endogenous PDGF in the said structures indicated a potential role of this factor in spinal cord plasticity after partial dorsal root ganglia removal in cats.
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Brunet N, Tarabal O, Portero-Otín M, Oppenheim RW, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Survival and death of mature avian motoneurons in organotypic slice culture: trophic requirements for survival and different types of degeneration. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:669-90. [PMID: 17299760 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an organotypic culture technique that uses slices of chick embryo spinal cord, in which trophic requirements for long-term survival of mature motoneurons (MNs) were studied. Slices were obtained from E16 chick embryos and maintained for up to 28 days in vitro (DIV) in a basal medium. Under these conditions, most MNs died. To promote MN survival, 14 different trophic factors were assayed. Among these 14, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor were the most effective. GDNF was able to promote MN survival for at least 28 DIV. K(+) depolarization or caspase inhibition prevented MN death but also induced degenerative-like changes in rescued MNs. Agents that elevate cAMP levels promoted the survival of a proportion of MNs for at least 7 DIV. Examination of dying MNs revealed that, in addition to cells exhibiting a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pattern, some MNs died by a caspase-3-independent mechanism and displayed autophagic vacuoles, an extremely convoluted nucleus, and a close association with microglia. This organotypic spinal cord slice culture may provide a convenient model for testing conditions that promote survival of mature-like MNs that are affected in late-onset MN disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Brunet
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel.lular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and IRB Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Moyer JA, Wood A, Zaleska MM, Ay I, Finklestein SP, Protter AA. Basic fibroblast growth factor: a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute neurodegenerative disorders and vascular insufficiency. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.11.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Meijs MFL, Timmers L, Pearse DD, Tresco PA, Bates ML, Joosten EAJ, Bunge MB, Oudega M. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Promotes Neuronal Survival but Not Behavioral Recovery in the Transected and Schwann Cell Implanted Rat Thoracic Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:1415-30. [PMID: 15672632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was investigated whether the addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) enhances the efficacy of a Schwann cell (SC) bridge to repair the transected spinal cord by assessing tissue sparing and neuronal survival near the graft-cord interfaces, axonal regeneration and myelination in the graft, and behavioral recovery up to 12 weeks post-grafting. Experimental animals received a bridge of SCs within fibrin containing 1 microg of FGF-2; control animals received a SC implant without FGF-2. Sparing of tissue in a 2.5-mm-long segment near the graft-cord borders was 69% in the rostral and 52% in the caudal cord at 6 weeks post-grafting, not significantly different from the control group. With FGF-2, survival of NeuN-positive cells was increased in the rostral cord: 24.4%, 20.4%, and 17.2% of the number of positive cells in the uninjured cord compared to 13.5%, 9.1%, and 8.9% in controls at 3, 6, and 12 weeks post-grafting, respectively. Similarly, in the caudal cord, survival of NeuN-positive cells was increased with FGF-2: 19.3%, 16.8%, and 14.5% compared to 10.8%, 5.6%, and 6.1% in controls. The staining intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein was significantly higher at the interfaces of both cord stumps at 3 weeks with SC/FGF-2 grafts; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CS-56) staining was more intense in the rostral cord but only at 6 weeks. Blood vessels in the FGF-2 grafts were larger and less regular in shape than those in control grafts. Axonal growth into the bridge was not improved by the addition of FGF-2. Retrogradely traced neurons were not found rostral to the implant, indicating that axons had not grown a few mm into the caudal spinal tissue. Recovery of hind limb function was similar in both groups. Despite the neuroprotective effects of FGF-2, improved effects on axonal regeneration and functional recovery were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs F L Meijs
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Abstract
Developmental changes in cell numbers represent the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and death. One obstacle to assessing this balance is an inability to quantify the total amount of cell death, i.e., with a positive indicator such as terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) or caspase activity. A novel mathematical model is described wherein data on daily cell growth (the change in cell number) and cell cycle kinetics can be used to determine the total amount of cell death. Two sets of data from previously published studies were tested in this model; primary cultured cortical neurons and B104 neuroblastoma cells. These two preparations have contrasting features: neuronal cultures are heterogeneous and have relatively few cells that are actively cycling (i.e., the growth fraction for these cells is low), whereas B104 cells are relatively homogeneous cultures in which the growth fraction is high. In primary cortical cultures, there was a balance in cell production and death. Treatment with a potent anti-mitogen, ethanol (400 mg/dl), affected this balance principally by reducing cell production, although the rate of cell death was also increased. In untreated B104 cells, there was eight-fold more cell production than cell death. Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor BB doubled cell production. Ethanol reduced cell production by >60%, and it eliminated growth factor-mediated cell production. All of these changes occurred in the absence of an effect on the amount of cell death. Thus, the model is ideal for predicting the effects of an epigenetic factor (e.g., a growth factor, toxin, or pharmacological agent) on cell development and can be useful in determining the consequences of a genetic manipulation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Oya T, Zhao YL, Takagawa K, Kawaguchi M, Shirakawa K, Yamauchi T, Sasahara M. Platelet-derived growth factor-b expression induced after rat peripheral nerve injuries. Glia 2002; 38:303-12. [PMID: 12007143 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells are crucially important for peripheral nerve regeneration. These cells synthesize several factors that are supposed to enhance axonal regeneration when injured. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B-chain and its beta-receptor are expressed in Schwann cells in both normal peripheral nerves and culture. To elucidate the role of PDGF-B in peripheral nerve regeneration, we investigated its expression in cut or crush-injured rat sciatic nerves for up to 28 days. Northern blotting identified substantial increase of PDGF B-chain transcripts in injured nerves. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that protein products of the transcripts were augmented at the distal tip of swollen axons in proximal nerve segments and in regenerating axons. Soon after both types of injury, considerable amounts of PDGF-B accumulated in numerous Schwann cells in distal segments of both models. With restoration of the axon-Schwann cell relationship in the crush model, levels of PDGF-B tended to decrease, eventually returning to normal. In the cut model in which the relationship cannot be restored, the PDGF-B was depleted to a very low level. The spatiotemporal correlation between PDGF-B and cell proliferation was very close throughout the study. These results differed strikingly from those of our previous study of rat optic nerve transection, in which PDGF-B was expressed only in a few recruited macrophages and glial cells. Augmented PDGF-B expression after sciatic nerve injury might contribute to peripheral nerve regeneration because PDGF-B is a mitogen and survival factor for Schwann cells and because it has trophic activity on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oya
- Department of Pathology II, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to induction and/or suppression of several genes, the interplay of which governs the neuronal death and subsequent loss of motor function. Using GeneChip, the present study analyzed changes in the mRNA abundance at 3 and 24 h after SCI in adult rats. SCI was induced at T9 level by the New York University impactor by dropping a 10-g weight from a height of 25 mm. Several transcription factors, immediate early genes, heat-shock proteins, pro-inflammatory genes were up-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. On the other hand, some neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, ion channels, kinases and structural proteins were down-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. Several genes that play a role in growth/differentiation, survival and neuroprotection were up-regulated at 24 h after SCI. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the changes observed by GeneChip were confirmed for seven up-regulated (interleukin-6, heat-shock protein-70, heme oxygenase-1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, interferon regulatory factor-1, neuropeptide Y), two down-regulated (vesicular GABA transporter and cholecystokinin precursor) and two unchanged (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase) genes. The present study shows that inflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, increased transcription, ionic imbalance and cytoskeletal damage starts as early as 3 h after SCI. In addition to these effects, 24 h after SCI the repair and regeneration process begins in an attempt to stabilize the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Song
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Lowry KS, Murray SS, Coulson EJ, Epa R, Bartlett PF, Barrett G, Cheema SS. Systemic administration of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides rescues axotomised spinal motor neurons. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:11-7. [PMID: 11276046 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 75 kD low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is expressed in developing and axotomised spinal motor neurons. There is now convincing evidence that p75(NTR) can, under some circumstances, become cytotoxic and promote neuronal cell death. We report here that a single application of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides to the proximal nerve stumps of neonatal rats significantly reduces the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls treated with nonsense oligodeoxynucleotides or phosphate-buffered saline. Our investigations also show that daily systemic intraperitoneal injections of antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides for 14 days significantly reduce the loss of axotomised motor neurons compared to controls. Furthermore, we found that systemic delivery over a similar period continues to be effective following axotomy when intraperitoneal injections were 1) administered after a delay of 24 hr, 2) limited to the first 7 days, or 3) administered every third day. In addition, p75(NTR) protein levels were reduced in spinal motor neurons following treatment with antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotides. There were also no obvious side effects associated with antisense p75(NTR) oligodeoxynucleotide treatments as determined by behavioural observations and postnatal weight gain. Our findings indicate that antisense-based strategies could be a novel approach for the prevention of motor neuron degeneration associated with injuries or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lowry
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
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